Browse Topic: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

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Automatic Generation of HVAC Ducting System Designs using Topology and Shape Optimization2025-01-8656To be published on 04/01/2025
Topology and shape optimization of a vehicle Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system is presented in this paper. The CFD and optimization methodologies are implemented within AcuSolve™ software. The topology optimization algorithm computes the geometry, where the design domain is parameterized with a field of porosity design variables which indicates the material, fluid or solid, throughout the domain. The optimization is performed using the continuous adjoint approach by the Galerkin Least Squares solver on which the AcuSolve™ solver is based. The design is further improved by using shape optimization. To optimize the geometrical shape, a combination of smooth perturbations, in terms of so called morph shapes, are used to deform the geometrical shape in the optimization algorithm. To this end, a parameterization of the design space is done using a moderate number of design variables, each associated with a morph shape. The two optimization phases are connected by means
Papadimitriou, Dimitrios, Sandboge, Robert
Technical Paper
Design Optimization of Electro-Hydraulic Valve Performance Through Simulation and Experimental Methods.2025-01-8642To be published on 04/01/2025
The main purpose of the semi-active damper (SAD) is for optimizing vehicle control to improve safety, comfort, and dynamics without compromising the ride or handling characteristics. The SAD is equipped with a fast-reacting electro-hydraulic valve to achieve the real time adjustment of damping force. The electro-hydraulic valve discussed in this paper is based on a valve concept called “Pilot Control Valve (PCV)”. One of the methods for desired force characteristics is achieved by tuning the hydraulic area of the PCV. This paper describes a novel development of PCV for practical semi-active suspension system. The geometrical feature of the PCV in the damper (valve face area) is a main contributor to the resistance offered by the damper. The hydraulic force acting on the PCV significantly impacts the overall performance of SAD. To quantify the reaction force of the valve before and after optimization under different valve displacements and hydraulic pressures were simulated using
Chintala, Paramesh, Hornby, Ryan
Technical Paper
CFD Modeling of Elastomeric Silicone Material Dispensing to Enable Equipment Design & Optimization for Efficient Automotive Manufacturing2025-01-8318To be published on 04/01/2025
In the automotive industry, it is essential to consider not only how well specialty materials perform and are formulated, but also how efficiently and economically they can be applied during manufacturing. This becomes especially important during the early stages of development to prevent issues when these materials are used in new designs by automotive suppliers or manufacturers. With the rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs), new materials are being used more frequently, and these materials may not have been as thoroughly tested as those used in traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that these materials can be applied correctly and efficiently from the start. One way to speed up the development process is through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling. CFD helps predict how materials will behave when dispensed, which is essential for developing the right equipment and conditions for applying these materials. Working with
Kenney, J. Andy, Delgado, Roberto, Hossain, Arif, Ng, Sze-Sze, Thomas, Ryan, Chyasnavichyus, Marius, Tsang, Chi-Wei, Hwang, Margaret, Wu, Lance, Dietsche, Laura, Mcmichael, Jonathan, Raines, Kevin, Nelson, Grant
Technical Paper
Development of a Detailed Ignition Model with Energy Deposition and its Application to Full Engine Simulation2025-01-8360To be published on 04/01/2025
A multi-dimensional model of the spark ignition process for SI engines was developed as a user-defined function (UDF) integrated into the commercial engine simulation software CONVERGE CFD. The model presented in this paper simulates energy deposition from the ignition circuit into the fuel-air mixture inside the cylinder. The model is based on interaction and collision between electrons in the plasma arc and the gas molecules inside the cylinder using parameters from the ignition circuit and gas inside the cylinder. Full engine simulations using CONVERGE CFD with the developed ignition model including the ignition circuit model, arc propagation model, and energy deposition model were performed to evaluate the validity and performance of the model and to compare with the ignition model provided by CONVERGE CFD. Two engines with different characteristics were used for comparison, a low turbulent port fuel injected single-cylinder CFR engine and a high turbulent direct injected engine
Kim, Kyeongmin, Hall, Matthew, Joshi, Sachin, Matthews, Ron
Technical Paper
Intebrake 3-D CFD Transient Simulation Studies for Predicting Flow Performance2025-01-8362To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper presents transient, complex, moving mesh, 3-D CFD analysis of an intebrake lubrication oil circuit for predicting flow performance. Intebrake is a mechanism for improving braking performance during over speeding conditions. The mechanism briefly opens the exhaust valve at the end of a compression stroke with a small valve lift and releases the compressed gases, thereby helping in quick application of the brake. There is no fueling during the process and hence, no combustion induced pressure rise which helps in quick application of the brake. During the intebrake operation, opening of the exhaust valve is achieved by using a complex lube oil circuit inside the exhaust rocker lever. The intebrake lube oil circuit consists of various spring-operated valves with micro-sized clearances, high oil pressure generation up to ~ 250 bar, 3-D movement of the mechanism components, and it is a transient operation. The 3-D movement consists of simultaneous rotational and translational
Tawar, Ranjit Ramchandra, Pasunurthi, Shyam Sundar, Bedekar, Sanjeev, Ranganathan, Raj
Technical Paper
The Effect of Rotor Notches on Air Gap Heat Transfer Coefficient and Electromagnetic Performance in a Traction Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor2025-01-8143To be published on 04/01/2025
This study investigates the impact of various notch geometries, specifically on the outer surface of the rotor of a permanent magnet synchronous motor, on the thermal and electromagnetic (EM) performance. Typical motor cooling methods, such as water jackets or oil spray/impingement, usually target the stator and/or end windings, relying on heat transfer through the airgap to cool the rotor, even though air acts as an insulator. Rotor notches are often used to reduce cogging torque and torque ripple by improving the quality of air gap flux density distribution, leading to a significant increase in motor efficiency and overall performance. The effect of rotor notches on EM performance is well understood, but its impact on the thermal management of the motor, particularly the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) in the airgap, remains unexplored. While existing experimental and analytical work has focused on heat transfer in the airgap for smooth stator and rotor or a slotted stator with a
Zajac, Arthur, De Silva, Buddhika, Lee, Sun, Mistry, Jigar, Nasirizarandi, Reza, Jianu, Ofelia, Kar, Narayan
Technical Paper
CFD-Based Performance Evaluation of Immersion Cooling Fluids for Lithium-Ion Battery Modules2025-01-8163To be published on 04/01/2025
