Browse Topic: Parking assistance

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Cybersecurity Risk Assessment and Experimental Validation of Automotive Ultrasonic Sensors2026-01-07827/1/2026
Ultrasonic sensors are widely deployed in automotive driver assistance systems for near-range environment perception and provide safety-relevant inputs for functions such as parking assistance and automated parking. With increasing vehicle automation, the integrity and availability of ultrasonic sensor data become more critical, as compromised measurements may lead to incorrect vehicle decisions and hazardous behavior. While prior research has extensively studied physical attacks on ultrasonic sensors, a structured cybersecurity risk analysis in accordance with automotive cybersecurity standards, combined with experimental validation, is largely missing. In particular, the communication interface between ultrasonic sensors and control units has received limited attention despite its relevance as a potential attack surface. This paper presents a systematic security analysis of an automotive ultrasonic sensing system based on a demonstrator setup. The work applies a Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment methodology aligned with ISO/SAE 21434 and HEAVENS 2.0 to identify security-relevant assets, threat scenarios, and attack paths. Risk levels are derived by evaluating potential impact and attack feasibility. To validate the risk assessment, a structured test strategy is developed using the ISTQB test process and translated into laboratory experiments. Both digital attacks targeting the sensor communication interface, with DSI3 selected as the representative protocol, and physical manipulations of the sensor environment are examined. Experimental results show that selected communication-level attacks can be realized with moderate effort and can cause controlled falsification or loss of measurement data. Physical environmental manipulations significantly degrade signal quality but do not fully suppress object detection in the evaluated configuration. The findings largely confirm the initial risk assessment while enabling refinement of attack feasibility parameters. The results provide a validated linkage between automotive cyber-security risk assessment methods and practical testing of ultrasonic sensing systems and underline the importance of jointly addressing communication interfaces and physical effects in future security concept development.
Gahm, Sebastian, Haller, Jonathan, Kriesten, Reiner
Impact of Instantaneous Center of Rotation Variability on Path Planning and Performance of Park Assist Systems2026-01-00534/7/2026
Parking assist systems are among the most widely adopted driver-assistance features in modern vehicles. A key component of these systems is the path planning module, which ensures accurate vehicle alignment within a parking slot while satisfying various constraints such as maintaining slot centering, avoiding collisions in confined spaces, minimizing maneuver count, and achieving the shortest feasible path. Multiple path generation techniques—such as geometric, polynomial-based, and search-based methods—have been developed to enable safe and efficient parking maneuvers. However, most of these approaches rely on the simplifying assumption that the vehicle’s instantaneous center of rotation (ICR) is fixed, typically located on the non-steering axle. In practice, the ICR is not constant and can vary significantly across vehicles due to several physical and kinematic factors, including steering geometry, tire slip characteristics, suspension configuration, and weight distribution. Neglecting these variations can introduce trajectory inaccuracies, reducing the precision and reliability of automated parking systems. Although prior studies have explored estimation methods for the instantaneous center of rotation (ICR), limited research has examined how variations in the ICR influence overall parking performance. This paper addresses this gap by investigating the impact of ICR variation on path generation and motion control accuracy in parking assist systems. A simulation-based study using an SUV-class vehicle model is conducted to evaluate system behavior across diverse parking scenarios. The results demonstrate how ICR assumptions affect path precision and overall parking accuracy, providing insights to enhance path planning and control algorithms for real-world applications.
Awathe, Arpit, Patanwala, Abizer, Jain, Arihant, Varunjikar, Tejas
IoT-Enabled Cloud-Integrated Smart Parking System with Real-Time Monitoring and AI-Based Space Optimization for Next-Gen Mobility2026-28-01132/12/2026
This study presents the design and implementation of an advanced IoT-enabled, cloud-integrated smart parking system, engineered to address the critical challenges of urban parking management and next-generation mobility. The proposed architecture utilizes a distributed network of ultrasonic and infrared occupancy sensors, each interfaced with a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, to enable precise, real-time monitoring of individual parking spaces. Sensor data is transmitted via secure MQTT protocol to a centralized cloud platform (AWS IoT Core), where it is aggregated, timestamped, and stored in a NoSQL database for scalable, low-latency access. A key innovation of this system is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based space optimization algorithms, leveraging historical occupancy patterns and predictive analytics (using LSTM neural networks) to dynamically allocate parking spaces and forecast demand. The cloud platform exposes RESTful APIs, facilitating seamless interoperability with user-facing mobile and web applications. These interfaces provide end-users with real-time visualization of parking availability, intelligent navigation to optimal spaces, and digital payment integration, thereby minimizing search time and enhancing user convenience. From an administrative perspective, the system delivers comprehensive analytics dashboards, including heatmaps of space utilization, anomaly detection for unauthorized parking, and predictive maintenance alerts for sensor nodes. Field trials conducted across a multi-level parking facility demonstrated a 32% reduction in average vehicle search time and a 21% improvement in space utilization efficiency compared to conventional systems. The end-to-end solution adheres to robust cybersecurity standards (TLS 1.2 encryption, role-based access control) and is designed for modular scalability, supporting integration with smart city infrastructure and electric vehicle charging stations. This research establishes a scalable, intelligent framework for urban parking management, contributing significantly to reduced congestion, optimized resource allocation, and enhanced urban mobility.
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, S, Balakrishnan, Dhayaneethi, Sivaji, Boobalan, Saravanan, Abdul Rahim, Mohamed Arshad, S, Manikandan, R, Jamuna, L, Rishi Kannan
Torque Vectoring Control Techniques for Vehicle Parking2026-26-05901/16/2026
Parking in confined spaces can be quite challenging. It is often a herculean task to align the vehicle in the parking slots where the driver has to make several attempts to park properly. One such ingenious technology that augments vehicle handling, directional controlling and overall driving agility is torque vectoring. It is becoming a pioneer in creating smarter, more responsive vehicles unlike traditional vehicles. With torque vectoring, EV’s can precisely control the torque delivered to each wheel with independent motors per wheel. In confined spaces as well by selectively distributing torque to individual wheels, it optimizes traction and vehicle control, making tasks like parking, sharp turns, and navigating narrow streets smoother and more efficiently. This paper confers about the use of torque vectoring techniques in electric vehicles for smoother and more proficient vehicles handling in tight spaces like parking, which significantly reduces driver efforts while maximizing the handling characteristics. With the aid of CarMaker and Simulink co-simulation environment, different test cases of parking are performed, and test data is analyzed to foreshow the advantage of torque vectoring in reducing vehicle turning radius and directional controlling while parking. In addition to this, the comparison for vehicle parking of both with and without torque vectoring vehicles is done to assert the key advantages.
