Browse Topic: Electronic braking systems

Items (1,862)
Electric vehicles represent a shift towards sustainability in the automotive industry, with the Brake-by-Wire (BBW) system as an innovation to enhance safety, and performance. This study proposes an electromagnetic BBW system for Formula SAE vehicles, optimizing an electromagnet with a genetic algorithm as the actuator. Through a selection process from a million individuals, the system was modeled. Integrated with electric motors using CarMaker® software, the optimized electromagnet surpassed the minimum required force of 228.08 N without reaching its nominal current of 12.5 A, achieving a force of 231.1 N for 150 W power, indicating an energy efficiency of 0.706 N/Watt. The system also exhibited a response time of 17.92ms for an 80 bar increase, 1.52 times better than compared systems. Simulation under varying braking intensities demonstrated dynamic behavior, with settling times for slow, moderate, and sharp braking at 193 ms, 62 ms, and 21 ms, respectively. Efficiency during
Salgado, Vinícius Batista AlvesGomes, Deilton GonçalvesAndrade Lima, Cláudio
A serious problem of public healthcare around the world is the number of road vehicle accidents, every year almost 1,3 million people die and approximately 20 to 50 million people suffer a non-fatal accident because of a road vehicle accident [1]. As a result of that, in 2021 the World Health Organization stated the “The Second Decade of Action for Road Safety”, which the goal is to prevent at least 50% of deaths and injuries due traffic by 2030. To achieve this goal, the automobile companies have invested in technology and products that can enhance vehicle safety. Despite exist some control systems able to reduce roll, and consequently the roll over, such as active suspension, semi-active suspension, and stability control systems, none of them have as main purpose reduce the number of rollovers. The following study aims to examine the effects of an active anti roll bar, to improve the vehicle dynamics during corners and reduce the risk of a rollover by reducing the roll of the sprung
Gomes, Pedro CarvalhoTeixeira, Evandro Leonardo SilvaMorais, Marcus Vinicius GirãoFortaleza, Eugenio Liborio FeitoraSantos Gioria, Gustavo
Single lane changing is one of the typical scenarios in vehicle driving. Planning an appropriate lane change trajectory is crucial in autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicle research. Existing polynomial trajectory planning mostly uses cubic or quintic polynomials, neglecting the lateral jerk constraints during lane changes. This study uses seventh-degree polynomials for lane change trajectory planning by considering the vehicle lateral jerk constraints. Simulation results show that the utilization of the seventh-degree method results in a 41% reduction in jerk compared to the fifth-degree polynomial. Furthermore, this study also proposes lane change trajectory schemes that can cater to different driving styles (e.g., safety, efficiency, comfort, and balanced performance). Depending on the driving style, the planned lane change trajectory ensures that the vehicle achieves optimal performance in one or more aspects during the lane change process. For example, with the trajectory that
Lai, FeiHuang, Chaoqun
With the technology of electronic chassis control systems of automobile is widely used, the functional interaction between brake system and the other electronic systems may lead to brake boost degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to find out brake boost degradation events in the quite large number of driving scenarios. To solve the difficulty of thoroughly and quickly searching for brake boost degradation conditions in the large number of driving scenarios, based on Mechatronic-Hardware-In-the-Loop (M-HIL) technology, this paper constructs an electrical chassis system M-HIL bench to verify the function and performance of the electronic brake control system under actual chassis system conditions. To search and locate the brake boost degradation conditions rapidly and enhance the searching efficiency of levels boundary of affecting factors for brake boost degradation, firstly, based on pair-wise coverage combinatorial testing, brake boost degradation occurrence rate is estimated and
Guo, XiaotongLi, LunChen, ZhichengZhang, LiliangYan, LupingWang, WeiZh, Bing
Hydro-pneumatic suspension is widely used because of its desirable nonlinear stiffness and damping characteristics. However, the presence of parameter uncertainties and high nonlinearities in the system, lead to unsatisfactory control performance of the traditional controller in practical applications. In response to this challenge, this paper proposes a novel stability control method for active hydro-pneumatic suspension (AHPS). Firstly, a nonlinear mathematical model of the hydro-pneumatic suspension, considering the seal friction, is established based on the hydraulic principle and the knowledge of Fluid dynamics. On the basis of the established hydro-pneumatic suspension nonlinear model, a vehicle dynamics model is established. Secondly, an active disturbance rejection sliding mode controller (ADRSMC) is designed for the vertical, roll, and pitch motions of the sprung mass. The lumped disturbance caused by the model nonlinearities and uncertainties is estimated by the extended
Niu, ChangshengLiu, XiaoangJia, XingGong, BoXu, Bo
Komatsu introduced its first battery-electric load-haul-dump (LHD) machine, the WX04B, at the MINExpo tradeshow in September. The WX04B is designed specifically for narrow vein mines in underground hard rock mining operations. Komatsu is pairing the electric LHD with its new OEM-agnostic 150-kW battery charger that was also revealed in Las Vegas. The 4-tonne WX04B LHD features what Komatsu claims is best-in-class energy density, offering up to four hours of runtime on a single charge. The Li-ion NMC (nickel-manganese-cobalt) battery from Proterra has a capacity of 165 kWh and nominal voltage of 660 V. Fewer charge cycles are needed compared to competitors, the company claims, which helps to maximize operational efficiency and minimize downtime. Proterra and Komatsu began their collaboration on the LHD's H Series battery system in 2021, long before Komatsu's acquisition of American Battery Solutions (ABS) in December 2023
Gehm, Ryan
This SAE Recommended Practice provides instructions and test procedures for measuring air consumption of air braked vehicles equipped with Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) used on highways
Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee
