Browse Topic: Anti-lock braking (ABS)

Items (627)

Komatsu employs ‘slick’ battery swapping for underground LHD machine

12/01/2024

Komatsu introduced its first battery-electric load-haul-dump (LHD) machine, the WX04B, at the MINExpo tradeshow in September. The WX04B is designed specifically for narrow vein mines in underground hard rock mining operations. Komatsu is pairing the electric LHD with its new OEM-agnostic 150-kW battery charger that was also revealed in Las Vegas. The 4-tonne WX04B LHD features what Komatsu claims is best-in-class energy density, offering up to four hours of runtime on a single charge. The Li-ion NMC (nickel-manganese-cobalt) battery from Proterra has a capacity of 165 kWh and nominal voltage of 660 V. Fewer charge cycles are needed compared to competitors, the company claims, which helps to maximize operational efficiency and minimize downtime. Proterra and Komatsu began their collaboration on the LHD's H Series battery system in 2021, long before Komatsu's acquisition of American Battery Solutions (ABS) in December 2023

Gehm, Ryan

Antilock Brake Systems Energy Consumption Test Procedure for Air-Brake-Equipped Truck Tractors, Buses, Trailers, and Dollies

J2255_202411 (Current)

11/22/2024

This SAE Recommended Practice provides instructions and test procedures for measuring air consumption of air braked vehicles equipped with Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) used on highways

Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee

SILICONE BRAKE FLUID COMPATIBILITY WITH ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS FOR IDENTIFYING FUTURE MILITARY BRAKE FLUID REQUIREMENTS

2024-01-3622

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Since the 1980s, the US Army has been successfully utilizing silicone brake fluid (SBF) to protect military ground vehicle brake systems from corrosion in a variety of environments. Currently, the US Army is focusing its ground vehicle brake system efforts on safety by executing a hardware technology upgrade to anti-lock braking systems (ABS). SBF has been purported by many ABS manufacturers to be incompatible with ABS; however, to date no literature exist to prove these claims. Therefore, the work therein investigated these claims by testing SBF versus traditional glycol-based brake fluid in a commercial ABS utilizing a pump and dump cycle approach to simulate ABS actuation. As expected, failure of SBF was observed at 20,000 cycles, while no failure was observed for the traditional fluid. The failure of SBF was investigated and identified to be related to the lower lubricity of SBF in relation to the traditional fluid, as well as SBF incompatibility with internal ABS

Schroeder, Zackery, Sebastian, Talia, Yost, Douglas, Jeyashekar, Nigil, Bramer, Jill, Watson, Daniel

Analysis of road safety implementation strategies to support the easiest introduction of autonomous braking products for complex vehicle combinations

2024-36-0319

08/09/2024

In contrast to passenger cars, whose regulation allowed only a simple trailer combination, the autonomous technologies implementation of Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and Advanced Emergency Braking System (AEBS) for commercial vehicles demands more application and calibration efforts. At this case, the focus is on dynamic control of towing vehicles when applying the service brakes of trailer, in special when complex combination as bi-train and road-train, allowed in North and South America. However, the major risk is present occurrence when an ESC or AEBS equipped towing vehicles is connected to a double or triple trailer combination with a conventional braking system, it means: a system that is not equipped with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS). For instance, if during autonomous control, trailers wheels lock, a jackknifing phenomenon can easily occur. Therefore, in case longer and heavier vehicles (LHV) or megatrucks as called in Europe, the strategy for safety assistance systems

Guarenghi, Vinicius Mendes, Pizzi, Rafael Fortuna, Depetris, Alessandro, Pinto, Gustavo Laranjeira Nunes, Collobialli, Germano

Design and Testing of Antiskid Brake Control Systems for Total Aircraft Compatibility

ARP1070E (Current)

05/14/2024

This document outlines the development process and makes recommendations for total antiskid/aircraft systems compatibility. These recommendations encompass all aircraft systems that may affect antiskid brake control and performance. It focuses on recommended practices specific to antiskid and its integration with the aircraft, as opposed to more generic practices recommended for all aircraft systems and components. It defers to the documents listed in Section 2 for generic aerospace best practices and requirements. The documents listed below are the major drivers in antiskid/aircraft integration: 1 ARP4754 2 ARP4761 3 RTCA DO-178 4 RTCA DO-254 5 RTCA DO-160 6 ARP490 7 ARP1383 8 ARP1598 In addition, it covers design and operational goals, general theory, and functions, which should be considered by the aircraft brake system engineer to attain the most effective skid control performance, as well as methods of determining and evaluating antiskid system performance. For definitions of

A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee

Enhancing Regenerative Energy Capture in Electric Vehicles: Braking Performance through Integral Sliding Mode Control