Gangad, Vikas Shridhar, Gautam, Era, Chaudhari, Gitesh, Penta, Amar
Single Radar: A Robust and Cost-Effective Solution for ADAS and Parking Functionality2026-26-00491/16/2026
With rapid advancements in Autonomous Driving (AD) & Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), numerous sensors are integrated in vehicles to achieve higher and reliable level of autonomy. Due to the growing number of sensors and its fusion creates complex architecture which causes challenges in calibration, cost, and system reliability. Considering the need for further ADAS advancements and addressing the challenges, this paper evaluates a novel solution called One Radar - a single radar system with a wide field of view enabled by advanced antenna design. Placing the single radar at the rear of the vehicle eliminates the need for corner radars and ultrasonic sensors used for parking assistance. With rigorous real-world testing in different urban and low-speed scenarios, the single radar solution showed comparable accuracy in object detection with warning and parking assistance to the conventional combination of corner radars and ultrasonic sensors. The simple single sensor-based architecture not only reduces signal processing complexity and development time but also minimizes interference risks that comes with multiple sensor setup. This innovation results in a significant reduction in the Bill of Materials (BOM) for manufacturers by up to 40% for rear/side sensing modules, lowering production costs and enabling more affordable ADAS-equipped vehicles for end customers. Additionally, the simplified design enhances scalability for mass market adoption. The research paper talks about the single radar performance in various use cases to validate the features such as Rear parking alert system (RPAS), Door open warning (DOW), Blind spot detection (BSD), Lane change warning (LCW) and Rear collision warning (RCW) functionalities, highlighting its versatility as a standalone sensor module for future autonomous systems.
Anandan, Ram, Sharma, Akash
Analysis of Zonal and Distributed Based Architecture with MBSE Approach through Duration Simulation2025-28-033711/6/2025
Present study aims to analyze different E/E architectures trending in automotive industry currently. This study shows the comparison analysis done between zonal architecture and distributed architecture. Comparison methodology includes duration simulation performed for a vehicle feature on both architectures. Present study has adopted MBSE approach for the analysis. Study includes analysis done for distance control, airbag activation and rear park assist features developed on zonal and domain architecture. Duration simulation is also performed on same feature on both architectures. While performing duration simulation of all above features on both zonal and distributed architecture time constraints where assumed based on run time machine performance. Results shows that when only feature must be executed distributed architecture is more feasible. However, when feature has been made more updatable, upgradable and scalable Zonal architecture has been more feasible. To summarize study shows that a hybrid E/E architecture will be best feasible for new coming connected, and software defined Vehicles.
Mishra, Ayush Manish
Objectifying Visual Perception for Automotive Screens through Vibration Targets2025-01-00435/5/2025
New mobility concepts with smart infrastructure have led to enhanced customer driving experience. The potential to develop safe cars with minimal driver intervention is a great need of the future. The cusp for fully autonomous driving has produced much technical talk, which has led to faster transition and adoption. One of the features that global OEMs have tried to focus on, is Human Machine Interface (HMI) solutions, popularly called display screens. The touchscreen HMIs are common in all mid-range budget cars. They offer driver support beyond just streaming music, including inputs for navigation, parking assistance, in-car technologies, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), and infotainment. Poor display screen visibility is a phenomenon observed when a vehicle is driven over different road surfaces. This paper presents a user-centric approach for the right design & development of the HMI for a vibration free driving experience. The mounting strategies for the display screens, from the existing projects were considered and analyzed for diverse levels of excitation and response levels are recorded to check blurred vision. Target strategy was achieved based on the best results obtained from the tested vehicles. The design is optimized for meeting the targeted response levels and the minimal mounting strategy is standardized for this model of HMI, as this was designed with a unique concept of floating screen. Best simulated design is validated with test to enhance HMI visual display perception.
Adil, MD Shahzad, C M, Mithun, Mohammed, Riyazuddin, R, Prasath
End-to-End Style Parking Algorithm Development Pipeline Based on Procedural Parking Scenario Synthetic Data Generation2025-01-80604/1/2025
Less costs and higher efficiency may be constant technological pursuit. Despite the great success, data-driven AI development still requires multiple stages such as data collection, cleaning, annotation, training, and deployment to work together. We expect an end-to-end style development process that can integrate these processes, achieving an automatic data production and algorithm development process that can work with just clicks of the mouse. For this purpose, we explore an end-to-end style parking algorithm development pipeline based on procedural parking scenario synthetic data generation. Our approach allows for the automated generation of parking scenarios according to input parameters, such as scene construction, static and dynamic obstacles arrangement, material textures modification, and background changes. It then combines with the ego-vehicle trajectories into the scenarios to render high-quality images and corresponding label data based on Blender software. Utilizing Blender as render engine is one key part of our pipeline as its film-level high fidelity results guarantee the data transfer performance in real world, which makes Blender superior to solutions with game engines for parking scenario generation. We conduct experiments based on our own vehicle, automatically generated 100 parking scenes, combine expert controllers on the Software In-the-Loop platform and offline optimization algorithms to generate 1000 parking trajectories, and render more than 200000 frames end-to-end parking data. Finally, the generated data is fed into the end-to-end parking algorithm and applied in a real vehicle to park it into specific parking-slots. The experimental results demonstrate that our goal has been basically achieved, with only mouse clicks to develop a parking function.
Li, Jian, Wang, Hanchao, Zhang, Song, Meng, Chao, Rui, Zhang
Development of an Advisory System for Parking a Car with Trailer2025-01-80354/1/2025
Trailer parking is a challenging task due to the unstable nature of the vehicle-trailer system in reverse motion and the unintuitive steering actions required at the vehicle to accomplish the parking maneuver. This paper presents a strategy to tackle this kind of maneuver with an advisory graphic aid to help the human driver with the task of manually backing up the vehicle-trailer system. A kinematic vehicle-trailer model is derived to describe the low-speed motion of the vehicle-trailer system, and its inverse kinematics is established by generating an equivalent virtual trailer axle steering command. The advisory system graphics is generated based on the inverse kinematics and displays the expected trailer orientation given the current vehicle steer angle and configuration (hitch angle). Simulation study and animation are set up to test the efficacy of the approach, where the user can select both vehicle speed and vehicle steering angle freely, which allows the user to stop the vehicle-trailer system and experiment with different steering inputs to see their effect on the predicted trailer motion before proceeding with the best one according to the advisory graphics, hence creating a series of piecewise continuous control actions similar to how manual trailer reverse parking is usually carried out. The advisory graphics proves to provide the driver with an intuitive understanding of the trailer motion at any given configuration (hitch angle).
Cao, Xincheng, Chen, Haochong, Aksun Guvenc, Bilin, Guvenc, Levent, Link, Brian, Harber, John, Richmond, Peter, Fan, Shihong, Yim, Dokyung
Automated Generation of Parking Data Sets for Underground Car Parks2025-01-71913/19/2025
The advancement of autonomous driving perception frequently necessitates the aggregation of data, its subsequent annotation, the implementation of training procedures, and other related activities. In contrast, the utilisation of synthetic data obviates the necessity for data collection, annotation, and the generation of accurate and reliable labels. Its incorporation into the development process is anticipated to streamline the entire algorithmic development process. In this study, we propose a novel approach utilising the Blender software to create a virtual representation of an underground car park and develop an automated parking dataset. The utilisation of virtual simulation technology enables the generation of diverse and high-quality training data, thereby addressing the challenge of acquiring data in the actual scene. The experimental results demonstrate that the model trained based on the synthetic dataset exhibits superior performance in the automatic parking task, thereby substantiating the efficacy and practicality of the proposed approach. Furthermore, previous research on synthetic data has often concentrated on the creation of the final perceptual algorithm dataset, without providing access to the material and method used to generate the synthetic data. This study therefore makes the underground car park scene library files available under an open-source licence, in the hope that subsequent developers will be able to generate the required datasets based on these materials with greater freedom.The open-source scene library, code and dataset provided in this paper are as follows: https://github.com/Snyard/parkinglot-generator.