ABSTRACT In this paper, a conceptually new research direction of the tire slippage analysis is provided as a new technological paradigm for agile tire slippage control. Specifically, the friction coefficient-slippage dynamics is analyzed and its characteristic parameters are introduced. Next, the nonlinear relation between the wheel torque and the tire instantaneous rolling radius incorporating the longitudinal elasticity factor is analyzed. The relation is shown to be related to the tire slippage. Further, its importance is clarified by deriving its dynamics and specifically, the instruction is given how it can be utilized to control slippage. Finally, the indices are introduced to assess the mobility and agility of the wheel in order to achieve optimal response to severe terrain conditions. The indices comprise of the introduced friction coefficient-slippage characteristic parameters. Citation: M. Ghasemi, V. Vantsevich, D. Gorsich, J. Goryca, A. Singh, L. Moradi, “Physics Based
Ghasemi, MasoodVantsevich, VladimirGorsich, DavidGoryca, JillSingh, AmandeepMoradi, Lee
ABSTRACT Teleoperated ground vehicles are an integral part of the U.S. Army and Marine Corps long range vision and a key transition technology for fully autonomous vehicles. However, the combination of marginally-stable vehicle dynamics and limited perception are a key challenge facing teleoperation of such platforms at higher speeds. New technologies for enhancing operator perception and automatically detecting and mitigating rollover risk are needed to realize sufficient safety and performance in these applications. This paper presents three rollover mitigation concepts for high speed teleoperation of heavy tactical vehicles, including model-predictive warning, negative obstacle avoidance, and reactive brake controls. A modeling and simulation approach was used to evaluate these concepts within the Autonomous Navigation Virtual Environment Laboratory (ANVEL). Vehicle models for both the M1078 cargo truck and RG-31 MRAP were used throughout concept evaluation over terrain ranging from
Lo, Jia-HsuanEye, SeanRohde, Steve M.Rohde, Mitchell M.
ABSTRACT When building simulation models of military vehicles for mobility analysis over deformable terrain, the powertrain details are often ignored. This is of interest for electric and hybrid-electric vehicles where the maximum torque is produced at low speeds. It is easy to end up with the drive wheels spinning and reducing traction and eventually the vehicle digging itself down in the soil. This paper reveals improvements to mobility results using Traction Control Systems for both wheeled and tracked vehicles. Simulations are performed on hard ground and two types of deformable soil, Lethe sand and snow. For each soft soil, simulations have been performed with a simple terramechanics model (ST) based on Bekker-Wong models and complex terramechanics (CT) using the EDEM discrete element soil model which Pratt & Miller Engineering (PME) has been instrumental in developing. To model the traction control system a PD controller is used that tries to limit the slip velocity at low speed
Slattengren, Jesper
ABSTRACT Future wheeled and tracked military vehicles will be equipped with multiple active chassis control systems, as systems currently in widespread use on passenger and commercial vehicles such as brake-based electronic stability control are implemented on military vehicles. It is essential that these systems work in an integrated fashion to avoid negative interactions between systems. The approach currently used to achieve integrated control in the passenger and commercial vehicle segments requires extensive tuning and development of the individual systems through cooperative efforts of the vehicle and active chassis system manufacturers, an approach that would generally not be feasible in the military vehicle segment. This paper presents a simple approach for achieving integrated control of multiple active chassis systems that is tailored to the unique commercial and developmental challenges faced by military vehicles
Schmitt, PeterMakowski, MichaelSeifeldin, Ra’ed
ABSTRACT Electronic Stability Control (ESC) is a wheeled vehicle safety system through which active yaw and roll control are realized. ESC is quickly making its way onto tactical wheeled vehicles (TWV) and a source to independently analyze the performance of such systems is becoming increasingly necessary. This paper outlines the efforts of the Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity (AMSAA) and the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) in the development of a modeling tool capable of replicating typical ESC control systems and algorithms. Created within the MATLAB®/Simulink® environment, the fully-adaptable and reconfigurable tool features corrective yaw control via differential braking and throttle management, along with a detailed braking sub-model capable of capturing brake actuation dynamics. A multi-degree of freedom TruckSim® vehicle model is utilized in conjunction with the tool to accurately model the complexity state and replicate the onboard sensor signals typically available to an
Mazza, MarcusRhoads, MatthewSong, PeilinWay, ChristopherBrown, RossReiter, Mark
ABSTRACT This paper provides detail of the system architecture and systems engineering process utilized by AM General to develop a new stability control system that satisfies all military and federal safety requirements for wheeled, light tactical vehicles
Tackett, WendellClark, Mark
ABSTRACT A new integrated testing system for the validation of stochastic vehicle-snow interaction models is presented in this paper. The testing system consists of an instrumented test vehicle, vehicle-mounted laser profilometer and a snow micropenetrometer. The test vehicle is equipped on each tire with a set of 6-axis wheel transducers, and a GPS-based data logger tracks vehicle motion. Data is also simultaneously acquired from the sensors from the test vehicle’s Electronic Stability Program. The test vehicle provides measurements that include three forces and moments at each wheel center, vehicle body slip angle, speed, acceleration, yaw rate, roll, and pitch. The profilometer has a 3-D scanning laser and an Inertial Measurement Unit to compensate for vehicle motion. Depth of snow cover, profile of snow surface and wheel sinkage can be obtained from the profilometer. The snow micropenetrometer measures the strength of the snow cover before and after vehicle traversal. Preliminary
Lee, Jonah H.Johnson, Thomas H.Huang, DaisyMeurer, StephenReid, Alexander A.Meldrum, Bill R.