10-08-02-0012

04/18/2024

This article focuses on the development of an active braking control system tailored for electric vehicles. The essence of this system lies in its ability to regulate the slip coefficient to optimize traction during braking, thereby maximizing energy recuperation. In the context of the simulation on enhancing regenerative energy capture in electric vehicles, the use of integral sliding mode control (ISMC) as an alternative for regulating braking performance can be understood through a comparison of two key output variables in braking control systems: wheel deceleration and wheel slip. Traditionally, wheel deceleration has been a controlled variable in braking systems, and it is still utilized in some anti-lock braking systems (ABS). It can be easily measured using a basic wheel encoder. However, the dynamic performance of wheel deceleration control may suffer when there are rapid changes in the road surface. On the contrary, regulating wheel slip offers high robustness from a dynamic

Direm, Chaima, Hartani, Kada

An Improved AEB Control System Based on Risk Factors with Consideration of Vehicle Stability

2024-01-2331

04/09/2024

Intelligent vehicle-to-everything connectivity is an important development trend in the automotive industry. Among various active safety systems, Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) has garnered widespread attention due to its outstanding performance in reducing traffic accidents. AEB effectively avoids or mitigates vehicle collisions through automatic braking, making it a crucial technology in autonomous driving. However, the majority of current AEB safety models exhibit limitations in braking modes and fail to fully consider the overall vehicle stability during braking. To address these issues, this paper proposes an improved AEB control system based on a risk factor (AERF). The upper-level controller introduces the risk factor (RF) and proposes a multi-stage warning/braking control strategy based on preceding vehicle dynamic characteristics, while also calculating the desired acceleration. Furthermore, a lower-level PID-based controller is designed to track the desired acceleration

Guo, Shaozhong, Guo, Jun, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai

An advanced tire modeling methodology considering road roughness for chassis control system development

2024-01-2317

04/09/2024

As the automotive industry accelerates its virtual engineering capabilities, there is a growing requirement for increased accuracy across a broad range of vehicle simulations. Regarding control system development, utilizing vehicle simulations to conduct ‘pre-tuning’ activities can significantly reduce time and costs. However, achieving an accurate prediction of, e.g., stopping distance, requires accurate tire modeling. The Magic Formula tire model is often used to effectively model the tire response within vehicle dynamics simulations. However, such models often: i) represent the tire driving on sandpaper; and ii) do not accurately capture the transient response over a wide slip range. In this paper, a novel methodology is developed using the MF-Tyre/MF-Swift tire model to enhance the accuracy of ABS braking simulations. The methodology – developed between Hyundai Motor Company and Siemens Digital Industries Software – is validated on a full-vehicle level by comparing ABS braking

Kim, Changsu, O'Neill, Alexander, Lugaro, Carlo

Experimental Analysis of the Influence of Damper Degradation by Loss of Oil on the Straight Braking Performance of Passenger Cars with ABS

2024-01-5036

03/19/2024

The aim of this study is to determine if the degradation of one or more dampers of a passenger car with ABS leads to a statistically significant reduction of vehicle safety. Therefore, a compact and a mid-size car are tested on a flat test track and on an uneven test track by straight braking maneuvers at different levels of damper degradation. Both test tracks are scanned using a 3D laser scanner. For every level of damper degradation (on each test track) a new set of tires is used, a preconditioning routine is applied and 30 successful measurements are conducted to allow using statistical methods to evaluate the results. The results show that any level of damper degradation with each type of car and test track leads to a significant increase in braking distance and, therefore, to a significant reduction of vehicle safety. The braking distance extension varies heavily with the level of damper degradation and the road properties. The observed extensions range from a little more than 2

Zwosta, Tobias, Kubenz, Jan, Prokop, Günther

Numerical Modelling and Simulation of Anti-lock Braking System for Two-wheeler Electric bike using Scilab Xcos

2023-01-5139

02/23/2024

Disc brakes are the most popular type of brakes used in the two-wheeler segment and are easily available in the market. The improper brakes result in serious problems in vehicles. The main idea of this paper is to design a braking system for a two-wheeler application. The paper discusses the design, analysis, and simulation of disc brakes. The disc is first selected using the standard brake disc calculation. To verify the selection of disk, torque at wheel and torque at the disc are compared. Thermomechanical (Transient) analysis is done on ANSYS 2021 to check for the effect of braking force applied by the disc on the rotor disc. The mathematical model of the ABS model is done on Scilab Xcos. The main aim of studying the system using a mathematical model is to verify if the selected disc brakes are safe enough to be installed on a two-wheeler. The mathematical model also has stopping distance and the stopping time as the output which validates the selection of the disc. Hence best

Muthiya, Solomon Jenoris, Sudeep, V., Rohit, B.R., Aakash, K.P., Venkatesh, Gowda B.S., Naveena, B.E., Nandakumar, M.B., Mahesh, B.R.