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are critical components in electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy systems. However, conventional cooling techniques for LIBs often struggle to efficiently dissipate heat during fast charging and discharging, potentially compromising performance and safety. This study investigates the thermal performance of immersion cooling applied to an Electric Vehicle (EV) battery module comprised of NMC-chemistry-based cylindrical 21700 format Lithium-ion cells. The effectiveness of immersion cooling in reducing maximum cell temperature, temperature gradient, cell-to-cell temperature differential, and pressure drop within the battery module is evaluated on a detailed 3D model of a 360-cell immersion-cooled battery module that was developed, incorporating a well-established heat generation model based on theoretical analysis and experimental data to simulate the thermal characteristics of the battery system . The effects of the different fluid properties are first
Garcia, Antonio, Micó, Carlos, Marco-Gimeno, Javier, Elkourchi, Imad
Technical Paper
Battery Thermal Runaway Propagation: A CFD Approach to Cell and Module Analysis2025-01-8164To be published on 04/01/2025
This Paper will focus on simulating thermal runaway propagation within a battery cell and module. The thermal runaway model parameters are derived from accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC). The simulation involves a thermal runaway propagation model that converts the stored energy of the battery materials into thermal energy, thereby simulating the propagation of thermal runaway. The initiation of thermal runaway is modelled through a nail penetration event, represented by a heat profile in the nail region. The resulting temperature rise in this area triggers the short propagation model, leading to the spread of thermal runaway. For the single-cell simulation, the 1-equation thermal runaway model is used, focusing on the direct energy conversion and propagation within the cell. In contrast, the module simulation involves a more complex scenario. Here, an initial temperature rise near the nail region activates a short propagation model, which subsequently triggers the 4-equation thermal
Wakale, Anil, Ma, Shihu, Hu, Xiao
Technical Paper
Flow and Heat Transfer Performance Analysis of Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger in Electric Vehicles2025-01-8157To be published on 04/01/2025
In driving condition, the electric drive system of electric vehicles generates significant heat, which increases temperature of the motor, leading to reduced performance and energy loss. To manage the motor temperature and recover energy, a plate-fin heat exchanger (PFHE) is used to facilitate heat exchange between the electric drive system and the vehicle's thermal management system. In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method was used to investigate the fin structure on thermal flow performance within the PFHE. A CFD simulation model was developed for a local heat exchange unit, considering the generic boundary conditions and temperature-dependent properties of the coolant and oil in the PFHE. The pressure drop and heat transfer rate of the local heat exchange unit were calculated under different boundary conditions, and an empirical formula for the friction factor was derived. The Wilson plot method was applied to separate convective heat transfer resistance from the
Yin, Jintai, Yin, Zhihong, Lu, Xuan, Wang, Mengmeng, Liu, Qian
Technical Paper
Multiscale Modeling and Validation of Thermal Runaway Propagation in Immersion-Cooled Battery Systems with Full-Scale Application2025-01-8166To be published on 04/01/2025
Thermal management is a critical challenge in the design and operation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), particularly under high-stress conditions that can lead to thermal runaway (TR). Immersion cooling technology offers a promising solution by providing uniform cooling across all battery cells, thereby reducing the risk of hotspots and thermal gradients that can trigger thermal runaway. However, accurately modeling the thermal behavior of such systems, especially under the complex conditions of immersion cooling, presents significant challenges. This study introduces a comprehensive multiscale and multiphysics modeling framework to analyze thermal runaway and its propagation (TRP) in battery systems cooled by immersion in dielectric fluids. The model integrates 1D and 3D simulations, with a focus on the detailed calibration of energy terms at the single-cell level using 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This calibration includes thorough analysis of cell chemistries, exothermic
Negro, Sergio, Tyagi, Ramavtar, Kolaei, Amir, Pugsley, Kyle, Atluri, Prasad
Technical Paper
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Gearbox Churning Loss and Oil Splash Characteristics in Electric Vehicle Drive Units2025-01-8182To be published on 04/01/2025
The efficient operation of electric vehicles (EVs) heavily relies on the proper lubrication of the E-drive unit components, particularly the transmission gears and bearings. Inadequate oil supply can lead to mechanical failures, while excessive oil can increase power loss due to churning. This study focuses on utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to analyze the impact of drive speed, oil level and temperature on gear churning loss in E-drive units. The research also investigates the influence of a baffle plate on power loss and oil splash characteristics. The simulations, conducted using the volume of fluid (VOF) method in Simerics-MP+, consistently illustrate a reduction in power loss with rising oil temperature and reveal decreased gear churning loss with a baffle plate, especially under high-speed conditions, highlighting its potential for enhancing energy efficiency in EVs. Additionally, post-processing analysis of oil splash patterns sheds light on the
Kumar, P. Madhan, Motin, Abdul, Pandey, Ashutosh, Ganamet, Alain, Maiti, Dipak, Gao, Haiyang, Ranganathan, Raj
Technical Paper
Enhancing and Validating Numerical Models for Oil-Jet Cooing on Corrugated Surfaces of Electric Motor Windings2025-01-8148To be published on 04/01/2025
The U.S. DRIVE Electrical and Electronics Technical Team has set a goal for 2025 to achieve a power density of 33 kW/L for electric vehicle (EV) motors. The increase in motor power density is highly dependent on effective thermal management within the system, making active cooling techniques like oil-jet impingement essential for continued advancements. Due to the time and expense of physical experimentation, numerical simulations have become a preferred method for design testing and optimization. These simulations often simplify the motor-winding surface into a smooth cylinder, overlooking the actual corrugated surface due to windings, thus reducing computational resources and mesh complexity. However, the coil's corrugated surface affects flow turbulence and heat transfer rates. This study utilizes three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate the impingement-cooling of an Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) jet on a corrugated surface that replicates
Mutyal, Jayesh Ramesh, Haghnegahdar, Ahmad, Gurunadhan, Mohana, Konangi, Santosh, Champhekar, Omkar
Technical Paper
Consideration of Factors Influencing Closed Jet Wind Tunnel Blockage Corrections for Road Vehicles.2025-01-8771To be published on 04/01/2025
Experimental studies of wind tunnel blockage for road vehicles have usually been conducted in model wind tunnels. Models have been made in a range of scales and tested in a working section of fixed size. More recently CFD studies of blockage have been undertaken, which allow a fixed vehicle size and the blockage is varied by changing the cross section of the flow domain. This has some inherent advantages. A very recent database of drag and lift coefficients for different road vehicle shapes and simple bodies examined in a closed wall tunnel with a wide range of blockage ratios has become available and provides some additional insight into the blockage phenomenon. This paper shows how some of the parameters influencing blockage can be derived from the CFD data and provides some tentative proposals for correcting the measured drag and lift coefficients.