ABSTRACT The Army has identified an operational need for a Robotic Convoy capability for its tactical vehicle fleets. The Department of Defense (DoD), with a fleet of over several hundred thousand tactical vehicles, must identify an approach with supporting technology and supply base to procure and support a Robotic Convoy solution at the lowest possible cost. While cost is a key driver, the selected system approach must be proven and robust to ensure the safety of our soldiers and the supply chain. An effective approach is to integrate and adapt the advanced automotive technologies, components and suppliers currently delivering advanced safety technologies into the automotive market. These advanced automotive technologies merged with DoD robotics enhancements in tactical behaviors, autonomous driving, command & control and unmanned systems collaboration will advance the operational utility of robotic convoy application in manned and unmanned modes. Figure 1 Military Application The
Coplen, Christina E.Lane, Gerald R.
ABSTRACT Consumer demand and regulatory pressure have forced automakers to develop features designed to increase passenger car safety regardless of road surface or weather condition. In response, the intelligent tire, proposed in the APOLLO report, is introduced and the parameters useful for traction control system development are identified. Traction control system models are introduced and discussed. A simple vehicle model based on the quarter-car is presented, incorporating a traction control system and tire friction model. This model utilizes the LuGre friction model to relate tractive force to slip ratio and road surface friction level. A sliding-mode control strategy is chosen to model traction control behavior. Three case studies are conducted on two simulated road surfaces to show the interaction between estimated friction level in the sliding-mode control strategy and the tire friction model. To simulate the intelligent tire, where the road surface friction level is directly
Binns, RobertTaheri, SaiedFerris, John B.
ABSTRACT Military vehicles in the field are often required to perform severe emergency maneuvers to avoid obstacles and/or escape enemy fire. This paper proposes a combined direct yaw control (DYC) and emergency roll control (ERC) system to mitigate rollover in the studied military vehicle. The DYC uses a differential braking strategy to stabilize the vehicle yaw moment and is intended to reduce the risk of untripped rollovers and also help prevent the vehicle from skidding out, thus allowing the driver to maintain control of the vehicle. The ERC uses actuators located near the vehicle suspension to apply an upward force to the vehicle body to counter the roll angle. An off-road tire model was used with the overall vehicle model in commercially available vehicle simulation software to simulate emergency maneuvers on various driving surfaces. Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy helps prevent both tripped and untripped rollovers on various driving surfaces
Hopkins, BradTaheri, SaiedAhmadian, MehdiReid, Alexander
ABSTRACT This paper presents a quantitative analysis and comparison of fuel economy and performance of a series hybrid electric HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) military vehicle with a conventional HMMWV of equivalent size. Hybrid vehicle powertrains show improved fuel economy gains due to optimized engine operation and regenerative braking. In this paper, a methodology is presented by which the fuel economy gains due to optimized engine are isolated from the fuel economy gains due to regenerative braking. Validated vehicle models as well as data collected on test tracks are used in the quantitative analysis. The regenerative braking of the hybrid HMMWV is analyzed in terms of efficiency from the kinetic energy at the wheels to the portion of regenerative power which is retrievable by the battery. The engine operation of both the series hybrid and conventional HMMWV are analyzed using a 2-D bin analysis methodology. Finally, the vehicle model is used to make
Nedungadi, AshokMasrur, AbulKhalil, Gus
ABSTRACT Since the 1980s, the US Army has been successfully utilizing silicone brake fluid (SBF) to protect military ground vehicle brake systems from corrosion in a variety of environments. Currently, the US Army is focusing its ground vehicle brake system efforts on safety by executing a hardware technology upgrade to anti-lock braking systems (ABS). SBF has been purported by many ABS manufacturers to be incompatible with ABS; however, to date no literature exist to prove these claims. Therefore, the work therein investigated these claims by testing SBF versus traditional glycol-based brake fluid in a commercial ABS utilizing a pump and dump cycle approach to simulate ABS actuation. As expected, failure of SBF was observed at 20,000 cycles, while no failure was observed for the traditional fluid. The failure of SBF was investigated and identified to be related to the lower lubricity of SBF in relation to the traditional fluid, as well as SBF incompatibility with internal ABS
Schroeder, ZackerySebastian, TaliaYost, DouglasJeyashekar, NigilBramer, JillWatson, Daniel
ABSTRACT This paper discusses the semi-active suspension system developed by A.M. General to provide mobility and maneuverability for tactical, wheeled vehicles
Tackett, WendellLovell, JeffreyBrown, Chris
