Browse Topic: Fuel lines
Most of current jet aircraft circulate fuel on the airframe to match heat loads with available heat sink. The demands for thermal management in wide range of air vehicle systems are growing rapidly along with the increased mission power, vehicle survivability, flight speeds, and so on. With improved aircraft performance and growth of heat load created by Aircraft Mounted Accessory Drive (AMAD) system and hydraulic system, effectively removing the large amount of heat load on the aircraft is gaining crucial importance. Fuel is becoming heat transfer fluid of choice for aircraft thermal management since it offers improved heat transfer characteristics and offers fewer system penalties than air. In the scope of this paper, an AMESim model is built which includes airframe fuel and hydraulic systems with AMAD gearbox of a jet trainer aircraft. The integrated model will be evaluated for thermal performance. JP-8 fuel is recirculated on the airframe to maintain cooling the oil for AMAD
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant nickel-copper alloy in the form of seamless tubing
This SAE Standard specifies requirements for two types, three classes, and four styles of reinforced hose and non-reinforced tubing for conveying gasoline or diesel fuel aboard small craft including pleasure craft whose fuel systems are regulated under 33 CFR 183 Subpart J. SAE J1527 contains requirements for a Type A fire test of 2.5 minutes and defines a type B hose that is not fire resistant. Refer to SAE J1942 for commercial marine non-metallic flexible hose or hose assemblies used in systems on board commercial vessels inspected and certified by the U.S. Coast Guard. SAE J1942 defines a type A fire resistance test of 2.5 minutes and a type B test of 30 minutes. Refer to SAE J2046 for fuel hose used on personal watercraft
This document describes the initial development, evolution, and use of reticulated polyurethane foam as an explosion suppression material in fuel tanks and dry bays. It provides historical data, design practice guidelines, references, laboratory test data, and service data gained from past experience. The products discussed in this document may be referred to as "Safety Foam," "Reticulated Polyurethane Foam," "Baffle and Inerting Material," or "Electrostatic Suppression Material." These generic terms for the products discussed in this document are not meant to imply any safety warranty. Each individual design application should be thoroughly proof tested prior to production installation
For better fuel economy and reduced emissions; fuel system plays a very important role. There are some major challenges related to development of suitable fuel system due to high static (~2000 bar) and fluctuating pressures in high pressure (HP) fuel lines. This enforces to design leak proof joints as they directly affect engine operation and can cause customer inconvenience. It is also critical from safety standpoint. Sealing capability of a joint is generally evaluated by sealing pressure, length of the sealing width and retaining capability of joint preload over time. Theoretically, it is known that preload loss at a joint is a combination of several factors such as; thread pitch, nut stiffness and friction at threads. In our current work the cause of leakage in HP fuel line joints is explored. Using fish bone diagram for RCA (Root Cause Analysis), probable causes are narrowed down and design parameters responsible for preload loss are identified. A parametric study has been
During operation, it is advisable to periodically monitor the actual fuel consumption of the vehicle. Fuel consumption can be used to assess the driving conditions and technical condition of the vehicle, which affects the intensity of environmental pollution. The engine control system calculates fuel delivery based on driving conditions and vehicle load based on information from sensors. When diagnosing on fuel economy, it is convenient to directly measure the consumption in the fuel line of the delivery system. The advantages and disadvantages of the main types of different flow sensors were analyzed. It is proposed to measure the amount of fuel per unit of time with a piston volumetric flow meter. The design of a software and hardware system for measuring fuel consumption has been developed, which consists of control systems for the actuators of the flow meter and a system for recording and processing information in a microcontroller. Organized data transfer from the flow meter to an
This SAE Standard covers the minimum requirements for a low-permeation tubing (100 g/m2/day or less) for use as a low pressure (14.5 kPa) liquid- or vapor-carrying component for use in gasoline or diesel fuel filler, vent, and vapor systems. The construction shall be designed to be functional over a temperature range of -40 to 100 °C for the T1 designation, or -40 to 125 °C for the T2 designation
This SAE Standard establishes a uniform procedure and performance requirements for snowmobile fuel tanks
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines procedures for testing aircraft engine fuel pumps for the purpose of determining their resistance to deterioration, during steady state endurance test, while receiving MIL-T-5624 Grade JP-4 fuel as a homogenous mixture of gas and liquid expressed as a ratio of vapor volume to liquid volume (V/L). If any of the above conditions do not apply, refer to Section 2
Ice formation in aircraft fuel systems results from the presence of dissolved and undissolved water in the fuel. Dissolved water or water in solution with hydrocarbon fuels constitutes a relatively small part of the total water potential in a particular system with the quantity dissolved being primarily dependent on the fuel temperature and the water solubility characteristics of the fuel. One condition of undissolved water is entrained water, such as water particles suspended in the fuel as a result of mechanical agitation of free water or conversion of dissolved water through temperature reduction. This can be considered as analogous to an emulsion state. Another condition of undissolved water is free water which may be introduced as a result of refueling or the settling of entrained water which collects at the bottom of a fuel tank in easily detectable quantities separated by a continuous interface from the fuel above. Water may also be introduced as a result of condensation from
