Browse Topic: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

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Numerical Study of Gasoline Direct Injection Sprays across Different Operating Conditions using a Machine-Learning-Based Rate of Injection2026-01-0338To be published on 04/07/2026
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) is a key technology for increasing engine efficiency and reducing criteria pollutants, often in combination with boosted operation and engine downsizing. The development of advanced GDI injection systems is increasingly focused on refining the in-cylinder spray process, encompassing spray formation, mixing, and combustion, to achieve both homogeneous and stratified combustion. Given the broad spectrum of operating conditions, from cold-start to early and late injections at different engine loads, accurately modeling the spray formation and its evolution presents significant challenges. This study reports on a computational fluid dynamics investigation of spray morphology across different injection pressures under both cold-start and late-injection conditions. Due to a lack of information regarding the rate of injection (ROI) for the targeted injectors, a recently developed machine-learning-based model is used to extract the ROI from optical data of
Lien, Hao-Pin (Paul), Torelli, Roberto, Zhao, Le, Park, Ji-Woong, Zhang, Anqi, Pei, Yuanjiang, Hwang, Joonsik, Lee, Kyungwon
A CFD Based Multi-Physics Modeling Approach to Predict Vent Gas Flow Paths due to Can Melting during Prismatic Cell Thermal Runaway2026-01-0407To be published on 04/07/2026
As the automotive industry increasingly adopts high-energy-density pouch cells, ensuring vehicle safety against catastrophic thermal runaway (TR) has become paramount. Predicting the complex failure sequence of pouch cells, requires high-fidelity simulation tools that can capture tightly coupled physical phenomena. This paper presents a comprehensive, three-dimensional multi-physics Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) framework designed to simulate the entire TR event. The simulation originates with a multi-step Arrhenius chemical kinetics model to calculate the heat and gas generated by the primary exothermic reactions. This process drives a rapid increase in internal temperature and pressure, which is resolved by the model’s fluid dynamics solver. The initial vent opening is triggered when this internal pressure exceeds a predefined mechanical burst threshold, simulating a realistic seal rupture. Concurrently, a Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) analysis calculates the temperature
Mukherjee, Swarnava, Schlautman, Jeff, Srinivasan, Chiranth
Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Wind-Induced Interior Noise in Ground Vehicles2026-01-0599To be published on 04/07/2026
In response to increasing customer demand for enhanced passenger comfort and perceived vehicle quality, OEMs in automotive and commercial vehicles are placing significant emphasis on reducing the interior cabin noise. At highway speeds, wind noise is a primary contributor to the overall noise within the vehicle cabin. Conventional approaches to predict vehicle wind noise rely on physical testing, which can only be conducted in the later stages of the design process once a physical prototype is available. Increased adoption of established computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods has enabled earlier assessment. However, such simulations require several hours to complete, posing a challenge in the context of rapid design iteration cycles. With the growing adoption of artificial intelligence in engineering, machine learning (ML) approaches have been proposed to predict a vehicle’s aerodynamics performance. Nevertheless, development of ML techniques in the context of aeroacoustics
Higgins, John, Fougere, Nicolas, Sondak, David, Senthooran, Sivapalan, Moron, Philippe, Jantzen, Andreas, Bi, Jing, Oancea, Victor
CFD-Guided DoE-ML Optimization Methods in a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Engine2026-01-0326To be published on 04/07/2026
This study introduces a CFD-guided Design of Experiments (DoE) and Machine Learning (ML) framework for the co-optimization of piston and pre-chamber geometries in a passive pre-chamber heavy-duty hydrogen engine operating at medium and low loads. Starting from a reference configuration—an omega-type piston and a methane-optimized pre-chamber—the design space was parameterized using seven geometric variables. A Sobol sequence was employed to generate 96 randomized design variants in the DoE, each evaluated through high-fidelity 3D-CFD simulations to capture key combustion and performance metrics. The resulting dataset served as the foundation for developing and evaluating several ML regression models. A rigorous ML workflow was adopted, featuring 5-fold cross-validation and hyperparameter tuning via Bayesian optimization to ensure generalization and robustness. Model selection was based on multi-metric performance criteria including prediction accuracy, error stability, and sensitivity
Menaca, Rafael, Shakeel, Mohammad Raghib, Liu, Xinlei, Mohan, Balaji, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, Silva, Mickael, Zhang, Anqi, Pei, Yuanjiang, Im, Hong
A Holistic Approach to Pre-Chamber Design, Integration, and Operational Optimization2026-01-0310To be published on 04/07/2026
As internal combustion engines continue to play a critical role in hybrid on-road and numerous non-road applications, there is a continued push to increase efficiency and minimize tailpipe emissions. However, reduced investment in new engine architectures means retrofittable technologies are favored to continue incremental performance improvements to existing engine platforms. To maintain the relatively low capital cost of engine-based powertrains, these technologies must be low-cost and compatible with the diverse mix of fuels that may be encountered across various market segments in the future. Pre-chambers have shown significant potential for improving spark-ignited engine performance across a wide range of engine sizes, from motorsport applications to stationary power, and operating conditions, from stoichiometric operation to ultra-lean. Understanding the degree to which this central combustion technology must be tailored to optimize its performance with a variety of fuels and
Peters, Nathan, Pothuraju Subramanyam, Sai, Hoth, Alexander, Bunce, Mike
Leveraging Large Language Models for CAD Automation and Multi-Objective Optimization of Automotive Heat Exchangers2026-01-0506To be published on 04/07/2026
The design of automotive heat exchangers is a critical challenge, requiring the careful balance of thermal performance, aerodynamic efficiency, structural integrity, and manufacturability. Traditional design processes rely heavily on manual CAD modeling and iterative simulations, which are both time-intensive and computationally demanding. Recent advances in artificial intelligence, particularly in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Transformer-based architectures, open new possibilities for automating these tasks. This work introduces a novel framework that integrates LLMs with CAD kernels to generate parametric heat exchanger geometries directly from natural language descriptions. The models are automatically exported into standard formats for computational fluid dynamics simulations and seamlessly incorporated within a multi-objective optimization pipeline. By coupling natural language-driven CAD automation with advanced optimization techniques, the framework enables rapid exploration
Chaudhari, Prathamesh, Tovar, Andres
Transformer-Based Deep Learning Framework for Efficient Prediction of Automotive Wind Noise2026-01-0222To be published on 04/07/2026