Li, Jiakai, Liu, Yangle, Rong, Zheng
Path Planning with Rear-Wheel Steering for Enhanced Parking Efficiency in Narrow Parking Spaces2024-01-705112/13/2024
Path planning in parking scenarios for vehicles with Ackermann steering characteristics is a well studied problem in the literature. However, the recent emergence of four-wheel steering (4WS) chassis has brought new opportunities to the field of motion planning. Compared with front-wheel steering (2WS), 4WS vehicles offer higher flexibility and new maneuver modes such as CrabWalk. To utilize such new potential to further improve parking efficiency, this paper proposes a four-wheel steering oriented planning algorithm for parking scenarios. First, Hybrid A*-4WS is proposed to search for a coarse trajectory from the starting pose to the parking slot, with improved node expansion mechanism to incorporate four-wheel steering characteristics. Then a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem is formulated with four-wheel steering kinematic model to fully utilize the maneuver capability of 4WS vehicles, with OBCA used for collision avoidance constraints. Finally, the two algorithms are sequentially integrated, using the coarse trajectory obtained from Hybrid A*-4WS as the initial guess for optimization. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm achieves higher parking efficiency in narrow space, and the efficiency is improved as maximum rear steering angle increases.
Song, Yufei, Liu, Yuanzhi, Xiong, Lu, Tang, Chen
INTEGRATING SENSOR DATA: Selecting an ADAS decision-making process24AUTP12_0112/1/2024
Exactly when sensor fusion occurs in ADAS operations, late or early, impacts the entire system. Governments have been studying Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) since at least the late 1980s. Europe's Generic Intelligent Driver Support initiative ran from 1989 to 1992 and aimed “to determine the requirements and design standards for a class of intelligent driver support systems which will conform with the information requirements and performance capabilities of the individual drivers.” Automakers have spent the past 30 years rolling out such systems to the buying public. Toyota and Mitsubishi started offering radar-based cruise control to Japanese drivers in the mid-1990s. Mercedes-Benz took the technology global with its Distronic adaptive cruise control in the 1998 S-Class. Cadillac followed that two years later with FLIR-based night vision on the 2000 Deville DTS. And in 2003, Toyota launched an automated parallel parking technology called Intelligent Parking Assist on the Prius.
Ramsey, Jonathon
Automotive Engineering: August 202424AUTP088/8/2024
Are today's sensors ready for next-level automated driving? A look at who's doing what when it comes to sensors for an L3 world. ZF's latest safety advances open up, tighten up and double down Company rethinks safety with new airbags. Magna says some hurdles of seat-reconfiguration to be addressed by OEMs Some challenges, such as reworking airbags to meet all seating scenarios, will be solved by the OEM as the final system integrator. Editorial Sensitive subjects Supplier Eye Planning with a scenario mindset rFpro reveals 'massive, complicated' LA model Nodar's plan to make parking assist tech better, cheaper cleaner UX work underway to make alphabet soup, control icons easier on drivers SkillReal says inexpensive camera and math add up to faster, better inspections Toyota, Mazda, Subaru agree carbon is 'the enemy' with new internal combustion engine announcement Tackling the elements with the Ineos Grenadier Quartermaster and Wagon 2025 Cadillac Optiq EV arrives with standard dual motors Product Briefs Spotlight: NVH materials and adhesives Q&A Three's not a crowd when it comes to ADAS sensors
Nodar's plan to make park assist tech better, cheaper, cleaner24AUTP08_078/1/2024
Park assist technology seems like low-hanging fruit in the assisted and automated driving space, but anyone who's attempted to use one of these systems might have quickly realized that current solutions aren't as easy to use nor as functional as they could be. Speaking at AutoSens USA 2024, Nodar CEO and founder Leaf Jiang said drivers have been complaining about self-parking features for years, but it remains a $2 billion market that is expected to grow at 17.5% CAGR between 2023 and 2030. That's one reason why Jiang wants Nodar to repurpose its Hammerhead stereo camera ranging technology to work with park assist technologies.
Blanco, Sebastian
Data Synthesis Methods for Parking-Slot Detection2023-01-705212/20/2023
Parking-slot detection plays a critical role in the self-parking system for autonomous driving. To enhance the complexity of the environmental situations in parking-slot datasets and reduce the difficulty of manual annotation, we design several data synthesis methods to generate new parking-slots under different situations. Methods introduced in this paper include synthesizing parking-slots in AVM (around view monitor) images, generating parking-slots in fisheye images and adding 2D symbols inside parking-slots to form special ones. To test the influence of our synthetic data, we conduct a series of experiments on different tasks. In the parking-slot detection experiments, we design a novel two-stage parking-slot detection method. We use YOLOv7 as the object detector and different from previous methods, we detect the complete parking-slots and marking points at the same time. Then we match marking points and give them a certain order in the second stage. We achieve accuracy of 80.28% and recall of 79.94% on our own data which shows the effectiveness of our method. Then we achieve accuracy of 80.98% and recall of 80.48% with supplementation of synthetic parking-slots data, slightly better with no extra manual annotation. Next, we achieve accuracy of 96.78% and recall of 93.68% in another parking-slot detection experiment for the new type of parking-slots with synthetic symbols inside them. To test the generalization performance of our synthetic data, we conduct semantic segmentation experiments on public dataset. MIoU (Mean Intersection over Union) and the IoU of lane markers decrease by 0.23% and 0.57% respectively under the interference of synthetic parking-slots when parking-slot lines set the same as lane markers.
Li, Jian, Zhang, Song, Meng, Chao, Mei, Jinren, Bie, Xiaofang, He, Xin
Soft Computing-Based Driver Modeling for Automatic Parking of Articulated Heavy Vehicles02-16-04-00279/9/2023
Parking an articulated vehicle is a challenging task that requires skill, experience, and visibility from the driver. An automatic parking system for articulated vehicles can make this task easier and more efficient. This article proposes a novel method that finds an optimal path and controls the vehicle with an innovative method while considering its kinematics and environmental constraints and attempts to mathematically explain the behavior of a driver who can perform a complex scenario, called the articulated vehicle park maneuver, without falling into the jackknifing phenomena. In other words, the proposed method models how drivers park articulated vehicles in difficult situations, using different sub-scenarios and mathematical models. It also uses soft computing methods: the ANFIS-FCM, because this method has proven to be a powerful tool for managing uncertain and incomplete data in learning and inference tasks, such as learning from simulations, handling uncertainty, and capturing expert parking expertise. The results obtained from the proposed method show that the use of a soft computation method significantly reduces the cumulative errors: errors resulting from summing up each sub-maneuver. Of course, the main source of these errors is related to starting from the random point that exists at the beginning of the predefined complex scenario. This implies that our method can effectively handle the uncertainty and variability of parking scenarios.
Rezaei Nedamani, Hamidreza, Soleymanifard, Mostafa, Safaeifar, Ali, Khiabani, Parisa Masnadi
Ford Ranger fully redesigned for 202423AUTP09_109/1/2023
When Ford first reintroduced the Ranger to North America in 2019, it was welcomed largely because of its revered nameplate. But outside of a lauded 2.3-L 4-cylinder turbo engine and an impressive array of options, there wasn't much to write home about. And critics downgraded the lineup for a spartan interior and having a ride that bounced passengers around. Ford says it built the 2024 Ranger lineup with that feedback in mind. And, for the enthusiast crowd, the yearned-for Ranger Raptor makes its loud debut with a 405-hp engine.
