Browse Topic: Fuel filters

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Fatigue Life Analysis of Diesel Engine Filter Seat under Random Vibration Condition2026-99-16567/24/2026
The filter seat of diesel engine fuel filters is a key load-bearing component in the engine fuel system. Its structural integrity directly affects the reliability and safety of fuel delivery. In actual operation, the filter seat is subjected to random vibration loads generated by engine operation and vehicle dynamics, which may cause fatigue failure over time, even when static stresses are below the yield strength. This study employs finite element modeling (FEM) to investigate the structural strength and fatigue life of the diesel engine filter seat under random vibration conditions. The CAD model is simplified and meshed to reflect the main load paths, and boundary conditions, including bolt preload, gravity, and measured vibration PSD spectra are applied. Modal and harmonic response analyses are performed using Abaqus, and the Tovo-Benasciutti frequency-domain method is used in fe-safe to predict fatigue life. The results identify the most fatigue-sensitive areas and reveal that the minimum fatigue life is 10^3.067 cycles under realistic conditions, with the most critical regions located near the bolt connection. The simulation methodology and results provide a reliable basis for structural optimization and life prediction of similar components under random vibration environments.
Gu, Kexuan, Zhu, Yi, Xie, Liang, Wang, Wei
Impact of Biodiesel on Fuel Filtration System and Proposed Best Practices2025-28-022711/6/2025
Biodiesel acceptance and consumption increased rapidly from 2018 onwards because of government policies promoting and mandating (in few cases) the consumption of local made Biodiesel feedstock to replace/reduce the import crude oil to save fuel import costs. Currently biodiesel usage is unregulated and non-standardized in few countries and in cases it is mandated and well controlled by local government (e.g. Indonesia). This unregulated, non-standardized and rapidly increasing usage of Biodiesel started to show consequences such as reduced fuel filter life, degradation of engine and filter with material non-compatibility issues with biodiesel and this developed a need of in-depth study, research and creation of recommendations / best practices for the use of Biodiesel in various application. This paper will discuss the root causes of challenges related to usage of biodiesel (manufacturing process, storing and handling of biodiesel at application site), technical challenges and it’s impact on fuel filtration performance supported by some of the lab test data & finally propose a recommendations or best practices to effectively use biodiesel as alternate fuel to achieve best commercial and operational advantages. Although there are several commercially well-known feedstocks available in world, here we will discuss mainly on Palm Biodiesel (PME) which is mandatory in Indonesia with B40 variant recently mandated by local government. The purpose of discussion will be to minimize or eliminate the adverse impact of biodiesel properties & challenges on service life of filter by using premium filtration solutions to avoid drastic changes with engine or OEM equipment.
Bhalerao, Hariprasad, Shah, Avani, Khedkar, Prashant
Glossary of Terms Related to Fluid Filters and Filter TestingJ1124_202505 (Current)5/3/2025
Over the years during which fluid filtration systems have been developing, many terms have come into use for descriptions of characteristics of filter media, filter assemblies, test methods, and test materials. Inevitably, some terms have been applied loosely so that the same term may have different meaning to different people, or in different frames of reference. Recognizing the need for clearly defined terms, which can have only one meaning for all persons in all circumstances, so that documents dealing with standard methods of evaluation of filters will have only one interpretation, the Filter Test Methods Subcommittee of the SAE Engine Committee has compiled this Glossary of related terms. No attempt has been made to produce an all-inclusive document, containing definitions of all terms related to all types of fluid filters. Instead, the Glossary is confined to the terms likely to be encountered in relation to filters for lubricating oil and fuels. At the same time, we have recognized that some terms are common to all types of fluid filters and have been careful to avoid conflict with the definitions published by other standardizing groups. If not identical, the definitions of these terms are at least worded to convey an identical meaning, hopefully in fewer, simpler, or more precise words. We hope that this effort will be effective in helping to eliminate the ambiguities which have resulted from imprecise use of terminology and filtration. This Glossary is referenced in the SAE filter test methods documents. Terms used in those documents are intended to have the definitions shown by this Glossary, and no other. As new terms and their definitions become associated with the science of filtration and are relevant to the documents prepared by this subcommittee, revisions to the Glossary will be made, either by issuance of addenda or by revision and republication of the entire document.
Filter Test Methods Standards Committee
Reproducing Internal Injector Deposits Found in Heavy-Duty Vehicles with a Novel Injector Rig2024-01-429811/5/2024
In recent years, deposit formation in fuel systems for heavy-duty engines, using drop-in fuels, have become increasingly common. Drop-in fuels are particularly appealing because they are compatible with existing engines, allowing for higher proportions of alternative fuels to be blended with conventional fuels. However, the precipitation of insoluble substances from drop-in fuels can result in fuel filter clogging and the formation of internal injector deposits, leading to higher fuel consumption and issues with engine drivability. The precise reasons behind the formation of these deposits in the fuel system remain unclear, with factors such as operating conditions, fuel quality, and fuel contamination all suggested as potential contributors. In order to reproduce and study the formation of internal injector deposits, for heavy-duty engines under controlled conditions and to facilitate a more precise comparison to field trials, a novel injector test rig has been developed. This newly constructed, non-firing rig includes the main components of heavy-duty vehicle engines and uses an electric motor to simulate the revolutions per minute of an engine. A tailored run cycle has been developed to enable the continuous monitoring of injector performance during the deposit formation process, as well as to meticulously mimic the actual operations of a real engine. The deposits formed on injectors during the rig tests were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and pyrolysis connected to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Py GC-MS). This work presents the outcome of the analysis of injector deposits using the test rig, and compares these findings with deposits gathered from field operations. The deposits obtained from the injector test rig were found to be similar in terms of deposit location, composition, and microstructure, with both sets of deposits containing metal carboxylates and derivatives of engine oil additives. These similarities demonstrate that the test rig effectively reproduces the formation of injector deposits observed in real-world conditions.
Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Theveny, Arnaud, Kusar, Henrik, Hruby, Sarah
Anisotropic structural modeling of fiber-reinforced polymers used in engine peripheral components2023-36-00761/8/2024
The evolution of materials technology has provided in recent decades the replacement of the raw material of many parts made of metal by polymers, carbon fibers, ceramics, and composite materials. This process has been driven by the permanent need to reduce weight and costs, which, even after replacing raw materials, still demand permanent improvement and optimization in the sizing process and in the manufacturing process. In the automotive industry, many components have been replaced by fiber-reinforced polymers, from finishing parts to structural components that are highly mechanically stressed and often also subjected to high temperatures. Although they are lighter and have a lower final cost than conventional metallic parts, components made of fiber-reinforced polymers bring great technological challenges to the development project. Within this context, computational modeling is an indispensable ally for obtaining a product capable of meeting the severe conditions required for its service. Peripheral engine components such as air, oil and fuel filters, canisters, valve covers and intake manifolds are examples of components that are commonly made of fiber reinforced polymers, but that present relevant thermo-mechanical and vibrational requests. The simulation of the polymer injection process and its coupling to structural modeling is a crucial differential in the development of these products. The consideration of the anisotropy caused by the reinforcing fibers in the polymer has a very relevant impact in terms of stresses and strains, as well as the stiffness of these components. The fiber alignment that defines the anisotropy in the part is obtained from the simulation of the injection process and introduced in the finite element model that will be used for structural evaluation of the component. Aiming to illustrate the relevance of this anisotropic structural modeling approach, which couples the manufacturing process with structural simulation, two case studies are presented: a fuel filter subjected to rupture test comparing numerical and experimental results and the second case is the natural frequency analysis and vibration modes of a valve cover.
Bueno, Estela Mari Ricetti, Higa, Armando, Bazaneli, José Augusto
Fuel Filter - Initial Single-Pass Efficiency Test MethodJ1985_202312 (Current)12/13/2023
This SAE Standard is intended for all sizes of fuel filters, so a variety of test stands may be required depending upon flow rate. The low contamination level, downstream clean-up filter, and short duration of the test ensure that the particle retention ability of the filter is measured in a single pass, as no appreciable loading or regression will occur.
Filter Test Methods Standards Committee
A Study of Biodiesel and Biodiesel Petroleum Diesel Blends to Mitigate Filter Blocking2023-32-01319/29/2023
There are many anthropogenic climate change mitigation strategies being adopted worldwide. One of these is the adoption of biodiesel FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester), in transportation. The fuel has been widely promoted as replacement for petroleum diesel because of its potential benefits for life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide reduction and particulate matter improvements. Presently biodiesel may be made from a wide variety of starting materials, including food waste and agricultural materials such as vegetable oils and greases. The number and variety of possible starting materials continues to increase. Though, there is a limiting factor in the use of FAME, and that is cold weather operability. The regional climate can often influence FAME adoption with resultant economic and environmental implications. Often this cold temperature operability manifests itself as in vehicle fuel filter blocking. Several analytical protocols have been produced over the last few years to identify the chemicals in biodiesel that cause this problem. However, the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons compromises many of these methods and others involve derivatization. Here we propose a protocol built around supercritical fluid chromatography mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) that has the flexibility to meet these challenges and allow the analysis of petroleum diesel/FAME blends and afford detection of the suspect compounds causing filter blocking under cold temperature
Barker, James, Reid, Jaqueline, Wilmot, Edward, Carter, Anastarsia, Langley, John, Herniman, Julie
Mechanism for Internal Injector Deposits Formation in Heavy-duty Engines using Drop-in Fuels2023-32-00539/29/2023
Heavy-duty transportation is one of the sectors that contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. One way to reduce CO2 emissions is to use drop-in fuels. However, when drop-in fuels are used, i.e., higher blends of alternative fuels are added to conventional fuels, solubility problems and precipitation in the fuel can occur. As a result, insolubles in the fuel can clog the fuel filters and interfere with the proper functioning of the injectors. This adversely affects engine performance and increases fuel consumption. These problems are expected to increase with the development of more advanced fuel systems to meet upcoming environmental regulations. This work investigates the composition of the deposits formed inside the injectors of the heavy-duty diesel engine and discusses their formation mechanism. Injectors with internal deposits were collected from field trucks throughout Europe. Similar content, location and structure were found for all the deposits in the studied injectors. The physical structure was analyzed using a Scanning Electron Microscope with an Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX). Pyrolysis coupled with Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Py GC-MS) and Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were also used to determine the composition of the injector deposits. The deposits consist of a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds, indicating that they originate from fuel and engine oil. To further analyze the origin of the formed deposits, samples were collected from various parts of the fuel system. The analysis suggests that the deposits were formed exclusively in the injectors, and by comparing and describing the composition and structure of the deposits from different parts of the injector, a mechanism is proposed.
Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Couval, Romain, Kusar, Henrik, Engvall, Klas
Development of a Laboratory Unit to Study Internal Injector Deposits Formation2023-24-00788/28/2023
The formation of deposits in the fuel systems of heavy-duty engines, using drop-in fuels, has been reported in recent years. Drop-in fuels are of interest because they allow higher levels of alternative fuels to be blended with conventional fuels that are compatible with today’s engines. The precipitation of insolubles in the drop-in fuel can lead to clogging of fuel filters and internal injector deposits, resulting in increased fuel consumption and engine drivability problems. The possible mechanisms for the formation of the deposits in the fuel system are not yet fully understood. Several explanations such as operating conditions, fuel quality and contamination have been reported. To investigate injector deposit formation, several screening laboratory test methods have been developed to avoid the use of more costly and complex engine testing. To further evaluate and understand the formation of internal injector deposits in heavy-duty engines, a thermal laboratory test method has been developed. The test method is called Thermal Deposits Test (TDT) and it is inspired by Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Test (JFTOT) method. This test unit can be used to study in applications where a fluid is in contact with a hot surface. The method uses common laboratory hardware and readily available off-the-shelf parts, making it inexpensive to build and very flexible to operate. Deposits are collected on a metal foil, which makes it easier to analyze. This paper describes the construction of the apparatus and its performance. Experimental tests with diesel fuel, doped with soap-type soft particles, which contain typical particles that can form deposits, are performed, and compared with JFTOT results. Analytical techniques, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray, Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Pyrolysis coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy and Ellipsometry were used. Conclusions about the performance of the doped fuel are drawn from the test. Future plans are to study the mechanisms behind the formation of internal diesel injector deposits.
Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Scholle, Tobias, Kusar, Henrik, Engvall, Klas
Personal Watercraft Fuel SystemsJ2046_202302 (Current)2/20/2023
This SAE Standard establishes a uniform test procedure and performance requirements for permanently installed petrol fuel systems in personal watercraft. This SAE Standard does not apply to outboard powered personal watercraft and jet powered surfboards.
Personal Watercraft Committee
Cold Operability of Light Duty Diesel Vehicles - Importance of Vehicle Testing132529/7/2022
It is widely known that different factors, such as cold properties of a fuel as well as a vehicle design, affect the cold operability limit of vehicles. In this study, the aim was to get a better understanding of the properties of modern Light Duty Diesel (LDD) vehicles (2014-2020) that define their cold operability temperature limit. Moreover, the aim was to find out what a responsible fuel producer can do, in addition to providing a proper fuel that meets the specification, to ensure that a vehicle stays operable at cold temperatures. Similar study was done 10 years ago by Neste with the LDD vehicles of that time [1]. Therefore there was a need to update the info to concern the modern LDD vehicles. In this study the operability limit difference between the worst and the best operating LDD vehicle was >10�C (nbr of LDD vehicles = 5) with the same fuel. The limits were determined in a cold chamber using a chassis dynamometer. This operability variance indicates a significant effect of vehicle design on the vehicle�s cold operability limit. The results showed no correlation between diesel fuel�s cold filter plugging point (CFPP) or the surface area of the fuel filter and vehicle cold operability. Therefore, fuel producers should continue the fuel testing using real vehicles to ensure that the produced fuels are suitable for the specific conditions. Moreover, it is good to keep in mind that the results of this study, which demonstrated significant differences in LDD vehicles� cold operability, were obtained using only one fuel having a specific CFPP, so further studies on this topic are needed.
Kari, Eetu
Cold Operability of Light Duty Diesel Vehicles - Importance of Vehicle Testing2022-01-10768/30/2022
It is widely known that different factors, such as cold properties of a fuel as well as a vehicle design, affect the cold operability limit of vehicles. In this study, the aim was to get a better understanding of the properties of modern Light Duty Diesel (LDD) vehicles (2014-2020) that define their cold operability temperature limit. Moreover, the aim was to find out what a responsible fuel producer can do, in addition to providing a proper fuel that meets the specification, to ensure that a vehicle stays operable at cold temperatures. Similar study was done 10 years ago by Neste with the LDD vehicles of that time [1]. Therefore there was a need to update the info to concern the modern LDD vehicles. In this study the operability limit difference between the worst and the best operating LDD vehicle was >10°C (nbr of LDD vehicles = 5) with the same fuel. The limits were determined in a cold chamber using a chassis dynamometer. This operability variance indicates a significant effect of vehicle design on the vehicle’s cold operability limit. The results showed no correlation between diesel fuel’s cold filter plugging point (CFPP) or the surface area of the fuel filter and vehicle cold operability. Therefore, fuel producers should continue the fuel testing using real vehicles to ensure that the produced fuels are suitable for the specific conditions. Moreover, it is good to keep in mind that the results of this study, which demonstrated significant differences in LDD vehicles’ cold operability, were obtained using only one fuel having a specific CFPP, so further studies on this topic are needed.
Kari, Eetu, Lehto, Kalle, Kiiski, Ulla
PRODUCT GUIDE22TOFHP06_146/1/2022
An Investigation of the Degradation of Biodiesel Blends in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine2022-01-05123/29/2022
One way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the current heavy-duty vehicles fleet is to replace fossil fuel with renewable fuel. This can be done by blending so-called drop-in fuels into the standard diesel fuel. However, problems such as insoluble impurities may arise when the fuels are mixed. These precipitates, known as soft particles, can cause deposits in the fuel system, e.g., injectors and fuel filters, reducing the engine´s performance. The most used drop-in fuel today is biodiesel which, is blended with different concentrations. To better understand how soft particles are formed in the vehicle´s fuel system, the degradation of biodiesel blends in the engine has been investigated. This study explores biodiesel blends´ degradation process by comparing the incoming fuel with the return fuel from a modern diesel engine to investigate how the fuel is affected by this process. The engine was run using different blends of biodiesel fuel. To investigate the degradation of the biodiesel, engine tests at low, medium, and high torque at two engine speeds was performed. Fuel samples were collected before and after the engine for comparison. The tested fuels were examined with different analytical techniques. Rancimat, ion chromatography, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and total acid number. A filtration test method was developed to collect the soft particles from the tested fuels. The results showed that fuel properties from the fuel return in biodiesel blends with high biodiesel content were more affected compared to lower biodiesel blends. For the lower biodiesel blends both the oxidation stability (Rancimat) and the filterability improved after passing the fuel system in the engine. While for the high biodiesel content, Rancimat and filterability were reduced. In biodiesels blends lower than 10%v/v, the change in oxidation stability was positive and around 30h and for B100 the change in oxidation stability was negative around 5 to 10 h. The filterability of blends with high biodiesel content showed that these fuels were more affected by different engine conditions, whereas B30 showed the highest variation in filtration time. Indicating that B30 is the most sensitive fuel. No big change was seen in the acid number for any biodiesel blends and a correlation was seen with biodiesel content. Further, the concentration of short chain fatty acid seems to correlate with the oxidation stability of the fuel. Increasing the level of short chain fatty acids, the oxidation stability of the fuel decreases.
Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Ramden, Alida, Bernemyr, Hanna
Reticulated Polyurethane Foam Explosion Suppression Material for Fuel Systems and Dry BaysAIR4170C (Current)12/20/2021
This document describes the initial development, evolution, and use of reticulated polyurethane foam as an explosion suppression material in fuel tanks and dry bays. It provides historical data, design practice guidelines, references, laboratory test data, and service data gained from past experience. The products discussed in this document may be referred to as "Safety Foam," "Reticulated Polyurethane Foam," "Baffle and Inerting Material," or "Electrostatic Suppression Material." These generic terms for the products discussed in this document are not meant to imply any safety warranty. Each individual design application should be thoroughly proof tested prior to production installation.