Aerodynamic wind noise is a critical challenge in modern automotive development, particularly with the rise of vehicle electrification and intelligent mobility, where cabin acoustic comfort is a key quality metric. While reliable, traditional methods like wind tunnel experiment and CFD simulations are both costly and time-consuming. To address this, we propose a novel transformer-based framework for rapid and accurate wind noise prediction. Several model improvements, including the physical attention, geometry wave number embedding, hybrid FPS-random down sampling method and frequency separation output heads are properly employed to reduce the GPU mermory cost and improve the prediction accuracy. This framework is pre-trained on a large-scale transient flow field dataset of 1,000 diverse vehicles generated using Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DES). From a vehicle's point-cloud coordinates, the model directly predicts the surface pressure spectrum on the driver-side window and the
TANG, Weishao, Liu, Mengxin, QIN, Ling, Duan, Menghua, wang, chengjun
Simplified Thermal Runaway Propagation Modeling to Enable Mass-Optimized Battery Pack Design2026-01-0404To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents a simplified approach to model thermal runaway propagation in a multi-cell battery pack, with the goal of designing a safe and lightweight pack for mass-sensitive applications. The key parameters which characterize single-cell thermal runaway, including heat release profile, apparent cell emissivity and mass loss, were extracted from empirical nail penetration tests. This characterization was used to drive a three-dimensional thermal model of a 19-cell hexagonal sub-pack with a center trigger cell. To enable rapid design exploration, a symmetry-based computationally simplified domain was used for a full-factorial Design of Experiments (DOE) varying cell spacing, epoxy thickness, heat spreader thickness, and cup geometry. The DOE results were used to identify dominant heat-transfer mechanisms, capture main and interaction effects, and determine mass-efficient design levers governing peak-neighbor cell temperature during propagation. Insights from the DOE study
Kalyankar, Apoorv, Owen, Elliot, Strohmaier, Kyle, Mardall, Joseph
CFD Modelling of Cell Formation Gas and Venting During the EV’s Battery Manufacturing Process2026-01-0384To be published on 04/07/2026
The electric battery is a critical component of electric vehicles (EVs), where high power demands pose significant operational challenges. One such challenge is gas generation within the porous anode layer, which can lead to pressure buildup inside the battery. The complex interfacial dynamics at the microscale play a crucial role in determining the effectiveness of gas venting and the resulting pressure evolution. This study addresses this issue through a two-pronged simulation approach. First, gas generation within a representative anode microstructure is investigated using a Volume of Fluid (VOF) framework that resolves tortuous flow passages. The simulations reveal that gas generation in such microstructures can lead to pressure rises of several thousand Pascals, with interfacial behavior primarily governed by surface tension effects. Second, a high-level battery pack simulation is performed using a porous media approach to evaluate system-scale gas venting and localized
Mahyawansi, Pratik J., Schlautman, Jeff, Viswanath, Priyanka, Srinivasan, Chiranth
CAE-based Electro-Thermal Characterization and Design Optimization of Automotive Inverter Busbars2026-01-0642To be published on 04/07/2026
High power density demands in automotive inverters need precise thermal management to ensure efficiency, reliability and extended component lifetime. This paper presents a systematic, integrated electro-thermal workflow utilizing Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools to characterize and optimize internal inverter components by directly linking electrical performance to thermal behavior. The methodology comprises three main steps: first, detailed frequency-dependent electrical parameters (RLCG, Z, S) and current density maps are extracted using computational calculations by ANSYS HFSS and ANSYS Q3D Extractor. Second, these parameters inform comprehensive power loss calculations (conduction, dielectric, switching), which are then mapped onto detailed 3D thermal fields using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) through ANSYS Icepak. Finally, the results are analyzed to identify critical components and inform targeted design modifications. The workflow's effectiveness is demonstrated
Oliveira, Felipe, Aguiar, Cláudio, Justino, Marco, Tarrago, Vinicius, Almeida, Oberti
Extreme Scale Automotive Aerodynamic Simulations2026-01-0597To be published on 04/07/2026
Achieving an optimal balance between simulation accuracy and computational efficiency remains a central challenge in automotive aerodynamics. While the adoption of AI and machine learning (ML) methods in vehicle development is expected to grow significantly, the demand for highly scalable, computationally efficient, and accurate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods persists. The emergence of GPU technology presents new opportunities to deliver cost-effective, high-fidelity, scale-resolving simulations to industrial users. A comprehensive evaluation of Simcenter STAR-CCM+’s parallel scalability and accuracy across extensive CPU and GPU resources was executed on the Frontier supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Steady-state and transient aerodynamic scalability simulations were executed using the DrivAer notchback vehicle configuration. Simulation accuracy was evaluated through transient simulations employing the SST-DDES turbulence model on an initial mesh of 200
Larsson, Torbjörn, Grover, Ronald O., Landi, Simone, Altmann, Peter, McManus, Liam, Dowding, Steven
Flame Velocity and Combustion Behaviour of Ammonia–Hydrogen Blends: A Combined Experimental and Numerical Study2026-01-0320To be published on 04/07/2026
Ammonia is gaining importance as a viable energy vector for decarbonising the maritime sector. However, ammonia flame speed is much slower than that of traditional fuels, and this can result in incomplete burning, decreased engine efficiency, and increased undesirable emissions such as unburned ammonia (NH₃). While blending hydrogen with ammonia has been shown to mitigate some of ammonia's combustion drawbacks, the underlying mechanisms driving these improvements are still not fully understood. This study explores these processes to inform better optimisation. A 1.2 L optically accessible constant volume combustion chamber equipped with a wall-mounted surface spark plug was used to investigate the combustion characteristics and apparent flame velocity of ammonia-hydrogen blends. Chamber pressure and temperature were measured using high-frequency piezoresistive pressure transducers and K-type thermocouples. Flame propagation was captured at 9,000 frames per second using a Photron
Bodur, Tuna Murat, Bowling, William, La Rocca, Antonino, Cairns, Alasdair
Machine Learning for Predicting Rotor and Brake Fluid Temperatures in Hill Descent Events2026-01-0159To be published on 04/07/2026
High thermal loads on brake systems during extended descents followed by vehicle soak pose significant safety and durability risks. Excessive rotor or fluid temperatures can cause loss of braking efficacy, fluid degradation or evaporation, thermal fade, and accelerated component wear. This study uses time history data of brake disc and fluid temperatures collected during controlled hill descent events and subsequent soak (park) periods, and simultaneously logs environmental conditions (ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction) and brake specifications (rotor, caliper geometry, pad material, fluid type, and vehicle mass). Seventy six test runs from a dedicated validation program are used, each providing time history records that form the basis of our analysis. From these records we extract phase specific samples (descent and soak phase) and engineer compact descriptors, such as start and peak temperatures, environmental factors, rolling statistics and contextual metadata
poojari, Uday Kumar, Westphalen, Jan, Venugopal, Narayana
Effects of the Spark Location and Timing in a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen-Fueled Engine2026-01-0331To be published on 04/07/2026
