Browse Topic: Transmissions

Items (6,978)
The acoustic performance of seven vehicles was evaluated according to Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 141 (CMVSS 141), which governs minimum required sound levels for hybrid and electric vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 4536 kg (10,000 lb) or less. To better understand the sound profiles of medium-duty electric vehicles (MDEVs) and heavy-duty electric vehicles (HDEVs), the sound emissions of two light-duty electric vehicles (LDEVs), one MDEV, three HDEVs, including an electric transit bus, and one heavy-duty internal combustion engine (HD ICE) vehicle were compared. The sound emissions of the MDEV and HDEVs were quieter than the HD ICE vehicle and comparable to that of the LDEVs equipped with auxiliary speakers. The MDEV with its auxiliary speaker turned off and all three HDEVs without auxiliary speakers met CMVSS 141 requirements in reverse gear and at speeds of 20 km/h and 30 km/h. The MDEV, though not subject to CMVSS 141, failed to meet the minimum sound
Sharma, VinayLarocque-Legros, Marc-AndréWeston, ColeSchulte, AndrewChristenson, MarthaRooney, Anne
This paper proposes an uneven pitch control for electric oil pumps. For the noise reduction of vane pumps, mechanical arrangements of uneven pitch vain angle are widely used. However, the tooth angle of gear-type pumps should be even mechanically. The proposed uneven pitch control provides similar effects of the mechanical uneven pitch arrangement by instantaneous motor torque controls of the electric oil pump which cannot have uneven pitch mechanically. The magnitude of motor torque for each pump tooth is determined by an uneven pitch formula which is widely used for mechanical vane pumps in previous study and patents. A formula for the shape of motor torque is proposed by analyzing pressure fluctuations of pump as a combination of trigonometric and exponential functions. The calibration factors for the magnitude and shape are adjusted by characteristics of pumps. The experimental results showed that noise reduction and dispersion effects of the proposed method.
Choi, ChinchulKim, Jongbeom
 Grade climbing capacity establishes a vehicle's distinguishing attribute of handling uneven roads and terrains thereby enhancing its overall performance capability. Vehicle availability and the testing procedure to determine gradeability requires a lot of time and effort. Aiming for the prediction of maximum start-stop gradeability of a vehicle and reducing the testing time and resources, a methodology is established representing the test procedure. A vehicle model is developed in GT Suite having dedicated modules of engine, clutch, transmission, vehicle and a driver. The vehicle is having weight of 2999 kg and a 1499 cc of engine with 80 hp power and 210 Nm torque. In simulation, the driver targeted the engine's launching speed profile, which progressively engaged the clutch to prevent engine stalling. The target is to ascend a specified distance in a predetermined amount of time without stalling the engine. Upon reaching the maximum grade the vehicle can climb, the engine will not
Ramadandi, PadmavathiBose, AnshumanSirangu, SatishYeldo, JabinEdgar, ShawnSalve, SiddheshKaushik, Prince
Public buses can be high-risk environments for the transmission of airborne viruses due to the confined space and high passenger density. However, advanced cabin air control systems and other measures can mitigate this risk. This research was conducted to explore various strategies aimed at reducing airborne particle transmission in bus cabins by using retrofit accessories and a redesigned parallel ventilation system. Public transit buses were used for stationary and on-road testing. Air exchange rates (ACH) were calculated using CO2 gas decay rates measured by low-cost sensors throughout each cabin. An aerosol generator (AG) was placed at various locations inside the bus and particle concentrations were measured for various experiments and ventilation configurations. The use of two standalone HEPA air filters lowered overall concentrations of particles inside the bus cabin by a factor of three. The effect of using plastic “barriers” independently showed faster particle arrival times
Lopez, BrendaSwanson, JacobDover, KevinRenck, EvanChang, M.-C. OliverJung, Heejung
In electrified drivetrains, lubricants are commonly in contact with the motor and other electrical components as well as the gears and bearings. Copper, present in these electrical components, is susceptible to corrosion by fluids containing active sulfur, which can lead to catastrophic failure of the unit. Lubricating fluids for electric vehicles (referred to as e-fluids) must not cause corrosion and must maintain high performance while having suitable electrical conductivity, material compatibility, and heat transfer properties. We describe a new formulation without active sulfur that has recently entered the market, which can protect against copper corrosion. We show that this e-fluid can provide suitable wear protection under field trial conditions, and that the e-fluid provides improved wear protection in bearing (FE-8) tests compared to a traditional extreme pressure axle fluid (API GL-4). Surface analysis (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) measurements of the component surfaces
Hopper, Elizabeth R.Williams, Megan S.Gahagan, Michael
A vehicle powertrain system with a two-stage spring isolator separating a combustion engine from a transmission can exhibit significant nonlinear dynamics if the input torques cause the spring to continuously alternate between its first-stage and second-stage stiffnesses. In particular, this nonlinearity can result in subharmonic resonance of the system’s natural frequencies at half the frequency of the engine’s primary excitation order. A 1D torsional vibration model was prepared using Siemens’s Simcenter Amesim software to study these nonlinear vibrations. First, a correlated vehicle-level model was developed to replicate a half-order torsional resonance that was measured in a test of a research vehicle. Then, simplified theoretical models were used to study and demonstrate the sensitivity of this kind of subharmonic resonant response to changes in mean input torque level, amplitude of input torque oscillation, first-stage capacity of the spring isolator, and other factors.