With the rapid development of electric vehicles, the need for improved reliability and safety performance of electric vehicle braking systems has become paramount. In response to this demand, a novel direct-drive brake-by-wire actuator based on linear motors was designed to address these challenges. This article presents the structure and principles of the proposed braking actuator. Leveraging the traditional electromechanical brake systems as a foundation, the prototype was modified and fabricated. Additionally, the control and drive system for the braking actuator was established using the TMS320F28335 digital signal processor. Moreover, the current-position dual closed-loop control algorithm was devised to regulate the braking force accurately. Experimental results demonstrate that the direct-drive brake-by-wire actuator exhibits rapid responsiveness and precise braking force modulation, showcasing promising prospects in the field of electric vehicle braking
He, HaitaoGong, XiaoxiangDeng, ZhenghuaLi, TianleWang, XunZhang, HongXu, Rong
Electromechanical brakes (EMB) are currently coming into focus in the automotive industry. This trend was confirmed in 2022, when a first automotive supplier [1] announced the series production of EMB systems. One major driver is safety, especially if EMB systems are implemented with smart actuators that install redundant electronic control units (ECU) and distributed software [1]. Earlier, the authors have addressed safety mechanisms in EMB actuators [2]. In this article the authors extend their investigation to address safety mechanisms in future EMB central control systems (CCS). Impact of different brake system topologies (X-, H-, centralized) vis-à-vis potential safety mechanisms within communication buses and ECUs is analyzed
Schrade, SimonRöhler, AndreasNowak, XiVerhagen, ArminSchramm, Dieter
To enhance vehicle dynamic stability during driving, we developed a three-dimensional phase space model that incorporates the sideslip angle of center of mass, yaw rate, and lateral load transfer rate. This model enabled real-time evaluation and active control of vehicle stability. First, longitudinal and lateral controllers were implemented to ensure precise vehicle trajectory. Second, a hierarchical control strategy was designed to actively manage the desired sideslip angle, yaw rate, and roll angle based on the vehicle’s destabilizing conditions, thereby maintaining the vehicle within a stable state space. We simulated and tested the stability analysis methods and integrated control strategies for both cars and trucks under DLC (double lane change) and CDC (circular driving condition) scenarios using joint simulations with CarSim/TruckSim and Simulink. The proposed integrated stability control strategy, which combined MPC-based trajectory tracking with direct yaw moment control and
Lai, FeiXiao, HaoHuang, Chaoqun
In order to reduce the pumping loss of low loads and maximize the lean combustion advantage of hydrogen, the paper proposes a load control strategy based on hydrogen mass, called quality control, for improving thermal efficiency and emissions at low loads. The advantages of quality control and the effect of VVT on the combustion performance of hydrogen internal combustion engines under low loads were discussed. The results show that when the relative air–fuel ratio (λ) increases to more than 2.5, the NOx emissions are reduced to less than 3.5 g/kW · h at the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) below 8 bar, especially when the BMEP is less than 5 bar, the NOx is within 0.2 g/kW · h. Compared to quantity control based on air mass, the quality control strategy based on hydrogen mass achieves over a 2.0% reduction in pumping loss at BMEP levels lower than 4.4 bar. Furthermore, it enhances thermal efficiency by up to 5% at low loads, while maintaining NOx emissions within 0.2 g/kW · h at
Li, YongChen, HongFu, ZhenDu, JiakunWu, Weilong
To address the issues of functional conflicts in execution subsystems and the deterioration of control performance due to model parameter uncertainties in the motion control of distributed vehicle by wire, this article proposes an integrated control strategy considering parameter robustness. This strategy aims to compensate for model mismatch, resolve functional conflicts, and achieve motion coordination. Based on the over-actuation characteristics of distributed vehicle by wire, this article constructs the dynamic model and utilizes the tire cornering properties along with phase portraits to delineate the working regions of the execution subsystems. To deal with model parameter uncertainties and mismatch, tube-based model predictive control (tube-based MPC) is applied to the control strategy design, which compensates for model deviations through state feedback and constructs a robust positively invariant set (RPI) to constrain the system state. Correspondingly, the weights of control
Chen, GuoyingBi, ChenxiaoZhao, XuanmingYang, LiunanTang, ZhuoYu, Huili
The braking system stands as a vital component within a vehicle; its malfunction has the potential to precipitate catastrophic or severe accidents. There are two primary backup strategies: one involves hardware redundancy, and the other is the optimization of software strategies in conjunction with other systems. Redundancy among various actuators of the second strategy not only maximizes the vehicle’s inherent capabilities but also results in cost savings. In this article, a multilevel backup strategy that integrates electro-hydraulic braking, driving systems, and electronic parking brake systems is explored. Utilizing a self-developed braking safety control system, a proposal is made for the electronic parking brake to participate in service braking. Additionally, two functional modules, pre-clamping and deceleration following, have been meticulously designed to tackle the challenges of response delay and insufficient control precision that are commonly associated with electronic
Tian, BoshiLi, LiangLiao, YinshengLv, HaijunWang, XiangyuHu, ZhimingSun, YueQu, Wenying