The use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines offers a promising route to low-carbon propulsion in heavy-duty transportation. However, its distinct combustion characteristics as high flame speed, wide flammability limits, and susceptibility to abnormal combustion, necessitate careful engine and ignition system design. This study investigates the combined influence of spark plug location and ignition timing on the performance of a heavy-duty Volvo Diesel engine modified to operate in a spark-ignited mode with hydrogen fuel at low compression ratio under different load conditions. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations with detailed hydrogen chemistry, including diffusive-thermal effects, were conducted to evaluate flame development, combustion efficiency, and heat release under different loads. Model validation against combustion behavior and jet characteristics from a low-pressure, high-mass-flow direct injector is also presented. The results demonstrate that
Menaca, Rafael, Shakeel, Mohammad Raghib, Panithasan, Mebin, Liu, Xinlei, Qahtani, Yasser, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, Silva, Mickael, Pei, Yuanjiang, Turner, James, Im, Hong
Effect of Ignition Energy on Combustion Duration under Flow Conditions2026-01-0336To be published on 04/07/2026
Utilizing low carbon fuel in lean burn combustion presents a compelling strategy for improving thermal efficiency and reducing NOx emissions. Methane, the main content of natural gas, still receives challenge of a rapid and complete combustion process because of its low chemical reactivity. Further increase of excess air ratio would decrease the flame propagation speed significantly, leading to prolonged combustion durations. The long combustion duration deteriorates the performance of a spark ignition engine, in terms of poor combustion instability and misfire. Although ignition timing can be utilized to adjust the combustion phasing, the ignition process faces challenges due to reduced background pressure and temperature at advanced spark timings. In this paper, a rapid compression machine equipped with a specially designed combustion flow chamber is utilized to enhance the mean flow speed across the spark gap under the background pressure 6 bar abs. and temperature 600 K. A
Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming
Effect of Renewable Fuel Blends on Particulate Emissions Under Medium Engine Load and Injector Coking Conditions in a GDI Engine2026-01-0301To be published on 04/07/2026
Renewable gasoline is blended with fossil gasoline as part of the effort to achieve zero net carbon emissions. This study examined how five gasoline fuels with different hydrocarbon compositions affect engine-out gaseous and particle number (PN) emissions. Gasolines F3 and F4 reduce GHG emissions by 54% and 35%, compared with fossil gasoline. The other three gasolines reduce GHG emissions by 4-9%. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder GDI engine at 10-14 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and 2000 rpm. The injector-tip coking behavior of the test fuels and the resulting PN emissions were also investigated at 10 bar IMEP. Spray plume targets and start-of-injection (SOI) timing were adjusted to examine how the test fuels affected PN emissions. An endoscope was used to identify the sources of soot during fuel combustion. The experimental results show that PN varies with gasoline composition and engine operating conditions. Aromatics and olefins contribute more to injector
Muniappan, Krishnamoorthi, Dahlander, Petter, Helmantel, Ayolt, Alemahdi, Nika, Lehto, Kalle
Advancing Oil Consumption Prediction with 3-D Multiphase CFD: Insights into Piston Design Impacts2026-01-0282To be published on 04/07/2026
Engine oil consumption contributes to hydrocarbon and particulate emissions, catalyst degradation, and reduced thermal efficiency. Reducing it is essential for meeting emission standards and improving engine reliability. This study introduces a 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) framework that captures micron-scale gaps in the piston-ring-cylinder system while accounting for ring dynamics. The model leverages Simerics-MP+ features—including a novel mesh motion strategy and Mismatched Grid Interface (MGI) coupling—to resolve fine crevice regions alongside coarser bulk domains. It incorporates piston translation, ring motion, and crankshaft rotation, and uses the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to capture multiphase interactions in thin oil films. Compared to experiments, this approach offers detailed flow visualization in optically inaccessible regions at lower cost and complexity. Unlike traditional 1-D models, it captures nonlinear behaviors without relying heavily on parameter
Mohapatra, Chinmoy K., Schlautman, Jeff, Manne, Venkata Harish Babu, schroeder, Debera, Srinivasan, Chiranth
Aerodynamic Development of Maruti Suzuki VICTORIS2026-01-0602To be published on 04/07/2026
MSIL (Maruti Suzuki India Limited), India's leader in automotive sector, has various SUVs (Sports Utility Vehicle) in its model lineup. Conventionally, SUVs are considered to have an aggressive stance with a bold on-road presence, and this bold design language often deteriorates aerodynamic drag performance. In the past decade, the demand for this segment has significantly grown, whereas the CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) norms have become more stringent. To cater to this growing market demand, MSIL planned for a new compact SUV - VICTORIS with targeted best-in-class aerodynamic performance. This paper illustrates the aerodynamic development process for the vehicle using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and full scale WTT (Wind Tunnel Test). During the initial stages, the bolder design of the VICTORIS deteriorated the aerodynamic drag of the vehicle. Styling exterior surface modifications and addition of new aero parts facilitated the recovery of aerodynamic drag performance
Dey, Sukanta, Singh, Shekhar, Kumar, Chandan, Alphonse, Felix Regin
Camera Monitor System Soiling Correlation for a Class-8 Truck Using Lattice Boltzmann Method2026-01-0596To be published on 04/07/2026
As Camera Monitoring Systems (CMS) become an integrated part of the driving experience for current automotive and heavy vehicles, keeping the CMS clean from water, dirt, sand, snow and ice is a main focus of the design process in order to avoid safety issues due to obscured visibility. On-road soiling prevention becomes an important feature when designing these camera and sensor systems. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis can be used to facilitate the design process, to provide important information of the cause of the problems and design mitigation mechanism to prevent the visibility issues. There are many published papers for soiling studies for the automotive application but very limited publication available for heavy trucks, this paper is targeted to fill this space. In these current studies during a design process, road tests were performed in Alaska by the testing department. Correlation was done between those road tests and the CFD analysis, performed in-house. This
He, Wei, Dasarathan, Devaraj, Linden, Tom, Park, Jeongbin
From CFD Simulations to Machine Learning: A Comparative Study of ML Tools for Aerodynamic Drag Prediction2026-01-0598To be published on 04/07/2026
This study presents the development of machine learning frameworks for predicting aerodynamic drag coefficients in automotive vehicle designs using data derived from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The input data includes both structured tabulated design parameters and unstructured geometric representations in the form of point clouds, enabling a multi-modal approach to aerodynamic modeling. A range of machine learning models was explored, from traditional regression techniques to advanced deep learning architectures such as graph neural networks (GNNs), each tailored to handle specific data formats. These frameworks were designed to integrate seamlessly with CFD workflows, supporting efficient training and evaluation using standard regression metrics. The work aims to establish a foundation for data-driven aerodynamic analysis in automotive design, emphasizing the role of machine learning in enhancing simulation-based engineering processes.