Clonts, Chris
Modular Domain Controller Design Approach: A Key Enabler for ADAS and Automated Driving Functionality2023-01-05704/11/2023
Ensuring the safety of vehicle occupants has always been the primary focus of automakers. To achieve this goal, they have invested in the development of active safety features, which are designed to prevent accidents from occurring in the first place. These innovations are driven by a desire to save lives and reduce the risk of injury or death on the road. The implementation of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving functions requires a high level of complexity and coordination between various subsystems. To meet these challenges, modular design of the domain controller has emerged as a promising approach. By separating the controller into smaller, specialized modules, it is possible to more efficiently and effectively manage the various functions needed for ADAS and automated driving. In this paper, we present a summary of our research on the use of the modular design approach for the domain controller in the context of implementing ADAS and automated driving end-to-end functions. Testing at different levels is also a key factor in ensuring that the overall system is robust, and all functions perform as intended. We use the Automatic Parking Assist (APA) function as a case study to demonstrate how the APA function was implemented on our developed domain controller and to discuss the benefits of this approach. Through this case study, we provide insight into the potential of the modular design approach for the domain controller to support the development of advanced ADAS and automated driving systems and identify the key considerations that need to be addressed in order to effectively implement this approach, including the importance of testing at different levels
Mansour, Iyad, Singh, Sanjay
Feature Oriented Optimal Sensor Selection and Arrangement for Perception Sensing System in Automated Driving2022-01-710412/22/2022
The recent proliferation of perception sensing and computing technologies has promoted the rapid development of automated driving. The design of the perception sensing system has nonnegligible influences both on the performances of various automated driving features and on the system costs. This paper proposes an automated driving feature oriented framework for automatic selection and arrangement of the sensors in the perception sensing system. An automated driving feature oriented optimization model is built considering the characteristics and requirements of the specific feature and a genetic algorithm based design method is provided to solve this optimization model. Furthermore, the Adaptive Cruise Control feature and the Automated Parking Assistance feature are selected as the simulation cases to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed method has prospective potential to provide an automatic generation framework for the sensor selection and arrangement scheme of the perception sensing system, with different orientations in terms of the automated driving features and levels.
Meng, Tianchuang, Huang , Jin, Zhang, Bowei, Hao, Jianping, Jia, Yifan, Yang, Diange, Zhong, Zhihua
Study on Panoramic Parking Path Planning of Vehicle Based on DMPR-PS and Hybrid A-Star2022-01-708212/22/2022
To resolve the issue of poor generality of current parking methods based on idle space, a panoramic parking path planning method based on DMPR-PS and Hybrid A-Star is proposed. In this paper, a pure vision approach is adopted, and a fisheye camera is selected as an image acquisition device to build panoramic parking assistance system. Subsequently, the parking slot directional marking points are obtained through DMPR-PS model, and the valid entrance line can be also acquired to recognize parking slot. The accuracy of parking slots recognition can reach 96.86%.Eventually, the planned path can be achieved based on the Hybrid A-Star algorithm where vehicle kinematics and obstacle avoidance constraints are considered. The effectiveness of the planned path can be verified with the adoption of MATLAB and real-vehicle test. The results indicate that the vehicle can be guided to complete remote parking accurately by employing the proposed method, and the method proves to be equipped with strong robustness, high accuracy, fast detection speed, continuous and smooth parking path.
Zhao, Ying, Huang, Xiangfei, Xiao, Yujie, Xue, Qihong, Wang, Yuelong
Research on the Design and Comparison of Trajectory Tracking Controllers for Automatic Parking System2022-01-708412/22/2022
As one of the essential parts of automatic parking system (APS), the parking motion control module directly affects the system performance and driver experience. Therefore, it is necessary to design a simple, robust and efficient trajectory tracking algorithm which adapt to the various parking conditions. Firstly, considering the predictability and the ability of dealing with various system constraints, the model predictive control (MPC) lateral controller is designed. Then, the second lateral controller based on linear quadratic regulator (LQR) algorithm is designed, which has the excellent capability of balancing the multiple performances of the system. Finally, Stanley lateral controller is designed as the benchmark for horizontal comparison. Parallel and vertical parking simulation environments are proposed to verify the effectiveness of the designed lateral controllers, and the advantages and shortcomings of each control algorithm are horizontally analyzed and summarized. It can be concluded that MPC lateral controller performs well in each parking simulations, which shows a great potential in the future. LQR lateral controller has a good result in the parallel parking simulation, but shows poor performance in the vertical parking simulation due to ignoring the disturbance of the trajectory curvature. In low-speed parking environments, Stanley lateral controller also performs well but it ignores the vehicle dynamics.
Xiong, Lu, Piao, Wenhai, Leng, Bo, Cao, Yujie, Qi, Yuqin
Exigency of Standardization for Annotation Format in Advanced Driving Assist System (ADAS) Feature Development2022-28-010410/5/2022
Automotive industry is going through a massive digital transformation to enable advance ADAS functions like cruise control, safety and parking assist. To develop and test advance and complex deep neural network-based AI/ML ADAS models, the need of huge amount of rich and diverse annotated data is utmost important. Over the past decade it has been observed that annotation complexity has increased tremendously and evolved from a simple bounding box to complex annotations like segmentation, 3D bounding box, key points etc. that too with multiple sensor integration. Hence such stupendous annotation task cannot be executed inhouse unlike in the past, companies choose to outsource time consuming and labor-intensive task to third party vendors. Hence annotation becomes an additional and unexpected challenge in ADAS function development, which urge the need for standard annotation format. The overall approach, in this paper is to propose comprehensive simple and robust annotation structure and file format pertinent to all annotation types to overcome the current disparity industries are facing. In addition, in this paper we have presented different type of labelling methodology for camera, radar and Lidar sensor data which are being used for automotive drive data.
Kumari, Anita
Parking Path Planning Based on Combination of Reeds-Shepp Curve and A-Star Algorithm2022-01-70246/28/2022
To resolve the problems of path curvature mutation and automatic parking path planning in complex scenes, a novel parking path planning method based on the combination of Reeds-Shepp curve and A-Star algorithm is proposed in this paper. To start with, the points from the planned path are selected based on Reeds-Shepp curve, whereby the planned path is segmented and optimized according to the combination of limited information collected by environmental perception system and A-Star algorithm, then the planned path of automatic parking is executed successfully in complex barriers scenarios. Subsequently, the effectiveness of the segmented path is verified with the adoption of MATLAB and real-vehicle test. It can be seen from the results that the path planned based on the combination of Reeds-Shepp curve and A-Star algorithm is proven to provide a smooth path, superior execution, and high security.