Howell, Jeff, Butcher, Daniel, Gleason, Mark
Technical Paper
Research on Composite Braking Strategy of Pure Electric Commercial Vehicle on Downhill Low-adhesion Road considering Rainfall Intensity2025-01-8813To be published on 04/01/2025
As a distributed wire control brake system, the electro-mechanical brake (EMB) may face challenges due to the need to integrate the actuator in the limited space beside the wheel. During extended downhill braking, especially on wet roads with reduced adhesion, the EMB must operate at high intensity. The significant heat generated by friction can lead to thermal deformation of components, such as the lead screw, compromising braking stability.This paper focuses on pure electric light trucks and proposes a parallel composite braking method. This approach uses an eddy current retarder or motor to provide basic braking torque, while the EMB supplies the dynamic portion of the braking torque, thereby alleviating the braking pressure on the EMB. First, a driver model, tire model, motor model and braking models are developed based on the vehicle's longitudinal dynamics. In addition, the impact of various factors, such as rainfall intensity, road slope, ramp length, road type, and vehicle
Liu, Wang, Zhang, Yu, Xiao, Hongbiao, Shen, Leiming
Technical Paper
Bimodal Wake Cycling with Turbulent Flow2025-01-8766To be published on 04/01/2025
The vehicle wake region is of high importance when analyzing the aerodynamic performance of a vehicle. It is characterized by turbulent separated flow and large low pressure regions that contribute significantly to drag. In some cases the wake region can oscillate between different modes which can provide engineering challenges during vehicle development. Vehicles that exhibit bimodal wake behavior need to have their drag values recorded over a sufficient time period. When simulating such a vehicle in CFD this can be a problem as the period of oscillation can be very long, on the order of 10’s of seconds or minutes. Running such simulations with sufficient time to capture the average drag would be prohibitively expensive in terms of CPU hour cost during the vehicle design process. As an alternative to running a long simulation it is possible to influence the wake behavior through the use of turbulence. By adding turbulence to the upstream flow the wake can be prevented from settling
DeMeo, Michael, Parenti, Guido, Martinez Navarro, Alejandro, Shock, Richard, Fougere, Nicolas, Razi, Pooyan, Oliveira, Danilo, Lindsey, Craig, Yu, Chenxing, Breglia Sales, Flavio
Technical Paper
Investigation of the Blockage Phenomenon in Closed Wall Wind Tunnels During the Testing of Bluff Automotive Bodies with Large Wakes in Yawed Configurations2025-01-8786To be published on 04/01/2025
Abstract The difficulties of testing a bluff automotive body of sufficient scale to match the on-road vehicle Reynolds number in a closed wall wind tunnel has led to many approaches being taken to adjust the resulting data for the inherent interference effects. But it has been very difficult to experimentally analyze the effects that are occurring on and around the vehicle when these blockage interferences are taking place. The present study is an extension of earlier works by the author and similarly to those studies uses the computational fluid dynamics analysis of four bodies that generate large wakes to examine the interference phenomena in solid wall wind tunnels and the effects that they have on the pressures, forces and force increments experienced by the vehicle model when it is in yawed conditions up to 20 degrees. This is accomplished by executing a series of CFD configurations with varying sized cross sections from 0.4% to 14% blockage enabling an approximation of free air
Gleason, Mark, Riegel, Eugen
Technical Paper
3D Modeling of Thermal Runaway in Pouch Cells: Effects of Surface Heating and Heating Rates2025-01-8559To be published on 04/01/2025
Thermal runaway in battery cells presents a critical safety concern, emphasizing the need for a thorough understanding of thermal behavior to enhance battery safety and performance. This study introduces a newly developed AutoLion 3D thermal runaway model, which builds on the earlier AutoLion 1D framework and offers significantly faster computational performance compared to traditional CFD models. The model is validated through simulations of the heat-wait-search mode of the Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC), accurately predicting thermal runaway by matching experimental temperature profiles from peer-reviewed studies. Once validated, the model is employed to investigate the thermal behavior of 3D LFPO cells under controlled heating conditions, applying heat to one or more surfaces at a time while modeling heat transfer from non-heated surfaces. The primary objective is to understand how these localized heating patterns impact temperature profiles, including average core temperatures
Hariharan, Deivanayagam, Gundlapally, Santhosh
Technical Paper
Numerical Model of the Heat-Wait and Seek and Heating Ramp Protocol for the Prediction of Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries2025-01-8127To be published on 04/01/2025
Interest in Battery-Driven Electric Vehicles (EVs) has significantly grown in recent years due to the decline of traditional Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). However, malfunctions in Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) can lead to catastrophic results such as Thermal Runaway (TR), posing serious safety concerns due to their high energy release and the emission of flammable gases. A better understanding of this phenomenon is essential for reducing risks and mitigating its effects. In this study, a digital twin of an Accelerated Rate Calorimeter (ARC) under a Heat-Wait-and-Seek (HWS) procedure is developed using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) framework. The CFD model simulates the heating of the cell during the HWS procedure, pressure build-up within the LIB, gas venting phenomena, and the exothermic processes within the LIB due to the degradation of internal components. The model is validated against experimental results for an NCA 18650 LIB under similar conditions, focusing on LIB
Gil, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Marco-Gimeno, Javier, Guaraco-Figueira, Carlos
Technical Paper
Aerocoustic Noise Prediction of Passenger Car HVAC by using CFD and Validation with Test Result2025-01-8629To be published on 04/01/2025
The advancement of automobile industries demand compact size of HVAC with better cabin comfort. To achieve this, HVAC has to be optimized in all the aspects such as in shape & size, thermal comfort as well as in noise comfort. From an HVAC perspective, aeroacoustics noise is more significant due to its intensity at higher speeds and frequencies. Since HVAC is mounted inside the cabin, noise can transfer directly inside cabin. To avoid this, noise reduction or noise controlling is of very important. This is possible with HVAC design and simulation at the initial level and acoustic prediction after the CFD/CAA analysis. The present paper describes the aeroacoustic simulation of one of the HVAC to predict the noise during face mode. For that, 1-D simulation has been done initially to find the porosity of heat exchangers and coupled with a CFD solver. STAR CCM+ software is used for the CFD analysis. Transient simulation is performed with compressible fluid using a moving mesh approach. To
Kame, Shubham, Parayil, Paulson, Goel, Arunkumar
Technical Paper
Artificial Intelligence Approach for Fuel Cell Model Parameter Calibration2025-01-8632To be published on 04/01/2025