Villiger, Jacob
Heavy Duty (HD) linehaul vehicles are majorly used in transportation of goods and heavy loads between different cities or long distances. Considering the current trend, payload capacity of these heavy-duty trucks are increasing due to constant increase in the load demand. Due to which engine torques of these HD vehicles are increasing which in turn increases the transmission input torque. At higher torque levels, gear excitation also increases and transmission becomes more susceptible towards higher noise radiation. The transmission is an integral part of the driveline in a heavy duty commercial vehicle. Along with speed and torque conversion, the transmission design is crucial to achieve better fuel economy. Important factors to consider in the transmission design are duty cycle, torque capacity, fuel economy and overall weight. Global vehicle pass-by noise regulations for HD commercial vehicles are becoming more stringent and transmissions are expected to be very quiet. Historically
Rastogi, SarthakMilind, T. R.
A good Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) environment in a vehicle plays an important role in attracting a large customer base in the automotive market. Hence, NVH has been given significant priority while considering automotive design. NVH performance is monitored using simulations early during the design phase and testing in later prototype stages in the automotive industry. Meeting NVH performance targets possesses a greater risk related to design modifications in addition to the cost and time associated with the development process. Hence, a more enhanced and matured design process involves Design Point Analysis (DPA), which is essentially a decision-making process in which analytical tools derived from basic sciences, mathematics, statistics, and engineering fundamentals are used to develop a product model that better fulfills the predefined requirement. This paper shows the systematic approach of conducting a Design Point Analysis-level NVH study to evaluate the acoustic
Ranade, Amod A.Shirode, Satish V.Miskin, AtulMahamuni, Ketan J.Shinde, RahulChowdhury, AshokGhan, Pravin
Wind noise is one of the largest sources to interior noise of modern vehicles. This noise is encountered when driving on roads and freeways from medium speed and generates considerable fatigue for passengers on long journeys. Aero-acoustic noise is the result of turbulent and acoustic pressure fluctuations created within the flow. They are transmitted to the passenger compartment via the vibro-acoustic excitation of vehicle surfaces and underbody cavities. Generally, this is the dominant flow-induced source at low frequencies. The transmission mechanism through the vehicle floor and underbody is a complex phenomenon as the paths to the cavity can be both airborne and structure-borne. This study is focused on the simulation of the floor contribution to wind noise of two types of vehicles (SUV and Sports car), whose underbody structure are largely different. Aero-Vibro-acoustic simulations are performed to identify the transmission mechanism of the underbody wind noise and contribution
Mordillat, PhilippeZerrad, MehdiErrico, Fabrizio
Centralization of electrically driven hydraulic power packs into the body of aircraft has increased attention on the noise and vibration characteristics of the system. A hydraulic power pack consists of a pump coupled to an electrical motor, accumulator, reservoir, and associated filter manifolds. In previous studies, the characteristics of radiated acoustic noise and fluid borne noise were studied. In this paper, we focus on the structure-borne forces generated by the hydraulic pump characterized through blocked force measurements. The blocked force of the pump was determined experimentally using an indirect measurement method. The indirect method required operation with part under test fixed to an instrumented receiver structure. Measured operational accelerations on the receiver plate were used in conjunction with transfer function measurements to predict the blocked forces. Blocked forces were validated by comparing directly measured accelerations to predicted accelerations at
Smither, MatthewTuyls, ZacharyPatel, PratikYan, XinHerrin, David
As the automotive industry moves towards greater intelligence, electric tailgate systems have seen widespread adoption, featuring remote control, obstacle detection, and intelligent opening functions that significantly enhance the user experience. The electric telescopic rod, as a key actuator, has drawn attention for its structural and transmission design. However, studies have shown that during actual operation, various noise issues arise with electric telescopic rods, affecting the sound quality and smoothness of the tailgate's opening and closing. This paper presents a noise detection and analysis study based on a dedicated testbench platform specifically developed for electric telescopic rods. The platform was designed to simulate the real-world opening and closing process of automotive tailgates, enabling a controlled environment for capturing and analyzing noise characteristics effectively. Using a microphone to capture noise signals, three main types of noise were identified
Fan, SibeiWang, SilingZhu, ZhehuiLi, LeiQin, JiadeMeng, DejianPei, Kaikun