Zhao, Ying, Xue, Qihong, Huang, Xiangfei, Yu, Ting, Yang, Hongtao
Path Tracking for Driverless Vehicle Under Parallel Parking Based on Model Predictive Control2021-01-701112/15/2021
In order to solve the problems of accuracy, comfort and robustness of driverless vehicles under parallel parking condition, a control method of path tracking based on model predictive control (MPC) is studied. The kinematics model of driverless vehicle under parking condition is established. The calculation method of minimum parking space size required for parking is proposed. The linear error model of vehicle kinematics is established. In order to make the vehicle track the desired path quickly and smoothly, an appropriate objective function is designed. In rolling optimization, the constraint conditions of velocity and front wheel steering angle are imposed on the objective function to achieve the solution in the control period, the control input constraint and control increment constraint are set. In order to ensure the stability of the path tracking process, constraint condition of velocity is set. Based on MATLAB environment, the effects of control method of path tracking based on MPC under typical parallel parking condition is studied. Two vehicle models are selected to verify effects of the path tracking control method, and good tracking results are achieved. The results show that compared with the pure pursuit control method, MPC method can make the vehicle reach the end of the planned path, the path tracking error is smaller, the change of front wheel angle is smoother, the vehicle stability and passenger comfort are better, and parking robustness is improved.
Yu, Leiyan, Wang, Xianyu, Hou, Zeyu
2022 Jeep Compass gets class-leading safety upgrades21AUTP09_119/1/2021
An all-new interior and a significant increase in onboard safety systems comprise the major design and engineering changes made to the Jeep Compass for MY2022. The compact SUV now offers more than 75 safety and security features. “We outmatch everybody in the segment,” claimed Jim Morrison, VP, Jeep Brand North America, in an interview with SAE Media at the 2021 Chicago Auto Show (CAS). Stellantis engineers expanded Compass's safety-systems suite with parallel and perpendicular park assist and traffic-sign recognition, both new for Compass. Pedestrian/cyclist park assist is now standard across the Compass line-up, and a 360-degree surround-view camera is standard on Latitude and above trim levels. Highway traffic assist and a hands-on/eyes-on-the road SAE Level 2 driver assistance system will be offered after the vehicle's late-2021 market debut.
Buchholz, Kami
A Chore No More?21AVEP09_069/1/2021
The Detroit Smart Parking Lab opens to develop and test emerging parking technology in real-world settings. The state of Michigan, Ford, Bosch and real-estate company Bedrock announced last week their collaboration for the Detroit Smart Parking Lab (DSPL), claimed to be the first real-world test site for advanced parking technology. The DSPL will open in September 2021 in a Bedrock-owned parking garage in Detroit that also hosted a valet-parking demonstration project (https://www.sae.org/news/2020/08/ford-bosch-automated-parking-in-detroit) initiated by Ford and Bosch in August, 2020. The DSPL project, announced by Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer, is intended to facilitate smart-infrastructure and mobility companies and startups in development of “parking-related mobility, logistics and electric vehicle charging technologies,” according to the DSPL. Michigan will encourage work with the DSPL, said Whitmer, through Michigan Mobility Funding Program grants administered by its Michigan Economic Development Corp. and Office of Future Mobility and Electrification. One of the early awardees of a grant is vehicle-rental agency Enterprise, which intends to use the DSPL to test automated valet parking and electric vehicle (EV) charging to improve vehicle quick-turnaround strategies.
Visnic, Bill
ULTRASONIC SENSOR BASED AUTOMATIC BRAKING ASSIST SYSTEMSAE-PP-001436/7/2021
The research work encompasses design of an automatic braking assist system which includes ultrasonic sensors for obstacle detection. The sensors can provide an auditory warning of an approaching obstacle. Once an obstacle is detected the brakes are actuated. This automatic brake assist system is divided into three parts, the obstacle detection system, the brake actuation system and the interfacing system. The obstacle detection system consists of the ultrasonic sensor system which works on the principle of propagating sound waves and calculating the time taken for the return echo to reach the receiver. This gives the distance of the object from the vehicle. The brake actuation system consists of a permanent magnet DC motor. The motor is actuated by a microcontroller which gets its input from the controller of the ultrasonic system. The interface board functions as a controller for the brake actuation system. An experimental set up was made using the above parts which include an ultrasonic system with a range of 1.2 ± 0.5m. The outcome of this experiment shows the feasibility of such a system and that with a D.C motor a maximum brake force of 0.4g is achieved. The maximum speed for which this brake force is achieved is 10kmph.
Joseph, Koshy P
Path Planning Algorithm of Automatic Perpendicular Parking in Constrained Parking Space2021-01-09114/6/2021
This article focuses on the implementation of a perpendicular parking assistance and more precisely, the path planner of the perpendicular parking. An iterative algorithm is adopted consisting of two steps. Firstly, whether the vehicle can reverse or drive park into the desired slot in one maneuver is checked. Secondly, a sequence of backward and forward moving is implemented from the original position, until the vehicle reaches a configuration of states from which it can be pulled into the parking slot. In both steps, the constraints of parking space and vehicle dynamics are considered. Simulation examples demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed path planning strategy are presented.
Ye, Fei, Lu, Hui, Qi, Cheng
A Semantic Slam System Based on Visual-Inertial Information and around View Images for Underground Parking Lot2021-01-00784/6/2021
As one of the most challenging driving tasks, parking is a common but particularly troublesome problem in large cities. Recently, an excellent solution-automated valet parking (AVP) has become a hot research topic, which allows the driver to leave the vehicle in a drop-off area, while the vehicle driving into the parking slot by itself. For AVP, the precise localization is an indispensable module. However, the global positioning system (GPS) cannot be used in the underground parking lot and the localization method based on lidar is too expensive. In response to solve this problem, we propose a simultaneous localization and mapping system with the semantic information of parking slots (PS-SLAM), which is based on visual-inertial and around view images. First, the calibration of multi-sensors is conducted to obtain their intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. In this way, the around view image and transformation matrices between sensors can be acquired. Then, the ORB-SLAM3 based on visual-inertial information is used to acquire the pose of the vehicle and sparse point cloud map. Next, the parking slot in the around view image is detected by the deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) model called VPS-Net. Finally, a parking-slot association method is devised to associate the detected parking slots with the point cloud map to generate a semantic map. The field experiments are conducted using a wire control chassis with 4 fisheye cameras, an inertial measurement unit (IMU), and a monocular camera. The results show that the proposed visual semantic SLAM system not only can achieve centimeter-level localization in the indoor parking lot but also generate a semantic map with parking slots.
LI, Wei, Li, Chaohui, Xiao, Dongjie, Zhou, Dong, Wang, Tao, Cao, Libo
A Path Planning Method Based on Hybrid A-Star and RS Algorithm2020-01-517712/30/2020
How to generate a reasonable path for automatic parking assist has been extensively studied. However, it is still a huge challenge to design a path planner that can handle tight space environments for all common parking scenarios. The things need to be considered in the process of path planning algorithm design, including generate a path quickly and low computational costs and collision-free path, make the problem even more difficult to be solved. In this paper, a path planning algorithm based on hybrid A-star and RS algorithm is proposed. The algorithm introduces the concept of guiding points which we can directly generate collision-free path through the RS algorithm, and the guiding point are calculated offline using hybrid A-star algorithm for various working scenarios. And the algorithm was tested and validated by the simulation and vehicle test in two common parking scenarios. As illustrated by the simulation and vehicle test results, the proposed path planning algorithm is improved significantly and can be used in common parking scenarios.