AE-5D Fuel Tank Flammability Reduction Systems Committee
Chemical Analysis of Deposits Separated from Blocked Fuel Filters04-15-01-000210/25/2021
Biodiesel was found to be the best candidate to replace diesel fuel mainly due to being renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic and reduce greenhouse gases, which cause global warming. Nowadays, biodiesel is blended with diesel fuel in different concentrations depending on the country of usage and is used in diesel engines. Concerns about biodiesel were raised after premature fouling of fuel filters were reported before meeting their mileage requirement. Three filters from Brazil were analyzed using different techniques (Energy Dispersive X-Ray [EDX], Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy [FTIR], Thermogravimetric Analysis [TGA], Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry [ToF-SIMS], and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry [GC/MS]) to understand the chemical composition of the filter deposits and highlight the main compounds responsible for the blockage. EDX showed that the deposits are mainly composed of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) with traces of sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), and other elements. FTIR showed that the dominant bands in the filter deposits spectra are attributed to C-O bonds with a broad OH peak always present. TGA showed that the deposits vaporize at three different regions with peak temperatures around 250°C, 350°C, and 480°C, which correspond to the vaporization of glycerol, sterol glucosides (SGs), and metal carboxylates, respectively. Combining the data from the previous techniques, it was concluded that the filter deposits are mainly organic in nature with glycerol and SGs as the main compounds forming the bulk of the filter deposits with metal carboxylates present in lower amounts. This conclusion was further confirmed by ToF-SIMS and GC/MS where all three compounds were detected. In addition, free sterols and monoglycerides (MGs) were also detected in the deposits with traces of diglycerides and triglycerides also present.
ELTahry, Omar, Salehi, Farnaz Motamen, Morina, Ardian, Ferrari, Lana, Farooq, Umer, Forsberg, Carina, Neville, Anne
Study on Effects of Methanol on Material Compatibility of a Fuel Supply System in a Spark Ignition Engine2021-01-11899/21/2021
The components of fuel supply system of a methanol fuelled spark ignition engine come in direct contact with the fuel. Corrosive nature of methanol affects the material properties. The present study deals with the compatibility of various materials of the fuel supply system including elastomers (nitrile, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nitrile, chloroprene, natural rubber and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM)), aluminium and fuel filter (outer tin coated circular plate and paper) with methanol. The specimens of the parts of the fuel supply system were immersed in methanol for a period of ninety days under atmospheric conditions. The properties of the specimens such as physical changes using scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the surfaces and mechanical properties including tensile strength and strain at break were studied. It was observed from the images that the coating over the circular plate of fuel filter eroded while elastomers developed a whitish coat on their surface. SEM images indicated that surfaces of EPDM, chloroprene and natural rubber were damaged significantly. Swelling of nitrile, chloroprene and natural rubber took place due to diffusion of methanol inside their structures. SEM image showed mild deterioration of aluminium surface. Furthermore, tensile strength of natural rubber, chloroprene, nitrile and PVC nitrile decreased by 29.3%, 59.8%, 31.2% and 33.2% respectively. Decrease in strain at break was significant with chloroprene, nitrile and PVC nitrile rubbers. A notable conclusion emerged from the study that EPDM performs satisfactorily with methanol since deterioration of its mechanical properties and swelling was negligible.
Nidhi, Nidhi, Subramanian, K.A.
Comparison of Fuel Filters and Adsorption Filters for Metal Carboxylate Separation2021-24-00649/5/2021
Heavy-duty transportation accounts for significant part of the greenhouse gas emissions. Currently the most common powertrain for long-haul trucks is compression-ignited engines. In order to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of these engines, renewable fuels, such as biodiesel can be used. Today biodiesel is used as a drop-in fuel, however when biodiesel is mixed with conventional diesel, soft particles may form. Soft particles have been identified as a mixture of insoluble impurities and degradation products in the fuel. These soft particles can lead to deposits in the injection and fuel filtration system, leading to reduced engine performance. In this paper, zinc-neodecanoate and soft particles from the degradation of biodiesel is studied. In both cases, the emphasis is on soap type contaminants. Zinc-neodecanoate has shown to lead to nozzle fouling, while soft particles from degradation of biodiesel have been found in diesel fuel filters. This study examines four different type of fuel filters to estimate separation efficiency of zinc-neodecanoate in current vehicles. In addition, adsorption filtration is examined to see its potential for vehicle application. The separation efficiency of the adsorption filter is compared to currently used filter sheets. The filtration has been conducted on a custom-built filter rig, while the efficiency of filtration is examined by the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Adsorption filters showed a good potential for the removal of soap type soft particles. The data collected in this study show promising results for adsorption filters. The results indicate the necessity of continued testing in a full-scale fuel system to further investigate the applicability of adsorption filters.
Csontos, Botond, Shinkhede, Saurabh, Bernemyr, Hanna, Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik
Analysis of the Interaction between Soft Particles and Fuel Filter Media04-14-03-00108/16/2021
The transportation industry is currently in a transition toward the use of zero-emission vehicles; however, reaching it will take a considerable amount of time. In the meantime, a diesel powertrain will remain the workhorse for most heavy-duty transportation. In order to reduce the engine’s environmental impact, biofuels, such as biodiesel, are used as drop-in fuels or fuel blends. The use of drop-in fuels may create challenges for the fuel system since sticky deposits can precipitate and cause injector malfunctioning or premature fuel filter plugging. It has been concluded in the past that these deposits have been caused by soft particles. In this article, soft particles created through the degradation of biodiesel and their effect on filters are studied. The article aims to analyze fuel filters and investigate the materials responsible for soft particle separation. The study includes three pre filters and three main filters that are commercially available truck filters. Different membrane types and membranes with different pore sizes were tested in order to comprehend their potential for fuel filtration. The tests were conducted using a custom-built fuel filter rig, where pressure buildup was measured online. The removal efficiency was assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The materials of the filters were examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The analysis revealed novel results from the interaction of soft particles and different filter media. The filters show similar performance for the commercial fuel filters with respect to soft particle removal and pressure buildup and thus the tendency for fuel filter plugging, where the efficiency for total calcium ion removal was around 40% for pre-filters and 60% for main filters. The material analysis shows that the particles are most likely removed mainly by the cellulose layer of the filter paper, and filters with glass fiber showed higher capacity. In addition, the membrane filters prove to show good potential for soft particle removal, with the highest removal of 72%; however, their use in practice needs to be further evaluated in actual fuel systems.
