Browse Topic: Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS)

Items (585)
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are increasingly prevalent in light vehicles, both in the United States and worldwide. Moreover, ADAS are steadily being incorporated into regulatory requirements globally. Like ADAS, the automotive aftermarket is also increasing in size and significance. As both ADAS and the aftermarket industry are growing, the effect of aftermarket modifications on ADAS functionality should be examined. However, there is very little information available in the public domain about the effect of aftermarket modifications on original equipment ADAS. This work is centered on a considerable research project that was conducted to address the knowledge gap at the intersection of ADAS and the aftermarket. The project investigates five light vehicles that are important to the aftermarket, including four pickup trucks and one sport-utility vehicle. It focuses solely on the effect of popular aftermarket suspension modifications, and it does not evaluate aftermarket ADAS equipment. Typical suspension modifications were applied to the test vehicles in five modification categories, including stock, lower kits, level kits, 3–4 in. lift kits, and 6 in. lift kits. Six ADAS test procedures were performed for the test vehicles, comprised of blind spot detection, crash imminent braking, lane departure warning, pedestrian automatic emergency braking, rear cross traffic alert, and traffic jam assist. The physical tests were developed based on National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) written experimental procedures. Statistical hypothesis testing was performed for the purpose of determining if average measured dynamic responses varied in the modified vehicles compared to stock. The results show that vehicles modified with typical aftermarket modifications will likely retain their ADAS functionality, given the limitations of the small sample size of five vehicles. Vehicles with 6 in. lift kits are expected to exhibit greater variability in their dynamic responses compared to stock. Plans for future work and unanswered research questions are outlined, with the goal of advancing aftermarket ADAS integration and ensuring the safety and performance of modified vehicles.
Bastiaan, Jennifer M.Morales, LuisMuller, Mike
The development and validation of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving systems (ADS) are shifting from traditional linear V-model processes toward more iterative engineering cycles. Despite faster iteration, these safety-critical systems remain subject to stringent regulations. Standards and guidance, including UNECE UN Regulation No. 157 and ISO/TS 5083, emphasize traceability, transparency, and explainability throughout development and validation. Nevertheless, as ADAS/ADS are developed and validated in faster, more iterative release cycles, additional stakeholders become involved and new explainability requirements emerge. These requirements vary between stakeholders and across development, validation, and post-market deployment phases, yet they are not systematically captured in the current state of research and practice. Therefore, to ensure that explainability supports rapid iteration, it is essential to identify relevant stakeholders and specify their explainability needs. Standards such as IEEE Standard 7001-2021 provide a broad foundation for transparency in autonomous systems. However, their generic nature does not address the domain-specific complexities of ADAS/ADS. Furthermore, a conceptual gap remains between general transparency principles and explainability requirements in automotive development and validation. Building on IEEE Standard 7001-2021, this paper first offers a stakeholder taxonomy in the context of ADAS/ADS, then proposes a stakeholder-oriented analysis of explainability requirements within an automated driving use case and contexts. This analysis specifically focuses on the motivations for requiring explainability and the necessary explanation modalities. Finally, the paper discusses the limitations of the analysis and outlines directions for future research. The results of the paper provide a structured guideline for stakeholder-oriented explainability requirements in ADAS/ADS.
Liu, XuanhengBairy, AkhilaPaudel, BijayAdolph, LaurenzHeck, MelanieHettich, LennardNägele, Ann-ThereseRudolf, KorbinianBause, KatharinaDüser, TobiasSchwammberger, Maike
This paper investigates the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within radar-based perception for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) under safety considerations aligned with ISO 26262 [1] for functional safety and ISO 21448 (SOTIF) [2] for performance-related safety of the intended functionality. The study evaluates a hybrid architecture in which AI-based perception modules are combined with deterministic supervisory mechanisms to maintain safety compliance. A simulation-based case study using CARLA with radar sensor modeling is presented to compare a deterministic radar perception pipeline with an AI-enhanced approach under nominal and degraded environmental conditions. Performance is evaluated using precision, recall, and F1 score metrics. Results indicate improved recall and F1 score under adverse scenarios for the AI-based perception module, accompanied by a moderate increase in false positives. The paper discusses architectural constraints required to limit non-deterministic behavior, including confidence gating, deterministic supervision, and scenario-based validation. The findings are limited to simulation and are intended to provide preliminary insights into the technical and safety implications of incorporating AI-based radar perception within ISO 26262-compliant ADAS architectures.
Jain, Yesha
Ultrasonic sensors are widely deployed in automotive driver assistance systems for near-range environment perception and provide safety-relevant inputs for functions such as parking assistance and automated parking. With increasing vehicle automation, the integrity and availability of ultrasonic sensor data become more critical, as compromised measurements may lead to incorrect vehicle decisions and hazardous behavior. While prior research has extensively studied physical attacks on ultrasonic sensors, a structured cybersecurity risk analysis in accordance with automotive cybersecurity standards, combined with experimental validation, is largely missing. In particular, the communication interface between ultrasonic sensors and control units has received limited attention despite its relevance as a potential attack surface. This paper presents a systematic security analysis of an automotive ultrasonic sensing system based on a demonstrator setup. The work applies a Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment methodology aligned with ISO/SAE 21434 and HEAVENS 2.0 to identify security-relevant assets, threat scenarios, and attack paths. Risk levels are derived by evaluating potential impact and attack feasibility. To validate the risk assessment, a structured test strategy is developed using the ISTQB test process and translated into laboratory experiments. Both digital attacks targeting the sensor communication interface, with DSI3 selected as the representative protocol, and physical manipulations of the sensor environment are examined. Experimental results show that selected communication-level attacks can be realized with moderate effort and can cause controlled falsification or loss of measurement data. Physical environmental manipulations significantly degrade signal quality but do not fully suppress object detection in the evaluated configuration. The findings largely confirm the initial risk assessment while enabling refinement of attack feasibility parameters. The results provide a validated linkage between automotive cyber-security risk assessment methods and practical testing of ultrasonic sensing systems and underline the importance of jointly addressing communication interfaces and physical effects in future security concept development.
Gahm, SebastianHaller, JonathanKriesten, Reiner
Automotive Engineering: June 202626AUTP066/4/2026
New York 2026: diversity on full display New powertrain choices keep popping up on new vehicles from OEMs that debuted at NYIAS this year. Sealing integrity in a Formula 1 limited-slip differential High-temperature hydraulic control in a Formula 1 drivetrain requires dimensional stability, controlled sealing force, and resistance to wear under sustained pressure cycling. Inside the limited-slip differential, the sealing architecture plays a defined mechanical role in maintaining consistent torque management under race conditions. From ADAS to autonomy How engineering thermoplastics can advance sensor-based technologies. Synthetic data and the future of ADAS validation Why ADAS validation can't be solved with more miles alone. Intelligent power distribution will change the way vehicles are designed Electronic fuse (eFuse) technology can create electronic power distribution modules (ePDMs) for architectural flexibility, higher reliability, greater safety, and proactive maintenance. Editorial Maybe more than ever, let's talk transportation diversity The Navigator Can legacy automakers finally succeed with SDVs? AI scares and excites cybersecurity professionals at WCX Expert claims war hurting China's already-struggling economy NHTSA open to negotiated rulemaking on some safety issues Resilient propulsion strategies require options Driven: Honda Fastport eQuad Prototype Product Briefs Spotlight: Connectors & harnesses, EV thermal management Q&A Neural Concept's Thomas von Tschammer: Working with AI at speed
In the two months since Microvision bought Luminar and acquired key tech and talent, the sensor company has been busy. In that time, they've merged key lidar units from each company and created a perception software stack to run it in a convincing demo of its ADAS and autonomous capabilities. The company is also pushing innovative lidar tech into the defense drone and antidrone markets, already working with a German defense supplier that works with NATO member countries.