Li, Chao, Du, Jianyu, Liu, Bin, Li, Jianfeng
Test Method for Intelligent Parking System2020-01-517812/30/2020
For novice drivers, intelligent parking system is very useful, it can reduce the accident rate in the parking process, so it has been widely used. Intelligent parking system includes parking assistance system, remote control parking system and valet parking system, etc., but the related test and evaluation standards of remote control parking system and valet parking system are not mature, and there are not too many referable test and evaluation methods in the world. This paper analyzes the technical characteristics of the current intelligent parking system, and refers to the parking assistance system test and evaluation method, and puts forward a reasonable assessment standard and feasible test scheme. The evaluation criteria and test methods are validated under parallel parking conditions. In this paper, parking performance, parking efficiency, parking safety and other aspects of comprehensive consideration, the proposed evaluation indicators include: parking search ability, parking efficiency, posture after parking and driver’s ability to take over. This paper analyzes the intelligent parking system based on different perception systems, and proposes a test scenario construction method for each system. In this paper, VBOX device is used to verify the evaluation index test method proposed in this paper, and through the experiment, the use method of VBOX is introduced. And the test data are analyzed.
Li, Tao, Xi, Ruixuan, Zhang, Shuai, Liu, Yu, Gao, Jinxian
Development of the Rig and Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Bench for Evaluating Steering Performance2020-01-06474/14/2020
The development of vehicles faces changes in many future flows. The vehicle’s power transfer systems are being changed from conventional types to Hybrid, Electric and Hydrogen vehicles. At this moment, the technology of EPS (Electric Power Steering) system has been expanding from a simple torque assist system to LKAS(Lane Keeping Assist System), PAP(Park Assist Pilot), ALCAS(Active Lane Change System), ADAS(Advanced Driver Assistance System). A good test bench is necessary for the evaluation of both hardware and control logics of EPS in these complexities of development process. Simultaneous Rig and HILS tests can be performed to check that the steering hardware system can perform to the concept of the development vehicle and develop EPS control logic performances. The hardware performance of the steering system might be evaluated based on measured friction and stiffness, taking into account various driving conditions. And the control logic of the EPS can be evaluated based on the response capability and steering torque measured through the appropriate vehicle model which could represent virtual driving conditions.
Kim, Changsu, Lee, Byungrim, Park, Youngdae
A Path Planning and Model Predictive Control for Automatic Parking System2020-01-01214/14/2020
With the increasing number of urban cars, parking has become the primary problem that people face in daily life. Therefore, many scholars have studied the automatic parking system. In the existing research, most of the path planning methods use the combined path of arc and straight line. In this method, the path curvature is not continuous, which indirectly leads to the low accuracy of path tracking. The parking path designed using the fifth-order polynomial is continuous, but its curvature is too large to meet the steering constraints in some cases. In this paper, a continuous-curvature parking path is proposed. The parking path tracker based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm is designed under the constraints of the control accuracy and vehicle steering. Firstly, in order to make the curvature of the parking path continuous, this paper superimposes the fifth-order polynomial with the sigmoid function, and the curve obtained has the continuous and relatively small curvature. Therefore, the superposition curve is used as a parallel parking path while the superposition curve and its inverse function curve are combined to form a perpendicular parking path. The coefficients of the superposition curve are calculated according to the constraint condition, the parking start point and end point. Thus, the parking path is determined.. Secondly, the vehicle kinematics model is established and a parking path tracker based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm is designed. Finally, the co-simulation analysis is performed using CarSim and Simulink. The simulation results show that the parking path curvature designed in this paper is continuous and the parking path tracker has a good tracking effect. The lateral error and longitudinal error can be controlled in the centimeter scale and the heading angle error is no more than 3°.
Meng, Xiangxi, Wu, Jian, He, Rui, Zhu, Bing, Zhao, Jian
Vision Based Solution for Auto-Maneuvering of Vehicle for Emerging Market2019-28-251711/21/2019
Advance Active Safety Systems play a preventive role in mitigating crashes and accidents by providing warning, additional assistance to the driver and maneuverability of vehicle by itself. Some of the features include forward collision warning system and lane departure warning system activate a warning alert when potentially dangerous situations are detected. These active safety features present in developed markets work with Fusion based algorithm combining Radar, Lidar, Camera, Ultrasonic sensor’s input. Application of these algorithms are Intelligent Cruise Control, Collision avoidance, parking assistance, identify pedestrian etc. The complexity of the algorithm, cost of the control unit and road infrastructure are hindrance to emerging market. The solution presented in this paper is towards camera-based solution, describing the method to determine the predictive path, that is obstacle free space and use the predictive space to navigate or steer. This paper focuses on vehicle maneuverability in poor road infrastructure (lane irregularities or no lane marking) by using only cameras.
Bose, Souvik, Singh, Ashwani Kumar, Singampalli, D V Ram Kumar, lalwani, Chandraprakash
Study on Robust Motion Planning Method for Automatic Parking Assist System Based on Neural Network and Tree Search2019-01-505911/4/2019
Automatic Parking Assist System (APAS) is an important part of Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS). It frees drivers from the burden of maneuvering a vehicle into a narrow parking space. This paper deals with the motion planning, a key issue of APAS, for vehicles in automatic parking. Planning module should guarantee the robustness to various initial postures and ensure that the vehicle is parked symmetrically in the center of the parking slot. However, current planning methods can’t meet both requirements well. To meet the aforementioned requirements, a method combining neural network and Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is adopted in this work. From a driver’s perspective, different initial postures imply different parking strategies. In order to achieve the robustness to diverse initial postures, a natural idea is to train a model that can learn various strategies. As artificial neural network has outstanding potential in representing and learning knowledge, a neural network is utilized to provide prior knowledge, which is trained through supervised learning by a novel method that imitates human learning style. However, the training accuracy and generalization ability of a neural network, together with the quality of training data, will interfere with the robustness and terminal parking performance of a planning module inevitably. To counter this, a particular variant of MCTS (P-MCTS), which can memorize the best sequence with the highest reward, is combined with the neural network to select the final action by taking Monte-Carlo samples among possible candidates produced by the neural network. Compared with the standard MCTS, P-MCTS performs better in one-player puzzle like automatic parking. Using this method, for the planning part, the robustness to various initial postures and good terminal parking performance can be guaranteed simultaneously, which is verified by the simulations of Matlab and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests.
Hu, Fengwei, Chen, Hui, Zhang, Jiren
An IMPC Based Parking Assistance System2019-01-261410/22/2019
This paper summarizes progress and outcome from our research projects on adaptive model predictive control based parking management system, including parking motion planning and control strategy, as well as a localization strategy for parking spot. IMPC here refers to interactive model predictive control regime, which is characterized in that multiple agents implementing separate MPC strategy are incorporating information about their state, objective, and constraints. To predict future parking parameters, we proposed a practical framework which integrates anticipatory techniques with a model predictive approach that robustly models the uncertainty intrinsic of parking environment. The control regime puts comprehensive consideration into the interactions between vehicle subsystems, thus capable of optimizing trajectory under complex input disturbances under real-world driving scenarios. Moreover, Adaptive model predictive control is utilized to optimally minimize a cost function regarding time elapse, peripheral convenience and vehicle dynamics correspondent with surrounding vehicle states. The objective function is solved by dynamic programming under calibrated constraints in terms of velocity and steering accuracy, which yielded superior performance in comparison with convex programming. A dedicated guidance system was developed for navigating user to the parking spot for ease of locating parking location, which is characterized in that swift location and path are generated by BLE-based sensor fusion. Upon parking action finalization, the BLE sensor transmits the parking location to preferred communication equipment of user, which serves as goal of parking retrieve assignment. Simulation results show promising expected cost minimization in typical parking environments under consideration of numbers of trials, parking time and distance to destination. The achieved accuracy of MPC-led parking management strategy is able to improve the precision up to 0.3 meter, within the simulated highly disorganized parking environment. Meanwhile, the state of art park spot search module is able to shorten the time for drivers to locate their vehicle with positioning error of less than 1.2 meter.