Kumar, Gaurav, Khanna, Susheel
Introduction to Catesby Aero Research Facility, CARF, the coast-down tunnel proving ground.2026-01-0611To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper reports on the Catesby Aero Research Facility (CARF), which began commercial use in 2019, and provides an overview of the facility and related technologies, particularly details on the vehicle-mounted component force measurement devices. CARF is a proving ground that was renovated from a former railway tunnel approximately 2.74km long and is now covered with high-quality tarmac. The road surface quality was designed to be at least as good as that of SUBARU's proving ground, and the standards were achieved using British construction technology. The course is almost straight, but there is a slight incline. The course specifications are: blockage 40m2, road width 6m (maximum 8.4m), flatness σ<0.5mm, and gradient 0.57%.In particular, compared to outdoor coastdown trucks, its overall length allows for continuous measurement right up to the stop, giving it a significant advantage in repeatability.At the same time, Subaru's newly developed six-component force sensor built into the
Shimoyama, Hiroshi
Investigation of In-Cylinder Cycle-to-Cycle Variation Using PIV, LIF and RANS Simulation2026-01-0299To be published on 04/07/2026
To elucidate the cycle-to-cycle variations (CCV) in gas flow and combustion within gasoline engine cylinders, simultaneous two-section PIV and LIF measurements were performed using an optical engine, coupled with RANS simulations. The results revealed the following: The variation in the equivalence ratio per cycle has little effect on initial combustion but does influence IMEP. Evaluating the laminar combustion velocity (SL) and turbulent combustion velocity (ST) as factors determining initial combustion revealed almost no correlation with SL, while moderate correlations were observed between ST and CA10. The position of the tumble vortex center at ignition timing was found to be critical; the vortex center position most favorable for advancing combustion timing was located to the right and below the spark plug. Under nitrogen-enriched conditions with a dilution ratio of approximately 40%, cycle fluctuations increased. Concentration characteristics of THC and CO, obtained from high
Hokimoto, Satoshi, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Kuboyama, Tatsuya
Effect of housing design on oil splash lubrication in an E-drive Unit through Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation2026-01-0116To be published on 04/07/2026
Proper lubrication of gears and supporting bearings is crucial for the optimal functioning of an e-drive unit, particularly under high-speed and high-load conditions. Understanding the causes of bearing failure requires an analysis of the oil splash pattern in a testbed with a transparent casing. Additionally, modifying the gearbox and housing designs can be both time-consuming and costly to achieve performance goals. As an alternative, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling provides a virtual testing environment that allows for quicker design evaluations and reduces product development time. This study focuses on using CFD to assess a housing design aimed at enhancing lubrication for the rear and front drive units (RDU/FDU) in electric vehicles. Multiphase flow simulations were conducted using the volume of fluid (VOF) method in the commercial CFD software Simerics-MP+. This software generates an unstructured Cartesian mesh and manages complex mesh movements through a volume
Kumar, P. Madhan, Motin, Abdul, Pasunurthi, Shyam Sundar, Ganamet, Alain, Maiti, Dipak, Taghizadeh, Salar, Mohapatra, Chinmoy K.
