(TC)The paper presents a designed and evaluated optimal traction control (TC) strategy for unmanned agriculture vehicle, where onboard sensors acquire various real-time information about wheel speed, load sharing, and terrain characteristics to achieve the precise control of the powertrain by establishing an optimal control command; moreover, the developed AMT-adaptive SMC combines the AMT adaptive control algorithm and the SMC to implement the dynamic gear shifting, torque output, and driving mode switching to obtain an optimal power distribution according to different speed demand and harvest load. Based on the establishment of models of the autonomous agriculture vehicle and corresponding tire model, a MATLAB/Simulink method based on dynamic simulation is adopted to simulate the unmanned agricultural vehicle traversing different terrains conditions. The results from comparison show that the energy saving reaches 19.0%, rising from 2. 1 kWh/km to 1. 7 kWh/km, an increase in

Feng, Zhenghao, Lu, Yunfan, Gao, Duan, An, Yi, Zhou, Chuanbo

“Reduction in Product Development Time by Field-To-Lab Simulation”

2025-28-0282

11/06/2025

Puddling is a crucial process in rice cultivation, involving the preparation of the soil in a flooded field to create a soft, muddy seedbed. There are two classifications for puddling: full cage and half cage. Full cage puddling involves replacing the rear wheels of the tractor with steel paddle wheels, which are used to till the rice paddies directly without any additional implement. In the half cage puddling, the rear wheels remain on the tractor, and a smaller cage or paddle wheel is attached to the outside. Considering the field size, the operator often releases the clutch very quickly after a speed or direction change. This generates torque spikes, which are harmful to Transmission Gears and Clutches. This can lead to gear teeth bending fatigue failure due to repeated higher bending stresses. In this paper, a study related to how to reduce overall product development time by simulating bending fatigue failure of gear in lab environment is presented. A systematic approach is used

Pathan, Irfan Hamidulla, Bardia, Prashant

PTO Clutch Hydraulic Performance Evaluation Methodology Development & Correlation

2025-28-0295

11/06/2025

This paper presents an analysis methodology developed to comprehend the impact of pressure spikes in off-highway applications, particularly during PTO (Power Take-Off) clutch engagement. These pressure spikes can adversely affect hydraulic subsystem components such as seals, gaskets, and valve operations. Assessing hydraulic system performance through physical trials can be cumbersome, resulting in longer development times and increased costs. To address this, a methodology was developed in a virtual environment to evaluate hydraulic system performance. The virtual method outlined in this paper is created in a 1D environment using a simulation methodology to replicate the transient behavior of the dynamic system. The hydraulic system primarily includes a relief valve, solenoid valves, a pump, and a clutch. An analytical model was developed for the hydraulic system components with appropriate fidelity to accurately replicate the transient behavior and magnitudes of pressure spikes. This

Memane, Nilesh, Kumar, Suneel, Veerkar, Vikrant

Optimization of Shuttle Shifting Process of Agricultural Tractor using Simulation Environment

2025-28-0285

11/06/2025

Transmission tuning involves adjusting parameters within a vehicle's transmission control unit (TCU) or transmission control module (TCM) to optimize performance, efficiency, and driving experience. Transmission tuning is beneficial for optimizing performance, improving fuel efficiency, smoother shifting and enhancing drivability particularly when a vehicle's power output is increased or for specific driving conditions. Especially in offroad and agricultural machines, transmission tuning is vital to significantly improve vehicle performance during different operations. The process of transmission tuning is quite time consuming as multiple tuning iterations are required on the actual vehicle. A significant reduction in tuning time can be achieved using a simulation environment, which can mimic the actual vehicle dynamics and the real time vehicle behavior. In this paper, tuning during the forward and reverse motion of the tractor is described. A two-level PI control-based shift strategy

Varghese, Nithin

Development of Electronic Control in Strong Hybrid Motorcycle

2025-32-0091

11/03/2025

In response to the growing demand for environmental performance, the mobility industry is actively developing electrification, and in particular, the use of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) in commuting motorcycles is advancing. However, in the case of vehicles for leisure, which require high riding performance, there are problems such as cruising range and charging time, and there are currently few mass-produced models. Therefore, we proposed a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) type Motorcycle (MC) to achieve both environmental performance and high riding performance by means other than BEV. The proposed vehicle is equipped with a strong type hybrid system in which an engine and a drive motor are connected in parallel via a hydraulic electronically controlled clutch. It is possible to drive only by motor (EV driving) or by hybrid driving powered by both the engine and the motor (HEV driving). In order to improve environmental performance, it is necessary to develop a function for switching

Obayashi, Kosuke, Terai, Shohei, Jino, Kenichi, Kawai, Daisuke

Study on the Clarification of the Mechanism of Scooter Centrifugal Clutch Squeal

2025-32-0022

11/03/2025

A centrifugal clutch is used in many machines such as scooters, lawn mowers, outboard motor of boats, brush cutters, and so on. It may produce a shrill sound, similar to a brake squeal, when the clutch engages for starting. In this study, we have proved that this shrill sound, in another word, clutch squeal, is caused by the self-excited vibrations of the centrifugal clutch. And we have also clarified that the clutch squeal can be restrained by employing an asymmetrical shape for the clutch housing. The clutch squeal tends to occur when the centrifugal clutch becomes hot due to repetitive starting and stopping, which causes the friction coefficient of the friction material on the clutch shoe to increase. It is presumable that vibration on the clutch housing generated by the self-excited vibrations is the cause of the clutch squeal. In an attempt to clarify the cause of clutch squeal, we first measured the sound pressure of the clutch squeal and the vibration shapes of the clutch