Calibration of an Inertial Measurement Unit and Its Impact on Antilock Braking System Performance

2024-26-0014

01/16/2024

An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) provides vehicle acceleration that can be used in Active Vehicle Safety Systems (AVSSs). However, the signal output from an IMU is affected by changes in its position in the vehicle and alignment, which may lead to degradation in AVSS performance. Investigators have employed physics and data-based models for countering the impact of sensor misalignment, and the effects of gravity on acceleration measurements. While physics-based methods utilize parameters varying dynamically with vehicle motion, data-based methods require an extensive number of parameters making them computationally expensive. These factors make the above-explored methods practically challenging to implement on production vehicles. This study considers a 6-axis IMU and evaluates its impact on Antilock Braking System (ABS) performance by considering the IMU signal obtained with different mounting orientations, and positions on a Heavy Commercial Road Vehicle (HCRV). It then develops a

Dixit, Chitrartha, Gaurkar, Pavel, Ramakrishnan, Rajesh, Shankar Ram, C S, Vivekanandan, Gunasekaran, Sivaram, Sriram

Regulatory Trends for Enhancement of Road Safety

2024-26-0165

01/16/2024

India is one of the largest markets for the automobile sector and considering the trends of road fatalities and injuries related to road accidents, it is pertinent to continuously review the safety regulations and introduce standards which promise enhanced safety. With this objective, various Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) regulations are proposed to be introduced in the Indian market. ADAS such as, Anti-lock Braking Systems, Advanced Emergency Braking systems, Lane Departure Warning Systems, Auto Lane Correction Systems, Driver Drowsiness Monitoring Systems, etc., assist the driver during driving. They tend to reduce road accidents and related fatalities by their advanced and artificial intelligent fed programs. This paper will share an insight on the past, recent trends and the upcoming developments in the regulation domain with respect to safety

Nayak, Pratik, Rawal, Vishal, Patil, Kamalesh, Tandon, Vikram, Badusha, Akbar

Truck Tractor Power Outlet for Trailer ABS

J2247_202401 (Current)

01/10/2024

This SAE Recommended Practice identifies the minimum truck tractor electrical power output of the stop lamp and ABS (antilock brake system) circuits measured at the primary SAE J560 tractor trailer interface connector(s

Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee

Automotive Stability Enhancement Systems

J2564_202312 (Current)

12/07/2023

The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to describe currently known automotive active stability enhancement systems, as well as identify common names which can be used to refer to the various systems and common features and functions of the various systems. The primary systems discussed are: a ABS - Antilock Brake Systems b TCS - Traction Control Systems c ESC - Electronic Stability Control The document is technical in nature and attempts to remain neutral regarding unique features that individual system or vehicle manufacturers may provide

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IMU Based Velocity Estimation Impact on Stopping Distance for Heavy-Duty Class 8 Truck Air Brake Systems with ABS

2023-01-1873

11/05/2023

An accurate estimate of vehicle speed is essential for optimal anti-lock braking system (ABS) calculations. Currently, most vehicles including heavy-duty class 8 trucks mainly rely on wheel speed sensors (WSS) to estimate velocity. However, as soon as braking is applied, WSS become inaccurate for determining the velocity due to the longitudinal slip developed in the tires. Using the inertial measurement unit (IMU) to estimate vehicle speed allows for its use in conjunction with the WSS to accurately calculate the slip ratio at each tire. These slip ratio values can then be used as the main control variable in the ABS algorithm to utilize the grip available more fully at each tire, to improve stopping distance and controllability. A steady state braking analysis model is developed and validated against Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 121 60-0 mph stopping distance data for a loaded class 8 tractor semi-trailer combination. Once the model is validated to show good

Erdos, Tamas

ABS Exciter Ring Location Standardization

J1730_202310 (Current)

10/02/2023

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes the antilock brake system (ABS) sensor interface and envelope dimensions for standardizing the location of the ABS rings mounted on or integral to the inboard end of spoke wheels, hubs, rotors, and hub-rotor assemblies on the following axle designations as defined in SAE J1842. a FF b FL c FC d FH e L f R g U h W j N k P

Truck and Bus Wheel Committee

A Mid-fidelity Model in the Loop Feasibility Study for Implementation of Regenerative Antilock Braking System in Electric Vehicles

10-07-03-0022

07/29/2023

The tailpipe zero-emission legislation has pushed the automotive industry toward more electrification. Regenerative braking is the capability of electric machines to provide brake torque. So far, the regenerative braking feature is primarily considered due to its effect on energy efficiency. However, using individual e-machines for each wheel makes it possible to apply the antilock braking function due to the fast torque-tracking characteristics of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). Due to its considerable cost reduction, in this article, a feasibility study is carried out to investigate if the ABS function can be done purely through regenerative braking using a mid-fidelity model-based approach. An uni-tire model of the vehicle with a surface-mount PMSM (SPMSM) model is used to verify the idea. The proposed ABS control system has a hierarchical structure containing a high-level longitudinal slip controller and a low-level SPMSM torque controller. Given the uncertainties of

Ghanami, Nastaran, Nikzadfar, Kamyar, Mohammadi Daniali, Hamid Reza

A Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Radar-Based Rider Assistance System for Personal Light Electric Vehicles