Ouyang, Qianyu, Jia, Xianzhe
The Sense-itive Side of Autonomous Vehicles19AVEP07_077/1/2019
BASF is exploring how specific materials-and even paint colors and finishes-can improve the capabilities of AV sensors. The sensing technologies needed for automated-driving vehicles are evolving as the industry moves toward high-level (SAE Level 4-5) automation. Sophisticated sensors already enable advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) features such as adaptive cruise control, park assist, lane-centering and others. But in order to meet the needs of high-level and conditional autonomy, sensors themselves need a technology-assist. Materials-science specialist BASF is enhancing the understanding of what materials may aid the sensing equation.
Buchholz, Kami
Student Concept Vehicle: Development and Usability of an Innovative Holographic User Interface Concept and a Novel Parking Assistance System Concept2019-01-03964/2/2019
The Deep Orange program is a concept vehicle development program focused on providing hands-on experience in design, engineering, prototyping and production planning as part of students’ two-year MS graduate education. Throughout this project, the team was challenged to create innovative concepts during the ideation phase as part of building the running vehicle. This paper describes the usability studies performed on two of the vehicle concepts that require driver interaction. One concept is a human machine interface (HMI) that uses a holographic companion that can act as a concierge for all functions of the vehicle. After creating a prototype using existing technologies and developing a user interface controlled by hand gestures, a usability study was completed with older adults. The results suggest the input method was not intuitive. Participants demonstrated better performance with tasks using discrete hand motions in comparison to those that required continuous motions. The data were helpful to understand the challenges of untrained users interacting with a new HMI system. The second concept is a parking assist system designed to help other drivers. A usability study evaluated the intuitiveness of the parking assist concept using a driving simulator. The results showed that all of the participants understood the purpose of the system without any explanation. The majority of the participants reported they would like to have this type of parking assist system on their own vehicle and would benefit from it while parking. Future efforts should integrate the HMI’s companion with the parking assist system to increase distinctiveness and personalization. The goal of the companion is to not only act as a concierge, but to give additional information to external traffic as well. The usability testing process helped the engineering students understand the end users’ perspective and what changes are needed to incorporate into future vehicles.
Mims, Lauren, Brooks, Johnell, Schwambach, Breno, Knizek, Robert, Jenkins, Casey, Beckman, Mitchell, Melnrick, Ken, Schulte, Joerg, Weber, Julian
WHAT WE'RE DRIVING19AUTP02_092/1/2019
As this month's cover story makes clear, the 2019 Audi e-tron is not an electric screamer. It doesn't redefine ludicrous 0-60-mph acceleration times every time you step on the accelerator. In fact, if you're used to a high-performance Tesla Model X, the e-tron feels decidedly neutered. The overall e-tron package combines Audi's elegant and attractive exterior (that intentionally fits the brand's current design language), slightly tweaked for the electric powertrain, with an incredibly quiet cabin, even while cruising at 75 mph.
3D Auditory Displays for Parking Assistance Systems2017-01-96274/11/2017
The objective of this study was to investigate if 3D auditory displays could be used to enhance parking assistance systems (PAS). Objective measurements and estimations of workload were used to assess the benefits of different 3D auditory displays. In today’s cars, PAS normally use a visual display together with simple sound signals to inform drivers of obstacles in close proximity. These systems rely heavily on the visual display, as the sound does not provide information about obstacles' location. This may cause the driver to lose focus on the surroundings and reduce situational awareness. Two user studies (during summer and winter) were conducted to compare three different systems. The baseline system corresponded to a system normally found in today’s cars. The other systems were designed with a 3D auditory display, conveying information of where obstacles were located through sound. A visual display was also available. Both normal parking and parallel parking was conducted. Time taken for parking and the number of obstacles/curb hits were recorded. Participants answered a NASA TLX questionnaire after evaluating each PAS for estimation of their experienced workload. Most participants enjoyed the additional information provided by the 3D auditory displays. The winter trial showed a significant reduction in perceived effort when using a 3D auditory display compared to the baseline. The summer trial showed tendencies of higher mental demand and frustration with the baseline compared to the 3D auditory displays. The results suggest that 3D auditory displays can be appreciated and useful in difficult parking situations.
Lundkvist, André, Johnsson, Roger, Nykänen, Arne, Stridfelt, Jakob
Chicago Auto Show: All-new 2018 Ford Expedition gets aluminum body, 10-speed17AUTP03_093/1/2017
When Ford Motor Co. leadership made the bold decision to invest in aluminum body structures for its F-Series pickups, they made sure the Expedition was integrated into the product plan. The resulting 2018 Expedition, unveiled February 7 in Dallas, shows the fruits of that wisdom. Still riding on a separate hydroformed-steel ladder frame (itself redesigned and CAE-optimized for greater strength and lower mass), the new eight-passenger SUV sheds up to 300 lb (136 kg) compared with the incumbent model. The mass reduction enabled Ford engineers to move to a single-solution powertrain format-the 3.5-L turbocharged V6 with auto stop-start and 10R80 10-speed automatic. No V8! Reducing curb weight also allowed the addition of a large panoramic sunroof system, typically a significant mass penalty.
Brooke, Lindsay
AUTONOMOUS DRIVING MEETS REGULATION: Hands off, eyes off, brain off16AUTP05_035/1/2016
Euro NCAP'S president warns that without coherent policies, the growing availability of automated technologies may result in piecemeal technology development-and unintentional consequences. Auto industry legend Lee Iacocca once famously said, “Safety doesn't sell.” Later, he was big enough to modify his stance and candidly admitted in an advertisement extolling the benefits of airbags, “Who says you can't teach an old dog new tricks?” Safety has become a “given” in vehicle design and technology, and not least because it is structured within the crash-proof confines of comprehensive legislation. Buyers assume new cars will be safe and getting safer, as OEMs design their products to meet the coveted 5-star rating. But with the prospect of comprehensive autonomous technology gaining acceptance, and major European OEMs and suppliers including Audi, Bosch, Mercedes-Benz and Volvo investing heavily in it, automotive safety is taking on a whole new dimension.
Birch, Stuart
Response Times for Visual, Auditory and Vibrotactile Directional Cues in Driver Assistance Systems2015-01-91534/5/2016
The number of advanced driver assistance systems is constantly increasing. Many of the systems require visual attention, and a way to reduce risks associated with inattention could be to use multisensory signals. A driver's main attention is in front of the car, but inattention to surrounding areas beside and behind the car can be a risk. Therefore, there is a need for driver assistance systems capable of directing attention to the sides. In a simulator study, combined visual, auditory and vibrotactile signals for directional attention capture were designed for use in driver assistance systems, such as blind spot information, parking assistance, collision warnings, navigation, lane departure warning etc. An experiment was conducted in order to measure the effects of the use of different sensory modalities on directional attention (left/right) in driver assistance systems. Attention was assessed in a driving simulator using Lane Change Task together with a secondary task, designed to measure choice response times and error rates to directional (left/right) information for multisensory signals. Different combinations of visual, auditory and vibrotactile signals were tested and compared. Visual signals alone (when captured by the driver) or in combination with other modalities provided shortest response times (570 ms on average). Auditory and vibrotactile signals captured attention equally well in terms of response time (650 ms and 740 ms on average). No significant differences in localization error rates were observed.