Yamamoto, Kohei, Iwamoto, Tatsuya, Otsuka, Takashi

Forward-Looking SiL-Based Fuel Consumption Simulation for Dual-Clutch Transmission Software Evaluation

2025-32-0070

11/03/2025

Evaluating the impact of software changes on fuel consumption and emissions is a critical aspect of transmission development. To evaluate the trade-offs between performance improvements and potential negative effects on efficiency, a forward-looking Software-in-the-Loop (SiL) simulation has been developed. Unlike backward calculations that derive fuel consumption based solely on cycle speed and engine speed, this approach executes complete driving cycles as the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) within a detailed SiL environment. By considering all relevant influencing factors in a dynamic simulation, the method provides a more accurate assessment of fuel consumption and emission differences between two versions of the transmission software. The significant contribution of this work lies in the high-fidelity integration of a real virtual Transmission Control Unit (vTCU) software within a comprehensive, validated forward-looking SiL environment. This approach

Kengne Dzegou, Thierry Junior, Schober, Florian, Rebesberger, Ron, Henze, Roman

Revolutionizing Two-Wheeler Gear Shifting: A Cost-Effective Approach for Clutch-Less Gear Shift

2025-32-0088

11/03/2025

Automotive manufacturers are constantly striving to enhance the performance and comfort of vehicles, particularly in terms of acceleration and driving experience which is a perceived behavior. The gear shift procedure plays a significant role in this aspect. Frequent actuation of clutch and throttle for gear shift in a manual gear shift transmission is one of the causes for human fatigue while driving, especially in 2-wheelers. The speed reduction during gear shift also leads to lower acceleration timing. With advancements in technology and a growing emphasis on comfortable driving experiences, clutch-less gear shift in a geared vehicle is one of the most sought-after features. Automatic transmissions are often expensive and increases system complexity, making them less accessible in particular for 2-wheeler market. Therefore, there is a need for developing a cost-effective and affordable solution to address this problem statement. The current work presents a simplified software-based

Jois, Dinkar

Torque Transfer Response Enhancement on the DCT with Estimated Hydraulic Pressure in the Clutch Piston Chamber

2025-32-0083

11/03/2025

The torque transfer response to rider throttle operation contributes to vehicle control in motorcycles equipped with a DCT (Dual Clutch Transmission). The clutch response is a key parameter to enhance torque transfer response. We have developed three new ECU (Electric Control Unit) control methods to enhance the clutch response on the DCT. The DCT clutch transfers torque by controlling the contact force between the clutch discs and the clutch plates. It is desirable to measure the hydraulic pressure value directly from the clutch piston chamber to control the contact force. However, since the clutch piston is a rotating body, it is impractical to place a hydraulic pressure sensor on it. Therefore, the hydraulic pressure sensor is placed along the clutch control oil line at the existing DCT system. Consequently, when oil flows in the oil line, pressure loss in the oil line causes a deviation between the hydraulic pressure sensor value and the clutch piston chamber pressure value, which

Takahashi, Kosaku

Design and Development of a Novel Automatic Powershift Transmission for Battery-Electric Vehicles

2025-32-0096

11/03/2025

The increasing adoption of battery-electric propulsion in two- and 3-wheelers, small cars, and four-wheeled delivery vehicles has created a growing demand for technological advancements to improve their autonomy. Due to cost and weight constraints, these vehicles cannot incorporate highly sophisticated electric motors, as seen in the premium car sector. Therefore, achieving the best possible efficiency in urban and extra-urban commuting requires innovative solutions. One promising approach is the integration of a two-speed transmission into the drivetrain, which allows for load point shifting within the electric motor’s operating map. This strategy significantly reduces energy consumption while maintaining optimal performance. The presented research focuses on the design and development of a simple, cost-efficient two-speed transmission that provides a viable alternative to direct drive systems. While direct drive configurations are highly efficient, they often lack flexibility in

Tromayer, Juergen, Stückler, David, Kirchberger, Roland

Simulation of Hydraulic Retarder Using Particleworks

2025-28-0382

10/30/2025

This study explores the application of Particleworks, a meshless CFD solver based on the Moving Particle Simulation (MPS) method, for simulating hydraulic retarders. Two distinct models were used: one for validating physical fidelity and another for conducting performance-focused design investigations. Validation results demonstrated that Particleworks closely aligns with experimental data from the reference literature, effectively capturing torque variations with rotor speed effect. A sensitivity study also emphasized the importance of particle resolution on accuracy and computational cost. Design studies using an in-house hydraulic retarder model assessed the influence of flow rate, rotor speed, working fluid, temperature, and cup geometry on braking torque. Notably, torque increased with rotor speed and steeper cup angles, while thermal effects and fluid properties significantly impacted performance trends. Comparative analysis with Star-CCM+ showed that Particleworks offers similar

Kumar, Kamal S., Chaudhari, Gunjan B.