Electrochemical model of a fuel cell involves several parameters which influence its polarization curve. For a numerical fuel cell model to match experimental polarization curve, it is critical to find the right values of these parameters. It is hard to find the values of all the parameters experimentally, and hence parameter calibration is required. A fully automated workflow for calibration of fuel cell model parameters in a three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation is created. The CFD model captures detailed electrochemistry and water phase change. The CFD polarization curve is generated by sequentially running a series of simulations starting from low current densities to high current densities. Experimental polarization curve is used as the validation target. An objective function is defined as the L2 norm of the difference between the experimental and the CFD generated polarization curve measured at various current densities. For calibration, eight fuel cell
Champhekar, Omkar, Janakiraman, Arun, Gondipalle, Sreekanth, Ajotikar, Nikhil, Zehr, Randall
Technical Paper
3D Drive Unit - Pump Coupled Model to Predict Line Pressures during Vehicle Manoeuvres2025-01-8623To be published on 04/01/2025
The drive unit, primarily consisting of an electric motor and a gearbox, need to be cooled and lubricated for its long life and efficient performance. In an extreme drive cycle condition, the pickup tube to the pump may get exposed to air, leading to a substantial loss in line pressure and a drop in oil flow rate to the subsystems. An advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation can provide insights into the oil delivery system and help in improving the oil sump design, optimizing the position of the pick tube to the pump and oil delivery lines. The current study employs a Volume of Fluid (VOF) based multiphase model implemented in a commercial CFD solver, Simerics-MP+. The drive unit lubrication system considered in the study consists of a gerotor pump, the entire oil delivery lines to the two subsystems and the drive unit casing. A multiphase simulation of the system with transient operation of the pump is computationally expensive. Therefore, a new methodology is
Joe, Erin Sam, Schlautman, Jeff, Manne, Venkata Harish Babu, Srinivasan, Chiranth, Pasunurthi, Shyam Sundar
Technical Paper
Aerodynamic Simulation of a Parametrically Deformed Rotating Tire2025-01-8765To be published on 04/01/2025
As the automotive industry increasingly shifts toward electrification, reducing vehicle drag becomes crucial for enhancing battery range and meeting consumer expectations. Additionally, recent European regulations require car manufacturers to provide reliable drag data for vehicles as they are configured (WLTP). Vehicle and tire manufacturers can assess tire impacts on vehicle performance through testing. However, to improve designs, it is essential to identify which tire features influence the flow field and overall vehicle performance. Physical tests measure tire behavior under load, but isolating contact patch and tire bulge effects is difficult, as both change together. Simulation allows independent analysis of these factors—something that physical testing alone cannot achieve. This paper investigates the aerodynamic impact of realistic tire deformation parameters—specifically, bulge and contact patch deformations—using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations conducted with
Martinez Navarro, Alejandro, Parenti, Guido, Shock, Richard
Technical Paper
Development of a Test Course Selection Method for Statistically Correct Wind Modeling on US Public Roads2025-01-8780To be published on 04/01/2025
Traditional automotive aerodynamic development relies on wind tunnel testing and Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD), where the former provides reliable values to be used for fuel economy calculations, and the latter enables the investigation of the flow features responsible for improvement/degradation of the averaged large-scale performances in terms of aerodynamic coefficients. The abovementioned procedure overlooks a crucial factor: natural wind. The speed of the wind encountered while driving alters the vehicle’s effective yaw angle. Such condition implies that the minimization of the drag coefficient at zero-yaw, commonly performed through wind tunnel testing and CFD simulations, may not yield real-world optimal shapes. While it is possible to employ a wind signal as an input in a wind tunnel, the signal itself must be available beforehand, and such key element is the focus of the present research effort. In this paper, we explain a methodology behind the selection of a statistically
Nucera, Fortunato, Onishi, Yasuyuki, Metka, Matt
Technical Paper
Research on Seakeeping Performance of Amphibious Rescue Vehicle Based on CFD2025-01-8795To be published on 04/01/2025
Amphibious vehicles are widely used in civil and military scenarios due to their excellent driving performance in water and on land, unique application scenarios and rapid response capabilities. In the field of civil rescue, the hydrodynamic performance of amphibious vehicles directly affects the speed and accuracy of rescue, and is also related to the life safety of rescuers. In the existing research on the hydrodynamic performance of amphibious vehicles, seakeeping performance has always been the focus of research by researchers and amphibious vehicle manufacturers, but most of the existing research focuses on the navigation performance of amphibious vehicles in still water. In actual application scenarios, amphibious vehicles often face complex water conditions when performing emergency rescue tasks, so it is very important to study the navigation performance of amphibious vehicles in waves. Aiming at the goal of studying the navigation performance of amphibious vehicles in waves
Zhang, Yu
Technical Paper
Simulating the DrivAer Notchback Car Model using Wall-Function LES2025-01-8777To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper summarizes work on the application of a new and fully parallelized native GPU-based finite-volume solver on the DrivAER Notchback configuration using a wall-function LES approach. A series of meshes generated using a Rapid-Octree strategy have been investigated, and results for drag, surface pressure coefficient and velocity profile are compared with available experimental data.
Menter, Florian, Dalvi, Ashwini, Flad, David, Sharkey, Patrick
Technical Paper
Numerical Investigation on Motorsport Overtake Manoeuvre in Crosswind Conditions2025-01-8773To be published on 04/01/2025
Existing technical literature has primarily focused on the upstream wake effects of single-seater race cars during overtaking, often neglecting the critical factor: crosswinds. This study presents a quantitative computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of how crosswinds impact the aerodynamic loads of interacting race car models during an overtake manoeuvre. For numerical validation purposes, a wind tunnel experimental campaign was carried out on a 35%-scale hill climb race car model to evaluate aerodynamic forces and wake pressure mappings at different ride heights. RANS-based simulations were performed to assess the impact of crosswinds (β = 2°, 6°, 10°) on an isolated race car. Subsequently, a quasi-static approach was used to quantify the effect of crosswind (β = 10°) on an overtaking car under different path strategies. The findings indicated that the overtaking car's performance remained largely stable when a driver opts for overtake paths against the crosswind direction (i.e
Makhija, Jai, Soares, Renan F.