Reducing gear rattle noise within the passenger cabin is a crucial objective in vehicle development due to its direct impact on customer comfort and driving experience. Gear rattle occurs when free gears collide during meshing, primarily driven by high torsional vibrations generated by engine fluctuations. These vibrations are transmitted through the clutch system to the transmission, amplifying noise inside the cabin. This study focuses on optimizing the clutch by stabilizing its hysteresis to address this issue. This helps minimize the torsional vibrations transferred to the transmission input shaft, thereby reducing gear rattle. The investigation centers on a case where significant gear rattle was observed at high vehicle speeds, particularly under high engine torque conditions. A thorough root cause analysis identified that the primary contributor to the noise was a drop in the clutch hysteresis value at elevated engine torques. This drop increased torsional vibrations in the
Awasthi, MradulDhankhar, Dinesh SinghKhare, Devendra KumarRana, DeepakPandey, Anant
The trend towards electrification propulsion in the automotive industry is highly in demand due to zero-emission and becoming more significant across the world. Battery electric vehicles have lower overall noise as compared to conventional I.C Engine counterparts due to the absence of engine combustion and mechanical noise. However, other narrowband and tonal noises are becoming dominant and are strongly perceived inside the cabin. With the ongoing push towards electrification, there is likely to be increased focus on the noise impact of gearing required for the transmission of power from the electric motor to the road. Direct coupling of E-motors with Axle has resulted in severe tonal noises from the driveline due to instant e-motor torque ramp up from 0 rpm and reverse torque on driving axle during regenerative braking. The tonal noises from the rear axle during vehicle running become very critical for customer perception. For automotive NVH engineers, it has become a challenge to
Doshi, SohinKalsule, DhanajiSawangikar, PradeepSuresh, VineethSharma, Manish
In addition to providing safety advantages, sound and vibration are being utilized to enhance the driver experience in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). There's growing interest and investment in using both interior and exterior sounds for pedestrian safety, driver awareness, and unique brand recognition. Several automakers are also using audio to simulate virtual gear shifting of automatic and manual transmissions in BEVs. According to several automotive industry articles and market research, the audio enhancements alone, without the vibration that drivers are accustomed to when operating combustion engine vehicles, are not sufficient to meet the engagement, excitement, and emotion that driving enthusiasts expect. In this paper, we introduce the use of new automotive, high-force, compact, light-weight circular force generators for providing the vibration element that is lacking in BEVs. The technology was developed originally for vibration reduction/control in aerospace applications
Norris, Mark A.Orzechowski, JeffreySanderson, BradSwanson, DouglasVantimmeren, Andrew
The noise generated by high-performance vehicles like Formula SAE (FSAE) race cars, presents a significant challenge in adhering to strict competition noise regulations. In this study two muffler designs were created: muffler design 1 and 2. Each design utilized two chambers to generate destructive interference, targeting two dominant exhaust frequencies of the Honda CBR600RR engine to maximize transmission loss and reduce sound pressure levels (SPL) below the FSAE-mandated range of 103 dBC at idle and 110 dBC at all other operating conditions. For each design, the exhaust noise and muffler performance were simulated using GT-Suite, allowing for an evaluation of noise attenuation across engine speeds. Experimental testing was conducted to validate the GT-Suite model and assess the effectiveness of muffler design 1. This testing involved measuring the SPL with a calibrated microphone, both with and without the designed muffler. Muffler design 1 was based on the dominant exhaust
Labao, KaiMiddleton, NicholasNuszkowski, John
The active sound synthesis system of electric vehicles plays an important role in improving the sound perception and transmission of working condition information inside the vehicle. Nowadays, the active sound synthesis system inside the vehicle has become standard equipment in electric vehicles of major electric vehicle manufacturers to meet the user groups' demand for driving and riding experience. In order to enrich the driving experience of electric vehicles and automatic transmission vehicles, the sound performance should be close to the immersiveness and dynamic feedback brought by traditional manual transmission fuel vehicles. Based on the active sound synthesis algorithm in the car, this paper proposes an adaptive shift sound quality control strategy suitable for complex and changeable working conditions, with the aim of simulating the real shift sound of the engine. First, the motor speed offset is accurately calculated based on the transmission ratio of each gear of the
Zhou, XilongLiu, ZhienXie, LipingYu, ShangboLu, ChihuaGao, XiangYongsheng, Wang
Gear whine has emerged as a significant challenge for electric vehicles (EVs) in the absence of engine masking noise. The demand from customers for premium EVs with high speed and high torque density introduces additional NVH risks. Conventional gear design strategies to reduce the pitch-line velocity and increase contact ratio may impact EV torque capacitor or its efficiency. Furthermore, microgeometry optimization has limited design space to reduce gear noise over a wide range of torque loads. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the optimization of transfer gear blanks in a single-speed two-stage FDW electric drive unit (EDU) with the objective of reducing both mass and noise. A detailed multi-body dynamics (MBD) model is constructed for the entire EDU system using a finite-element-based time-domain solver. This investigation focuses on the analysis and optimization of asymmetric gear blank design features with three-slot patterns. A design-of-experiment (DOE