Csontos, Botond, Bernemyr, Hanna, Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik
Performance Evaluation of Fuel Filter Elements Utilized in Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine and APU Main Fuel SystemsAIR6985 (Current)6/10/2021
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) reviews performance testing parameters for fuel filter elements utilized in gas turbine engine and APU main fuel systems. The scope is limited to main fuel filter elements rated at 35 μm(c), or finer, which constitute the majority of contemporary engine main fuel system filtration. This document does not address icing tests specific to fuel filter elements since they are only required for certain engine designs and are custom test procedures. General information on icing tests for aircraft fuel system components can be found in ARP1401. This document also does not address fuel filter elements utilized in fuel hydraulic systems since it is outside the scope of this document, This document is confined to laboratory testing of filter element performance to qualify the filtration medium and filter element construction as opposed to qualification of the complete fuel filter assembly. The testing discussed here is usually followed by laboratory and on-engine testing of the entire fuel filter assembly (including filter element, housing, valving, etc.) which is outside the scope of this AIR.
AE-5B Aircraft and Engine Fuel and Lubricant Sys Components
A Holistic Overview of Diesel Fuel Filter Selection Methodologies and Multi-Level Robust Testing and Validation Strategy2021-01-05394/6/2021
Fuel filter’s precise sizing and specification have been challenging with a Diesel engine, considering the severe operating environment and conditions, especially for off-road applications like agriculture, construction, road-making equipment, etc. The scenario further worsens in countries having the worst fuel cleanliness level (beyond 23/22/19 as per ISO-4406), improper storage, handling, and transportation of fuel. In an attempt to be on the safer side, automotive and fuel filter manufacturers prefer to over-design fuel filters - this resulting in cost addition of product and service and high warranty of the Fuel Injection system if fuel filters are under-designed. Factors and variables affecting fuel filtration efficiency over service and engine life have not been clearly known. Inefficient fuel filtration leads to Fuel injection systems’ premature failure, especially critical injectors’ internal parts, like nozzle, needle valve, and control valve, thus directly impacting engine performance with low power/torque, higher fuel consumption, and smoke, etc. In this study, Final Tier-4 or Bharat Stage-4 55kW diesel engines have been considered; however, the fuel filter selection and validation methodologies discussed in this paper can be deployed to other engine ratings as well. This paper includes a holistic overview of fuel cleanliness and filtration, starting from the very first point of filling fuel to the tank to the inlet of the High-pressure fuel injection pump. The paper covers detailed fuel filter specification guidelines and calculations for the targeted region’s worst fuel cleanliness. Further importantly, it gives the off-road industry’s first robust multi-level fuel filters validation approach - starting from an engine to machines/vehicles, and finally to a unique injector durability test to robustly sign off fuel filter specification.
Khan, Mohammad Saifullah, M Patil, Krishnat
Diesel Engines - Fuel Injection Pump TestingJ1668_202103 (Current)3/17/2021
The correct setting and adjustment of fuel injection pumps requires standardized testing conditions. This SAE Standard summarizes the design and operating parameters for test benches so that, using certain information supplied by the pump manufacturer, the pump test schedule, and certain information supplied by the test bench manufacturer, it can be determined whether a particular test bench is suitable for driving a particular injection pump. This document is in most cases a summary of the ISO Standard 4008, Parts 1, 2, and 3 and is intended to provide its critical aspects. Standard ISO 4008 should be referred to for more details.
Diesel Fuel Injection Equipment Standards Committee
Filter Element Cleaning MethodsAIR787B (Current)10/9/2020
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides technical information to assist the development of specific cleaning methods for those filter elements which are designated as "cleanable" and cannot be cleaned by simple and obvious procedures.
A-6C1 Fluids and Contamination Control Committee
Factors Influencing the Formation of Soft Particles in Biodiesel2020-24-00069/27/2020
In order to mitigate the effect of fossil fuels on global warming, biodiesel is used as drop in fuel. However, in the mixture of biodiesel and diesel, soft particles may form. These soft particles are organic compounds, which can originate from the production and degradation of biodiesel. Further when fuel is mixed with unwanted contaminants such as engine oil the amount soft particles can increase. The presence of these particles can cause malfunction in the fuel system of the engine, such as nozzle fouling, internal diesel injector deposits (IDID) or fuel filter plugging. Soft particles and the mechanism of their formation is curtail to understand in order to study and prevent their effects on the fuel system. This paper focuses on one type of soft particles, which are metal soaps. More precisely on the role of the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) during their formation. In order to do so, aged and unaged B10 was studied. The fuel matrixes were mixed with a calcium source such as calcium oxide (CaO), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and engine oil. The importance of SCFA was studied by influencing the presence of the acids, by degrading the fuel, by the addition of formic acid and by inert gas bubbling. The created deposits and fuels mixtures were examined with the use of pH measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ion chromatography (IC). Opposed to the expectations, the results indicate that SFCA in not the most important factor for the formation of soft particles. It is shown that the calcium sources influenced the consistency and amount of the created soft particles. From the tested contaminants, CaO showed the highest yield towards precipitates. While degradation of the fuels showed to be the most important factor to form soap type soft particles.