2023-01-5040

07/06/2023

The use of personal light electric vehicles (PLEVs), such as electric scooters, has rapidly increased in recent years. However, their widespread use has raised concerns about rider safety due to their vulnerability in shared traffic spaces. To address this issue, this paper presents a radar-based rider assistance system aimed at enhancing the safety of PLEV riders. The system consists of an adaptive feedback system and a single-channel anti-lock braking system (ABS). The adaptive feedback system uses multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar sensors to detect nearby objects and provide real-time warnings to the rider through haptic, visual, and acoustic signals. The system takes into account traffic density and uses online data to warn about obscured objects, thereby improving the rider’s situational awareness. Results from testing the feedback system show that it effectively detects potential collisions and provides warning signals, reducing the risk of accidents. The ABS is

Pyschny, Jan, Berger, Felix, Rothen, Samuel, Denker, Joachim, Frantzen, Michael, Roder, Felix, Kneiphof, Simon

Model-Free Intelligent Control for Antilock Braking Systems on Rough Roads

10-07-03-0017

05/26/2023

Advances made in advanced driver assistance systems such as antilock braking systems (ABS) have significantly improved the safety of road vehicles. ABS enhances the braking and steerability of a vehicle under severe braking conditions. However, ABS performance degrades on rough roads. This is largely due to noisy measurements, the type of ABS control algorithm used, and the excitation of complex dynamics such as higher-order tire mode shapes that are neglected in the control strategy. This study proposes a model-free intelligent control technique with no modelling constraints that can overcome these unmodelled dynamics and parametric uncertainties. The double deep Q-learning network (DDQN) algorithm with the temporal convolutional network is presented as the intelligent control algorithm. The model is initially trained with a simplified single-wheel model. The initial training data are transferred to and then enhanced using a validated full-vehicle model including a physics-based tire

Abreu, Ricardo, Botha, Theunis R., Hamersma, Herman A.

Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Road Test Evaluation Procedure for Trucks, Truck-Tractors, and Buses

J2536_202304 (Current)

04/12/2023

Test procedure for anti-lock brake system (ABS/anti-lock) performance for trucks, truck-tractors, and buses over 4536 kg (10000 pounds

Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee

Inertia Calculation for Single-Ended Inertia-Dynamometer Testing

J2789_202304 (Current)

04/12/2023

This procedure provides methods to determine the appropriate inertia values for all passenger cars and light trucks up to 4540 kg of GVWR. For the same vehicle application and axle (front or rear), different tests sections or brake applications may use different inertia values to reflect the duty-cycle and loading conditions indicated on the specific test

Brake Dynamometer Standards Committee

A Comparison Study on Control Strategies for Optimization of an Anti-Lock Brake System Algorithm Based on Tire Force Measurement in Pure and Combined Slip Conditions of an Automobile

2023-01-0694

04/11/2023

The Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) is a safety critical feature primarily used to control slipping of wheels, to maximize available traction and minimize stopping distance. Regulatory authorities of many countries have mandated implementation of an ABS as a compulsory safety feature to be present in all road legal automobiles. Hence, apart from avoiding wheel lock-up, an ABS must also ensure that the vehicle maintains its handling stability and steerability while braking. Thus, it is important that the ABS controller modulate and apply adequate amount of brake cylinder pressure. This paper suggests the use of a Tire Force based algorithm to analyze vehicle behavior and accordingly a control law is employed to modulate the wheel brake pressure. A comparison study has been performed among control methods such as Step Gain Reduced Order Model (SGROM) developed using Machine Learning techniques and Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) to determine an optimal control law for brake pressure

Shaikh, Parvez Shagir, Mehta, Harshal Piyush, Mallikarjunaiah, Umesh, Kamble, Vijay, Maurya, Mithilesh

Driveline Control Influence when ABS Active

2023-01-0662

04/11/2023

The interaction between driveline control and anti-lock braking system (ABS) control in electric vehicles (EV) was investigated based on multi-body dynamics (MBD) model and control model co-simulation. Two primary driveline control algorithms, active damping control and wheel flare control, were integrated with ABS control in Simulink model and the influence on ABS control was studied. The event for high mu to low mu transition was simulated. When ABS control is active on low mu surface, the vehicle shows large wheel slip and long duration time before wheel speed returns to stable control. This performance could be improved with activating driveline control. Deceleration uniformity metric shows that active damping control has very small effect when ABS control becomes stable after passing through the high mu to low mu transition period. Driveline damping control can help to reduce vibration, but it is difficult to find satisfied tuning for wheel speed performance. Wheel flare control

Xing, Xing, Clark, Mark, Morris, Robert

Decelerations for Vehicles with Anti-lock Brake Systems (ABS) on Dry Asphalt and Concrete Road Surfaces

2023-01-0616

04/11/2023

Anti-lock brake systems (ABS) produce high levels of vehicle deceleration under emergency braking conditions by modulating tire slip. Currently there are limited data available to quantify the mean, variance, and distribution of vehicle deceleration levels for modern ABS-equipped vehicles. We conducted braking tests using twenty (20) late-model vehicles on contiguous dry asphalt and concrete road surfaces. All vehicles were equipped with a 5th wheel sampled at 200 Hz, from which vehicle speed and deceleration as a function of time were calculated. Eighteen (18) tests were conducted for each vehicle and all tests were conducted from a targeted initial speed of 65 km/h (40 mph). Overall, we found that late-model ABS-equipped vehicles can decelerate at average levels that vary from about 0.871g to 1.081g across both surfaces, and that deceleration levels were on average about 0.042g higher on asphalt than on concrete. We also found that the passenger cars decelerated about 0.087g higher

Miller, Ian, King, David, Wilkinson, Craig, Siegmund, Gunter P.