Technical Paper
Design Parameter Impact of Wind-Averaged Drag Optimization2025-01-8772To be published on 04/01/2025
With the increasing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs), decreasing vehicle drag is increasingly important, as range is a primary consideration for customers and has a direct bearing on the cost of the vehicle. While the relationship between drag and range is well understood, there still exists a discrepancy between the label range and the real-world range experienced by customers. One of the factors influencing the difference is the ambient wind condition that modifies the resultant air speed and yaw angle, which is typically minimized during SAE coastdown testing. Previous work has put forward a methodology to derive this wind-averaged drag (WAD) from either a full yaw sweep or a more efficient 3-point yaw curve while also showing the impact to drag coefficient as compared to the zero-yaw condition. This leads to an interesting dilemma for the vehicle aerodynamicist: whether to optimize the vehicle's exterior shape for low wind (zero yaw) conditions or for real-world conditions
Kaminski, Meghan, D'Hooge, Andrew, Borton, Zackery
Technical Paper
3D CHT Simulation of Oil-Cooled Electric Motors: A Comparative Study of Standard and Paperless Designs2025-01-8181To be published on 04/01/2025
Conjugate heat transfer (CHT) analysis of cooling in an electric motor, featuring both the standard and the paperless stator designs, was conducted using the CFD package Simerics-MP+ to assess the predictive accuracy of the numerical simulations. The condition investigated involved the motor running at 14,000 RPM. The high rotor speed was modeled using a novel hybrid approach for mesh rotation to make the problem more tractable. The two immiscible fluids, oil and air were modeled using the interface capturing, volume of fluid (VOF) method. The traditional CHT approach is computationally expensive for electric motor cooling applications due to the heat transfer time scale differences between the fluid and the solid. Temperature changes in solids occur over a much slower time scale owning to their higher thermal inertia compared to fluids. Therefore, we model the fluid and solid domains separately and use a mixed-time scale approach to exchange the heat transfer data between them. The
Varghese, Joel, Schlautman, Jeff, Chen, Yawei, Bhunia, Srijohn, Srinivasan, Chiranth
Technical Paper
3D CFD Analysis of Predicting Engine Blowby Considering Ring Dynamics2025-01-8622To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper reports on the development of a simulation model to predict engine blowby flow rates for a common rail DI diesel engine. The model is a transient, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Managing blowby flow rates is beneficial for managing fuel economy and oil consumption. In doing so, an improved understanding of the blowby phenomenon is also possible. A mesh for the sub-micron level clearances (up to 0.5 microns) within the piston ring pack is created using a novel approach. Commercial CFD software is used to solve the pressure, velocity, and temperature distributions within the fluid domain. Ring motions within the piston grooves are predicted by a rigorous force balance. This model is the first of its kind for predicting engine blowby using a three-dimensional simulation model while solving the complete set of governing transport equations, without neglecting any terms in the equations. The predicted blowby flow rate has been validated with
Manne, Venkata Harish Babu, Bedekar, Sanjeev, Srinivasan, Chiranth, Das, Debasis, Ranganathan, Raj
Technical Paper
Research on the Thermal Performance of Thick Film Heater for Electric Vehicle Battery2025-01-8154To be published on 04/01/2025
The life of power battery and its discharge efficiency in electric cars will be significantly reduced in a low temperature environment. Therefore, in order to ensure its working mileage and safety, heating the power battery is required. Heat pump air conditioners and PTC-based onboard heaters are usually way to heat the power battery under lower temperature so far. In low temperature environment, due to the lower heating efficiency of the heat pump air conditioner, onboard heaters are widely used in electric cars. A specific thick film heater(TFH) for electric vehicles is investigaed in this study, and its three dimensional heat tansfer analysis model is established. The heat transfer and fluid performace of the TFH is analied using a computational fluid dynamics software. The performance of TFH is measured on a test bench, and the measured data is used to validate the developed model. Using the established model, the heating efficiency of TFH is studied for different inlet
Guan, Wenzhe, Guo, Yiming, Wu, Xiaoyong, Wang, Dongdong, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Technical Paper
Thermal Simulation of Ball Bearing in Electric Drive Unit: A CFD Study Using Volume of Fluid and Mixed Timescale Coupled Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis2025-01-8178To be published on 04/01/2025
The drive unit of electric vehicles is a complex system consisting of an electric motor and a gear train, which work together to provide the necessary power for vehicle propulsion. One essential component within this system is the ball bearing, which supports the rotating components such as gears and shafts. This study focuses on the thermal simulation of a ball bearing within the drive unit conducted using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method coupled with mixed timescale Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) in Simerics-MP+ to reduce the computational time while ensuring accuracy in the analysis. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach considers the geometrical details and clearances of the inner race, outer race, cage, and ball within the ball bearing. By accounting for the relative motions between these components, it can accurately model the film formation of the lubricating oil and its impact on heat removal from the bearing. The simulations are conducted at two different shaft speeds
Ballani, Abhishek, Motin, Abdul, Dhar, Sujan, Ganamet, Alain, Maiti, Dipak, Ranganathan, Raj, Pandey, Ashutosh
Technical Paper
Design of an Air-Liquid Coupled Thermal Management System for Battery Packs in Energy Storage Cabinets2025-01-8168To be published on 04/01/2025
Efficient thermal management is critical for ensuring the performance and safety of large-capacity battery packs. Traditional air or liquid cooling methods often fail to provide sufficient cooling and to maintain uniform temperature distribution. To address these limitations, a novel hybrid air-liquid cooling system was developed in this study. A 3D model of the proposed cooling structure was constructed. Heat transfer and fluid flow resistance were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations based on the developed model. The model was validated through experimental measurements. These included discharge temperature rise measurements on individual battery cells and flow resistance tests on the liquid cooling plate. The thermal performance of the air-liquid hybrid cooling system was evaluated at various discharge rates and compared with only air or liquid cooling methods. Results indicated that the hybrid cooling system significantly enhanced heat dissipation. At a
Li, Hao, Guo, Yiming, Zhou, Fupeng, Li, Kunyuan, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Technical Paper
Reducing Temperature-related Aging Inhomogeneities in Battery Modules Using a Switchable Thermal Management System2025-01-8167To be published on 04/01/2025