Csontos, Botond, Fiorenza, Roberta Maria, Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Bernemyr, Hanna, Erlandsson, Anders
Considerations on Ice Formation in Aircraft and Engine Fuel SystemsAIR790D (Current)9/18/2020
Ice formation in aircraft fuel systems results from the presence of dissolved and undissolved water in the fuel. Dissolved water or water in solution with hydrocarbon fuels constitutes a relatively small part of the total water potential in a particular system with the quantity dissolved being primarily dependent on the fuel temperature and the water solubility characteristics of the fuel. One condition of undissolved water is entrained water, such as water particles suspended in the fuel as a result of mechanical agitation of free water or conversion of dissolved water through temperature reduction. This can be considered as analogous to an emulsion state. Another condition of undissolved water is free water which may be introduced as a result of refueling or the settling of entrained water which collects at the bottom of a fuel tank in easily detectable quantities separated by a continuous interface from the fuel above. Water may also be introduced as a result of condensation from air entering a fuel tank through the vent system. Assuming good quality of uplifted fuel, vapor passing through the aircraft vent system is a significant water introduction mechanism. Entrained water will settle out in time under static conditions and may or may not be drained, depending on the rate at which it is converted to free water. In general, it is not likely that all entrained water can ever be separated from fuel under field conditions. The settling rate depends on a series of factors including temperature, quiescence, and droplet size. The droplet size will vary depending upon the mechanics of formation. Usually the particles are so small as to be invisible to the naked eye, but in extreme cases can cause a slight haziness in the fuel. Free water can be drained from a fuel tank if low point drain provisions are adequate and recommended maintenance actions are followed. Water in solution cannot be removed except by dehydration or by converting it, through temperature reduction, to entrained, then to free water. Water strictly in solution is not a serious problem in aviation fuel so long as it remains in solution. Entrained and free water are the most problematic because of the potential of freezing on the surfaces of the fuel system. Further, entrained water will freeze in cold fuel and tend to stay in solution longer since the specific gravity of ice is approximately the same as that of hydrocarbon fuels. The elimination of undissolved water, to the extent it is practical, in fuel storage, handling, and delivery systems, as well as in aircraft fuel systems, can reduce or eliminate the potential for icing problems. Appropriate testing of fuel systems, subsystems, and components under controlled icing conditions can establish confidence in the safe operation of the aircraft fuel system in such icing conditions. The objective of testing is not necessarily to demonstrate that no icing will occur but rather that the effects of the icing will not create a hazardous condition. Considerations for these measures to control potential icing problems are addressed herein.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
A Measurement of Fuel Filters’ Ability to Remove Soft Particles, with a Custom-Built Fuel Filter Rig2020-01-21309/15/2020
Biofuel can enable a sustainable transport solution and lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to standard fuels. This study focuses on biodiesel, implemented in the easiest way as drop in fuel. When mixing biodiesel into diesel one can run into problems with solubility causing contaminants precipitating out as insolubilities. These insolubilities, also called soft particles, can cause problems such as internal injector deposits and nozzle fouling. One way to overcome the problem of soft particles is by filtration. It is thus of great interest to be able to quantify fuel filters’ ability to intercept soft particles. The aim of this study is to test different fuel filters for heavy-duty engines and their ability to filter out synthetic soft particles. A custom-built fuel filter rig is presented, together with some of its general design requirements. For evaluation of the efficiency of the filters, fuel samples were taken before and after the filters. The fuel samples were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) to estimate the soft particle removal efficiency of each fuel filter. Furthermore, the pressure drop across the filters was measured, to provide an indication about their plugging potential. Results are presented about the concentration dependency of synthetic soft particles, both regarding pressure drop and efficiency of removal. Finally, different fuel filter materials were compared regarding their efficiency to remove soft particles. The results of this paper show the basic concepts of how soft particles can be examined in a laboratory scale fuel filter rig, and show a first estimate about the capabilities of soft particle removal by currently available fuel filters.
Csontos, Botond, Hittig, Henrik, Pach, Mayte, Bernemyr, Hanna, Erlandsson, Anders
A Measurement of Fuel Filters? Ability to Remove Soft Particles, with a Custom-Built Fuel Filter Rig126119/15/2020
Biofuel can enable a sustainable transport solution and lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to standard fuels. This study focuses on biodiesel, implemented in the easiest way as drop in fuel. When mixing biodiesel into diesel one can run into problems with solubility causing contaminants precipitating out as insolubilities. These insolubilities, also called soft particles, can cause problems such as internal injector deposits and nozzle fouling. One way to overcome the problem of soft particles is by filtration. It is thus of great interest to be able to quantify fuel filters? ability to intercept soft particles. The aim of this study is to test different fuel filters for heavy-duty engines and their ability to filter out synthetic soft particles. A custom-built fuel filter rig is presented, together with some of its general design requirements. For evaluation of the efficiency of the filters, fuel samples were taken before and after the filters. The fuel samples were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) to estimate the soft particle removal efficiency of each fuel filter. Furthermore, the pressure drop across the filters was measured, to provide an indication about their plugging potential. Results are presented about the concentration dependency of synthetic soft particles, both regarding pressure drop and efficiency of removal. Finally, different fuel filter materials were compared regarding their efficiency to remove soft particles. The results of this paper show the basic concepts of how soft particles can be examined in a laboratory scale fuel filter rig, and show a first estimate about the capabilities of soft particle removal by currently available fuel filters.
Csontos, Botond
FUEL FILTER EFFICIENCY EVALUATION WITH CYCLIC FLOW AND MECHANICAL VIBRATION2024-01-38308/11/2020
ABSTRACT Fuel filters used to remove particulates from liquids are evaluated by OEM’s and filter manufacturers using standardized test protocols that specify simplified conditions that aid in laboratory reproducibility. These test results do not always translate into actual filter performance in application. In military vehicles that experience frequent demands for rapid acceleration and deceleration and extreme vibration, the importance of evaluating fluid filtration performance with these parameters as inputs is significant. This paper discusses an investigation of the performance sensitivity of a diesel particulate filter to structural vibration properties and flow rate fluctuation. After determination of this sensitivity to dynamic inputs, a new test protocol was developed for evaluating competitive fuel filters. The cyclic flow and mechanical vibration inputs for the new protocol were selected to be representative of those that would be seen in a heavy duty diesel application. Finally, six competitive heavy duty diesel filter models were compared using a traditional filter efficiency measurement procedure and the newly developed protocol. The performance of the competitive filters using the traditional protocol suggested that most of the filters were nearly identical, whereas the new protocol yielded performance differences that demonstrated clear advantages of specific filters in terms of filter efficiency under dynamic conditions. Citation: L. Hollingsworth, P. Wostarek, C. Exposito, “Fuel Filter Efficiency Evaluation with Cyclic Flow and Mechanical Vibration”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
Hollingsworth, Larry, Wostarek, Peter, Exposito, Christian
Fuel Dispensing Filter Test MethodsJ2793_202005 (Current)5/26/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to gasoline and diesel fuel filters installed on fuel dispensing equipment, mobile or stationary. It describes a set of tests used to characterize the structural integrity, filtration performance, and reaction to water contaminant with fuel dispensing filters.