Electromechanically actuated drum brakes are one interesting option for the realization of brake-by-wire systems for future electric vehicles. A key characteristic for the design and control of electromechanical brake actuators is the actuation point stiffness, as this quantity relates the actuation force to the required actuator position. The various known approaches for the control of electromechanical brakes, which primarily focus on disc foundation brakes, typically rely on the stiffness curve at least to some extent. A transfer of these approaches to drum brakes is not straightforward, because the actuation point stiffness for drum brakes is much more complex compared to disc brakes. In particular, a strong hysteretic behavior is observed for the standing drum and a considerable change of the stiffness and hysteresis can be observed for the rotating drum. Although drum brakes have been used for decades these effects have not been thoroughly discussed in literature, yet. Hence
Peter, SimonJanhsen, MichaelStümke, DanielGörges, Daniel
Niobium (Nb) alloyed Grey cast iron in combination with Ferritic Nitrocarburize (FNC) case hardening heat treatment is proposed to improve wear resistance and reduce brake dust generation of brake rotors. Standard Eutectic and Hypereutectic Grey irons alloyed with Niobium were evaluated in comparison to baseline unalloyed compositions. Brake speed snub sensitivity tribological testing was performed on a matrix including Niobium alloyed, Unalloyed, FNC, Non FNC, Non-Asbestos Organic (NAO) friction and Low metallic (Low Met) friction materials. Full size brake rotors were evaluated by Block Wear and Corrosion Cleanability. Improved wear, corrosion resistance and reduced brake dust debris were demonstrated by the Niobium alloyed FNC brake rotor combinations. Corrosion is an important consideration when evaluating brake performance. Combining cyclic corrosion and brake rotor testing provides the best comparison with field exposure
Holly, Mike
Recently, the increasing complexity of systems and diverse customer demands have necessitated the development of highly efficient vehicles. The ability to accurately predict vehicle performance through simulation allows for the determination of design specifications before the construction of test vehicles, leading to reduced development schedules and costs. Therefore, detailed brake thermal performance predictions are required both for the front and rear brakes. Moreover, scenarios requiring validation, such as alpine conditions that apply braking severity to xEV with the regenerative braking system, have become increasingly diverse. To address this challenge, this study proposes a co-simulation method that incorporates a machine-learned brake pad friction coefficient prediction model to enhance the accuracy of brake thermal capacity predictions within the vehicle simulation environment. This innovative method allows for the simultaneous prediction of both front and rear-wheel brakes
Cho, SunghyunBaek, SangHeumKim, Min SooHong, IncheolKim, Hyun KiKim, GwichulLee, Jounghee
The electronic mechanical brake (EMB) system is a critical actuator for achieving brake-by-wire control. This review categorizes and summarizes the literature related to EMB into three sections: actuator, mathematical modeling, and control strategies. In the actuator aspect, this article compares and analyzes motors, motion conversion mechanisms, and self-reinforcing mechanisms. For mathematical modeling, this article reviews modeling methods for EMB systems concerning motors, transmission mechanisms, friction, contact collisions, nonlinear stiffness, and hysteresis characteristics. Regarding control strategies, this article consolidates methods for clamp force control, clamp force estimation, and gap management. Finally, the article discusses potential future research directions in EMB from both hardware structure and software algorithm perspectives
Yan, ZhoudongPeng, HangChen, XinboYan, Min
Vehicle path tracking and stability management are critical technologies for intelligent driving. However, their controls are mutually constrained. This article proposes a cooperative control strategy for intelligent vehicle path tracking and stability, based on the stable domain. First, using the vehicle’s two-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) model and the Dugoff tire model, a phase plane representation is constructed for the vehicle’s sideslip angle and sideslip angular velocity. An enhanced method utilizing five eigenvalues is employed to partition the vehicle stability domain. Second, by employing the divided vehicle stable domain, the design of a fuzzy controller utilizes the Takagi–Sugeno (TS) methodology to determine the weight matrix gain for path tracking and stability control. Subsequently, a fuzzy model predictive control (TS-MPC) cooperative control strategy is designed, which takes into account both the precision of path tracking and the stability of the vehicle. Finally, a
Jiang, ShuhuaiWu, GuangqiangLi, YihangMao, LiboZhang, Dong
In contrast to passenger cars, whose regulation allowed only a simple trailer combination, the autonomous technologies implementation of Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and Advanced Emergency Braking System (AEBS) for commercial vehicles demands more application and calibration efforts. At this case, the focus is on dynamic control of towing vehicles when applying the service brakes of trailer, in special when complex combination as bi-train and road-train, allowed in North and South America. However, the major risk is present occurrence when an ESC or AEBS equipped towing vehicles is connected to a double or triple trailer combination with a conventional braking system, it means: a system that is not equipped with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS). For instance, if during autonomous control, trailers wheels lock, a jackknifing phenomenon can easily occur. Therefore, in case longer and heavier vehicles (LHV) or megatrucks as called in Europe, the strategy for safety assistance systems