Clonts, Chris
Bird accidental collision with overhead transmission lines poses a threat to the ecology of rare bird populations. This article analyzes the warning measures to prevent birds from accidental collisions at home and abroad. In response to the low efficiency of manual installation and the poor static warning effect in preventing birds from accidental collisions with overhead transmission lines, the visual characteristics of birds are analyzed. A drone-based automatic installation flash-type bird accidental collision warning device is proposed, which includes a fixture, a disc, and a luminous circuit. The fixture can be carried and installed on the overhead line by a drone and can be easily disassembled. The disc adopts eye-catching colors and has a hollow structure to reduce wind resistance load. The luminous circuit includes solar panels, charge and discharge control circuits, flicker control circuits, batteries, and luminous components. The drone suspension warning device test was conducted, and the results showed that the device can be easily suspended from the overhead line by the drone.
Wang, JianWang, XiulongLiu, BinLi, DanyuXu, Xunjian
Roadway departures remain a major cause of crashes, injuries, and fatalities on U.S. roads. Technologies such as lane keeping assist (LKA) and lane centering assist (LCA) can help mitigate these crashes, but their development involves extensive characterization of the parameter space in which they operate. Lane and road departures (LDs/RDs) and lane changes (LCs) must be systematically described and quantified to distinguish kinematic features, identify contributing factors, and benchmark system influence on lateral control. This study developed a unified pipeline to mine over 36 million miles of naturalistic driving study (NDS) data collected from more than 3800 participants. The pipeline integrates various types of signals to detect roadway boundary crossings, classify LKA-relevant scenarios, and extract roadway, driver, environmental, and assistance-related parameters. Lane keeping epochs with and without LKA were also extracted to quantify system influence on lateral control. In the NDS analysis, crashes include both object contact events and RDs, defined as non-premeditated departures from the intended travel surface involving at least one tire. Analysis of pre-identified crashes in the NDS showed that unintentional RDs accounted for 5.67%, unintentional LDs for 1.76%, and intentional LCs for 1.55%, corresponding to lower-bound rates of 2.7, 0.8, and 0.7 crashes per million vehicle miles traveled. RD crashes were predominantly right-sided, LD crashes left-sided, and both were overrepresented on curves and under adverse conditions. Loss of control preceded 22% of RD crashes and 69% of LD crashes. Beyond crashes and near-crashes (CNCs), the algorithm identified approximately 3 million LCs and 0.3 million LDs/RDs. LCs typically involved larger crossing angles that decreased with speed, while departures clustered within 0°–2°. Compared with CNCs, these occurred at higher speeds and smaller angles. LKA consistently reduced lateral variability without biasing the mean offset.
Ali, GibranTerranova, PaoloWilliams, VickiHolley, DustinSaffy, JoshuaAntona-Makoshi, JacoboKefauver, KevinShull, EmilyLi, EricVenegas, Michael
To reduce traffic fatalities through vehicle safety measures, particular attention must be given to cyclist-related fatalities. Clarifying the characteristics of hazardous events leading to cyclist fatalities, not only by vehicle speed range but also by vehicle type, is essential and should be based on analyses of real-world accident data. Accordingly, this study aimed to characterize fatal cyclist accidents involving vehicles traveling at low and high speeds in Japan. We used macro accident data from the Japanese Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis covering the period from 2013 to 2022. Based on nine vehicle types, we investigated the effects of road type, vehicle behavior, and accident type on cyclist fatalities. Additionally, we identified the five most frequent accident scenarios separately for each low- and high-speed category. At signalized intersections, the proportions of cyclist fatalities involving vehicles traveling at low speeds were higher than those involving vehicles traveling at high speeds across all vehicle types. In contrast, on straight roads, the proportions at low speeds were lower than those at high speeds for all vehicle types. In the low-speed range, cyclist fatalities within the top five scenarios accounted for 65% of all fatalities, with the most frequent scenario occurring at signalized intersections during left-turn maneuvers, where heavy-duty trucks accounted for 86% of the fatalities. In the high-speed range, cyclist fatalities within the top five scenarios accounted for 71% of all fatalities. The most frequent high-speed scenario involved crossing collisions at unsignalized intersections when vehicles traveled straight, with light passenger cars and sedans accounting for 29% and 24% of the fatalities, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of targeted traffic safety regulations and vehicle technologies aimed at reducing vehicle–cyclist collisions across different speed ranges.
Matsui, YasuhiroOikawa, Shoko
NHTSA is conducting research to evaluate the current state-of-the-art technology for lane departure warning (LDW) and lane-keeping assistance (LKA) technology. NHTSA is undertaking research to understand the nature of real-world lane departures and recovery behaviors. While some information about lane departures can be learned from crash datasets, the purpose of this work was to mine simulator datasets for lane departures, analyze them in greater detail than is possible from crash reports or naturalistic studies, and link their characteristics to driver drowsiness. The objective of the study was to determine whether there are differences in lane departure characteristics as a function of driver drowsiness. This research used a novel approach by combining data from six different driving simulator studies on driver drowsiness. The dataset included a sample of 380 drivers. Study drives occurred during overnight hours after periods of sleep deprivation, with participants being awake for at least 16 h prior to driving. Study drives ranged in duration from relatively short 45-min to nearly 4 h. The datasets were reduced to characterize 5805 individual lane departures. Lane departures were delineated into three phases (pre-departure, departure, and recovery) and two transition points (onset and reentry) to capture driver behaviors under drowsiness. We hypothesized that lane departures would look different under different levels of drowsiness. Drives took place across a range of roadway environments that included interstate highways, rural highways, rural roads, and low-speed urban areas. Drowsiness was sampled at points before, during, and after the drive using self-ratings [Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) or Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS)] as well as the expert Observational Rating of Drowsiness (ORD). High levels of drowsiness were associated with a narrow speed range at highway speeds and the least amount of throttle input, while low levels of drowsiness had more steering activity, more throttle input, and a broader range of speeds. The results of this study will improve understanding of vehicle kinematics and driver behavior in drowsy lane departures using a safe methodology to help address crash dataset limitations.
Schwarz, ChrisGaspar, JohnShull, EmilyVenegas, Michael
The objective of this study was to characterize and compare pedestrian automatic emergency braking (PAEB) pulses in modern light vehicles to understand the loading environment that vehicle occupants are being exposed to during PAEB maneuvers. PAEB tests (n = 8008) conducted using 2018–2023 vehicle model years were analyzed. Pulse, vehicle, and impact characteristics (e.g., jerk, peak acceleration, pedestrian scenario, etc.) were derived from each PAEB test. Two k-means clustering analyses were used to group PAEB pulses with and without target collisions based on their similarity between characteristics. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests were performed on the PAEB pulse characteristics to examine differences between clusters (p < 0.05). Two non-collision clusters (NC1 and NC2) were identified for PAEB pulses without collisions: NC1 had a statistically significant lower jerk (0.8 ± 0.4 g/s) and peak acceleration (1.0 ± 0.1 g) compared to NC2 (1.6 ± 0.8 g/s and 0.9 ± 0.1 g, respectively, p < 0.001). NC1 was mostly represented by stationary adult (88.6%), 60 km/h (99.5%), and 40 km/h (62.2%) tests. NC2 was mostly represented by crossing scenarios (child: 92.3%; adult: 70.5%) and 20 km/h (96.2%) tests. Three collision clusters (C1, C2, and C3) were identified for PAEB pulses with collisions. C3 showed a greater jerk (1.5 ± 0.8 g/s) compared to C1 (0.9 ± 0.6 g/s) and C2 (1.1 ± 0.9 g/s, p < 0.001). These results suggest that with successful avoidance, deceleration begins earlier with higher speeds and a stationary pedestrian, resulting in potentially milder loading conditions for vehicle occupants (i.e., lower jerk in NC1 vs NC2). With unsuccessful avoidance, in daytime pedestrian crossing scenarios, lower impact speeds were observed, resulting in potentially non-optimal loading conditions (i.e., higher jerk and peak acceleration in C3) for vehicle occupants. At night with low beams, C2 may result in advantageous loading conditions for vehicle occupants (i.e., lower jerk and peak acceleration), but it may lead to the worst outcome for pedestrians (i.e., greatest impact speed).