Filter Test Methods Standards Committee
Development of a Method to Measure Soft Particles from Diesel Type Fuels2020-01-03444/14/2020
Renewable fuels have an important role to create sustainable energy systems. In this paper the focus is on biodiesel, which is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Today biodiesel is mostly used as a drop-in fuel, mixed into conventional diesel fuels to reduce their environmental impact. Low quality drop-in fuel can lead to deposits throughout the fuel systems of heavy duty vehicles. In a previous study fuel filters from the field were collected and analyzed with the objective to determine the main components responsible for fuel filter plugging. The identified compounds were constituents of soft particles. In the current study, the focus was on metal carboxylates since these have been found to be one of the components of the soft particles and associated with other engine malfunctions as well. Hence the measurement of metal carboxylates in the fuel is important for future studies regarding the fuel’s effect on engines. The first aim of this study was to create synthetic soft particles from biodiesel. Accelerated aging of fuels with different contaminations such as engine oil and calcium oxide were used to create the synthetic soft particles. The precipitates were collected and analyzed with different techniques such as FTIR and GC-MS, to identify the main components which were then compared with the results of the previous study. Following this, specific attention was given to calcium methyl azelate as it was shown to be found in field fuel filters. A method using GC-MS was developed to be able to estimate the amount of soft particles by measuring calcium methyl azelate. The specified method proved to be adequate for future studies to evaluate the filtration efficiency of different filter materials against soft particles.
Csontos, Botond, Swarga, Shriharsha, Bernemyr, Hanna, Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik
The precipitation of biodiesel impurities at low temperature and its effect on fuel filter2019-01-218812/19/2019
Biofuels are expanding continuously in global market as one of renewable options to replace fossil fuels. Biodiesel is the most commonly used biofuel that can be blended into conventional diesels in any proportion. However, higher biodiesel blends may cause problems. One of its problems is precipitation formation arise from biodiesel may clog fuel filter at low temperature. This study focuses on fuel and environment factors on biodiesel precipitation and their influence degree on fuel filter clogging. The results indicate that monoglycerides and temperature have strong correlation with precipitate weight. Moreover, quantitative effect of precipitate weight on filter clogging was clarified.
Suwannamit, Sareewan, Ngammoh, Jaratpong, Funahashi, Minoru, Tasaki, Mamoru, Krissanasaeranee, Methira, Porntangjitlikit, Suriya, Silapakampeerapap, Supap, Wuttimongkolchai, Arunratt, Chiampradit, Nitiwat
Aircraft Fuel System Design GuidelinesAIR7975 (Historical)12/5/2019
This document describes the major design drivers and considerations when designing a fuel system for a large commercial aircraft. It discusses the design at a system/aircraft level, and is not intended as a design manual for individual system components, though it does refer out to other SAE specifications where more detail on specific components and sub-systems is given. It does include examples of a number of calculations associated with sizing of fuel systems, based on those given in NAV-AIR-06-5-504, as well as an appendix summarizing basic fluid mechanical equations which are key for fuel system design. It is acknowledged that most of these calculations would today be performed by modelling tools, rather than by hand, but it is considered important for the designer to understand the principles. It is intended that later issues of this document will include appendices which give specific considerations for military aircraft, smaller commercial aircraft, and rotorcraft.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Optimization of Bio-Diesel Fuel Filter Size Media and Configuration for Longer Service Interval2019-28-239111/21/2019
Bio diesel is one of the most promising fuel which can not only replace the conventional fuels but also environment friendly in terms of Greenhouse gases emission. Adaptation of Bio diesel comes with reduced maintainability and high maintenance cost. Blends of biodiesel and conventional diesel are most commonly used in automotive diesel engines. Biodiesel is most popular choice as an alternate fuel of fossil diesel due to its easy availability, eco-friendly nature and minimum change in existing diesel engine for retro fitment. In this paper efforts have been taken to optimize the life of Fuel filter for bio diesel application. For improving Fuel filter life, modifications carried out in Fuel filter media, size and configuration. Further, Fuel filter tested on Engine test bed and Vehicle to establish the life of filter in real world usage condition. Testing Results were compared with existing diesel fuel filter.
Soni, Gaurav, Bhargava, Aashish, Gavade, Sujit
Fuel Systems and Components - Electrostatic Charge MitigationJ1645_201909 (Historical)9/13/2019
This SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice deals with electrostatic charge phenomena that may occur in automotive fuel systems and applies to the following: Fuels that are in a liquid state at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressures and are contained in vehicle fuel tanks that operate at or near atmospheric pressure. This includes gasoline and diesel fuels, as well as their blends with additives such as alcohols, esters, and ethers, whether the additives are petroleum based or bio-fuel based. The group of components that comprise the fuel system (in contact and not in contact with fuels). Other components in proximity to the fuel system that may be affected by electrostatic fields caused by the fuel system. Electrostatic phenomena that arise from, or are affected by, the following aspects of vehicle or fuel system operation: ○ Flowing fuel in the fuel delivery system. ○ Flowing fuel being dispensed to the vehicle while it is being fueled.
Fuel Systems Standards Committee
Characterization of Deposits Collected from Plugged Fuel Filters2019-24-01409/9/2019
Fuel filters serve as a safety belt for modern compression ignition engines. To meet the requirements from environmental regulations these engines use the common rail injection system, which is highly susceptible to contamination from the fuel. Furthermore, the public awareness towards global warming is raising the need for renewable fuels such as biodiesel. An increased fuel variety brings a higher requirement for fuel filters as well. To better understand the process of filtration, awareness of the different possible contaminants from the field is needed. This study used several chemical characterization techniques to examine the deposits from plugged fuel filters collected from the field. The vehicle was run with a biodiesel blend available on the market. The characterization techniques included X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) joined with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) sampling, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and lastly thermal gravimetric analyzer combined with FTIR and a GC-MS (TGA/FTIR/GC-MS). In addition the remaining ash from TGA was measured in energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Deposits were scraped from the used filter, and prepared for the different analytic methods. After cleaning the deposits with different solvents, GC-MS identified the traces of glycerol and sterols in the filter. After a transesterification reaction GC-MS could identify carboxylates corresponding to degraded biodiesel. The TGA/FTIR/GC-MS revealed the presence of polymeric compounds in the deposit. XRF did not require any previous cleaning, and was used to identify different metals present in the deposits. The mentioned deposits are characterized as soft particles, and could originate from the impurities of biodiesel, presence of engine oils, or degradation of the fuel. The presented results help to better understand the current concerns with the on-board filtration of fuels, and can help to create more robust fuel systems in the future.