The operating temperature of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells significantly influences their degradation behavior. In indirect liquid cooling systems, temperature variations within a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) LIB module are inevitable due to the increasing downstream temperature of the cooling medium as it absorbs heat. This leads to reduced temperature differentials between the cooling medium and the LIB cells. As a result, LIB cells located further along the flow path experience higher average temperatures than those at the front. Typically, a maximum average cell temperature difference of 5 K within LIB modules is considered acceptable. However, results from a conventional cooling system indicate that, when fast charging is exclusively used, this can lead to a 15.5 % difference in the total ampere-hours passed before the End-of-Life (EOL) is reached for the front and back LIB cells. To address this issue, a switchable thermal management system for the traction battery is
Auch, Marcus, Weyershäuser, Konstantin, Kuthada, Timo, Wagner, Andreas
Technical Paper
Comprehensive Prediction of Deposit Formation in SCR Systems Using Integrated 1D Heat Transfer Model with Empirical Data from 3D CFD Simulations2025-01-8491To be published on 04/01/2025
Urea-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are widely used to meet stringent NOx emission standards in industrial diesel engines. However, suboptimal design of the urea-water solution (UWS) mixing pipes in SCR systems can lead to the formation of urea-derived solid deposits, which may adversely affect the system performance and reliability. Although recent advancements in deposit simulation technology using three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (3D CFD) have significantly improved the performance and compactness of mixing pipes, assessing deposit formation across all operating and environmental conditions remains challenging due to high simulation costs. This study introduces a novel computational method for predicting the formation and temperature of permanent liquid films from UWS injection which are closely related to deposit formation, along with new deposit evaluation criteria based on them. This proposed method integrates a one-dimensional heat transfer model
Sugimoto, Kazuma, Kawabe, Ken
Technical Paper
Effects of Jet Caps on Hydrogen Piezoelectric Injectors for DI Applications: Experiments and 3D-CFD Simulations2025-01-8454To be published on 04/01/2025
The adoption of hydrogen as a sustainable replacement of fossil fuels is pushing the development of internal combustion engines to overcome the technical limitations related to its usage. Focusing on the crucial roles played by the fuel injector in a DI configuration, it must guarantee several targets such as the adequate delivery of hydrogen mass for the given operating condition and the proper mixture formation in the combustion chamber. To these aims, experimental campaigns and computational fluid dynamics simulations can be used as complementary tools to provide a deep understanding of the injector behavior and to drive design modifications in a quick and effective way. In the present work an outward opening piezoelectric injector purposely designed to be fueled with hydrogen is tested in a quiescent vessel on several operating conditions to evaluate its performance in terms of delivered mass flow and jet morphology using the Schlieren imaging technique. To highlight the
Pavan, Nicolò, Cicalese, Giuseppe, Gestri, Luca, Fontanesi, Stefano, Breda, Sebastiano, Mechi, Marco, Vongher, Sara, Postrioti, Lucio, Buitoni, Giacomo, Martino, Manuel
Technical Paper
Numerical Investigation of Injector Cap Design on Hydrogen Jet Characteristics2025-01-8463To be published on 04/01/2025
Hydrogen internal combustion engines are emerging as a promising technology for decarbonizing the transportation sector. However, due to hydrogen's low density, achieving sufficient fuel delivery often requires a high flow rate. Despite its excellent diffusivity, optimizing the hydrogen-air mixing in the context of an engine combustion chamber remains a significant challenge. This mixing process critically influences key phenomena such as ignition, flame propagation, knocking, and oxides of nitrogen formation, all of which are shaped by injector design, injection parameters, and in-cylinder flow characteristics. The Injector caps have been found to be useful for providing more control over injection from hollow-cone injectors, which deliver high flow rates, offering the advantage of not needing to modify the entire injector system. Therefore, modeling and understanding the impact of injector cap designs on jet evolution is essential to improving efficiency in heavy-duty engines. In
Zaihi, Abdullah, Moreno Cabezas, Kevin, Liu, Xinlei, Ben Houidi, Moez, Wu, Hao, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, Mohan, Balaji, Roberts, William, Im, Hong
Technical Paper
Electric Vehicle Drive Unit Power Losses and Efficiency Estimation: A Coupled 1D Analytical and 3D CFD Approach for High Fidelity Prediction2025-01-8522To be published on 04/01/2025
This study presents a sophisticated approach to accurately estimating the power losses in the electric vehicle drive unit (e-DU) through a combination of 1D analytical models and 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Understanding and accurately estimating these power losses is crucial for enhancing efficiency and range of electric vehicle (EV). The primary focus is on the types of power losses attributable to mechanical contact friction and oil drag within components such as gear meshes, bearings, and seals. The research specifically examines different analytical models for quantifying power losses due to gear mesh contact and bearing friction. These models were validated against experimental test data, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of their accuracy across a range of operational parameters. Additionally, the impact of oil properties and oil jet flow rates on power losses related to gear and bearing drag was analyzed using analytical methods and correlated with CFD
Motin, Abdul, Ganamet, Alain
Technical Paper
Gasoline Particulate Filter Modeling with Catalytic Washcoat and Ash Accumulation and Transient Soot Distribution Prediction2025-01-8483To be published on 04/01/2025
The upcoming EURO 7, China 7, and EPA Tier 4 regulations are expected to tighten the tailpipe particulate emissions extensively. High performance Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) with high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop would be mandated for gasoline engines to meet these stringent regulations. Due to packaging constraints, GPFs are often coated with three-way catalyst (TWC) materials to achieve four-way functionality. Ash accumulation in GPFs also has a significant impact on the performance of GPFs. The conventional 0D/1D GPF models can be effective for basic pressure drop and filtration efficiency prediction, but have their limitations. Previous studies have proven that 3D CFD model can provide more comprehensive data on soot distribution in and on top of GPF wall substrate. This paper continues utilizing 3D CFD to investigate the effects of washcoating and ash accumulation on the filtration efficiency and pressure drop of GPFs during the soot loading process
Yang, Pengze, Cheng, Zhen
Technical Paper
3D Virtual Simulations of Crankcase Dynamics for Oil Pan Aeration Analysis2025-01-8361To be published on 04/01/2025