Witmer, MaitlandKidd, DavidGraci, Valentina
Programs that teach older drivers how to confidently and competently use advanced vehicle technologies (AVTs) are limited. The MOVETech study evaluated a training program specifically designed to teach older drivers how to use these technologies. Participants (n = 119) were randomized to the intervention (training program) or control group (brochure). The intervention involved an in-person classroom education session on the use and benefits of AVTs, and an on-road driving session where participants drove along a pre-defined route in a dual-controlled vehicle with instruction on AVT use by a driving instructor. All participants completed in-person and telephone assessments at baseline and 3 months. Driving performance and on-road AVT competence assessments were the primary outcomes. Self-reported driving confidence, competence, and confidence in use of AVT, crashes, citations, and count of vehicle damage were the secondary outcomes. Program fidelity was also evaluated using a checklist. At 3 months, overall driving performance was high (96/100) and similar between groups. The intervention group, however, had slightly higher competence in AVT use (77 vs 73), but the between-group difference was not statistically significant (4.14, 95% CI −4.85 to 13.13). There were no differences in secondary outcomes. Program fidelity was high for all classroom sessions but varied for on-road sessions due to external and environmental factors, which impacted how AVT was demonstrated. The findings indicate AVT competence and confidence may be improved by combining classroom and on-road sessions, and importantly, that this type of program is feasible and very well-accepted among older drivers. Future work could target drivers with new vehicles who are unfamiliar with AVT to determine potential real-world benefits. This study provides evidence for vehicle manufacturers and policymakers to explore efficient ways of providing support to older drivers with AVT.
Nguyen, HelenRen, KerrieCoxon, KristyNeville, NickO’Donnell, JoanCheal, BethBrown, JulieKeay, Lisa
While an enlarged lead time from risk notifications to collisions is widely acknowledged to facilitate safe driving, it remains challenging to effectively notify drivers of invisible risks and non-apparent risks coming from uncertain behaviors on the part of road users. The current study examined whether verbal notifications are able to assist early awareness of predictive risks. We also attempted to identify human and environmental factors that could possibly improve the effectiveness of predictive risk information. Twenty-eight licensed drivers participated in a public road test conducted in two different urban areas on 3 days. They drove predefined courses on which potential risk locations were identified prior to the test, using a sport utility vehicle equipped with an automatic verbal notification system triggered based on the distance to the potential risk locations. After passing through the locations each time, the participants were instructed to verbally evaluate the shift in awareness provided by the notification and the usefulness of the assistance. After the driving test was completed, we acquired a subjective evaluation on annoyance acceptability and a self-report of participants’ road usage frequency at notified locations in daily life, as well as questionnaires on their driving style and workload sensitivity. We found that the effectiveness of verbal notifications increased by conveying uncertainty risks at visible locations and by using interrogative sentences or expressions of risk target perspective, although it decreased as a function of age. Our model showed strong performance in predicting positive ratings for the notifications, but this was not the case for negative ratings. We identified individual characteristics and the risk factor of uncertainty as important features in our model. In conclusion, the findings provide an important reference for understanding the early notification of predictive risk and constructing a numerical model for the implementation of assistance systems in vehicles and nomadic devices.
Maruyama, MasakiKoyama, KeiichiroEzaki, ToruSakamoto, JunichiSawada, YutaMatsuoka, Takahiro
This research examined the performance of SAE Level 2 (L2) advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) in crash-imminent scenarios (CIS), with particular attention to how vehicle configuration like body style and powertrain (internal combustion engine, plug-in hybrid, electric vehicle) influences vehicle system performance. The objectives were to (1) identify CIS relevant to L2-equipped vehicles using crash databases and naturalistic driving studies (NDSs), (2) develop scenario-based test procedures and test matrices, and (3) evaluate system and vehicle responses across configurations and conditions. Multiple crash data sources were analyzed, including NHTSA’s Standing General Order dataset of L2-related crashes, the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, the Crash Report Sampling System, and NDS data from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program and the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute L2 NDS. Coded variable analyses from the datasets identified three common CIS: lane and road departures, rear-end striking events, and intersection conflicts. Supporting variables such as speed, roadway condition, and driver actions were also extracted to characterize scenarios and inform test development. Tests were executed at a closed-track testing facility using four vehicles selected for diversity of L2 systems, body types, and powertrains. Phase 0 exploratory testing assessed vehicle kinematics and L2 responses to refine the test matrix. Phases 1 and 2 conducted controlled evaluations of selected CIS, with expansion factors reflecting real-world crash variability. The testing highlighted interactions between L2 features and active safety systems. For example, results showed that all four vehicles employed distinct hand-off strategies between L2 longitudinal control and active safety systems during rear-end striking crash scenarios, and AEB engagement was strongly correlated with TTC at the moment the vehicle identified the crash partner. This work contributes novel insights into vehicle L2 and ADAS behavior in CIS events across multiple factors and provides a structured framework to evaluate system behavior for those crash-imminent scenarios.
Beale, GregoryKefauver, KevinVenegas, MichaelLi, EricChen, JayHuggins, StevenGuduri, BalachandarLlaneras, Eddy
Drivers frequently encounter Type II dilemma zones at signalized intersections, where the decision to stop or proceed during the onset of a yellow indication can be ambiguous. Decision-making relies on drivers’ expectations of the yellow change interval duration and behavioral factors. While boundaries of these zones are well studied, less is known about how familiar drivers are with their local yellow indication laws, which vary from state to state, and whether their typical reactions to yellow indications align with the laws. Existing interventions like signal timing adjustments, improved vehicle detection, and advance warning signs reduce the number of drivers caught in dilemma zones but may not reach distracted drivers. In-vehicle alerts tailored to dilemma zone scenarios are a potential solution not yet implemented widely in North America. This study addresses how drivers may interpret these alerts. A web-based survey of 640 licensed drivers in Michigan and Washington (ages 18–85) assessed respondents’ knowledge of their state’s law, typical responses to yellow indications, interpretations of proposed in-vehicle alerts, and preferences for alert modality, frequency, and placement. These states were selected for their differing yellow indication laws—restrictive in Michigan, permissive in Washington. Nine alert visuals were tested, including pairs of implicit and explicit messages, and were inspired by or designed to address gaps in prior research. Respondents evaluated these alerts in response to hypothetical intersection scenarios that varied by the presence of other vehicles. Results revealed a prevalent misunderstanding of local yellow indication laws across both states. Statistical analyses showed significant differences in rankings among the nine alert visuals, and explicit messages showed higher rates of correct interpretation. Findings show overall driver support for dilemma zone alerts, but higher receptivity in drivers who more frequently use other ADAS features and lower receptivity in drivers within older, but not the oldest, age groups. Future research could explore whether these alerts promote safe behaviors aimed at crash avoidance.