Lundkvist, André, Nykänen, Arne
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems2016-28-02232/1/2016
This paper provides a detailed study of the recent developments in the field of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and researches in ADASs since last decade. The paper provides a survey on Cognitive cars and driver oriented intelligent vehicles and their motion, stimuli, reflex and response. The main objectives of the paper re the future advancements in ADASs, the response duration, user-compatibility and stimuli decision-action on driver as well as on the system side. "THE SOUL PURPOSE OF ADASs IS TO SUPPORT THE DRIVERS RATHER THAN TO REPLACE THEM". Keeping this into consideration, this paper addresses the major achievements and major difficulties in making Advanced Driver Assistance System to be incorporated in today’s automation. The paper describes the pros and cons on the modern day cognitive cars, its areas of improvement and further modifications. The paper also describes briefly about the driver safety when the ADASs is not implemented and modern day driving skills. Then the paper is concluded with different new components which are included in ADASs (like Smart rear view camera, Surround view park assistance technology, Radar systems etc) and their detailed study.
Paul, Aneesh, Chauhan, Rohan, Srivastava, Rituraj, Baruah, Mriganka
2016 Discovery Sport spearheads more efficient Land Rovers15AUTP10_0410/1/2015
JLR's space-efficient, flexible SUV moves to JLR's new Ingenium modular engines. The vast, volcanic, and starkly beautiful Highlands interior of Iceland is an ideal place to demonstrate the do-it-all capabilities of Land Rover's all-new Discovery Sport. Two days spent there last January testing early-VIN production vehicles in on-and off-road conditions gave Automotive Engineering and other media insight into the work lives of Land Rover engineers. For them, extreme departure angles, tricky split-µ surfaces, and icy-river fords are routine development stuff, as proven by how well their versatile new C-segment SUV performs off road. However, Land Rover's 250-strong engineering team also delivered luxury-car levels of cabin noise and ride comfort on pavement, aimed at the majority of “Disco” Sport customers who will rarely, if ever, venture into the mud or engage low range.
Brooke, Lindsay
2016 Malibu sheds 300 lb, adds new hybrid system15AUTP10_0110/1/2015
More wheelbase, style, fuel economy, and comfort aim to move GM's volume midsize sedan from the sidelines to the fast lane. Entering its ninth generation, the 2016 Chevrolet Malibu zoomed through its development cycle faster than any General Motors vehicle in recent memory. It gains a new platform and powertrains-including an all-new dedicated strong-hybrid model with some EV-only capability-aimed at putting the nameplate at the head of North America's most competitive segment. “This was a fast program-about three years,” Chief Engineer Jesse Ortega told Automotive Engineering. “We've got at last count 17 competitors for Malibu, in a hot segment that represents 14% of the industry.” The car's design was the province of the team, under Chevrolet Executive Design Director John Cafaro, that delivered the current Impala, while the car's new Epsilon II architecture has its roots in Russelsheim.
Brooke, Lindsay
Speed Control of Parking Assist System for Electrified Vehicle2015-01-03164/14/2015
Parking assist systems which relieve burden of drivers have been put into practice in the world. Mitsubishi Electric has also been developing several technologies to realize the system, where our products such as sonar (ultrasonic sensor), electric power steering (EPS), a motor, and an inverter are used. In the parking assist system, peripheral environment of the vehicle in a parking lot is detected with our sonar sensors and determine whether or not there is a parking space available. Estimation of the position and the attitude of the vehicle is also carried out. On the basis of the detection and the estimation, a smooth and efficient path to drive and park the vehicle is generated with an optimization technique. In particular, this paper focuses on a drive control for electrified vehicles to track the reference trajectory at a desired speed given from the assist system. Taking advantages of features of the motor, which has high-speed responses and generates precise and large torque even at a low speed, the automatic parking can be achieved in a smooth and exact way. In the case the vehicle deviates from the reference trajectory because of disturbances and uncertainties, our simple controller can recover the vehicle there. Vibration characteristics of the powertrain of the vehicle are also considered in the derivation of the controller. This paper shows the design procedure and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Yokoyama, Kazuto, Iezawa, Masahiro, Akashi, Yohei, Satake, Toshihide, Akemi, Yukiyasu, Inoue, Satoru, Suzuki, Ryotaro
Vehicle Perimeter Monitoring using Minimum Number of Sensors during Parking Maneuver2015-01-03094/14/2015
Parking assist systems have become very common in current vehicles. The purpose of such a system is to assist the driver to park the vehicle without collision. The sensors serve as eyes of the driver during parking maneuver by sensing any obstacle in the path. The parking sensors, typically ultrasonic sensors, are mounted on front and rear of vehicle to assist the driver to park the vehicle. Thus, such a system can cover only the front and rear portion of the vehicle and is unable to cover the side portions of the vehicle. This paper proposes a novel method to monitor the perimeter of a vehicle while parking using minimum sensors placed at strategic locations. A local map of the parking area is generated using data from sensors which helps in identifying static obstacles. The map is constantly updated in real time during parking. The algorithm ascertains that the entire perimeter of the vehicle is protected from impending collisions in real time. The algorithm takes into account vehicle parameters such as geometry (vehicle length & width), kinematics constraints (turning radius) and driver inputs(e.g. steering angle). This can also be applied in automatic parking for verifying the path generated before the vehicle starts the parking process.
Chatterjee, Mayurika, Rao, Atchyuta, Rajguru, Chaitanya
Sensor Fusion-Based Parking Assist System2014-01-03274/1/2014
This paper proposes a parking assist system that fuses around view monitor (AVM) image, ultrasonic sensor, and in-vehicle motion sensor. The proposed system recognizes various types of parking slot markings using AVM image sequences and classifies occupancies of the detected parking slots using ultrasonic sensors. Once a desirable parking slot is selected by a driver, its position is continuously tracked by fusing AVM images and motion sensor-based odometry. Experimental results show that the proposed system can reliably detect and track various types of parking slot markings.
Choi, Jaeseob, Chang, Eugene, Yoon, Daejoong, Ryu, Seongsook, Jung, Hogi, Suhr, Jaekyu
LOW COST ADVANCDED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEM (ADAS) DEVELOPMENT2024-01-34378/20/2013
ABSTRACT Popularity of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) in the passenger car industry has seen an explosive growth in recent years. Some ADAS that are becoming ubiquitous are Lane Departure Warning (LDW), Blind Spot Detection (BSD) and automatic parking or parking assistance systems. In many cases, such systems had been developed specifically to handle the most demanding driving conditions at very high speeds, which typically require very sophisticated software and high-power hardware. However, in the other application areas or geographical regions, such sophistication often hinders adoption of the technology. An alternate approach is to use off-the-shelf (OTS) component as much as possible so that similar systems with an appropriate subset of functions can be developed cheaply and quickly. The approach similar to the NASA’s “PhoneSats” program is discussed in this paper.
Bae, Hong, Jiang, Yi, Hennessy, Chris
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