Optimized PID Controller Using Genetic Algorithm for Anti-lock Brake System

2023-01-0696

04/11/2023

The anti-lock brake system (ABS) is a vital system in modern vehicles that prevents automotive wheels from locking during an emergency brake. This paper aims to introduce an efficient, optimized proportional integral derivative (PID) controller tuned using a genetic algorithm (GA) to enhance the performance of ABS. The PID control method is a very famous control algorithm employed in numerous engineering applications. The GA is used to solve the nonlinear optimization problem and search for the optimum PID controller gains by identifying the solution to the problem. A mathematical model of ABS is derived and simulated using Matlab and Simulink software. The proposed optimized PID-controlled ABS is compared to the conventional ABS controlled using a Bang-Bang controller. System performance criteria are evaluated and assessed under different road adhesion coefficient values to judge the success of the proposed PID controller tuned using GA. The simulated results indicate that the

Mohammed, Omnia, Metered, Hassan, Abdelaziz, Taha

Development and Test of ABS/TCS Controller with Dual-Axis Dynamometer HIL Platform

2023-01-0824

04/11/2023

This paper describes a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) platform based on the dual-axis dynamometer for development and validation of ABS/TCS controllers. Antilock Braking System (ABS) and Traction Control System (TCS) are standard equipment for passenger vehicles. The ABS, an anti-skid braking assistance system, promotes safety by preventing the locking of wheels during braking. TCS is a control system that prevents the wheels from slipping by moderating driving power to the one that is losing its grip on the road. The real-time platform is based on a dSPACE vehicle model and the simulation environment, and it consists of an actual drive motor, hydraulic braking system and Chroma dual-axis dynamometer test bench, which provide more realistic and complicated conditions than the one-axis platform. With dual-axis architecture, it could effectively perform simulation results of model on two axes. In addition, this HIL system could evaluate the different control logics and performance of

Liu, Shu-Ting, Chang, ChihWei, Huang, Yen-Hsiang, Lin, Ting-He, Chiu, Joseph, Lee, Jian-Lin

Electronically Controlled Brake System with Two-Channel Pressure Control for Electric Vehicles

2023-01-0663

04/11/2023

In this study, we introduce an electronically controlled brake system (ECB) that can be applied to electric vehicles (EVs) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The main features of the ECB include maximizing the regenerative energy while maintaining vehicle stability and ensuring redundancy in automatic braking. The brake system consists of upper and lower units. The newly developed upper unit has a brake-by-wire configuration and can control the front and rear wheel pressures separately. Hereinafter, controlling the front and rear wheel pressures separately is referred to as two-channel pressure control. The regenerated energy can be maximized while appropriately maintaining the distribution of the front and rear braking forces based on the two-channel pressure control during regenerative cooperation. The lower unit is a conventional hydraulic unit for executing anti-lock brake control, electronic stability control and so on. Each of the upper and lower units has a

Watanabe, Shunya, Yamamoto, Takayuki, Masuda, Yoshio, Yamakita, Hiroki

J1711_202302 (Current)

02/14/2023

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform chassis dynamometer test procedures for hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs) designed for public roads. This recommended practice provides instructions for measuring and calculating the exhaust emissions and fuel economy of such vehicles over the following standard test cycles: the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), the Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HFEDS), the US06 Driving Schedule (US06), the SC03 Driving Schedule (SC03), and the cold-start Federal Test Procedure (cold FTP), which is based on the UDDS. However, the procedures are structured so that other driving schedules may be substituted, provided that the corresponding preparatory procedures, test lengths, and weighting factors are modified accordingly. This document does not specify which emissions constituents to measure (e.g., HC, CO, NOx, CO2); instead, that decision will depend on the objectives of the tester. The

Light Duty Vehicle Performance and Economy Measure Committee

Chassis Dynamometer Simulation of Road Load Using Coastdown Techniques

J2264_202301 (Current)

01/13/2023

This procedure covers vehicle operation and electric dynamometer (dyno) load coefficient adjustment to simulate track road load within dynamometer inertia and road load simulation capabilities

Light Duty Vehicle Performance and Economy Measure Committee

On-Board System Requirements for V2V Safety Communications by Non-Light-Duty Vehicles and Motorcycles