Anderson, ErikaJashami, HishamAhmed, AnannaHurwitz, David
Vehicle maneuver data are essential for perception and planning in advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving systems (ADS). While high-quality annotations improve machine-learning performance, existing maneuver datasets remain fragmented, labor-intensive to annotate, and inconsistent in semantic richness. Challenges persist in scalability, interpretability, and contextual labeling. This article establishes a structured framework for maneuver data analysis by combining a systematic review of existing resources with the development of a new multimodal dataset. First, we conduct a systematic review of publicly available datasets such as HDD, KITTI, BDD-X, D2CAV, Brain4Cars, DrivingDojo, and the Driving Behavior Database. We further evaluate the data modality and sensor configurations including event data recorders, onboard logging systems, and smartphone sensing. We then propose the Matt3r Data Collection System with modern metadata management, which integrates video, GPS, and IMU signals into temporally coherent clips. Next, we outline the limitations of traditional annotation approaches, which rely on manual labeling and rule-based methods. To address the limitations of traditional manual and semi-automated labeling, we propose a Vision–Language Model (VLM)–driven annotation pipeline. VLMs generate maneuver categories and causal explanations through prompt-based reasoning, with selected outputs refined through human-in-the-loop verification. Finally, we propose an annotation quality evaluation based on accuracy, inter-annotator agreement, credibility, consistency, and efficiency gain. In summary, this article bridges the gap between the environment perception requirements of existing ADAS and ADS systems and the developing capabilities of generative artificial intelligence. By providing a novel and scalable research approach for AI-driven maneuver data annotation and analysis, this article supports data engineering efforts for both research and practical applications aimed at enhancing vehicle safety.
Bai, LingYuan, ChongyuOsman, IslamLin, ZiruiMirab, GhazalSaheb, AmirParnian, NedaShapiro, EvgenyShehata, Mohamed S.Liu, Zheng
This study develops a personalized driver model for expressway merging, embedding individual driving characteristics into automated longitudinal and lateral control via Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. Uniform assistance (Advanced Driver Assist System, ADAS) can feel uncomfortable when it does not match a driver’s style; we therefore target the merge maneuver—a safety-critical task requiring anticipation and timing—and test whether merging-related context improves model fidelity. Driving data were collected in a high-fidelity motion-base simulator across two merging scenarios (13 licensed drivers in total). Inputs comprised ego speed, Headway distance and relative speed to the lead vehicle, and geometric context variables (distance to the end of the acceleration lane and to the hard/soft nose); outputs were longitudinal and, in the cross-scenario study, lateral accelerations. Models were trained per driver and evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE). Including merging context reduced longitudinal error in Experiment 1 (Gotemba IC) by about 30% on average relative to models without context, while errors remained below 0.5 m/s2. In Experiment 2 (Tokyo–Nagoya Expressway vs. Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway), longitudinal and lateral errors were low across both geometries; group-mean trends favored context but were non-significant, reflecting small sample size and inter-individual variability. Questionnaire-based evaluations in the simulator showed ratings close to real driving for discomfort, merge timing, and perceived safety; similarity and willingness to use were slightly higher in the urban expressway scenario, suggesting good user acceptance in constrained conditions. These findings indicate that incorporating merging context enables personalized control that better reflects individual driving behavior, while pointing to future work on generalization across geometries, speed ranges, and richer interaction semantics.
Shen, ShuncongHirose, Toshiya
The influence of modern Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) on the head and neck behavior of the occupants in a vehicle continues to be an active area of research. Occupant kinematics and kinetics were evaluated using a vehicle equipped with a pedestrian AEB system. The vehicle was tested in several different scenarios with speeds between 15 and 45 mph. Two instrumented 50th-percentile male Hybrid-III Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATD) were positioned in certain seats of the vehicle, while minimally instrumented human volunteers occupied the remaining seats. Displacement transducers and video analysis were utilized to capture the kinematics of each occupant. The findings of this study indicate that in AEB-only events with belted-occupants, the test vehicle did not result in any occupant motion that would have placed the occupants out-of-position (OOP) had an impact occurred immediately following the AEB event. This means that when evaluating real-world AEB events, it may not be necessary to analyze and model properly seated and restrained occupant kinematics prior to an impact event when only AEB occurs. Consistent with the published literature, the kinetic results continue to show that the belted occupant exposure is significantly below any accepted injury criteria and is comparable to routine activities of daily living. Tests were also completed in two seating configurations with unbelted ATDs to evaluate the difference in vehicle braking (if any) and the excursion differences when unbelted. The study found greater excursion for unbelted ATDs compared to that of belted volunteers and provides a sample of unbelted ATD kinematics via AEB activation.
Bartholomew, MeredithDahiya, AkshayRussell, CalebMorr, DouglasCastro, ElaineNguyen, An
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) has become a widely adopted driver-assist technology, designed primarily to regulate a vehicle’s longitudinal movement while maintaining a safe following distance from the preceding vehicle. A key performance criterion is the system’s ability to detect and respond to both moving and stationary target vehicles within the ego vehicle’s path. While manufacturers typically validate ACC performance within specific speed ranges, responding to stationary objects remains particularly challenging due to limited sensor range, difficulty in detecting distant stationary targets, and constrained deceleration capabilities. Beyond certified operating limits, overall system reliability may degrade. Nonetheless, increasing industry and regulatory expectations are driving the need to extend ACC functionality across wider and more clearly defined speed domains. Modern ACC systems are further evolving to recognize and respond to various road features, including traffic lights, STOP signs, intersections, curved road segments, and roundabouts—an expanding set of scenarios enabled by multi-sensor fusion and map integration using standard definition (SD) and high definition (HD) maps. Regulatory frameworks are increasingly addressing these map-based functionalities. This paper investigates the interaction between map-based functionalities and traditional ACC behavior, specifically examining how map integration enhances ACC responsiveness to critical scenarios. Due to the wide variety of possible cases, this study focuses on stationary vehicle encounters, recognized as the most challenging and safety-critical scenario, particularly at higher speeds. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the impact of map-based augmentation on ACC performance, with results demonstrating performance improvements. For instance, at 50 mph on straight roads, the ego vehicle safely stopped ~4 meters from the target stationary vehicle using map-based anticipatory braking, compared to less than 1 meter with traditional ACC. These findings highlight the extended operational capability and safety benefits offered by the proposed approach, even beyond conventional speed limits.
Awathe, ArpitPatel, DarshMathur, DhruvRaut, Abhinandan Vijay
The emergence of AI-driven autonomy in modern vehicles marks a pivotal evolution in transportation, but it also introduces deep system-level vulnerabilities that span from sensor interface tampering to compute unit compromise and untrusted communication links. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) operate as distributed intelligent systems, relying on real-time data exchange between zonal gateways, AI compute platforms, and safety-critical electronic control units (ECUs). These interactions must be protected from hardware-based attacks that could compromise functional safety, system integrity, or operational availability. The deployment of AI-driven AVs introduces unprecedented levels of complexity. Sensors, AI compute clusters, and actuators communicate over multiple interfaces including Ethernet, PCIe, and MIPI, exposing vehicles to potential cybersecurity attacks. This paper proposes a unified, layered hardware security architecture tailored for AI-powered automated vehicles. Grounded in current automotive Ethernet and zonal architectures, it provides end-to-end trust using hardware interface security, accelerated- cryptography, and SRAM PUF-based key provisioning. All security primitives are anchored to hardware root of trust, delivering cryptographic identity, secure boot enforcement, and trusted key storage across the entire vehicle lifecycle.