This research employs sophisticated Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations to dissect the transient multiphase flow dynamics within a four-cylinder inline (I-4) engine, with a particular emphasis on gas-liquid interface interactions and oil distribution phenomena. Utilizing a commercial three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software suite, the study integrates detailed crankshaft rotational kinematics and pistonic reciprocation to accurately model oil drawdown and holdup behavior across varying operational regimes. A Volume of Fluid (VoF) methodology is employed to evaluate the effects of crankshaft rotational speeds of 5000 rpm and 6500 rpm on oil distribution and aeration within the oil pan. Comprehensive computational analyses are conducted to characterize oil-air distribution patterns, quantify oil flow rates through drainback pipes, and elucidate bubble formation dynamics within the sump. The study further analyzes the relative contributions of
Godavarthi, Raghu Vamsee, Chen, Yung-Ming, Pandey, Ashutosh, Srinivasan, Chiranth
Technical Paper
Engine crankcase, Oil pan and Lube system Multiphase CFD Analysis for predicting Oil Aeration2025-01-8364To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper explains transient, computationally rigorous, three-dimensional and one-dimensional multiphase CFD analysis of engine oil drainback system and lubrication system for predicting aeration. Aeration of engine oil is an important factor as it affects working of Hydraulic Lash Adjusters, bearings performance and it reduces lube system pressure itself which is detrimental for the entire engine. In this work specifically effect of engine tilting on lube oil aeration is presented. When engine is tilted, crankshaft and connecting rod/s are dipped in to oil, which creates air bubbles. These air bubbles travel to lube pump and then to the engine lube system. Therefore, it is essential to model aeration in Engine crankcase, Oil pan and Lube system for the purpose of predicting oil pressure reduction in lube system. The problem under consideration is spread over a bigger zone, involves rotating and translating components, passage’s dimensions are varying from microns to meters and
Tawar, Ranjit Ramchandra, Bedekar, Sanjeev
Technical Paper
CFD-Based Comfort Parameter Evaluation of a Flow Vectoring Air Vent System for Car Cabins Using a Reduced Order Model15-18-02-001203/03/2025
This computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study examines the comfort parameters of an innovative air vent concept for car cabin interiors using a reduced order model (ROM) and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The focus is on the analysis of the influence of geometric and fluid mechanical parameters on the resulting jet, in particular on the deflection angle of the airflow and the total pressure difference along the outlet geometry. Different parameters of the investigated system, such as the surface orientation, the outlet height, the separator distance, and the separator height, lead to different effects on the airflow structure. The results show that changes in the air vent surface orientation are always accompanied by an increase in the deflection angle and the total pressure difference. In contrast, the variation of the outlet height ratio positively influences the deflection angle and the total pressure difference in terms of the requirements for air vent geometries. The study
Langhorst, Sebastian, Mrosek, Markus, Boughanmi, Nesrine, Schmeling, Daniel, Wagner, Claus
Journal Article
Study on the Impact of Arrangement of Urea Injector and Mixer in Diesel Engine Selective Catalytic Reduction System on Ammonia Uniformity02-18-02-000702/12/2025
With the continuous upgrading of emission regulations for internal combustion engines, the nitrogen oxide treatment capacity of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) aftertreatment needs to be continuously improved. In this study, based on a prototype of SCR aftertreatment, the impact of the arrangement of key components in the SCR system (urea injector, mixer, and catalyst unit) on ammonia uniformity was investigated. First, parameterized designs of the urea injector, mixer, and SCR unit were conducted. Then, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), numerical simulations of the established aftertreatment system models with different parameter factors were performed under a high-exhaust temperature and a low-exhaust temperature conditions to study the impact of each individual parameter on ammonia uniformity. Finally, an optimized solution was designed based on the observed patterns, and the optimized samples were tested on an engine performance and emission test bench to compare their
Jie, Wang, Jin, Jianjiao, Wu, Yifan
Journal Article
Innovative Design and Multi-Parametric Computational Investigations on the Propulsive System of a Pentacopter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle2025-28-018102/07/2025
This work focuses on the design and multi-parametric analysis of a designed propeller for a Pentacopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The basic and secondary design inputs, along with performance data like propeller diameter, pitch angle, chord length, and lift coefficient, are established using a standard analytical method. Approximately ten distinct airfoils, specifically NACA 2412, NACA 4109, NACA 4312, NACA 4409, NACA 4415, NACA 5317, NACA 6409, NACA 6412, NACA 23024, and NACA 25012, are evaluated over 13 Reynolds Numbers with the angle of attacks (AOA) of 20, varying from -5 to 15 degrees, for the purpose of detailed propeller design. The lift and drag coefficient values for ten distinct airfoils, utilizing a Reynolds number of 13 and 20 angles of attack, are obtained from the XFOIL software. Three sophisticated airfoils are selected from a pool of ten based on their high Lift-to-Drag (L/D) ratio performance. The selected airfoils with a high L/D ratio are NACA 6409, NACA 4109
Veeraperumal Senthil Nathan, Janani Priyadharshini, Arumugam, Manikandan, Rajendran, Mahendran, Solaiappan, Senthil Kumar, Kulandaiyappan, Naveen Kumar, Madasamy, Senthil Kumar, Stanislaus Arputharaj, Beena, L, Natrayan, Raja, Vijayanandh
Technical Paper
Innovative Design and Comprehensive Computational Investigations on the Performance Enhancement of Advanced Horizontal Axis Turbines for Unmanned Marine Vehicles2025-28-018802/07/2025
The integration of advanced horizontal axis turbines (HATs) into unmanned marine vehicles (UMVs) significantly enhances their operational efficiency by providing power sources. These vehicles, designed for diverse applications, require efficient power systems to operate autonomously over extended periods. The major disadvantages are limited battery life and energy storage capabilities that restrict the operational range and endurance of the UMVs. Utilizing HATs in UMVs provides a renewable energy source, reducing operational costs. This continuous power supply enhances mission capabilities and promotes energy independence, making them ideal for long-term missions. Thus, using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, hydrodynamic and aerodynamic analyses were carried out. For the hydrodynamic scenario, a velocity of 10 m/s and for the aerodynamic case, 27.7778 m/s, were taken into consideration. It is concluded that the UMV with Stepped HAT modification can be effectively employed for
Gunasekaran, Durga Devi, Kannan, Haridharan, Sourirajan, Laxana, Vinayagam, Gopinath, Gnanasekaran, Raj Kumar, Kulandaiyappan, Naveen Kumar, Stanislaus Arputharaj, Beena, L, Natrayan, Raja, Vijayanandh
Technical Paper
Investigation on the Effectiveness of Phase Change Materials in Battery Thermal Management System of Electric Vehicles2025-28-017802/07/2025