Guarenghi, Vinicius MendesPizzi, Rafael FortunaDepetris, AlessandroPinto, Gustavo Laranjeira NunesCollobialli, Germano
The courier express parcel service industry (CEP industry) has experienced significant changes in the recent years due to increasing parcel volume. At the same time, the electrification of the vehicle fleets poses additional challenges. A major advantage of battery electric CEP vehicles compared to internal combustion engine vehicles is the ability to regenerate the kinetic energy of the vehicle in the frequent deceleration phases during parcel delivery. If the battery is cold, the maximum regenerative power of the powertrain is limited by a reduced chemical reaction rate inside the battery. In general, the maximum charging power of the battery depends on the state of charge and the battery temperature. Due to the low power demand for driving during CEP operation, the battery self-heating is comparably low. Without active conditioning of the battery, potential of regenerating energy is partially lost because the friction brake needs to absorb kinetic energy whenever the cold battery’s
Rehm, DominikKrost, JonathanMeywerk, MartinCzarnetzki, Walter
This article proposes the structure and algorithm to design a PID controller for the driving wheel slip prevention system (DWSPs) of a dump truck using a diesel engine, which is equipped just only with a traditional high-pressure pump (HPP) under low-adhesion coefficient conditions. First, a longitudinal dynamic model, and a dynamic model of the wheel and powertrain of a dump truck are, respectively, established, and an experiment in the torque determination of a diesel engine is set up to investigate longitudinal vehicle dynamics as well. Then, a control system structure of the DWSPs for a dump truck using a diesel engine with a high-pressure inline fuel pump is proposed. Finally, based on performance analysis of other types of controllers, a PID controller is selected to control actual load level of a diesel engine. The criteria representing the vehicle’s acceleration such as the vehicle speed, vehicle acceleration, total slip time, and time to reach vehicle speed are selected to
Van Thoan, TranVu, Le AnhVan Nguyen, KhongHai, Ho HuuPhuc, Dam HoangKhanh, Duong NgocQuynh, Le Van
This document outlines the development process and makes recommendations for total antiskid/aircraft systems compatibility. These recommendations encompass all aircraft systems that may affect antiskid brake control and performance. It focuses on recommended practices specific to antiskid and its integration with the aircraft, as opposed to more generic practices recommended for all aircraft systems and components. It defers to the documents listed in Section 2 for generic aerospace best practices and requirements. The documents listed below are the major drivers in antiskid/aircraft integration: 1 ARP4754 2 ARP4761 3 RTCA DO-178 4 RTCA DO-254 5 RTCA DO-160 6 ARP490 7 ARP1383 8 ARP1598 In addition, it covers design and operational goals, general theory, and functions, which should be considered by the aircraft brake system engineer to attain the most effective skid control performance, as well as methods of determining and evaluating antiskid system performance. For definitions of
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes the design approaches used for current applications of aircraft Brake-by-Wire (BBW) control systems. The document also discusses the experience gained during service, and covers system, ergonomic, hardware, and development aspects. The document includes the lessons that have been learned during application of the technology. Although there are a variety of approaches that have been used in the design of BBW systems, the main focus of this document is on the current state of the art systems
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
This article presents the design and the analysis of a control logic capable of optimizing vehicle’s energy consumption during a braking maneuver. The idea arose with the purpose of enhancing regeneration and health management in electric vehicles with electro-actuated brakes. Regenerative braking improves energy efficiency and allows a considerable reduction in secondary emissions, but its efficiency is strongly dependent on the state of charge (SoC) of the battery. In the analyzed case, a vehicle equipped with four in-wheel motors (one for each wheel), four electro-actuated brakes, and a battery was considered. The proposed control system can manage and optimize electrical and energy exchanges between the driveline’s components according to the working conditions, monitoring parameters such as SoC of the battery, brake temperature, battery temperature, motor temperature, and acts to optimize the total energy consumption. The solution devised allows first to maximize the effects of
Tempone, Giuseppe Piode Carvalho Pinheiro, HenriqueImberti, GiovanniCarello, Massimiliana
With the modernization of agriculture, the application of unmanned agricultural special vehicles is becoming increasingly widespread, which helps to improve agricultural production efficiency and reduce labor. Vehicle path-tracking control is an important link in achieving intelligent driving of vehicles. This paper designs a controller that combines path tracking with vehicle lateral stability for four-wheel steer/drive agricultural special electric vehicles. First, based on a simplified three-degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model, a model predictive control (MPC) controller is used to calculate the front and rear axle angles. Then, according to the Ackermann steering principle, the four-wheel independent angles are calculated using the front and rear axle angles to achieve tracking of the target trajectory. For vehicle lateral stability, the sliding mode control (SMC) is used to calculate the required direct yaw moment control (DYC) of the vehicle, and wheel torque distribution