Digital Twin Aerodynamics Model Validation for HALO Wind Tunnel2026-01-0610To be published on 04/07/2026
A simulation-based aerodynamics model of the Honda Automotive Laboratories of Ohio (HALO) Wind Tunnel, a three-quarter open-jet (ground plane) configuration opened in 2022 for full-scale automotive testing, is under development to support data fusion for more accurate surrogate models in vehicle engineering programs. The objective is to demonstrate that a matched set of boundary values between the physical wind tunnel and the three-dimensional numerical model yield correct responses for several key flow field quantities, starting with the baseline empty tunnel case: (1) streamwise static pressure distribution, (2) evolution of the free shear layers downstream of the nozzle exit plane, and (3) ground-plane boundary layer development. Pressure-based measurement probes were deployed in these regions using a four-axis overhead traverse to acquire validation data in the large facility, including instrument verification between a 14-hole probe and Pitot-static rake. Detached eddy simulation
Patel, Sajan, Disotell, Kevin, Eagles, Naethan
Automotive Aerodynamics Surrogate Modeling using NVIDIA PhysicsNeMo on Mid-Sized SUV GM Dataset2026-01-0600To be published on 04/07/2026
Aerodynamic simulations are crucial in vehicle design and performance evaluation. Traditionally, these simulations utilize Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques to compute flow quantities such as velocity, pressure, and wall-shear stresses. Accurate prediction of these quantities is vital for estimating drag and lift forces, which directly impact fuel efficiency, stability, and acoustics. This study focuses on developing an AI surrogate for aerodynamic design of production mid-size SUVs using NVIDIA’s PhysicsNeMo framework. Firstly, high-fidelity 3D CFD data are generated using first-principles solvers on 100 different geometry variants at a uniform inlet velocity of 38.89 m/s and a fixed set of boundary conditions. The DoMINO (Decomposable Multiscale Iterative Neural Operator) AI model, part of the PhysicsNeMo framework, is then used to train on this dataset, accurately predicting surface pressure and flow fields around vehicles for rapid estimation of critical aerodynamic
Keum, Seunghwan, Raul, Vishal, Grover, Ronald, Parrish, Scott, Ranade, Rishikesh, Ghasemi, Abouzar, Kamenev, Alexey, Tadepalli, Srinivas
Investigation of the Blockage Phenomenon in Closed Wall Wind Tunnels During the Testing of Bluff Automotive Bodies with Small Wakes in Yawed Configurations2026-01-0607To be published on 04/07/2026
The difficulties of testing a bluff automotive body of sufficient scale to match the on-road vehicle Reynolds number in a closed wall wind tunnel has led to many approaches being taken to adjust the resulting data for the inherent interference effects. But it has been very difficult to experimentally analyze the effects that are occurring on and around the vehicle when these blockage interferences are taking place. The present study is an extension of earlier works by the author and similarly to those studies uses the computational fluid dynamics analysis of five bodies that generate relatively small wakes to examine the interference phenomena in solid wall wind tunnels and the effects that they have on the pressures, and forces experienced by the vehicle model when it is in yawed conditions up to 20 degrees. This is accomplished by executing a series of CFD configurations with varying sized cross sections from 0.4% to 14% blockage enabling an approximation of free air conditions as a
Gleason, Mark, Riegel, Eugen
Thermal Management Simulation of Liquid-Cooled Energy Storage Batteries Using a Reduced-Order Model2026-01-0122To be published on 04/07/2026
A linear time-invariant (LTI) reduced-order model (ROM) based on 3D CFD offers high accuracy for simulating energy storage battery thermal behavior under variations in ambient temperature, initial temperature, coolant inlet temperature, cell heat generation, and Joule heating. However, it cannot capture coolant flow rate fluctuations, which are essential for liquid cooling start–stop conditions in energy storage containers. To address this, we use an enhanced LTI+HTC ROM, which incorporates flow-rate-dependent heat flux at the fluid–solid interface into the LTI ROM. This is achieved by establishing a correlation between the coolant flow rate and the interface heat transfer coefficient (HTC). We further improve model fidelity by applying interface heat flux distribution features extracted from CFD. Comparisons with 3D CFD results demonstrate that the LTI+HTC ROM is highly accurate and significantly reduces computational cost, making it a practical tool for thermal management studies
guo, Jia, CHEN, Guijie, ma, Shihu, Hu, Xiao, Jing, Li, SONG, Shujun, Huang, Long
CFD-Based Investigation of Fuel Tank Sloshing: Crash Safety and Noise Concerns2026-01-0490To be published on 04/07/2026
A computational study using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method in SimericsMP+ was conducted to investigate fuel sloshing in automotive fuel tanks under both crash and sudden stop conditions. The SEALs method was employed to rapidly generate the fuel tank mesh, enabling efficient simulation setup. At the outset, a benchmark sloshing case was simulated and compared against experimental data, showing excellent agreement to validate the simulation method. This simulation method was then applied to the fuel tank sloshing scenarios mimicking crash and sudden stop conditions. The study initially focused on a crash scenario where fuel waves impact valves, pumps, and other internal structures. Capturing these localized impact forces is critical for evaluating the risk of component failure and potential leakage. A baffle-equipped tank was simulated and compared with sensor data. Results show that the computed shock forces on valves and baffles closely matched the measurements, demonstrating the
Jia, Kun, Rahman, Ashique
Modeling of Cold Start Processes in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells2026-01-0496To be published on 04/07/2026
In this work, a numerical study is carried out to analyze the cold start process of a three-dimensional proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) which uses a three-parallel serpentine flow channel design. The investigation is mainly focused on the ice formation during subfreezing startup and how this ice influences the operation of the fuel cell. For this purpose, a transient ice formation model is developed in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) environment. The model considers sublimation and de-sublimation processes inside the gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer. To account for the influence of ice on the electrochemical reactions, the local transfer current is reduced depending on the fraction of ice volume present in the porous regions. Validation of the model is performed with available experimental data, and the comparison shows that the model can successfully reproduce both the successful and the failed cold start cases under different initial temperatures. The study
ma, Shihu, Champhekar, Omkar, Han, Chao
Fast and Robust CFD Simulation Method for Water Management in Automotive Interior Design2026-01-0487To be published on 04/07/2026
Knowledge of the behavior of fluid flow over and into narrow gaps is important in many industrial applications, particularly in the automotive sector. Evaluating the potential of water entering narrow pathways and towards components that can be damaged by it is of great importance. CFD simulations can help in evaluating the potential of water getting into such gaps. Meshless tools are used in a variety of simulation scenarios of fluid flow, especially due to their ability to easily simulate free surfaces with strong curvatures. In previous work, a validated simulation setup was created in the meshless simulation tool Meshfree from Fraunhofer ITWM for simulating water entering in small gaps. Currently, the simulation time of the setup needs to be sped up especially for industrial use cases, where simulation times higher than 6-10 days were encountered. Because of these long simulation times a fast and robust CFD simulation method was developed to be able to simulate even industrial use
Zrnic, Dino, Konstantinovics, Athena, Kospasch, Alexander, Rugerri, Evelyn, Loy, Michael, Bäder, Dirk, Michel, Isabel