J2945/1B_202212 (Historical)12/21/2022

This SAE Standard specifies the system requirements for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) safety system for FHWA vehicle classes 1 (motorcycles and 4 through 13 (non-light-duty), including functional requirements and performance requirements. The system can transmit and receive the SAE J2735-defined BSM over a wireless communications interface; the communications interface itself is outside the scope of this document. This document provides the specifications necessary to build interoperable systems that support V2V safety applications for non-lightweight vehicles, as well as motorcycles which rely on the exchange of BSMs. The document covers vehicle classes not addressed in SAE J2945/1 and SAE J3161/1

V2X Core Technical Committee

Vehicle Electronic Programming Stations (VEPS) System Specification for Win32

J2461_202211 (Historical)

11/22/2022

SAE J2461 specifies the recommended practices of a Vehicle Electronics Programming Stations (VEPS) architecture.in a Win32® environment. This system specification, SAE J2461, was a revision of the requirements for Vehicle Electronics Programming Stations (VEPS) set forth in SAE J2214, Vehicle Electronics Programming Stations (VEPS) System Specification for Programming Components at OEM Assembly Plants (Cancelled Jun 2004). The J2214 standard has been cancelled indicating that it is no longer needed or relevant

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

Design and Validation of a High-Level Controller for Automotive Active Systems

10-07-01-0006

11/07/2022

Active systems, from active safety to energy management, play a crucial role in the development of new road vehicles. However, the increasing number of controllers creates an important issue regarding complexity and system integration. This article proposes a high-level controller managing the individual active systems—namely, Torque Vectoring (TV), Active Aerodynamics, Active Suspension, and Active Safety (Anti-lock Braking System [ABS], Traction Control, and Electronic Stability Program [ESP])—through a dynamic state variation. The high-level controller is implemented and validated in a simulation environment, with a series of tests, and evaluate the performance of the original design and the proposed high-level control. Then, a comparison of the Virtual Driver (VD) response and the Driver-in-the-Loop (DiL) behavior is performed to assess the limits between virtual simulation and real-driver response in a lap time condition. The main advantages of the proposed design methodology are

de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Carello, Massimiliana

Letter from the Special Issue Editors

10-06-04-0022

11/04/2022

Letter from the Special Issue Editors

Kaldas, Mina, Trimboli, Sergio, Recker, Darrel, Hoersken, Christian

Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of a Hybrid Brake-by-Wire System for Electric Vehicles

10-06-04-0031

10/13/2022

Recent trends in automotive engineering, such as electrification and automatization, are opening chances as well as challenges due to the increased demand on new chassis components (e.g., drivetrain, brakes, steering, suspension, etc.) and control methods. This fast-growing market requires new methods to frontload as much efforts as possible to early design stages. The present article deals with a relevant case study on anti-lock braking system (ABS) design and tuning via hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests and rapid control prototyping (RCP) techniques on a hybrid brake-by-wire (BBW) system. Three types of wheel slip control algorithms are tested and benchmarked against each other. It was demonstrated that HIL simulations are suitable to develop vehicle subsystems and control strategies in a quite realistic manner even if the target vehicle or prototype is not available yet. Moreover, the benefits of continuous control approaches against classical rule-based wheel slip control were shown

Heydrich, Marius, Ivanov, Valentin, Bertagna, Alessandro, Rossi, Alessandro, Mazzoni, Matteo, Bücner, Florian

Redundancy Control of Anti-lock Braking System Based on Electro-hydraulic Braking System

10-07-01-0004

09/13/2022

As the basic function of the active safety configuration of a vehicle, the anti-lock braking system will compromise the driving safety if it fails. Based on the self-designed electro-hydraulic braking system, this article proposes an anti-lock brake redundant control architecture. The electro-hydraulic braking system is mainly composed of four parts: a brake pedal unit, a hydraulic drive unit, a brake execution unit, and a control unit. The mechanical structure is compact and exquisite, and the system has the function of precise and adjustable hydraulic pressure. The control architecture adopts a hierarchical control design, which is mainly composed of an upper wheel slip rate controller and a lower hydraulic pressure controller. Both the upper and lower controllers use a sliding mode variable structure control to improve the robustness and accuracy of the control. The upper slip rate controller outputs the desired master cylinder hydraulic pressure with the optimum slip rate of the

Liu, Yiping, Pei, Xiaofei, Guo, Xuexun

Initial Pitch Control for Semi-active Suspension System

10-06-04-0027

08/18/2022

The aim of this study is to develop an Add-On Feature that could support the semi-active suspension system controller during longitudinal dynamics maneuvers. The Add-On Feature called Initial Pitch Control (IPC) is activated during launching, shifting, and braking to enhance the pitch motion characteristics and road-holding capability. A sixteen degrees-of-freedom (DoF) vehicle mathematical model represents the vertical and longitudinal dynamics developed and validated via laboratory and road tests. A hydraulic four-poster test rig is used to carry out the laboratory tests for the vertical dynamics verification, while the longitudinal dynamic verification is achieved through the performed tests on a highway track. In order to design the IPC algorithm, the Rule-Optimized (RO) semi-active suspension controller, an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) controller, and seven gears Dual-Clutch Transmission (DCT) controller are implemented in the vehicle model. An optimization routine has been

Kaldas, Mina M., Rivas, Jorge, Soliman, Aref M.A.