Electric vehicles (EVs) are a clean, sustainable alternative to conventional internal combustion engines representing a paradigm shift in the transportation sector. Electric vehicles (EVs) have significantly improved in performance in battery technology. With the rapid proliferation of Electric Vehicles (EVs), effective Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) are essential to ensure optimal performance and longevity of the battery packs. This study aims to investigating the effect of Phase Change Materials (PCM) in a hybrid cooling of liquid cold plate with battery pack. With the rapid proliferation of Electric Vehicles (EVs), effective Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) are essential to ensure optimal performance and longevity of the battery packs. This study aims to investigating the effect of Phase Change Materials (PCM) in a hybrid cooling of a liquid cold plate with the battery pack. In models of battery cell arrangement of 5x13 arrays of aligned modules with the PCM and
S, Palanisamy, Selvan, Arul Mozhi
Technical Paper
Innovative Design and Comprehensive Aerodynamic Performance Investigations on Propeller Positions of the Advanced Multirotor Hexacopter2025-28-018202/07/2025
This work deals with computational investigations of the component performances of Advanced Hexacopters under various maneuverings of the focused mission profiles. The Advanced Hexacopter is a kind of multirotor vehicle that contains more propellers and flexible arms, which makes this multirotor very maneuverable and aerodynamically efficient. This Hexacopter was designed specifically to execute multi-perspective applications along with enhanced payload-carrying capability. This Advanced Hexacopter contains a frame composed of modified arms equipped with coaxial rotors, which servo motors control. By providing specific and simple inputs to the microcontroller, the Hexacopter can autonomously undergo forward and backward maneuverings. The primary objective of this study is to analyze and compare different propeller configurational clearance sets that improve the maneuvering capability of this unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), specifically emphasizing forward/backward and side maneuvering
Raja, Vijayanandh, Narayanan, Sidharth, Elangovan, Logesh, Arumugam, Lokesh, Sourirajan, Laxana, Raji, Arul Prakash, Kulandaiyappan, Naveen Kumar, Gnanasekaran, Raj Kumar, Madasamy, Senthil Kumar
Technical Paper
Numerical Analysis of Capillary Performance of Various Lattice Structures for Vapor Chamber Application2025-28-006202/07/2025
Additive manufacturing has made it possible for the design of increasingly complex structures that require precise manufacturing. This may be particularly beneficial for heat pipe and vapor chamber design – particularly for the wick structure, a very important component. This study uses numerical simulation to analyze three different types of lattice structures of increasing complexity, in terms of their capillary performance. This is one of the most important parameters which determine the wick efficacy. Simple cubic, Column and Octet lattice models are computationally designed and CFD is used to simulate capillary action in a pipe of 0.4 mm inner radius for 2 milliseconds, after validation of the numerical model with existing experimental results. It is found that the Octet lattice (with the most complex inner structure) has the greatest capillary rise in the same amount of time. The rate of rise is not uniform for any structure, but is highest for Octet. This study demonstrates the
Sundararaj, Senthilkumar, Hudge, Ajay, Basuroy, Suhashini, Kang, Shung-Wen
Technical Paper
Ascertainment of Optimized Profile of Hybrid Vortex Bladeless Turbine for Unmanned Surface Vehicles Using Progressive Computational Studies2025-28-018502/07/2025
This work addresses an innovative method for improving energy harvesting in Bladeless wind turbines (BWT) by implementing profile modifications to the wind turbine for fixing it in Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USV). The streamlined flow undergoes a transformation and generates a vortex in the vicinity of the structure when the wind impacts the BWT. As the velocity increases, the wind strikes the structure with greater force, resulting in an imbalance that causes the structure to vibrate. To convert this vibrational energy of the wind turbine into electrical energy, the research investigates the use of a variety of profile modifications to capitalize on the aerodynamic effect generated by the structure. The entire cylindrical shape is altered to tapered shape, airfoil shapes with coordinates such as NACA 0012, 0015, 0018, 4412 and 4420. In addition to these shapes, hybrid models were also constructed by merging models made from two airfoil coordinates, including NACA 0018 & 4412, NACA
Veeraperumal Senthil Nathan, Janani Priyadharshini, Rajendran, Mahendran, Arumugam, Manikandan, Raji, Arul Prakash, Sakthivel, Pradesh, Stanislaus Arputharaj, Beena, L, Natrayan, Ganesan, Balaji, Raja, Vijayanandh
Technical Paper
Computational Evaluations of Structural Integrity in Unmanned Aquatic Vehicles Utilizing Various Conventional and Hybrid Composites Using Hydro-Structural Analyses2025-28-005602/07/2025
This study focuses on developing and deploying an Unmanned Aquatic Vehicle (UAV) capable of underwater travel. The primary objectives of this project are to detect the presence of dimethyl sulfide and toluene, as well as to identify any potential oil leakage in underwater pipelines. The UAV has a maximum operating depth of 300 m below the water surface. The design of this UAV is derived from the natural design of Rhinaancylostoma, an underwater kind of fish. The maximum operational setting for this mission is fixed at a depth of approximately 300 m beneath the surface of the sea, and the choice of this species is suitable for fulfilling the objectives of this undertaking. This technology will mitigate the risk associated with human interaction in inspection processes and has the potential to encompass various other resources in the future. The initial design data of the UAV is determined using analytical processes and verified formulas. The selection of the airfoil is done by comparing
Veeraperumal Senthil Nathan, Janani Priyadharshini, Rajendran, Mahendran, Arumugam, Manikandan, Raji, Arul Prakash, Sakthivel, Pradesh, Madasamy, Senthil Kumar, Stanislaus Arputharaj, Beena, L, Natrayan, Raja, Vijayanandh
Technical Paper
Operation of Advanced Flying Wing UAV: Examination of Structural Performance under Aberrant Pressure and Thermal Loading Conditions with Integrated Computational Study2025-28-006002/07/2025
The objective of this research is to present a novel variant of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with an advanced flying wing configuration capable of detecting and rescuing individuals affected by avalanches. This leads to testing of the UAV, to identify if it can operate efficiently at the intended temperature and atmospheric conditions. Typically, UAVs can operate in a broad spectrum of temperatures. Regions prone to avalanches would experience near-cryogenic temperatures. The notion is investigated and tested in this specific scenario. The chosen location is Siachen, where temperatures can become as low as -25 degree Celsius (°C). It has been proven that a thermal camera aids the UAV to detect the distinct body heat signatures of individuals who are trapped under snow. The selection of wing, propeller, and vertical stabilizer airfoils is guided by standard analytical calculations, while the overall model is developed using 3D EXPERIENCE. The computational tests are conducted using
Veeraperumal Senthil Nathan, Janani Priyadharshini, Pisharam, Akhila Ajith, Sourirajan, Laxana, Baskar, Sundhar, Vinayagam, Gopinath, Stanislaus Arputharaj, Beena, L, Natrayan, Sakthivel, Pradesh, Raja, Vijayanandh
Technical Paper
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