C Suriyanarayanan, PavIacob, Radu
This article investigates the optimization problem of fuel economy for heavy-duty commercial vehicles. A Dynamic Programming–Based Fuel-Saving Predictive Cruise Control (DP-FSPCC) method is proposed, which is based on the Bellman optimality principle and uses the cost function to evaluate the optimal feedback control gain, thereby improving the fuel economy of heavy-duty commercial vehicles on complex roads with varying slopes. To address the issues of low accuracy in road feature representation and poor adaptability to different driving conditions in existing slope reconstruction algorithms, the road ahead is dynamically segmented for high-precision processing by integrating ADASIS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Interface Specifications) map information with significant turning point detection and dynamic sensitivity analysis. An engine fuel consumption mapping model based on local gradient information is established to provide an accurate cost function for dynamic programming. Furthermore, a feedforward optimization mechanism based on slope classification is proposed. This mechanism adopts a differentiated cost function weight design strategy for different road conditions, making the control strategy more in line with actual driving experience, effectively reducing the computational complexity of dynamic programming and improving the real-time performance and optimization efficiency of the algorithm. Finally, through numerical simulations and real-vehicle tests on highways, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method are verified.
Jin, DapengShuai, YueWu, XinJia, TongQiao, ZhiyuanChang, ShiweiMu, Tong
Microchip Technology and Hyundai Motor Group recently announced a collaboration to test 10BASE-T1S Single Pair Ethernet (SPE) technology for advanced in-vehicle networks to provide improved ADAS and connected-vehicle features. HMG told SAE Media it is working with multiple technology partners to review the overall applicability of 10BASE-T1S technology and hopes 10BASE-T1S can help optimize the deployment of gateways and switches. The technology's ethernet-based networking concepts might also contribute to simplifying network design and implementation for future zonal architectures. We also spoke with Matthias Kaestner, corporate vice president of Microchip Technology's data center, networking and automotive business units, about the partnership, via email.
Blanco, Sebastian
As part of this work, the accuracy requirements for the road friction coefficient estimation of a friction-adaptive automatic emergency braking (AEB) system are determined using a complex, nonlinear vehicle model. The AEB system varies its trigger distance depending on an estimated value of the road friction coefficient. The accuracy requirements are determined at a driving speed of 40 km/h depending on the severity classification of ISO 26262 in the statistically relevant Euro NCAP test scenario with a stationary target vehicle. MATLAB/Simulink is used as simulation software. The permissible estimation error (difference between estimated value and road friction coefficient) is determined by the severity classification S1 (light and moderate injuries). The results show that the positive permissible estimation error (road friction coefficient is overestimated) must not exceed about 30% of the road friction coefficient to comply with the severity classification S1 of ISO 26262.
Ahrenhold, TimWielitzka, MarkBinnewies, TomasHenze, Roman
Driving in San Francisco can be a challenge. When Mercedes driver Christoph von Hugo - who is on the Development Advanced Driver Assistance Systems team - turns on the company's new MB. Drive Assist Pro, I expect it to disengage within minutes. Instead, the 2027 electric CLA makes the same decisions most drivers would make. A pedestrian looks like they are about to walk into the street from the middle of the block. Immediately, the car reacts by moving over. It's subtle. But don't call it autonomous driving. Mercedes says it's more of a co-driver.
Baldwin, Roberto
Pedestrians are among the most vulnerable participants in traffic, particularly when crossing the road. Extensive research has been conducted globally on the yielding behavior analysis of vehicle–pedestrian interaction and the design of automatic vehicle braking systems to mitigate pedestrian casualties. However, few studies have comprehensively addressed lateral risks using implicit kinematic cues in pedestrian–vehicle interactions. Moreover, the design of collision avoidance systems has rarely taken into account driving behavior, along with the pedestrian’s kinematics and crossing behavior. This article presents a human-like automatic braking fuzzy control strategy for pedestrian–vehicle collision avoidance, combining the advantages of professional driver emergency braking behavior and kinematic interaction cues. First, a high-fidelity driving simulator is used to investigate the yielding behavior of pedestrian–vehicle interaction when pedestrians cross the road. Second, the intrusion position (XP), as a new lateral risk index, is designed to overcome the limitation of lateral distance in complex pedestrian–vehicle interaction scenarios. Various metrics are considered to analyze driver emergency braking behavior using statistical methods from both lateral and longitudinal aspects. Subsequently, based on driver braking behavior, the human-like automatic braking fuzzy control strategy is proposed. Finally, simulation examples verify the reliability of the analysis results and the proposed controller’s effectiveness. Compared with a conventional automatic braking system, the timing of interventions of the proposed system is on average 2.9 s earlier, and the braking deceleration is reduced by 3.59 m/s2.
Zhang, WenyanHuang, XiaorongSun, ShuleiFu, KairongXiong, QingHuang, Haibo
Integrating intelligent and connected technologies in vehicles has significantly enriched the information environment for drivers, aiding them in making comprehensive driving decisions. However, inadequate information display may lead drivers to miss crucial information or increase their cognitive load, thereby affecting driving safety and user experience. It is essential to study drivers’ preferences for in-vehicle information display, the factors influencing these preferences, and to present information through appropriate modalities and carriers. Drawing on 695 valid questionnaire responses, this study investigates drivers’ preferences for recommendatory, explanatory, alerting, and warning information across three display modalities and six display carriers. A multivariate ordered probability model was further developed to examine the influence of user characteristics on these preferences. The results showed that drivers preferred visual cues over auditory ones, with a selection frequency that was 5.253 times higher (p < 0.001). Additionally, auditory cues were preferred 3.265 times more than tactile cues (p < 0.001). In terms of the interface, drivers favored the center console, which was preferred 1.058 times more than dashboard (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the HUD was found to be significantly better than steering wheel vibrations, being preferred 2.899 times more (p < 0.001). The study found that the choice of message type influences user preferences. Warning messages had a visual choice preference that was 1.669% higher than that for alert messages (p = 0.042). Additionally, auditory choices for alert messages were significantly enhanced, being 11.079% higher than regular messages (p < 0.001). User characteristics also played a significant role in these preferences. Women showed a lower preference for visual messages compared to men, with a ratio of 0.62 (p < 0.05). Senior drivers were less likely to choose visual dashboards, with the likelihood decreasing to 0.82 for each age group (p = 0.017). Furthermore, individuals with higher levels of education showed a preference for auditory messages, with the preference increasing to 1.23 for each education stratum (p < 0.05). The findings provide theoretical support for selecting appropriate modalities and carriers in in-vehicle information displays, particularly for tailoring displays to various information types and user groups.
He, GangDiao, KaiLuo, LongfeiXie, BingjunZhong, YixinQi, Jianping
This study presents the design and implementation of an advanced IoT-enabled, cloud-integrated smart parking system, engineered to address the critical challenges of urban parking management and next-generation mobility. The proposed architecture utilizes a distributed network of ultrasonic and infrared occupancy sensors, each interfaced with a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, to enable precise, real-time monitoring of individual parking spaces. Sensor data is transmitted via secure MQTT protocol to a centralized cloud platform (AWS IoT Core), where it is aggregated, timestamped, and stored in a NoSQL database for scalable, low-latency access. A key innovation of this system is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based space optimization algorithms, leveraging historical occupancy patterns and predictive analytics (using LSTM neural networks) to dynamically allocate parking spaces and forecast demand. The cloud platform exposes RESTful APIs, facilitating seamless interoperability with user-facing mobile and web applications. These interfaces provide end-users with real-time visualization of parking availability, intelligent navigation to optimal spaces, and digital payment integration, thereby minimizing search time and enhancing user convenience. From an administrative perspective, the system delivers comprehensive analytics dashboards, including heatmaps of space utilization, anomaly detection for unauthorized parking, and predictive maintenance alerts for sensor nodes. Field trials conducted across a multi-level parking facility demonstrated a 32% reduction in average vehicle search time and a 21% improvement in space utilization efficiency compared to conventional systems. The end-to-end solution adheres to robust cybersecurity standards (TLS 1.2 encryption, role-based access control) and is designed for modular scalability, supporting integration with smart city infrastructure and electric vehicle charging stations. This research establishes a scalable, intelligent framework for urban parking management, contributing significantly to reduced congestion, optimized resource allocation, and enhanced urban mobility.