Military Tire Glossary

J2013_202207 (Current)

07/06/2022

This glossary of tire military/industry represents the latest state-of-the-art terms and definitions for military use. This SAE Recommended Practice shall remain open for comments from the reader and shall also be reviewed and updated periodically. Many similar terms and definitions were reviewed from which the ones best applied to military use were selected. It is the purpose of this task force to provide technical definitions in present day use

Truck and Bus Tire Committee

Braking System Definitions - Truck and Bus

J2627_202207 (Current)

07/06/2022

This SAE Recommended Practice identifies and defines terms specifically related to truck and bus braking systems including Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) and Electronically Controlled Braking Systems (ECBS

Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee

Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Control System Integrated with Neural Network-Predictive Control for Air Suspension System to Improve Both Ride and Braking Characteristics

2022-01-5053

06/24/2022

In this paper, the performance of a controlled air suspension system is integrated with the controlled braking system. In order to improve both ride comfort and dynamic stability, the neural network (NN)-predictive control is designed as a system controller for the air suspension system to minimize vertical, pitch, and roll motions. The rate of controlled force generated by the air suspension system is changed according to external excitation transmitted from road roughness to the vehicle body. PID controller is designed for the antilock braking system (ABS) to improve braking performance. Interval type-2 fuzzy control system (IT-2FCS) is also designed as an integrated controller to generate desired paths for both the NN-predictive controller and PID controller. Desired paths are achieved based on tuned dynamic responses of the vehicle suspension system and the relative skid ratio. Pneumatic suspension system with tuned desired paths is compared with both pneumatic suspension system

Shehata Gad, Ahmed

Requirements for Probe Data Collection Applications

J2945/C_202206 (Current)06/09/2022

Connected vehicles can provide data from multiple sensors that monitor both the vehicle and the environment through which the vehicle is passing. The data, when shared, can be used to enhance and optimize transportation operations and management—specifically, traffic flow and infrastructure maintenance. This document describes an interface between vehicle and infrastructure for collecting vehicle/probe data. That data may represent a single point in time or may be accumulated over defined periods of time or distance, or may be triggered based on circumstance. The purpose of this document is to define an interoperable means of collecting the vehicle/probe data in support of the use cases defined herein. There are many additional use cases that may be realized based on the interface defined in this document. Note that vehicle diagnostics are not included within the scope of this document, but diagnostics-related features may be added to probe data in a future supplemental document

Infrastructure Applications Technical Committee

Sizing Criteria for Stored Energy Systems Used for Emergency Braking

ARP6952 (Current)

05/24/2022

A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee

Comparison Of Performance In Vehicle Braking With Active And Inactive ABS System

2021-36-0072

02/04/2022

The invention of the wheel was an important milestone in the history of mankind. With it was possible to significantly reduce the friction between an object and the ground, requiring less force to move them and making it possible to transport items of interest. The use of the wheel in vehicles brought great advantages, however, it became necessary to control the speed, to avoid accidents with the environment around it. As a result, there was a need for the development of brake systems. The main function of the brake system is the transmission of the braking torque to the wheels, through the conversion of kinetic energy into heat. However, conventional brake systems had a serious problem with the car's ability to control while braking. The ability to control the vehicle, known as handling, is dependent on the adhesion between the tire and the ground. Driving loss occurs when the wheels lock during braking. To solve this problem, the Antilock Brake System (ABS) was created, an active

Fiorentin, Thiago Antonio, De Borba, Thiago

Requirements for Road Weather Applications

J2945/3_202201 (Current)01/24/2022

Inclement weather can have a significant impact on surface transportation systems. It can result in hazardous conditions for travelers due to poor visibility, or wet or icy roadways. Weather applications have the potential to provide additional data to surface transportation infrastructure owners and operators, allowing them to better assess the impacts of the weather environment on or around the roadway and to better manage the surface transportation system. Such weather applications can: Collect road weather data from connected vehicles and mobile devices, increasing the number of data sources available. Provide road weather related traveler information to travelers via connected vehicles and devices, such as when and where a hazardous condition exists. Provide the ability to manage road weather response on specific roadways. This SAE Standard specifies interface requirements between vehicles and infrastructure for weather applications, including detailed systems engineering