Thermal Performance Evaluation Methodology for Wet Clutch: Simulation and Testing Correlation

2025-28-0372

10/30/2025

This paper describes a simulation methodology developed to predict the temperature distribution in separator plate and friction disc of the wet clutch corresponding to given slip power, oil flow rate and clutch geometry for off-highway applications. This study adopts a model-based design approach to understand thermal behavior of the wet clutch. This simulation methodology has been developed in a 1D environment with the right fidelity modeling approach to predict thermal performance of the clutch. This model includes heat flow through conduction and convection corresponding to heat generated due to friction between separator plate and friction material. Lab test includes multiple thermocouples installed on separator plate to capture temperature distribution in radial direction. This methodology has been correlated >90% with test data acquired in the lab. This dynamic simulation model aids to identify the potential root cause of clutch failures and risk mitigation. DOE has been

Kumar, Suneel, Memane, Nilesh, Veerkar, Vikrant

Improvement in Shift Quality in an Automated Multi-Speed Transmission of a Battery Electric Vehicle through Optimization of Required Shift Force

2025-28-0386

10/30/2025

In heavy-duty Battery Electric Commercial Vehicles, developing multi-speed transmissions with smaller traction motors is crucial for achieving necessary gradeability and improving operational efficiency. However, understanding the shifting process in electric vehicles, which lack physical clutches to disengage the transmission from the traction motor during gear shifts, presents a unique challenge. Traditional methods for estimating shift forces are not applicable, creating a new challenge for the industry. The rise of electric vehicles offers opportunities to optimize various aspects of mechanical powertrains, particularly through designing compact shift systems with smaller actuators for automated gear shifting. During gear shifts, the goal is to optimize the required shift force to match the load capacity of a smaller actuator, as failure to do so may result in unsuccessful shifts. This paper evaluates and proposes a methodology for estimating the required shift force in an

Sharma, Saurabh

Research on Network Control System for Heavy Duty Trains Based on Laser + Ethernet

2025-99-0051

10/17/2025

Trains traditionally transmit braking and mitigation commands through the air tube filling and exhausting method, which is easy to cause local large longitudinal impact. In order to meet the high-precision requirements of synchronous transmission of commands for heavy-duty trains with large groupings, this paper proposes a laser+industrial Ethernet network control system, which can meet the requirements of flexible train grouping and virtual connecting under the premise of ensuring synchronous transmission of commands for trains with large groupings. The system consists of central control unit, locomotive laser communication module, locomotive switch, mobile wireless communication terminal, security gateway, vehicle control unit, vehicle laser communication module, vehicle switch, etc. It is designed according to the three-layer architecture of vehicle-level network, train-level network and line-level network, which can realise the issuance of internal control commands and status

Meng, Xiangzhen, Li, Chuanhu, Zhu, Youlong

Reinforcement Learning with Adaptive Discount Factor for Clutch Judder Suppression with Stable Learning in Two-Speed EV Transmission

2025-01-0375

10/07/2025

Designing the gear shift control for an automotive transmission is a complex task because it involves handling nonlinear behaviors like changes in friction between clutch plates and fluctuations in oil temperature. While deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has recently been used to reduce shift shock, most existing methods don’t account for real-world changes such as transmission aging. One major issue that becomes worse with aging is clutch judder—a type of vibration caused by wear. Traditional reinforcement learning assumes that the environment stays the same, which can lead to unstable learning when conditions change, making it hard to consistently reduce shift shock. To address this, we propose a new algorithm that adapts to aging transmissions by adjusting the discount factor—a key parameter in reinforcement learning that balances short-term and long-term rewards. Instead of keeping this factor fixed, our method starts with a lower value to ensure stable learning and gradually

Ogawa, Kazuki, Aihara, Tatsuhito, Goto, Takeru, Minorikawa, Gaku

Development of an SSP-180 Synchronizer Durability Test

2025-01-0408

10/07/2025

Synchronizers are designed to provide smooth, efficient and safe transfer of torque between mechanical gears. Friction level, durability, and consistency of the fluid / friction lining system are crucial to ensuring crisp gear engagements without clashing and noise, vibration and/or harshness (NVH) for the life of the transmission. Excellent wear control of gears, synchronizer ring and cone surfaces is also critical to protecting the life of moving mechanical parts. The SSP-180 synchronizer rig measures friction durability and wear up to 100,000 engagements, using a variety of fluids and friction materials. Methodology for the development of a synchronizer durability procedure using the SSP-180 rig is presented for qualifying fluids for dry dual clutch (DCT) and manual transmission (MT) applications for General Motors. It will be shown that the new DEXRON® SSP-180 Synchronizer Durability Test in Appendix C of the GMW 16612 fluid specification [1] satisfies four key conditions for new

Glasgow, Michael B., Zreik, Khaled, Ezanno, Philippe Nicolas, Shelton, Robert W.

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