Coolant Pump Weep Chamber 3D CFD Transient Simulation for predicting Coolant Evaporation2026-01-0485To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents transient, complex, multi-species, multiphase, 3D CFD transient simulation of engine coolant pump weep chamber for predicting coolant evaporation. The engine coolant pump contains a rotating mechanical face seal to prevent liquid coolant leakage at the rotating interface. During normal engine operation, a small amount of coolant vapor is expressed by this rotating seal; this vapor can condense on solid surfaces within the weep chamber. The coolant collected in weep chamber evaporates from the chamber and exits out of the weep chamber in vapor form. Evaporation rate of the coolant is a primary factor deciding weep chamber size. Evaporation rate of coolant depends on several factors – ambient humidity, ambient temperature, flow of air in and out of the weep chamber, pump temperature, and pump rotational speed. Weep chamber is small in dimensions (~ 100 cm^3) and dependence of coolant evaporation on several factors results in necessity of an accurate and predictive
Tawar, Ranjit Ramchandra, Drechsel, James, Bedekar, Sanjeev, Nallamothu, Sravan
Upstream Oxygen Sensor Signal Improvement Using the DFSS and Virtual Validation Approach2026-01-0486To be published on 04/07/2026
Combustion stability and emission control remain key challenges for gasoline engines, requiring robust oxygen sensing strategies. The primary function of the upstream exhaust oxygen sensor is to detect the oxygen concentration in exhaust gas for accurate air–fuel ratio control. However, poor signal visibility from individual cylinders across engine speeds can lead to improper combustion prediction and reduced engine efficiency. This work applies a Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) approach to optimize the upstream oxygen sensor configuration in a 2.0 L four-stroke gasoline engine. Conventionally, sensor placement is completed by iterative testing and calibration, which is both time-consuming and cost intensive. The DFSS framework uses input, output, control, and noise factors. Exhaust gas mass flow rate from engine cylinders at different speeds is treated as the input, while the detected oxygen mass fraction is the output. Design parameters such as pipe length, pipe diameter, sensor
Dixit, Manish, Raja, Vinayak, Annabattula, Pallavi
Swept Collector Design for the Honda Automotive Laboratories of Ohio Wind Tunnel2026-01-0608To be published on 04/07/2026
Modern aeroacoustic wind tunnels are required to have flat axial static pressure distribution, very low background noise levels, and minimal low frequency pressure fluctuations. These characteristics enable accurate measurement of aerodynamic forces acting on a vehicle as well as identification of noise sources. The collector of an open-jet or ¾ open jet wind tunnel plays a critical role in achieving these goals. Collector self-generated noise contributes to the overall background noise level in the test section, and this contribution has become more significant as other noise sources, such as the main fan, have been addressed through improvements to acoustic treatment. Ever-increasing attention to detail is required to manage noise signatures as the overall facility noise floor is lowered. Furthermore, aspects of collector design that may be beneficial to aerodynamics or pressure fluctuation tend to be some of the worst offenders for noise generation. A new collector configuration was
Best, Scott, Nagle, Paul
Elucidation of Flow Mechanisms Modulating Vehicle Wind Noise by using Large-Scale CFD Simulation2026-01-0614To be published on 04/07/2026
In vehicle development, noise reduction is critical for ensuring passenger comfort. As electric vehicles become prevalent and engine noise is minimized, wind noise becomes more noticeable. Modulated wind noise, which causes a sense of fluctuation due to atmospheric turbulence, wind gusts, and preceding vehicle wakes, causes significant discomfort. This noise is characterized as a high-frequency sound above 1 kHz, modulated at low frequencies owing to the wind velocity and direction fluctuating at several Hz. However, the mechanisms behind wind noise modulation are not fully understood, and no established countermeasures have been developed. This is because wind noise perceived through the side window is primarily caused by the A-pillar vortex and door mirror wake, which coexist as complex turbulent flows around the vehicle. Therefore, identifying the source of modulated wind noise around vehicles under fluctuating wind conditions is difficult. This study aims to identify the source of
Tajima, Atsushi, Hirata, Takumi, Ikeda, Jun, Kamiwaki, Takahiro, Wakamatsu, Junichi, Tsubokura, Makoto
CFD Simulation of Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Pure Spirulina Microalgae Biodiesel in a Single-Cylinder DI Diesel Engine2026-28-0043To be published on 02/12/2026
In this study, the combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel engine fueled with Spirulina biodiesel along with diesel blends were examined using a combined CFD and thermodynamic simulation framework. Three test fuels, including pure diesel (D100), Spirulina biodiesel blends (B20 and B40), and pure Spirulina biodiesel (B100), were analysed at 1500 rpm under full load. In the first stage, CFD simulations were performed in ANSYS Fluent, where the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) was applied to capture spray atomization and droplet evaporation, while a non-premixed combustion model coupled with the RNG k-ε turbulence model was employed to resolve in-cylinder flow and heat release dynamics. Subsequently, the Diesel-RK software was utilised to predict engine performance and exhaust emissions based on compression ratios (18.5) and injection timings. Results from the CFD analysis revealed faster atomization and reduced ignition delay for biodiesel
Kumar, B Varun
Numerical Study of Battery Pack Cooling for Electric Vehicles2026-28-0110To be published on 02/12/2026
This study presents a systematic CFD-based investigation of air-cooled lithium-ion battery pack thermal management using a novel U-shaped channel. The U-shaped domain was selected due to its ability to promote recirculation and uniform air distribution, which enhances cooling effectiveness compared to conventional straight and Z-type channels. A systematic parametric optimization of inlet position and airflow velocity was performed to minimize hotspot formation and improve temperature uniformity. Results reveal that shifting the inlet from 30 mm to 20 mm and increasing velocity from 2 m/s to 3 m/s reduced the maximum battery temperature by 3.46 K, from a baseline of 333 K to 329.54 K, while maintaining minimal pressure drop. These findings highlight that strategic control of inlet parameters can yield significant thermal improvements with high cost-effectiveness and geometric simplicity.
PC, Murugan, J, Sivasankar, W, Beno Wincy, G, Arun Prasad
Optimized Design, Analysis, and Validation of a Tractor Muffler for Enhanced Back-Pressure Control and Cost Efficiency2026-28-0004To be published on 02/12/2026
Internal combustion engines generate intense acoustic pulses during combustion, necessitating the use of exhaust mufflers to suppress noise emissions. With evolving regulations on permissible noise levels and the automotive industry's drive toward lightweight, high-performance vehicles, muffler designs must balance effective sound attenuation, minimal back pressure, and reduced mass. This study presents a comparative analysis of three muffler configurations serpentine, rectangular, and zigzag designed using Solid Works for a light commercial vehicle (LCV) diesel engine. The models were evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to assess their acoustic and flow performance. Each design incorporated internal baffle arrangements to enhance sound absorption while aiming to minimize back pressure. The serpentine model featured a perforated baffle layout that promoted multiple reflections and dissipated acoustic energy more efficiently. Simulation results indicated that
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, Palaniselvam, Senthil Kumar, D, Ashokkumar, R, Krishnamoorthy, Mahendran, M, Pasupuleti, Thejasree, G, Dhayanithi, L, Boopalan
Methodology for Shower Water Management in Electric Car Applications2026-28-0068To be published on 02/12/2026
All automotive vehicles with enclosed compartments must pass the shower test standard - IS 11865 (2006). One of the most severe and critical areas of water leakage is “water entry into HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) opening”. Excess water flow at high-pressure conditions and seepage during long-time low-pressure conditions could potentially have a significant impact on water entry inside the HVAC suction cutout given on BIW (body in white) and subsequently into the cabin. The present study clearly indicates that for making leak proof HVAC opening (suction interface), it is crucial for the structure of BIW plenum, plenum applique, and its sealing components to be robust enough to effectively collect and divert the water during rainy seasons.