V2X Core Technical Committee

Modeling Rack Force for Steering Maneuvers in a Stationary Vehicle

2021-01-128710/11/2021

A steering system converts circular motion of the steering wheel into yaw motion of the road-wheels. In absence of a steering assist mechanism, the driver torque overcomes the tire-road friction forces, which is transmitted to the steering rack through tie rods attached to the road-wheels. The net force acting on the rack is then transmitted to the steering wheel through mechanical linkages which results in a natural haptic feedback, commonly referred to as the steering feel. In an electric/hydraulic power steering, an electro-mechanical actuator applies assist force, which reduces the torque required by the driver. In order to maintain stability of the power steering system while generating a desired steering feel, it is therefore crucial to accurately model steering rack force. We present a model for the rack force, which is generated while performing steering maneuvers in a stationary vehicle. In contrast to the well-known LuGre tire friction model, our rack force model is simpler

Kant, Nilay, Chitkara, Raunav, Pramod, Prerit

Designing a Next Generation Trailer Braking System

2021-01-1268

10/11/2021

Passenger vehicles have made astounding technological leaps in recent years. Unfortunately, little of that progress has trickled down to other segments of the transportation industry leaving opportunities for massive gains in safety and performance. In particular, the electric drum brakes on most consumer trailers differ little from those on trailers over 70 years ago. Careful examination of current production passenger vehicle hardware and trailering provided the opportunity to produce a design and test vehicle for a plausible, practical, and performant trailer braking system for the future. This study equips the trailer with high control frequency antilock braking and dynamic torque distribution through use of passenger vehicle grade apply hardware. Combining an electrically boosted one-box brake actuator with a complement of sensors allows one to leverage existing brake and chassis controls to produce high performance with minimal controls changes and off the shelf hardware in the

Reini, Steven, Spry, Douglas, Marmara, Stacey, Brinkman, Todd

Letter from the Special Issue Editors

02-14-03-001909/21/2021

Letter from the Special Issue Editors

Duprey, Benjamin, Truemner, Russell, Yang, Xiaobo

Detailed Modeling of Pneumatic Braking in Long Combination Vehicles

02-14-03-002008/23/2021

A detailed model for pneumatic S-cam drum brake systems is developed and integrated into a multibody dynamic model for a 33-ft A-double long combination vehicle (LCV). The model, developed in TruckSim®, is used to study the dynamics of LCVs during straight-line braking at various speeds. It includes the response delay in braking that occurs from the time of application to when the brakes are applied at the drum for all axles. Additionally, the model incorporates an accurate characterization of brake torque versus chamber pressure at different speeds, along with the anti-lock brake system (ABS) dynamics, to yield an accurate prediction of the vehicle’s deceleration during braking. The modeling results are compared with test results at speeds ranging from 20 mph to 65 mph on dry pavement. A close match between the model’s prediction and test results is observed. The model is then used to perform a parametric study that evaluates braking distance and time for different pavement

Zhang, Zichen, Sun, Nan, Chen, Yang, Ahmadian, Mehdi

SAE J1698-1A Pedestrian Protection EDR Output Data Definition, Appendix to SAE J1698-1 Event Data Recorder - Output Data Definition

J1698/1A_202104 (Current)04/30/2021

SAE J1698-1A creates an appendix to SAE J1698-1. The appendix contains EDR Record parameters and definitions related to light duty passenger vehicle pedestrian protection systems

Event Data Recorder Committee

Vehicle OBD II Compliance Test Cases

J1699/3_202104 (Current)04/28/2021

The main purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to verify that vehicles are capable of communicating a minimum subset of information in accordance with the diagnostic test services specified in SAE J1979, or the equivalent document ISO 15031-5. Any software meeting these specifications will utilize the vehicle interface that is defined in SAE J2534. SAE J1699-3 tests shall be run using an SAE J2534-1 (API Version 04.04) Interface. However, the use of an SAE J2534-2 (API Version 04.04) Interface shall be permitted if the following conditions are met: The number of 29-bit ISO 15765 OBD ECUs exceeds the capability of the SAE J2534-1 Interface. The SAE J2534-2 Interface meets or exceeds all of the SAE J2534-1 requirements and also supports the SAE J2534-2 feature “Mixed Format Frames on a CAN Network

Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee

Nonlinear Hydraulic Antilock Braking System and Fuzzy Control with Variable Slip Frequency Control to Improve Stopping Distance in Heterogeneous Road

2021-01-5036

04/16/2021

A lot of the antilock braking system (ABS) models were studied and proposed by the researcher, and were often in the quarter-car model half car model and full car model. The models could be ABS with hydraulics, pneumatic, or eddy current electro magnetic energy transmission for braking processes. Many types of ABS controller method were also studied and developed to achieve the best control response, such as stopping time and distance even steering ability effects of nonlinear braking dynamics and the heterogeneous of road surface-wheel interaction. There are non-intelligent such as Proportional integral derivative (PID), Observer, sliding mode, LQR and artificial intelligence controls such as fuzzy, and neural network (NN) and even a hybrid of both, controllers are commonly applied to control the developed ABS design. This study proposes an improved hydraulic ABS design and a fuzzy controller to control the slip percentage and slip frequency in a heterogeneous road surface, which is a

Harly, Muchammad, Sumarli, Sumarli, Marji, Marji, Hudha, Khisbullah

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