Deepan Kumar, SadhasivamS, BalakrishnanDhayaneethi, SivajiBoobalan, SaravananAbdul Rahim, Mohamed ArshadS, ManikandanR, JamunaL, Rishi Kannan
Automotive Engineering: February 202626AUTP022/5/2026
Qualcomm expands partnerships for more Snapdragons Bosch is ready to bring AI to your vehicle, likely to still be ICE-powered in 2035 Etching for a greener future How chemical etching is helping enable next-gen automotive technologies. Rewriting the engineer's playbook: What OEMs must do to spin the AI flywheel The automotive industry's future hinges on a new AI-native engineering workflow that accelerates iteration, strengthens system thinking, and preserves human judgment. From redundancy to resilience: building smarter safety systems through sensor collaboration ADAS sensor fusion can provide improved and required safety technologies by rethinking the best strategy for allowing a car to sense the world. Open Safety is the shortcut to safer ADAS/AD An open safety stack, shared scenarios, benchmarks, and core validation tools can speed certification, reduce duplicated V&V and build public trust while preserving vendor differentiation. Editorial Robots, physical AI shift the focus at CES Supplier Eye A re-regionalized industry GM announces SAE Level 3 autonomy and SDV technology Survey: QNX finds challenges, openings in SDV work Engineering flexibility into EV powertrains Poland making moves to be larger automotive supplier Now playing: MUSiC, the first multi-user SiC fabrication facility in the U.S. Mercedes brings music production into the backseat 2026 Nissan Leaf is fun now. But more importantly, efficient. 2026 Nissan Sentra review: putting the pieces together Product Briefs Spotlight: Inspection software, ADAS detection Q&A DarkSky One wants to make the world a darker place
In response to the decline in vehicle stability and the resulting safety risks caused by inappropriate driver operations during high-speed emergency obstacle avoidance, a human–machine cooperative control strategy based on driver operation recognition is proposed. The strategy establishes a vehicle controllability boundary by integrating real-time driver inputs with tire adhesion limits, enabling dynamic evaluation of the influence of operations on system controllability and identification of potential inappropriate operations. On this basis, a control authority allocation mechanism is developed, capable of adaptively adjusting to vehicle states and driver operations. By combining road boundary constraints with vehicle stability envelope constraints, the strategy dynamically regulates the steering angle, ensuring vehicle stability while retaining the driver’s effective intentions as much as possible. Unlike conventional path-tracking or single-envelope control approaches, the proposed method achieves early identification and proactive mitigation of instability risks induced by inappropriate driver operations, thereby reducing associated safety hazards. To validate the effectiveness of the strategy, two representative scenarios, double lane change and curve avoidance, were designed. Simulation and driver-in-the-loop experiments demonstrate superior performance in terms of vehicle stability, human–machine cooperation, and safety, achieving a higher level of coordinated control and performance balance. The findings provide new insights into the design of human–machine cooperative control strategies under extreme conditions, contributing to enhanced fault tolerance of intelligent driving systems against inappropriate driver operations and improved driving safety.
Liu, YangyiZhou, BingWu, XiaojianJiang, XiaokunCui, Qingjia
SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected VehiclesR-5591/20/2026
The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest global standards, research, and innovations, this dictionary bridges the gap between theory and application. It fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, supports safer system design, and provides clarity for those engaged in regulatory development or technology deployment. As the pace of mobility innovation accelerates, precise and accessible communication becomes indispensable. SAE International remains committed to advancing global transportation knowledge—empowering professionals to navigate, contribute to, and shape the future of intelligent, connected, and sustainable mobility with confidence and clarity.
Quigley, Jon M.Gulve, AmolKrishnamoorthy, Jayalekshmi
Parking in confined spaces can be quite challenging. It is often a herculean task to align the vehicle in the parking slots where the driver has to make several attempts to park properly. One such ingenious technology that augments vehicle handling, directional controlling and overall driving agility is torque vectoring. It is becoming a pioneer in creating smarter, more responsive vehicles unlike traditional vehicles. With torque vectoring, EV’s can precisely control the torque delivered to each wheel with independent motors per wheel. In confined spaces as well by selectively distributing torque to individual wheels, it optimizes traction and vehicle control, making tasks like parking, sharp turns, and navigating narrow streets smoother and more efficiently. This paper confers about the use of torque vectoring techniques in electric vehicles for smoother and more proficient vehicles handling in tight spaces like parking, which significantly reduces driver efforts while maximizing the handling characteristics. With the aid of CarMaker and Simulink co-simulation environment, different test cases of parking are performed, and test data is analyzed to foreshow the advantage of torque vectoring in reducing vehicle turning radius and directional controlling while parking. In addition to this, the comparison for vehicle parking of both with and without torque vectoring vehicles is done to assert the key advantages.
Gangad, Vikas ShridharGautam, EraChaudhari, GiteshPenta, Amar
Driver-in-the-Loop (DIL) simulators have become crucial tools across automotive, aerospace, and maritime industries in enabling the evaluation of design concepts, testing of critical scenarios and provision of effective training in virtual environments. With the diverse applications of DIL simulators highlighting their significance in vehicle dynamics assessment, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicle development, testing of complex control systems is crucial for vehicle safety. By examining the current landscape of DIL simulator use cases, this paper critically focuses on Virtual Validation of ADAS algorithms by testing of repeatable scenarios and effect on driver response time through virtual stimuli of acoustic and optical warnings generated during simulation. To receive appropriate feedback from the driver, industrial grade actuators were integrated with a real-time controller, a high-performance workstation and simulation software called Virtual Test Drive (VTD). By developing an integrated solution for acquiring driver response, creation of scenarios and evaluation of control systems, this paper focuses on virtual validation of systems in a time saving and cost-effective manner.
Sharma, ChinmayaBhagat, AjinkyaKale, Jyoti GaneshKarle, Ujjwala
Ensuring the safety and functionality of sophisticated vehicle technologies has grown more difficult as the automotive industry quickly shifts to intelligent, electric, and connected mobility. Software-defined architectures, electric powertrains, and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) all require strong quality assurance (QA) frameworks that can handle the multi domain nature of contemporary vehicle platforms. In order to thoroughly assess the functionality and dependability of next generation automotive systems, this paper proposes an integrated QA methodology that blends conventional testing procedures with model-based validation, digital twin environments, and real-time system monitoring. The suggested framework, which includes hardware-in-the-loop (HIL), software-in-the-loop (SIL), and over-the-air (OTA) testing techniques, concentrates on end-to-end traceability from specifications to validation. Simulating intricate situations for ADAS, electric vehicle battery temperature management, and dynamic system updates in connected platforms are prioritized. This study also outlines the main obstacles to integrating QA methods with changing regulatory environments and draws attention to discrepancies between operational performance in real-world scenarios and compliance benchmarks. Early fault detection, lifecycle validation, and continuous improvement are made possible by the QA process's transition from reactive to proactive through the integration of digital twins and predictive analytics. A strategic roadmap for QA specialists and test engineers to adjust to changing industry demands is presented in the paper's conclusion. In addition to promoting safety and dependability, the suggested framework speeds up time to market, lowers development costs, and increases consumer confidence in cutting-edge automotive technologies.