Gunasekaran, Mohanraj, Namani, Prasad, Ramaraj, Rajasekar, Junankar, Ashish, Raju, Kumar
Computational fluid dynamic and fatigue analysis of turbocharger turbine wheel2026-28-0070To be published on 02/12/2026
Turbochargers are essential for improving engine efficiency by compressing air and delivering it to the engine at higher pressure, thereby increasing power output. The turbine wheel in a turbocharger operates under severe mechanical and thermal stresses, making it highly susceptible to fatigue failure, which can occur even under conditions below the rated operating load. To ensure long-term reliability, detailed analysis of the turbine’s fatigue life is essential. This study combines computational fluid dynamics with fatigue analysis to predict the performance and lifespan of a turbocharger's turbine wheel, with a focus on Inconel alloys known for their durability in extreme conditions. A numerical mesh analysis, employing 1,165,610 nodes, was conducted to achieve convergence for both temperature and stress evaluations, leading to the selection of a 2 mm mesh size. Pressure contours at the turbine-fluid interface revealed a pressure range between 1.09 and 1.05 bar, with most of the
Chelladorai, Prabhu, Balakrishnan, Navaneetha Krishnan, G, Naresh, T J, Sreejaun
Understanding Prevailing Physics in Automotive Aerodynamics Applications—Detached Eddy Simulation vs Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes Approach02-19-04-00232/6/2026
This study presents a structured approach to the aerodynamic evaluation of commercial heavy-duty vehicles by categorizing the underlying flow physics into three primary phenomena: pressure-induced separation, geometry-induced separation, and flow diffusion. Furthermore, the study gives insights into the benefits of Detached Eddy Simulations (DES) over traditional Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approaches by analyzing the flow behavior in cases that correspond to these phenomena. Fundamental insights on pressure and geometry-induced separation were developed through simulations of flow over a sphere and a rectangular cylinder at a Reynolds number of 2.8 × 106. Additionally, flow diffusion was investigated using a coaxial jet interacting with surrounding fluid at a Reynolds number of 2.1 × 104. These cases were analyzed using three turbulence modeling techniques: k-ε, k-ω SST, and DES. To demonstrate the practical relevance of these phenomena, a comprehensive aerodynamic
Sankar, Hari, Holay, Sarang, Ikeda, Masami, Singh, Ramanand
The Normalized Lift and Drag as Efficiencies According to the Aerodynamic Equation of State2026-01-60002/3/2026
The wetted surface of a wing induces a three-dimensional pressure distribution onto the surrounding flow field that generates lift. In a similar way, the wetted surface of an aircraft generates parasite drag. Computational fluid dynamics mimics this process by constructing a surface mesh as a grid that recreates the outer mold line (OML) or wetted surface of a wing or aircraft, and used as a geometric reference for calculating the lift and parasite drag. Once the lift and drag are obtained using these physics-based wetted surfaces as geometry references, the legacy lift and drag coefficients are calculated by resorting to the planform area of the wing, and not their aforementioned wetted surfaces. This re-referencing that results from using a planform area instead of a wetted surface results in an overestimation of the lift and drag coefficients that are devoid of a physical meaning and yield misleading results when used to compare the lift or drag of different aircraft. This paper
Burgers, Phillip
A Performance-Driven Numerical Approach for Optimizing the Plenum Opening Area of Cowl Box2026-26-04611/16/2026
There is a scarcity of research in literature regarding the determination of Plenum Opening Area of cowl box. The area of the plenum opening in the cowl box significantly affects the airflow rate in fresh airflow modes, such as face and defrost modes, as well as issues related to water ingress. Primarily, the size of the plenum opening is determined by the necessary HVAC airflow rate. This study aims to investigate how the plenum opening area impacts both airflow discharge and the water ingress issue in the HVAC module. A novel approach is introduced in this research to determine the optimal plenum opening area of the cowl box, taking into account both airflow rate and water ingress concerns. The ANSYS FLUENT software is utilized to analyze airflow discharge in both face and defrost modes, while the SPH (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics) based Preonlab tool is employed for water ingress analysis. Airflow discharge is evaluated for various plenum opening sizes in both modes, and the area
Baskar, Subramaniyan, Mahesh, A, Gopinathan, Nagarajan
Optimization of a Positive Displacement Type Supercharger Using Response Surface Modeling (RSM)2026-26-04291/16/2026
Air suction in a naturally aspirated engine is a crucial influencing parameter to dictate the specific fuel consumption and emissions. For a multi-cylinder engine, a turbocharger can well address this issue. However, due to the lack of availability of continuous exhaust energy pulses, in a single or two-cylinder engine, the usage of turbocharger is not recommended. A supercharger solution comes handy in this regard for a single or two-cylinder engine. In this exercise, we explore the possibility of the usage of a positive displacement type supercharger, to enhance the air flow rate of a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, diesel engine for genset application, operating at 1500 rpm. The supercharger parametric 3D CAD model has been prepared in Creo, with three design parameters i.e. (a) Generating radius, (b) depth of blower and (c) clearance between lobes & lobe and casing. The optimum roots blower design is expected to fulfil the target boost pressure, power consumption and
Satre, Santosh Dadasaheb, Mukherjee, Nalini, Rajput, Surendra, Nene, Devendra
Engine Compartment Front End Module & Snorkel Placements to Achieve Maximum Volumetric Efficiency2026-26-05881/16/2026
The rising demand for electric vehicles (EVs) has pushed automakers to prioritize visual brand consistency across both EVs and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. A main design factor which is influenced by this trend is the front grille. In order to achieve uniform aesthetic looks, passenger car manufacturers often reduce the front grille openings and limit airflow. This closed grille style is common in electric vehicle. However, this creates challenges for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles with snorkel-type air intake systems, leading to reduced airflow and higher temperatures in the engine bay and intake air which eventually gets sucked in the engine resulting in low volumetric efficiency. Maintaining a cooler intake air is vital for ICE performance. Adjusting snorkel position and airflow patterns in low temperature zones ensures the engine receives air at low temperatures. This improves the combustion efficiency, throttle response and eventually it reduces the risk