He, SongBahk, CheonjaeLi, BoDu, IsaacPatruni, Pavan KumarBaladhandapani, Dhanasekar
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are extremely sensitive in terms of NVH requirements. While the engine is being replaced with an almost silent electric motor, the transmission noise appears persistent and demands more silent transmission. This has raised demand for improvement in design as well as manufacturing quality. Various innovations are being made to drive an improvement in the NVH. The following paper will discuss the improvement in NVH achieved through a design optimization of the housing using modal analysis. Firstly, the NVH results were co-related with the modal analysis and the cause for the dominant peak in amplitude of the NVH graph associated with the housing modes were mapped. A simple Excel based correlation matrix is used to map the list of all Eigenfrequencies of housing and its corresponding gear tooth frequency. Further optimization is done in housing design to defer the modal frequencies and another NVH test was run. It was proven that housing design
Pingale, Abhijeet SatishDeshpande, Prasannakumar
As per metaphor, “The squeaky wheel gets the grease,” and in the case of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), the transmission system has become the focal point for NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) improvements. With the engine being replaced by the near-silent electric motor, the noise generated by the transmission has become more prominent, demanding greater attention to noise reduction. This shift has created a pressing need for innovations in both design and manufacturing processes to enhance the overall quietness of the vehicle. As a result, ongoing advancements are being made to address and improve the NVH characteristics of BEV transmissions. Following paper will discuss the improvement in NVH achieved through a design innovation in the way bearings are installed and demonstrated a significant amount of improvement. We have used SMT MASTA as a simulation tool to predict the expected results and a Transmission Dyno test bench in an anechoic chamber to test the NVH performance
Pingale, AbhijeetSoni, Jaldeep
Noise transmission through the vehicle dash panel plays a critical role in isolating passengers from noise sources within the motor bay of the vehicle. Grommets that contain electrical harness routing as well as HVAC lines are examples of dash panel pass-throughs that should be selected with care. Acoustic performance of these components is generally characterized in terms of measured quantities such as noise reduction (NR), sound transmission loss (STL), and insertion loss (IL). These measurements need to be carried out per SAE or ASTM standards in appropriate anechoic or reverberant chambers as this is important for consistency. This work explores an in-situ measurement of the grommet STL performance in the vehicle environment. It utilizes a repurposed vehicle with its cabin retrofitted to serve as an anechoic chamber and its frunk acting as a reverberant chamber. Results of this in-situ measurement are then compared to measurements following industry standards to discuss the
Joodi, BenjaminJayakumar, VigneshChang, MichaelGeissler, ChristianPilz, FernandoConklin, Chris
A proprietary metamaterial has been shown to reduce panel vibration. In this particular case, the metamaterial is designed to be attached to the edge of a glass panel and can reduce panel vibration and noise transmission due to wind or other sources into the vehicle interior. Acoustic transmission loss and panel vibration assessments show the benefit of this approach.
Sorenson, SteveLi, XiaopengMoore, JaimeRobison, Scott
Two wheeler is important and essential transportation mode in many of the countries across the globe. Designing a motorcycle with better riding comfort and minimal vibration are thus a major challenge for engineers now a day. Engine and road excitations are two source of vibration acting on motor bike or scooter both. These vibrations are transmitted to the chassis, sub chassis, aesthetic parts and then to the rider and pillion. Unwanted vibrations will create discomfort to the rider/pillion and produce noise. Hence, these need to be minimized. This study is focus on diagnosis and control of output vibration response of sub chassis/aesthetic parts due to engine unbalanced excitation force. There are numerous parameter of motor bike/scooter that governs the vibration response of sub chassis/aesthetic parts. Engine unbalanced inertia force characteristics and their transmission to rider and pillion has been studied and reported here. Environmental benefit demands for a complete noise
Khare, Saharash
Modern communication networks rely on optical signals to transfer vast amounts of data. But just like a weak radio signal, these optical signals need to be amplified to travel long distances without losing information. The most common amplifiers, erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), have served this purpose for decades, enabling longer transmission distances without the need for frequent signal regeneration. However, they operate within a limited spectral bandwidth, restricting the expansion of optical networks.