Komanduri, Arun SrinivasSrivastava, Anuj
Rack load estimation during the pre-design stages is critical for the calibration of steering systems, particularly in achieving the desired steering feel and optimizing assistance strategies in Electric Power Assisted Steering (EPAS). Conventional approaches often depend on physical vehicle testing or simplified empirical equations, which may be time-consuming or lacks the fidelity required for early-stage analysis. This paper presents a 1D simulation strategy to address limitations from conventional approaches. The proposed rack force estimation model is based on multi-physics analytical equations that calculate tire-road friction forces and the resulting moments about the steering axis, delivering a physics-based yet computationally efficient solution. The rack force estimation model is further extended into EPAS system model by incorporating Direct Current (DC) brushed motor model. The rack force estimation model is validated against physical test data which demonstrates a high level of accuracy. Finally, the EPAS motor sizing strategy is discussed to obtain the optimum motor size. The proposed simulation based approach enables engineering teams to make informed design decisions and optimize steering system behavior before physical prototypes are available.
Adsul, SourabhIqbal, Shoaib
The past decade has seen a systemic shift in the automotive landscape and the constituent parts of a vehicle. The automotive industry has shifted from a primarily hardware components industry to a software heavy industry, with software controlling majority of the vehicle functions. Coupled with the ability to fully update or evolve a vehicle’s capabilities or functionalities, post point of sale through software updates, the technical, commercial and service landscape of the automotive industry is rapidly changing. This has brought increasing focus to the concept of Software Defined Vehicle, where the vehicle is not only constantly evolving, but is also becoming more personalised by leveraging data collected through the life of the vehicle. This requires a rethink of the current development and deployment approaches for vehicles, which are software-intensive. In this paper, we introduce a novel four-step system engineering framework for the safe development and deployment of Software Defined Vehicles. Inspired by the System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) & System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) methodology, we analyse hardware, software, organisational (OEM and suppliers) and governmental factors involved in the development and deployment of SDV as an exhaustive socio-technical system analysis. Taking a first principles approach, our novel approach combines system engineering and controls engineering concepts. Our framework involves: 1) step 1: identification of stakeholders (hardware components, software components, organisational etc.), 2) creation of a nested control structure for identified stakeholders, 3) step 3: listing of assumptions, and step 4) monitoring of assumptions through life cycle of the vehicle. Our framework provides analysis of for the pre-sale (development) phase and post-sale (deployment) phase of the SDV. Furthermore, we present three case studies for three use cases of Software-Defined Vehicles (including ADAS and automated driving), identifying requirements for various stakeholders and illustrating the practical implementation of our novel framework.
El Badaoui, HalimaJame-Elizebeth, MariatKhastgir, SiddarthaJennings, Paul
Nowadays, digital instrument clusters and modern infotainment systems are crucial parts of cars that improve the user experience and offer vital information. It is essential to guarantee the quality and dependability of these systems, particularly in light of safety regulations such as ISO 26262. Nevertheless, current testing approaches frequently depend on manual labor, which is laborious, prone to mistakes, and challenging to scale, particularly in agile development settings. This study presents a two-phase framework that uses machine learning (ML), computer vision (CV), and image processing techniques to automate the testing of infotainment and digital cluster systems. The NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano Developer Kit and high-resolution cameras are used in Phase 1's open loop testing setup to record visual data from infotainment and instrument cluster displays. Without requiring input from the system being tested, this phase concentrates on both static and dynamic user interface analysis, including screen transitions, animations, and error messages. Among the methods used are optical character recognition (OCR) for on-screen text validation, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for screen classification, and object detection for user interface verification. Automated anomaly detection and interface behavior evaluation are made easier with this method. Phase 2 suggests integrating a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulator to transform the system into a closed-loop testing environment. The vision-based system will assess system responsiveness and end-to-end behavior, while the HIL setup will produce simulated user inputs and vehicle network data (such as CAN, Ethernet). This thorough framework tackles important issues like complex system integration, multimodal interaction testing, and managing cognitive load. In order to support the creation of safer, more user-friendly infotainment and digital cluster systems that are in line with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) standards, it seeks to decrease the amount of manual testing effort, increase test coverage, and improve consistency.
Lad, Rakesh PramodMehrotra, SoumyaMishra, Arvind
The rapid adoption of connected vehicle technologies and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) necessitates robust security mechanisms capable of identifying and mitigating sophisticated cyber threats in real-time. Traditional signature-based intrusion detection systems (IDS) are often inadequate in addressing the dynamic and evolving nature of automotive cybersecurity threats, particularly in modern vehicle networks like Controller Area Network (CAN), CAN with Flexible Data-Rate (CAN-FD), and Automotive Ethernet. This research introduces a novel Real-time Intrusion Detection System utilizing advanced Machine Learning (ML) techniques designed specifically for automotive network environments. The proposed IDS framework employs supervised and unsupervised ML algorithms, including anomaly detection, behavioral analytics, and predictive threat modeling, to achieve high accuracy and rapid threat identification capabilities. Through extensive testing in simulated and actual vehicle network scenarios, the developed IDS model demonstrates significant improvements over conventional detection methods, notably in precision, recall, detection latency, and adaptability to zero-day threats. This research further evaluates the proposed system’s alignment with critical regulatory standards such as AIS 189 and UNECE WP.29, ensuring its practical applicability within automotive industry cybersecurity compliance frameworks. The findings highlight the potential for ML-driven IDS solutions to substantially enhance automotive cybersecurity posture, providing OEMs and stakeholders with actionable insights for proactive threat management.
Chaudhary lng, VikashDesai, ManojChatterjee, Avik
Traditionally, occupant safety research has centered on passive safety systems such as seatbelts, airbags, and energy-absorbing vehicle structures, all designed under the assumption of a nominal occupant posture at the moment of impact. However, with increasing deployment of active safety technologies such as Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), vehicle occupants are exposed to pre-crash decelerations that alter their seated position before the crash. Although AEB mitigates the crash severity, the induced occupant movement leads to out-of-position behavior (OOP), compromising the available survival space phase and effectiveness of passive restraint systems during the crash. Despite these evolving real-world conditions, global regulatory bodies and NCAP programs continue to evaluate pre-crash and crash phases independently, with limited integration. Moreover, traditional Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs) such as Hybrid III dummies, although highly repeatable, lack the bio-fidelity necessary to capture human-like kinematics during pre-crash braking events involving low g. ATDs do not simulate the spinal articulation, posture adjustments and active muscle contraction that occur during emergency maneuvers or pre-crash scenarios. To overcome these limitations, researchers have increasingly turned to Human Body Models (HBMs) such as Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) and Global Human Body Model Consortium (GHBMC). These models enable high-fidelity finite element (FE) simulations with anatomical realism, allowing for the inclusion of active musculature and posture changes. This study aims to quantify the occupant forward excursion under pre-crash phase (due to AEB) and explore the possibility of an integrated simulation framework that evaluates occupant safety across both pre-crash and crash events. For this, the approach was to carry out full vehicle braking tests (1g braking pulse) with adult male (AM50) volunteers at different speeds to measure forward head excursion during pre-crash. These scenarios were replicated in LS-Dyna using THUMS HBM, showing strong agreement with experimental data. The resulting excursed postures were then used in crash simulations with ATDs to evaluate the effect on injury outcomes. Overall, the findings demonstrate effect of forward excursion on occupant injuries and the effectiveness of HBMs in capturing occupant kinematics, during pre-crash events.