This SAE Standard covers the minimum requirements for design, construction, and testing of devices to prevent the propagation of backfire flame from within the gasoline engine to the surrounding atmosphere
To overcome the limitations such as lower combustion efficiency (CE) and higher cyclic variability in methanol/diesel (M/D) reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion, a fuel having higher reactivity than diesel (i.e., polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers, PODE) was used in our previous study. Methanol/PODE RCCI combustion resulted in improved CE and reduction in soot and unburned emissions compared to M/D RCCI combustion. However, it was noticed that the use of neat PODE as high-reactivity fuel had damaged the fuel line materials frequently due to its higher oxygen content and lower viscosity. In addition, Methanol/PODE RCCI has also resulted in higher NO emissions compared to M/D RCCI combustion. Hence to sort this out, an attempt is made in this study to investigate the effect of PODE-diesel blend on dual-fuel RCCI combustion in order to propose a suitable blend proportion which can tackle the fuel line material damage, increased NO emissions, CE, and cyclic
This SAE Recommended Practice provides test methods and requirements for maintenance of design voltage in snowmobile electrical systems. It pertains to both battery-equipped and battery-less systems
This SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice deals with electrostatic charge phenomena that may occur in automotive fuel systems and applies to the following: Fuels that are in a liquid state at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressures and are contained in vehicle fuel tanks that operate at or near atmospheric pressure. This includes gasoline and diesel fuels, as well as their blends with additives such as alcohols, esters, and ethers, whether the additives are petroleum based or bio-fuel based. The group of components that comprise the fuel system (in contact and not in contact with fuels). Other components in proximity to the fuel system that may be affected by electrostatic fields caused by the fuel system. Electrostatic phenomena that arise from, or are affected by, the following aspects of vehicle or fuel system operation: â—‹ Flowing fuel in the fuel delivery system. â—‹ Flowing fuel being dispensed to the vehicle while it is being fueled
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for the determination of the losses of hydrocarbon fluids, by permeation through component walls, as well as through "microleaks" at interfaces of assembled components while controlling temperature and pressure independently of each other. This is achieved in a recirculating system in which elements of a test fuel that permeate through the walls of a test specimen and migrate through the interfaces are transported by a controlled flow of dry nitrogen to a point where they are measured. That measurement point is a device, such as a canister containing activated charcoal or other means of collection or accumulation where the hydrocarbon losses are then measured by weight change or analyzed by some other suitable means
This specification establishes requirements for automatic shutoff, quick-disconnect coupling assemblies for fuel and oil lines
This test method is intended for measuring fuel permeation at elevated temperature through low permeating hose or tubing samples of elastomeric or composite construction. The expected accuracy of the method is about ±10% of the sample permeation rate. Hose permeation testing can be done two ways: Method A – Plug and Fill or Method B – using a fuel reservoir. Method A involves plugging one end of the hose, filling the sample to about 90% full with test fuel, plugging the other end, and then exposing the plugged sample to a desired test temperature, with the weight loss measured over time. Method B involves plugging one end of a hose, and then connecting the other end to a fuel reservoir. The hose sample and reservoir are then exposed to a desired test temperature with the weight loss measured over time. This procedure presents a recommended plug design that permits inserting the plugs prior to adding the test fluid. One of the plugs has a small fill hole with a gasketing system that
This practice describes recommended performance requirements of fuel tank closures used in conjunction with fuel level senders and fuel delivery systems. It provides guidelines that assure interchangeability and compatibility between fuel tanks and fuel pump/sender closure systems without specifying a specific closure system design. These systems may be used in rigid fuel tank systems made of plastic or metal. Complete details of specific designs shall be established by mutual agreement between customer and supplier. The dimensions and performance requirements are selected to optimize a The closure system, durability and reliability with respect to — Vehicle SHED measurements — Fuel system / crash integrity — LEV – II useful life b Assembly and service ease and reliability c Packaging of fuel tanks and their sending units d Interchangeability of sender closures between various fuel tank designs
Regulations regarding evaporative emissions have set more and more stringent limits over the last years. To fulfill these specifications, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) now tend to break down the sum value of evaporative emissions for the whole car onto single parts or components. Especially small, fuel-containing components (fuel lines, pressure sensors, injection systems, etc.) are challenging. Very low emission rates (<1 mg/24 h) must be measured precisely, and also the stability of these values must be verified due to fuel equilibration effects. Standard SHED (sealed housing evaporative determination) systems or test chambers for measuring volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions are often too big and have too high background levels to achieve reliable results. In addition they are quite expensive which affects the costs per measurement. Our aim was to develop a low-cost Micro-SHED system which fulfills the abovementioned requirements. Commercial gas-tight aluminum boxes