Huang, BinYang, NuorongMa, LiutaoWei, Lexia
This article focuses on the development of an active braking control system tailored for electric vehicles. The essence of this system lies in its ability to regulate the slip coefficient to optimize traction during braking, thereby maximizing energy recuperation. In the context of the simulation on enhancing regenerative energy capture in electric vehicles, the use of integral sliding mode control (ISMC) as an alternative for regulating braking performance can be understood through a comparison of two key output variables in braking control systems: wheel deceleration and wheel slip. Traditionally, wheel deceleration has been a controlled variable in braking systems, and it is still utilized in some anti-lock braking systems (ABS). It can be easily measured using a basic wheel encoder. However, the dynamic performance of wheel deceleration control may suffer when there are rapid changes in the road surface. On the contrary, regulating wheel slip offers high robustness from a dynamic
Direm, ChaimaHartani, Kada
In order to improve the trajectory tracking accuracy and yaw stability of vehicles under extreme conditions such as high speed and low adhesion, a coordinated control method of trajectory tracking and yaw stability is proposed based on four-wheel-independent-driving vehicles with four-wheel-steering. The hierarchical structure includes the trajectory tracking control layer, the lateral stability control decision layer, and the four-wheel angle and torque distribution layer. Firstly, the upper layer establishes a three-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model as the controller prediction model, the front wheel steering controller is designed to realize the lateral path tracking based on adaptive model predictive control algorithm and the longitudinal speed controller is designed to realize the longitudinal speed tracking based on PID control algorithm. Then, the middle layer decides the rear wheel steering angle and the additional yaw moment to maintain the vehicle's yaw stability based
Fu, YaoXie, RenminKaku, ChuyoZheng, Hongyu
Intelligent vehicle-to-everything connectivity is an important development trend in the automotive industry. Among various active safety systems, Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) has garnered widespread attention due to its outstanding performance in reducing traffic accidents. AEB effectively avoids or mitigates vehicle collisions through automatic braking, making it a crucial technology in autonomous driving. However, the majority of current AEB safety models exhibit limitations in braking modes and fail to fully consider the overall vehicle stability during braking. To address these issues, this paper proposes an improved AEB control system based on a risk factor (AERF). The upper-level controller introduces the risk factor (RF) and proposes a multi-stage warning/braking control strategy based on preceding vehicle dynamic characteristics, while also calculating the desired acceleration. Furthermore, a lower-level PID-based controller is designed to track the desired acceleration
Guo, ShaozhongGuo, JunZhang, YunqingWu, Jinglai
As the automotive industry accelerates its virtual engineering capabilities, there is a growing requirement for increased accuracy across a broad range of vehicle simulations. Regarding control system development, utilizing vehicle simulations to conduct ‘pre-tuning’ activities can significantly reduce time and costs. However, achieving an accurate prediction of, e.g., stopping distance, requires accurate tire modeling. The Magic Formula tire model is often used to effectively model the tire response within vehicle dynamics simulations. However, such models often: i) represent the tire driving on sandpaper; and ii) do not accurately capture the transient response over a wide slip range. In this paper, a novel methodology is developed using the MF-Tyre/MF-Swift tire model to enhance the accuracy of ABS braking simulations. The methodology – developed between Hyundai Motor Company and Siemens Digital Industries Software – is validated on a full-vehicle level by comparing ABS braking
Kim, ChangsuO'Neill, AlexanderLugaro, Carlo
Vehicle yaw stability control (YSC) can actively adjust the working state of the chassis actuator to generate a certain additional yaw moment for the vehicle, which effectively helps the vehicle maintain good driving quality under strong transient conditions such as high-speed turning and continuous lane change. However, the traditional YSC pursues too much driving stability after activation, ignoring the difference of multi-objective requirements of yaw maneuverability, actuator energy consumption and other requirements in different vehicle stability states, resulting in the decline of vehicle driving quality. Therefore, a vehicle yaw stability model predictive control strategy for dynamic and multi-objective requirements is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the unstable characteristics of vehicle motion are analyzed, and the nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics models are established respectively. Secondly, the vehicle yaw stability control strategy is designed: The two
Wang, HanlinWu, JianChen, ZhichengHe, RuiLi, Haiqiao
This paper presents a torque distribution strategy for four-wheel independent drive electric vehicles (4WIDEVs) to achieve both handling stability and energy efficiency. The strategy is based on the dynamic adjustment of two optimization objectives. Firstly, a 2DOF vehicle model is employed to define the stability control objective for Direct Yaw moment Control (DYC). The upper-layer controller, designed using Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), is responsible for tracking the target yaw rate and target sideslip angle. Secondly, the lower-layer torque distribution strategy is established by optimizing the tire load rate and motor energy consumption for dynamic adjustment. To regulate the weights of the optimization targets, stability and energy efficiency allocation coefficient is introduced. Simulation results of double lane change and split μ road conditions are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed DYC controller