Sonone, Sagar Dinesh, Singh, Nil Kanth, Kolhe, Vivek M, Kulkarni, Chaitanya, Malekar, Hemant A
On the Thermal Behavior of Headlamps in Battery Electric Vehicles – An Experimental Study2026-26-01311/16/2026
Automotive headlamps in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are exposed to a wide range of environmental and operational conditions that influence their thermal behaviour. Factors such as solar radiation, ambient temperature, lighting features, and nearby heat sources can significantly impact headlamp temperatures, potentially leading to issues like condensation, material degradation, and reduced optical performance. Accurate thermal modelling using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is essential during the design phase, but its effectiveness depends heavily on the fidelity of boundary conditions, which are often based on internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle data. This study investigates the thermal behaviour of BEV headlamps under real-world conditions, focusing on parking and charging scenarios. Temperature measurements were taken at various locations on the lens and housing of a Jaguar I-Pace using thermocouples. The results show that lighting features, particularly the high beam
Nangunuri, Vishnu Teja, Kapadia, Vatsal, Kovacs, Gabor, Ahmad, Waqas
Numerical Study of a Hydrogen Ejector with Regulated Inlet for Extended PEMFC Operating Range in Automotive Application2026-26-02491/16/2026
Hydrogen recirculation is a primary requirement for improving fuel efficiency and anode stability in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) systems, particularly in automotive applications. Effective hydrogen recirculation is critical for maintaining high efficiency and fuel utilization. A hydrogen recirculation ejector equipped with a regulated pressure inlet, which eliminating the need for mechanical pumps while maintaining optimal hydrogen utilization. The passive operation of the ejector eliminating the need for rotary components which significantly improves system reliability and reduces failure modes associated with moving parts. This work presents a numerical investigation of a hydrogen recirculation ejector featuring a regulated pressure inlet, with the objective of extending its operating range across varying fuel cell power levels. A combination of 1D system-level modelling and 2D multi-species Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations was employed to evaluate
Khot, Ranjit Uttreshwar, T P, Muhammad, Chougule, Abhijeet, Achanur, Mallappa
Oil Channelization for EV Transmission2026-26-00641/16/2026
Leakage of oil through breathers can be a serious concern in electric vehicle (EV) gearbox or transaxle units, especially due to the complexities presented by the small housing space and rotational components, which are running at relatively high speeds compared to conventional transmission units. Predicting the oil leakage from the transmission unit is another concern. Traditional methods are mostly centered on developing individual breather compartments, resulting in excess material usage, additional weight, and increased cost of manufacturing. To eliminate oil leakage through the air breather, the oil channelization technique used involves integrated oil deflection baffles, low-friction return channels, an oil accumulation cavity with cover, and strategically optimized airflow paths/vents. This design provides a number of benefits, such as increased gearbox reliability, minimized risk of component failure, and reduced maintenance needs, with all of these and a compact, cost
Ekshinge, Mahesh Shivaji, Agrawal, Devesh, Pandey, Ankit Kumar, Bhandari, Kiran Kamlakar
Multi-Objective Optimization and Reduced-Order Modeling for Aftertreatment System Performance Prediction2026-26-04261/16/2026
As emission regulations grow increasingly stringent, aftertreatment system designs are becoming more complex, requiring robust performance across the full range of Engine Operating Points (EOPs). Traditionally, aftertreatment development has relied on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations conducted at a limited set of representative points, focusing primarily on single performance objectives such as minimizing back pressure, enhancing ammonia uniformity, or reducing Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) deposits. However, these objectives are inherently interdependent, and optimizing for a single parameter often negatively impacts others, leading to suboptimal system performance across the full engine map. To address these challenges, this paper presents a multi-objective optimization framework combined with a reduced-order modeling approach to predict aftertreatment system behavior across the full engine operating range. The methodology captures the interactions among various
Nanduru, Enoch, Willey, Donald, Udhane, Tushar Sudam, Pal, Yash
Qualitative and Quantitative Correlation Study for Exterior Aerodynamics for Automotive Veshicle2026-26-04071/16/2026
Reducing drag forces and minimizing the rear wake region are the main goals of evaluating exterior aerodynamic performance in automobiles. Various literature and experiments shows that the overall fuel computations of the road vehicle improves significantly with the reduction in aerodynamic drag force. In the road vehicle major components of the drag is due the imbalance in pressure between front and rear of the vehicle. At high vehicle speed, aerodynamic drag is responsible for approximately 30 to 40% of the energy consumption of the vehicle. In the recent year, cost of high-performance computing (HPC) has reduced significantly, which helped computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an affordable tool to the automotive industry for evaluating aerodynamic performance of the vehicle during developing phase. The vehicles aerodynamic performance is greatly impacted by the dynamic environmental conditions it encounters in the real world. Such environmental conditions are difficult to replicate
Chalipat, Sujit, Biswas, Kundan, Tare, Kedar
Integrated Simulation of Electric Vehicle Model Using the ROM Approach2026-26-03691/16/2026
The growing demand for Electric Vehicles (EVs) has highlighted the importance of efficient and accurate simulation tools for design and performance optimization. The architecture of electric vehicles is distinct from that of internal combustion engine vehicles. It consists of on-board charger, DC-DC converter, Lithium ion battery pack, Inverter, electric motor, controllers and transmission. The battery pack supplies electric current to the traction motor, which then converts this electrical energy into mechanical energy, resulting in the rotational motion needed to drive the vehicle. Wide range of Multi-physics is involved in the simulation which involves Power electronics, Electromagnetics, Fluid Mechanics, Thermal engineering. This paper presents an integrated simulation and range prediction methodology for Electric Vehicles (EVs) using the Reduced Order Model (ROM) approach. The methodology includes simulation in both 3D and 1D domain. CFD simulation is performed to understand the
Shandilya, Anand, Kumar, Vivek
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