This SAE recommended practice specifies a standard geometry leak channel to set the leak threshold and compare results from a variety of leak test technologies and test conditions. This practice applies to fuel system assemblies and components which have a risk of allowing regulated fuel or fuel vapors to continuously escape to atmosphere. A component or assembly tested to this standard has a zero HC leakage threshold because the selected leak channel (Equivalent Channel) will self-plug and will not emit measurable hydrocarbon liquid or vapors. Therefore this standard eliminates leaks as a source of evaporative emission. This practice was primarily developed for pressurized and non-pressurized fuel systems and components containing liquid hydrocarbon based fuels
This test method described in this document covers a procedure to speciate that is, to determine the amounts of each different fuel constituent that permeates across sheets, films or slabs of plastic materials. One side of the sheet is meant to be in contact with either a liquid test fuel or a saturated test fuel vapor, the other side is meant to be exposed to an environment free of fuel. The test fuel can either be a mixture of a small (usually smaller than ten) number of hydrocarbon, alcohol and ether constituents or it can be a sample of a real automotive fuel, e.g., one that may contain hundreds of different constituents. Furthermore, Appendix A contains guidelines to speciate evaporative emissions from finished fuel system components such as fuel lines, fuel filler pipes, fuel sender units, connectors and valves
Specific federal aviation regulations (Titled 14 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations, or 14 CFR) define oxygen system requirements for an in-flight decompression incident. This AIR addresses the operational oxygen system requirements for a decompression incident that may occur at any point during a long-range flight, with an emphasis for a decompression at the equal time point (ETP). This AIR identifies fuel and oxygen management contingencies, and presents possible solutions for the efficient, safe, and optimum fuel/oxygen flight continuation. Oxygen management is a concern to all aircraft, such as single engine types that fly above 10 000 feet and use supplemental oxygen. This document provides a method which can help guide users in developing an oxygen solution for their aircraft
This specification covers standard requirements for reciprocating aircraft engines
This SAE Standard covers the minimum requirements for design, construction, and testing of devices to prevent the propagation of backfire flame from within the gasoline engine to the surrounding atmosphere
This SAE Recommended Practice provides guidance for the construction, operation, and maintenance of LNG powered medium, heavy-duty vehicles and all LNG vehicles used for public transit or commercial applications
This SAE Recommended Practice provides guidance for the construction, operation, and maintenance of CNG powered medium and heavy-duty trucks. The intent of this document is to cover TRUCKS (6350 kg (14 001 gvw pounds) and above) and specifically excludes passenger vehicles such as: buses, recreational vehicles, motor homes and/or passenger vehicles which may incorporate a truck chassis in their construction
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice provides recommendations for: the audit process in general; a list of specific areas of attention to be audited; maintaining the test facility in such a manner that it meets audit requirements
In respect to the present large refrigerator trucks, sub-engine type is the main product, but the basic structure does not change greatly since the introduction for around 50 years. A sub-engine type uses an industrial engine to drive the compressor, and the environmental correspondence such as the fuel consumption, the emission is late remarkably. In addition, most of trucks carry the truck equipment including the refrigerator which consumes fuel about 20% of whole vehicle. Focusing on this point, the following are the reports about the system development plan for fuel consumption reduction of the large size refrigerator truck. New concept is to utilize electrical power from HV system to power the electric-driven refrigerator. We have developed a fully electric-driven refrigerator system, which uses regenerated energy that is dedicated for our refrigerator system. It is the world’s first new concept to use the all electricity that regenerated by HV system for the drive of our electric
This document describes the initial development, evolution, and use of reticulated polyurethane foam as an explosion suppression material in fuel tanks and dry bays. It provides historical data, design practice guidelines, references, laboratory test data, and service data gained from past experience. The products discussed in this document may be referred to as "Safety Foam," "Reticulated Polyurethane Foam," "Baffle and Inerting Material," or "Electrostatic Suppression Material." These generic terms for the products discussed in this document are not meant to imply any safety warranty. Each individual design application should be thoroughly proof tested prior to production installation
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to all commercial, self-propelled, or towed motor vehicles which transport property or passengers in interstate commerce in which the gross vehicle weight rating or gross combination weight rating exceeds 4550 kg (10 000 lb