The increasing popularity of e-bikes, especially pedelecs, has led to a growing interest in consideration of e-bike cycling. To achieve a deeper understanding on the process of e-bike cycling and in particular the effects on the rider it can be instrumental to use simulation methods. In this context, the e-bike drive system and its function are of central importance for e-bikes. Therefore, this work proposes a functional modeling of the powertrain of an e-bike with a mid-drive motor, considering legal constraints and support functionalities. The model incorporates the mechanical transmission between pedals, motor, and crank shaft, allowing for a detailed analysis of the e-bike’s performance. Additionally, the support mechanism is depicted, where an electric motor amplifies the rider’s pedaling torque. The electrical behavior of the motor, energy consumption, and battery state of charge are also integrated into the model. This comprehensive approach aims to provide a generic
Rauch, YannickKettner, MauriceKriesten, Reiner
The main drivers for powertrain electrification of two-wheelers, motorcycles and ATVs are increasingly stringent emission and noise limitations as well as the upcoming demand for carbon neutrality. Two-wheeler applications face significantly different constraints, such as packaging and mass targets, limited charging infrastructure in urban areas and demanding cost targets. Battery electric two wheelers are the optimal choice for transient city driving with limited range requirements. Hybridization provides considerable advantages and extended operation limits. Beside efficiency improvement, silent and zero emission modes with solutions allowing fully electric driving, combined boosting enhances performance and transient response. In general, there are two different two-wheeler base categories for hybrid powertrains: motorcycles featuring frame-integrated internal combustion engine (ICE) and transmission units, coupled with secondary drives via chain or belt; and scooters equipped with
Schoeffmann, W.Fuckar, G.Hubmann, C.Gruber, M.
The objective of this experimental study was to investigate the change of shifting rate of metal V-belt type CVT during speed up/down under quasi-idle loading condition. Changes in the rotational speeds of the driving and driven pulleys were simultaneously measured by the rotational speed sensors installed on the driving and driven shafts during speed up/down shifting, respectively. In addition, the interaxial force applied to the driving and driven pulleys was measured by a load cell. The shifting rate was defined as the ratio of the calculated radial displacement to the tangential displacement of the belt in the pulley groove. This study found that the shifting rate was determined not only by the slippage between the pulley and the belt element, but also by the elastic deformation of the belt element in the pulley groove. The power transmission performance was improved when the elastic deformation was small even though radial slippage between the pulley and the belt element was
Mori, YuichirouOkubo, KazuyaObunai, Kiyotaka
The two-wheeler industry features a diverse range of transmission systems catering to varied riding preferences and market demands. Manual transmissions offer direct gear control, favored by enthusiasts for its precision and customizable performance. Automatic transmissions simplify riding, especially in urban settings, eliminating manual gear shifts and reducing rider fatigue. Understanding the dynamics of transmission systems in the two-wheeler space is crucial for manufacturers, engineers, policymakers, and riders alike. It informs product development, regulatory compliance efforts, and market positioning initiatives in an increasingly competitive and innovation-driven industry landscape. DCT (Dual Clutch Transmission) and manual transmissions represent extremes in rider engagement, automation, and cost. While DCT offers seamless gear changes and convenience at a higher price point, manual transmissions provide direct control and a tactile experience with lower initial costs. Riders
Kundu, Prantik
In recent years, accurate gear processing is required for various products to improve efficient power transmission and small noise and vibration. On the other hand, the accuracy tends to be worse by high speed processing for increasing production efficiency. Therefore, we investigated relationship between gear honing machine vibration and the accuracy. The vibration acceleration of the honing machine was measured at various conditions, and the gear accuracy was measured after processing. As results, the accuracy was observed to be affected by both the original gear accuracy before honing processing and the gear secondary rotational vibration of the machine in operation. Subsequently, we applied transfer path analysis (TPA) to investigate which directional force in operation increased the vibration. As the results, the contribution from the input force at gear processing point along normal direction was the main contributor. Then, vibration transmission characteristics of the machine
Hanioka, HiroakiOgawa, YunosukeYoshida, JunjiOnishi, YoichiKurokawa, Yasuhiro
Electric trucks, due to their weight and payload, need a different layout than passenger electric vehicles (EVs). They require multiple motors or multi-speed transmissions, unlike passenger EVs that often use one motor or a single-speed transmission. This involves determining motor size, number of motors, gears, and gear ratios, complicated by the powertrain system’s nonlinearity. The paper proposes using a stochastic active learning approach (Bayesian optimization) to configure the motors and transmissions for optimal efficiency and performance. Backwards simulation is applied to determine the energy consumption and performance of the vehicle for a rapid simulation of different powertrain configurations. Bayesian optimization, was used to select the electric drive unit (EDU) design candidates for two driving scenarios, combined with a local optimization (dynamic programming) for torque split. By optimizing the electric motor and transmission gears, it is possible to reduce energy