Dou, JingyangChen, ZixuanZhang, YunqingWu, Jinglai
Battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) require new chassis components, which are realized as mechatronic systems mainly and support more and more by-wire functionality. Besides better controllability, it eases the implementation of integrated control strategies to combine different domains of vehicle dynamics. Especially powertrain layouts based on electric in-wheel machines (IWMs) require such an integrated approach to unfold their full potential. The present study describes an integrated, longitudinal vehicle dynamics control strategy for a battery electric sport utility vehicle (SUV) with an electric rear axle based on in-wheel propulsion. Especially the influence of electronic brake force distribution (EBD) and torque blending control on the overall performance are discussed and demonstrated through experiments and driving cycles on public road and benchmarked to results of previous studies derived from [1]. It is shown that the approach improves energy efficiency and energy recovery
Heydrich, MariusMitsching, ThomasGramstat, SebastianLenz, MatthiasIvanov, Valentin
The Electronic Mechanical Braking (EMB) system, which offers advantages such as no liquid medium and complete decoupling, can meet the high-quality active braking and high-intensity regenerative braking demands proposed by intelligent vehicles and is considered one of the ideal platforms for future chassis. However, traditional control strategies with fixed clamping force tracking parameters struggle to maintain high-quality braking performance of EMB under variable braking requests, and the nonlinear friction between mechanical components also affects the accuracy of clamping force control. Therefore, this paper presents an adaptive clamping force control strategy for the EMB system, taking into account the resistance of nonlinear friction. First, an EMB model is established as the simulation and control object, which includes the motor model, transmission model, torque balance model, stiffness model, and friction model. Subsequently, a cascaded clamping force controller, consisting
Xu, ZelinWu, JianBi, GongyuanHou, JieZheng, WenboLi, LunGao, ShangChen, Zhicheng
This paper presents an optimal control co-design framework of a parallel electric-hydraulic hybrid powertrain specifically tailored for heavy-duty vehicles. A pure electric powertrain, comprising a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, a highly efficient electric motor, and a single or double-speed gearbox, has garnered significant attention in the automotive sector due to the increasing demand for clean and efficient mobility. However, the state-of-the-art has demonstrated limited capabilities and has struggled to meet the design requirements of heavy-duty vehicles with high power demands, such as a class 8 semi-trailer truck. This is especially evident in terms of a driving range on one battery charge, battery charging time, and load-carrying capacity. These challenges primarily stem from the low power density of lithium-ion batteries and the low energy conversion efficiency of electric motors at low speeds. To address these issues, a recent development is the electric-hydraulic hybrid
Taaghi, AmirhosseinYoon, Yongsoon
Reference velocity (i.e. the absolute velocity of vehicle center of gravity) is a key parameter for vehicle stability control functions as well as for the powertrain control functions of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). Most reference velocity estimation methods employ the vehicle kinematic and tire dynamic equations to construct high order linear or nonlinear model with a set of parameters and sensor measurements. When using those models, delicate algorithm should be designed to prevent the estimates from deviating along with the increase of nonlinearity, modeling error and noise that introduced by high order, parameter approximation, and sensor measurements, respectively. Alternatively, to improve the function robustness and calibration convenience, a straightforward online estimation method is developed in the paper by using a second-order powertrain dynamic model that only need a small set of vehicle parameters and sensor values. First, the HEV powertrain dynamic model is established
Li, HuanLiu, XuewuWang, JinhangChen, LihuaXu, YinWu, Meng
To improve the braking energy recovery rate of pure electric garbage removal vehicles and ensure the braking effect of garbage removal vehicles, a strategy using particle swarm algorithm to optimize the regenerative braking fuzzy control of garbage removal vehicles is proposed. A multi-section front and rear wheel braking force distribution curve is designed considering the braking effect and braking energy recovery. A hierarchical regenerative braking fuzzy control strategy is established based on the braking force and braking intensity required by the vehicle. The first layer is based on the braking force required by the vehicle, based on the front and rear axle braking force distribution plan, and uses fuzzy controllers. Achieve one-time distribution of the front axle braking force; the second layer, according to the magnitude of the braking intensity, divides the braking conditions into light braking, moderate braking and emergency braking, and realizes braking under the three
Zhang, Yu
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