The Fuel Supply Module, FSM, is responsible to deliver fuel to engine in all application range in correct system pressure. It is usually installed inside the fuel tank. The pressure regulator is a component used in vehicles to regulate the engine fuel line pressure. This component is usually placed inside the tank, in the FSM. In some cases it is assembled at the fuel supply module flange due to layout restrictions. One application was released for 380kPa, without any problems. Once the system pressure was increased to 420kPa, it was observed noise problems in vehicle at high temperatures. It was investigated the root cause for the abnormal noise and observed the pressure regulator natural frequency matching with the flange housing natural frequency at specific conditions. The objective of this paper is to describe a methodology to identify and solve a noise problem using the design elements influence based on its behavior
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of drawn, round, seamless hydraulic tubing
SAE J2552 provides limited, dimensional and general performance requirements for low pressure, field attachable, push-on hose and their mating hose fittings. The intended application is for fluid and pneumatic power used with petroleum base hydraulic fluids, lube oils, water glycols and air, within the temperature ranges listed in Table 1. The maximum working pressure is 1.7 MPa (see Table 2). For air applications the maximum working pressure is at 0.7 MPa. Hose and hose fittings are manufactured within certain dimensions with tolerance ranges in order to provide the proper gripping and sealing. SAE J2552 hose from one manufacturer may not be compatible with SAE J2552 hose fittings supplied by another manufacturer. It is the responsibility of the fabricator to always follow the manufacturers’ instructions for proper preparation and fabrication of hose assemblies. The fabricator shall consult the manufacturers’ written assembly instructions or the manufacturers directly before
This standard specifies the communications hardware and software requirements for fueling Hydrogen Surface Vehicles (HSV), such as fuel cell vehicles, but may also be used where appropriate, with heavy duty vehicles (e.g., busses) and industrial trucks (e.g., forklifts) with compressed hydrogen storage. It contains a description of the communications hardware and communications protocol that may be used to refuel the HSV. The intent of this standard is to enable harmonized development and implementation of the hydrogen fueling interfaces. This standard is intended to be used in conjunction with the hydrogen fueling protocol, SAE J2601, Compressed Hydrogen Light Duty Vehicle Fueling Protocol and SAE J2600, Compressed Hydrogen Surface Vehicle Fueling Connection Devices
Global automobile market is very sensitive to vehicle fuel economy. Gross vehicle weight has substantial effects on FE. Hence, for designers it becomes utmost important to work on the weight reduction ideas up to single component level. Fuel delivery pipe (Fuel Rail) is one such component where there is a big potential. Fuel rail is an integral part of the vehicle fuel system and is mounted on the engine. Primarily it serves as a channel of fuel supply from fuel tank through fuel lines to the multiple fuel injectors, which further sprays the fuel into intake ports at high pressure. Due to opening and closing of injectors, pulsations are generated in fuel lines, so fuel rail also acts as a surge tank as well as a pulsation damper. All these factors make the design of a fuel rail very critical and unique for a particular engine. Materials like aluminum, plastic and sheet metal are generally used for fuel rail manufacturing. In this technical paper, design considerations for plastic fuel
This SAE recommended practice specifies a standard geometry leak channel to set the leak threshold and compare results from a variety of leak test technologies and test conditions. This practice applies to fuel system assemblies and components which have a risk of allowing regulated fuel or fuel vapors to continuously escape to atmosphere. A component or assembly tested to this standard has a zero HC leakage threshold because the selected leak channel (Equivalent Channel) will self-plug and will not emit measurable hydrocarbon liquid or vapors. Therefore this standard eliminates leaks as a source of evaporative emission. This practice was primarily developed for pressurized and non-pressurized fuel systems and components containing liquid hydrocarbon based fuels
Natural gas (CNG) vehicles have been introduced in many parts of world including India, Europe and United States and achieved tremendous success in addressing the energy security and pollution challenges. This paper describes in detail the safety requirements for CNG vehicles in India, Europe and United States. Various safety and design requirements for CNG fuel system components such as gas cylinders, cylinder valves, fuel lines, filling connection, pressure regulator, gas-air mixer, electrical systems, are explained. The safety requirements described in ISO standards, UN-ECE standards, USA FMVSS, NFPA standards and Indian Standards are compared and discussed in detail. It also specifies the procedure for commissioning and installation of CNG vehicles. Further, it is concluded that all these international standards for CNG vehicles have adequate provisions with regard to impact protection, passenger safety and fire safety. It is also suggested that countries can consider communization
Recently, the electronic fuel injection systems have been widely applied to small motorcycles including scooters. In the high pressure fuel lines, plastic hoses have been increasingly used instead of conventional rubber hoses. As the plastic hose is less elastic than the rubber hose, the fuel pressure pulsates more in the plastic hose. To cope with this issue, we have conducted researches on how the fuel pressure pulsation in the plastic hose affects the accuracy of fuel injection. Keeping our eyes on the pulsation damping effects derived from the changes of volume due to the expansion and contraction of hose when the pressure changes, we have established the analysis method for optimization of the inner diameter and the thickness of the hose utilizing CAE analysis. The newly-developed plastic hose is applicable to motorcycles having a single cylinder 250 cm3 engine using an injector of a high static flow rate
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