Chen, BichengWellmann, ChristophXia, FeihongSavelsberg, ReneAndert, JakobPischinger, Stefan
In modern automotive powertrains, the front-end accessory drive represents a crucial subsystem that guarantees the proper functioning of micro and mild hybrid configurations and auxiliary vehicle functionalities. The motor/generator (12 V or 48 V), the air conditioning compressor and other accessories rely on this subsystem. Therein, the poly-V belt is the main transmission mechanism. From an efficiency standpoint, its behavior is usually represented through slip and elastic shear phenomena. However, the viscoelastic nature of the compounds that constitute the belt layers demand a more detailed approximation of the loss mechanisms. The quantification of such losses allows evaluating the performance of the e-machine integrated in the powertrain. This work models the belt through a lumped-parameter time-domain model, where domains are discretized into multiple elements and represented through the generalized Maxwell model. Loss contributions due to bending, stretching, compression and
Galluzzi, RenatoAmati, NicolaBonfitto, AngeloHegde, ShaileshZenerino, EnricoPennazza, MarioStaniscia, Emiliano
The automotive subframe, also referred to as a cradle, is a critical chassis structure that supports the engine/electric motor, transmission system, and suspension components. The design of a subframe requires specialized expertise and a thorough evaluation of performance, vehicle integration, mass, and manufacturability. Suspension attachments on the subframe are integral, linking the subframe to the wheels via suspension links, thus demanding high performance standards. The complexity of subframe design constraints presents considerable challenges in developing optimal concepts within compressed timelines. With the automotive industry shifting towards electric vehicles, development cycles have shortened significantly, necessitating the exploration of innovative methods to accelerate the design process. Consequently, AI-driven design tools have gained traction. This study introduces a novel AI model capable of swiftly redesigning subframe concepts based on user-defined raw concepts
Yang, JiongzhiSarkaria, BikramjitKumaraswamy, PrashanthKailkere Srinivas, Praveen
A new hybrid power system was investigated by installing a motor on the axle of a conventional semi-trailer. The purpose is to reduce the fluctuation of longitudinal acceleration and improve driving comfort by filling the transmission output torque hole through the motor during the gear shift process. Models for the longitudinal motion of a commercial vehicle, the permanent magnet synchronous motor, and the motor power distribution method are established, and the system model is built using MATLAB/Simulink. The model-in-the-loop simulation control interface is created in ModelBase, and model-in-the-loop simulation under the full-throttle (WOT) and braking operating conditions is performed based on ModelBase. Due to the high-frequency jitter problem in the actual control of the motor, the torque output obtained from different control algorithms is investigated. Finally, the sliding mode control algorithm with perturbation observation is used to ensure the fast response and smoothness of
Zhang, HongyuWei, ZhengjunZhen, RanShangguan, Wen-Bin
Electrified powertrains, including Power Splits (Electrically Variable Transmissions), Range Extenders (Series Hybrids), and Electric Vehicles with Disconnect Actuators, offer significant flexibility in managing input actuator acceleration and output torque, drawing power from shared sources. The Hybrid Supervisory Controller (HSC) plays a crucial role in balancing these parameters to meet performance and drivability metrics, yet it often faces challenges under power constraints or sudden high output demands, which can lead to imbalanced control, reduced actuator performance, and unintended vehicle motion. Traditional solutions have typically prioritized one control objective over others, compromising overall system performance. This paper introduces an advanced control strategy that optimally distributes control efforts across multiple actuators with overlapping and conflicting objectives. By resolving these conflicts, the proposed approach ensures system stability and enhances
Madireddy, Krishna ChaitanyaBanuso, AbdulquadriPatel, NadirshSha, HangxingKhanal, Shishir
In hybrid vehicle systems, the addition of a clutch at the engine end can significantly enhance the overall energy efficiency of the vehicle. In this paper, a novel multi-mode series-parallel configuration is proposed based on the Honda IMMD system and a comprehensive comparison is made with series and series-parallel configurations. Firstly, this paper analyses the various operational modes induced by the inclusion of a clutch at the engine end based on the IMMD system. Subsequently, the fuel consumption of the novel optimized series-parallel configuration is assessed using a rapid dynamic programming method aimed at minimizing fuel consumption during the powertrain operation; additionally, its dynamic performance is analyzed through dynamic programming algorithms. Finally, the performance of different configurations is quantitatively evaluated in terms of acceleration and fuel consumption. The findings reveal that the IMMD + Clutch configuration significantly enhances dynamic
Zhang, YuxinZou, YungeYang, Yalian
This paper explores the application of a modeled torque converter in the real-time control of a hybrid electric powertrain. The study aims to determine the optimal gear selection and engine speed target required to meet driver demands. It also delves into the concept of torque converter input inertia compensation, particularly during open, open-to-close, and close-to-open states. The primary objective is to achieve the intended driver torque while minimizing torque sag and bumps during these transitions. This approach ensures improved powertrain response and maintains system integrity within the operational limits of the battery, motors, and engine.