Pendurthi, Chaitanya SagarTHANIGAIVEL RAJA, TKondala, HareeshSudarshan, B.SudarshanNehe, VaibhavRao, Guruprakash
The high-pressure steering hose in a hydraulic steering system carries pressurized hydraulic fluid from the power steering pump to the steering gear (or steering rack). Its main function is to transmit the force generated by the pump so that the hydraulic pressure assists the driver in turning the wheels more easily. The high-pressure hydraulic pipeline in the power steering system is a vital component for ensuring optimal performance. During warranty analysis, leakage incidents were observed at the customer end within the warranty period. The primary factors contributing to these failures include pipe material thickness, material composition, mechanical properties, and engine-induced vibrations. This study investigates fatigue-related failures through detailed material characterization and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) based on real world usage road load data collected. The objective is to identify the root causes by examining the influence of varying pipe thickness on fatigue life. The investigation discovered that crack initiation predominantly occurred on the concave side of bent pipe sections, specifically on the engine-side high-pressure steering line, which is connected to the power steering pump mounted on the engine. Fracture surfaces exhibited characteristics consistent with fatigue failure, with crack propagation primarily oriented longitudinally along the pipe. The highest tangential stresses were observed on the out word, resulting from the combined effects of internal hydraulic pressure and vibrational loads. Fatigue cracks originated from the inner surface and propagated outward under cyclic stresses induced by pressure fluctuations and engine vibrations during vehicle operation on the road. Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) simulations indicated that the failure mechanism was primarily attributable to an incorrect material thickness selection during the development phase. Modifications to the pipe design, including increased material thickness, were implemented, leading to improved performance in subsequent testing. The high-pressure hydraulic pipeline exhibits decreased failure rates and improved reliability and durability following the implementation of the revised design.
Survade, LalitKoulage, Dasharath BaliramBiswas, Kaushik
In the Indian context, introduction of ADAS can play a positive role in improving road safety by assisting the driver and preventing unsafe driver behaviour. Technologies like Automated Emergency Braking (AEB), Lane Keep System, Adaptive Cruise Control, Driver Drowsiness Detection, Driver Alcohol detection etc., if deployed safely and used in a safe manner can help prevent many of the current road deaths in India. Safe deployment and safe use of such ADAS technologies require the systems to operate without failure within their operational design domains (ODD) and not surprise the drivers with sudden or unpredictable failures, to help develop their trust in the technology. As a result, identifying test scenarios remain a key step in the development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). This remains a challenge due to the large test space especially for the Indian context due to the unpredictable traffic behaviour and occasional road infrastructure. In this paper, we introduce a novel open-access crowd-sourcing public platform, Safety Pool™ Studio, to enable crowdsourcing of traffic scenarios in the Indian context. Safety Pool™ Studio platform enables any member of the public or the road traffic ecosystem (e.g. traffic police, local authorities, academia etc.) to create a traffic scenario using a graphical interface, like a LEGO making exercise. This would enable the users to share their real-life experiences of traffic scenarios in a simple, accessible and inclusive manner and contribute to a global pool of traffic scenarios in the Indian context. Safety Pool™ Studio provides multi-language support for India’s regional languages like Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Marathi, Punjabi, Kannada, Telugu, Gujrati among others. Safety Pool™ Studio has been developed in a way the graphical scenarios can automatically be converted into programmatic description of scenarios for traditional simulation-based testing of ADAS.
Serry, HamidDodoiu, TudorAlakkad, FadiZhang, XizheKhastgir, SiddarthaJennings, Paul
This study presents a structured evaluation framework for reasonably foreseeable misuse in automated driving systems (ADS), grounded in the ISO 21448 Safety of the Intended Functionality (SOTIF) lifecycle. Although SOTIF emphasizes risks that arise from system limitations and user behavior, the standard lacks concrete guidance for validating misuse scenarios in practice. To address this gap, we propose an end-to-end methodology that integrates four components: (1) hazard modeling via system–theoretic process analysis (STPA), (2) probabilistic risk quantification through numerical simulation, (3) verification using high-fidelity simulation, and (4) empirical validation via driver-in-the-loop system (DILS) experiments. Each component is aligned with specific SOTIF clauses to ensure lifecycle compliance. We apply this framework to a case of driver overreliance on automated emergency braking (AEB) at high speeds—a condition where system intervention is intentionally suppressed. Initial numerical analysis suggested that the scenario narrowly satisfies the acceptance criteria. Applying the proposed framework to this scenario reveals that significant safety risks can persist even when the system functions according to its design intent. Our findings demonstrate that foreseeable misuse can be formally modeled, simulated, and empirically validated within the SOTIF framework. The proposed approach enables system developers to quantify behavioral risk and assess human-centered edge cases with greater rigor. This work contributes to operationalizing SOTIF for behavioral safety assurance and lays the foundation for future research on risk mitigation through adaptive HMI and context-aware alerts.
Kang, Do WookKim, WoojinJang, Eun HyeChang, MiYoon, DaesubJang, Youn-Seon
Burton, SimonChalmers, SethWishart, JeffreyZheng, Ling
Automatic emergency braking (AEB) systems are crucial for road safety but often face performance challenges in complex road and climatic conditions. This study aims to enhance AEB effectiveness by developing a novel adaptive algorithm that dynamically adjusts braking parameters. The core of the contribution is a refined mathematical model that incorporates vehicle-specific correction coefficients and a real-time prediction of the road–tire friction coefficient. Furthermore, the algorithm features a unique driver-style adaptation module to optimize warning times. The developed system was functionally tested on a vehicle prototype in scenarios including dry, wet, and snow-covered surfaces. Results demonstrate that the adaptive algorithm significantly improves collision avoidance performance compared to a non-adaptive baseline, particularly on low-friction surfaces, without introducing excessive false interventions. The study concludes that the proposed adaptive approach is a vital step toward all-weather capable AEB systems.
Petin, ViktorKeller, AndreyShadrin, SergeyMakarova, DariaAntonyan, AkopFurletov, Yury
TOC
Tobolski, Sue
Simulation has become mission-critical for ADAS development. Model-based systems engineering can integrate modeling and simulation from the start of the design process. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are transforming vehicle safety, acting as the bridge between conventional driving and full autonomy. From adaptive cruise control to emergency braking and blind-spot detection, these technologies rely on a dense network of radar sensors, antennas, electronic control units and software. What unites them is the need for precise functionality under complex real-world situations. Achieving full reliability requires more than testing on the road; it demands a virtual approach grounded in simulation. Simulation has become mission-critical for ADAS development. As new vehicles integrate dozens of sensors into tightly constrained spaces, even subtle design decisions can affect system performance. Radar solutions, in particular, present unique challenges, especially as vehicle surfaces grow more complex and the number of onboard systems increases.
Eichler, Jan
This article suggests a validation methodology for autonomous driving. The goal is to validate front camera sensors in advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS) based on virtually generated scenarios. The outcome is the CARLA-based hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation environment (CHASE). It allows the rapid prototyping and validation of the ADAS software. We tested this general approach on a specific experimental application/setup for a vehicle front camera sensor. The setup results were then proven to be comparable to real-world sensor performance. The CARLA simulation environment was used in tandem with a vehicle CAN bus interface. This introduced a significantly improved realism to user-defined test scenarios and their results. The approach benefits from almost unlimited variability of traffic scenarios and the cost-efficient generation of massive testing data.
Cardozo, Shawn MosesHlavác, Václav
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