Madireddy, Krishna ChaitanyaBanuso, AbdulquadriSha, HangxingPatel, NadirshKarogal, IndrasenKhanal, Shishir
Employing multibody dynamic simulations with semi-empirical tire models is widely recognized as a cost-effective approach. A recent development introduces a novel road and tire-soil contact model that is not only swift and memory-efficient but also addresses limitations in classical semi-empirical models. This study conducts a thorough validation of the new road and contact model by creating a detailed multibody model of the four-wheeled vehicle, Fuel Efficiency Demonstrator (FED) – Alpha, integral to NATO's Next-Generation reference mobility model. The comprehensive model encompasses the chassis, suspension, tires, engine, transmission and various other components. Through simulations of various driving scenarios, accounting for complex terrain geometries, spatially varying soil properties, and multi-pass phenomena, the model's performance is evaluated. The simulation results are compared with physical measurements, providing a detailed assessment of the tire-soil model's predictive
Papapostolou, LamprosKoutras, EvangelosLeila, FelipeRibaric, AdrijanNatsiavas, Sotirios
A first-order HEV fuel consumption model is developed by solving for the transition between electric drive at low and negative traction power and engine drive and charging at high traction power. Turning the engine on above the ‘breakeven power’ minimizes fuel consumption: indirect electric driving from engine charging is more efficient below it, and direct engine operation above it. This is derived analytically and observed in benchmarking data on different drive cycles. The engine breakeven bmep is a function of engine loss and electric round trip efficiency. The location of the breakeven power on the cumulative traction work vs. time distribution enables the estimation of the engine running time at high traction power levels and of the engine work needed for extended electric driving. The approach is generalized to HEVs with substantial transmission and driveline (T&D) losses, such as the ‘P2’ Rear Wheel Drive (RWD) hybrid vehicles, with a motor sandwiched between the engine and the
Phlips, Patrick
This paper introduces an innovative in-wheel electric drive system designed for all-wheel drive Formula Student Electric racing cars. The system utilized AMK's DD5-14-10-POW-18600-B5 model as the driving motor, with a gearbox transmission ratio of 13.2 determined through Optimum Lap simulation. A two-stage gear reducer was integrated into a unified hub-spoke assembly, which connected directly to the ten-inch carbon fiber rim. In this paper, three conventional FSEC planetary gear reducer shafting designs are introduced, and a new shafting structure is proposed. Then the four structures are compared in multiple dimensions. Subsequently, we designed the shafting of the gear group, determined the size parameters of the shafting structure and the bearing type, and completed the verification. The planetary carriers were integrated with the wheel-edge suspension columns. Meanwhile, a special floating brake disc mounting method was employed, which increased the brake disc's heat capacity by
Guo, RuijieZeng, JunhaoYang, YuancaiHou, YijieZhu, ZhonghuiXiong, Jiaming
The U.S. DRIVE Electrical and Electronics Technical Team has set a goal for 2025 to achieve a power density of 33 kW/L for electric vehicle (EV) motors [1]. The increase in motor power density is highly dependent on effective thermal management within the system, making active cooling techniques like oil-jet impingement essential for continued advancements. Due to the time and expense of physical experimentation, numerical simulations have become a preferred method for design testing and optimization. These simulations often simplify the motor-winding surface into a smooth cylinder, overlooking the actual corrugated surface due to windings, thus reducing computational resources and mesh complexity. However, the coil's corrugated surface affects flow turbulence and heat transfer rates. This study utilizes three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate the impingement-cooling of an Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) jet on a corrugated surface that
Mutyal, Jayesh RameshHaghnegahdar, AhmadGurunadhan, MohanaKonangi, SantoshChamphekar, Omkar
This paper initially delineates the control process of driver-initiated gear changes. The gear-shifting point control module computes the new target gear based on the current updated driving state, and the gear-shifting point decision module assesses the rationality of the new target gear and conveys it to the gear-shifting timing control module. The gear-shifting timing control module selects the reasonable new stage in accordance with the current execution status and outputs the new target gear, coordinating the clutch control module and the brake control module to regulate the clutch engagement/disengagement and the switches of the two clutches. Altering the intention regarding gear changes encompasses gear replacement and variations in power type, which involve the necessary recalculation of the target speed based on the new target gear. Secondly, the conditions for the “change of mind” request in the speed stage are stipulated, which is the stage where the input shaft speed is
Jing, JunchaoHuang, WeishanLi, DongfeiZuo, BotaoLiu, Yiqiang
As one of the most important design choices in the powertrain design cycle, motor selection is conventionally performed according to given automotive requirements. Motor-related powertrain design parameters like gear ratio, power output ratio between different axles, are excluded from the motor design process. In this paper, three comparative studies are performed to investigate the impact of these motor-related powertrain design parameters on the motor performance and the weight/cost/efficiency of the entire EV powertrain. In the first study, three PM motor designs—characterized by high, medium, and low rated speeds—will be assessed for a two-axle EV using various gear ratio configurations. The same motor design will be used for both axles. In the second study, five motor designs with varying power and ratings (PM, non-PM) but identical rated speeds will be evaluated for a two-axle EV, permitting different power ratings for the front and rear axles. The design trade-offs between motor
Movahed, EhsanGodbehere, JonathanJia, Yijiang
Lumped parameter vehicle dynamics models are generally used in early design and development of vehicles due to simplicity and computational efficiency. In the literature, these models are generally divided into longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamics. Most of these formulations are limited to bicycle models with the vehicle represented as a lumped mass but seldomly coupled lateral-longitudinal lumped parameter models are proposed. In this paper, a coupled lateral-longitudinal lumped parameter model is developed that can be used to investigate the loads (torque & speed) experienced by the side gears in the differential. Side gears are connected to the left and right wheels through half shafts (axle shafts) and are in-mesh with pinion gears as part of a differential assembly. The differential experiences torque loading during all driving conditions but the pinion gear starts to rotate (mesh with side gears) when there is speed difference left to right (turning, split-mu, gravel, off
Sondkar, PrashantKarra, AnudeepSandhu, JaspalFischer, Charles
Roller bearings are used in many rotating power transmission systems in the automotive industry. During the assembly process of the power transmission system, some types of roller bearings (e.g., tapered roller bearings) require a compressive preload force. Those bearings' rolling resistance and lifespan strongly depend on the preload set during the installation process. Therefore, accurate preload setting can improve bearing efficiency, increase bearing lifespan, and reduce maintenance costs over the life of the vehicle. A new method for bearing preload measurement has shown potential for high accuracy and fast cycle time using the frequency response characteristics of the power transmission system. One open problem is the design of the production controller, which relies on a detailed sensitivity study of the system frequency response to changes in the bearing and system design parameters. Recently, an analytical model was developed for multi-row tapered roller bearings that includes
Gruzwalski, DavidMynderse, James
The paper provides a detailed analysis of the transmission system design under the single motor drive scheme, with a focus on the 2024 Formula SAE (FSAE). The selection of the motor type is determined based on race rules and battery box output power limits. In terms of transmission ratio design, this study takes into account the car's power, balancing acceleration ability and maximum speed to determine an optimal transmission ratio through theoretical calculations and empirical values. Furthermore, it explores how to optimize overall drive system performance by considering technical parameters, power requirements, economic considerations of each system assembly, and validates these findings through software simulations. Notably, significant improvements in reliability are achieved with the newly designed transmission system and wheel rim system while also proposing lightweighting methods for key components. We have carried out extensive verification in both simulation and real vehicle
Wang, LiuxinLi, ChengfengZhu, XiranLiu, Minmin
The efficient operation of electric vehicles (EVs) heavily relies on the proper lubrication of the E-drive unit components, particularly the transmission gears and bearings. Improper oil supply can lead to mechanical failures, while excessive oil can increase power loss due to churning. This study focuses on utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to analyze the impact of drive speed, oil level, and temperature on gear churning loss in E-drive units. The research also investigates the influence of a baffle plate on power loss and oil splash characteristics. The simulations, conducted using the volume of fluid (VOF) method in Simerics-MP+, consistently illustrate a reduction in power loss with rising oil temperature and reveal decreased gear churning loss with a baffle plate, especially under high-speed conditions, highlighting its potential for enhancing energy efficiency in EVs. Additionally, post-processing analysis of oil splash patterns sheds light on the
Kumar, P. MadhanMotin, AbdulPandey, AshutoshGanamet, AlainMaiti, DipakGao, HaiyangRanganathan, Raj
Currently automobile industries are shifting towards electric powertrains from conventional internal combustion engines. With increase in use of electric vehicle, more focus is to increase the driving range of vehicle. Right now, most of the OEMs are using single speed transmission in their electric buses. Single speed transmission is effective in road having average speed around 20 to 25 kmph but during heavy traffic road condition (like Mumbai city application), average speed of vehicle comes down to 10 kmph. In heavy traffic condition (city application), operating points of motor goes into less efficiency regions which results in high energy consumption. It will also affect the regeneration. In this study, focus is on commercial vehicle like electric buses. If we have to increase driving range, we have to optimize the energy consumption. We can address the issue of higher energy consumption in heavy traffic condition by using two speed transmission. With use of two speed
Saurabh, SaurabhAmancharla, Naga ChaithanyaBhardwaj, RohitGadve, Dhananjay
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