Csontos, Botond, Bernemyr, Hanna, Erlandsson, Anders Christiansen, Forsberg, Oscar, Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik
Test Procedure to Determine the Hydrocarbon Losses from Fuel Tubes, Hoses, Fittings, and Fuel Line Assemblies by RecirculationJ1737_201908 (Historical)8/26/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for the determination of the losses of hydrocarbon fluids, by permeation through component walls, as well as through "microleaks" at interfaces of assembled components while controlling temperature and pressure independently of each other. This is achieved in a recirculating system in which elements of a test fuel that permeate through the walls of a test specimen and migrate through the interfaces are transported by a controlled flow of dry nitrogen to a point where they are measured. That measurement point is a device, such as a canister containing activated charcoal or other means of collection or accumulation where the hydrocarbon losses are then measured by weight change or analyzed by some other suitable means.
Fuel Systems Standards Committee
High Strength Elevated Temperature Bolting PracticeARP700C (Current)5/3/2019
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides general information on the design and installation of threaded fasteners in high strength and high temperature applications in propulsion systems. Some of the more common definitions of fastener terminology are also provided.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Assessing the Impact of FAME and Diesel Fuel Composition on Stability and Vehicle Filter Blocking2019-01-00491/15/2019
In recent years, there has been an impetus in the automotive industry to develop newer diesel injection systems with a view to reducing fuel consumption and emissions. This development has led to hardware capable of higher pressures, typically up to 2500 bar. An increase in pressure will result in a corresponding increase in fuel temperature after compression with studies showing changes in fuel temperatures of up to 150 °C in 1000-2500 bar injection systems. Until recently, the addition of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, FAME, to diesel had been blamed for a number of fuel system durability issues such as injector deposits and fuel filter blocking. Despite a growing acceptance within the automotive and petrochemical industries that FAME is not solely to blame for diesel instability, there is a lack of published literature in the area, with many studies still focusing on FAME oxidation to explain deposit formation and hardware durability. The majority of studies into diesel degradation are conducted under non-representative laboratory conditions, or are extrapolated from the deposits found in filters from vehicles with failed injectors. In this study, the cause of this degradation was investigated by using a novel High Pressure Common Rail (HPCR) non-firing rig designed to mimic a diesel common rail system, simulating realistic, albeit accelerated, operating conditions. The degree of deposition on the system fuel filter was monitored, for both petroleum diesel (B0), RF79 (B0), Bx (where x is percentage volume/volume of FAME) and surrogate diesel fuel components. A systematic study of synthetic surrogates demonstrated that, as well as FAME, any base fuel component, under sufficiently high pressures and temperatures experienced in the HPCR are prone to degradation irrespective of the concentration of the component in the original fuel. The most unstable component acts as the instigator, thus promoting fuel oxidation. The other components in the fuel such as FAME, aromatic and cycloalkane portions will also oxidise and eventually polymerise to form solids blocking the filter. This also demonstrates that while a large body of work on the oxidative instability of biodiesel in the chemical laboratory is indicative of instability this does not mimic what is seen under more realistic vehicle conditions and the focus on FAME instability is misleading.
Gopalan, Kesavan, Chuck, Christopher J., Roy-Smith, Christopher, Bannister, Christopher D.
Contaminants Affecting the Formation of Soft Particles in Bio-Based Diesel Fuels during Degradation2019-01-00161/15/2019
Renewable fuels are essential in the field of heavy duty transportation if we are to reach a fossil-free society in the foreseeable future. However renewable diesel fuels based on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) might face problems with degradation and with cold flow properties. From the perspective of an engine, this may cause problems in the fuel injection system, such as fuel filter clogging and injector deposits. These phenomena, especially fuel filter clogging, can be connected to gel-like soft particles, which could originate from degradation products as well as from byproducts created during biodiesel refining. In this study, soft particles from the degradation of bio-based diesel fuel were examined. The tested fuels included hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVO), rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and 10% blend of rapeseed methyl ester with standard diesel (B10). To test their potential to increase the formation of soft particles, contaminants such as water, metals and engine oil were included in the degradation methods. The formed insoluble products were analyzed with gravimetric means, scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX) and spectroscopy methods (FTIR). The results showed different behavior for each of the tested fuels. B10 was shown to be the most problematic, with the creation of gel-like soft particles. RME was less prone to create particles, probably due to its good solubility properties. HVO created the least sediments, possibly due to its high stability. According to the FTIR measurements, the captured insoluble sediments mainly consisted of polymerized oxidation products, acids and metal carboxylic ions. The type of metal influenced the chemical composition and the amount of insoluble sediment. Engine oil caused an increase in the amount of sediments. However the results also suggest that oil has a dampening effect for reactions between metals, water and fuels.
Csontos, Botond, Alim, Richard, Bernemyr, Hanna, Hittig, Henrik, Pach, Mayte
Electrical Wiring Fuel CompatibilityAIR6820 (Historical)12/12/2018
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is limited to the subject of compatibility of wiring as part of aircraft Electrical Wiring and Interconnect Systems (EWIS) installed in and around aircraft fuel tanks.
AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install
Glossary of Terms Related to Fluid Filters and Filter TestingJ1124_201810 (Historical)10/4/2018
Over the years during which fluid filtration systems have been developing, many terms have come into use for descriptions of characteristics of filter media, filter assemblies, test methods, and test materials. Inevitably, some terms have been applied loosely, so that the same term may have different meaning to different people, or in different frames of reference. Recognizing the need for clearly defined terms, which can have only one meaning for all persons in all circumstances, so that documents dealing with standard methods of evaluation of filters will have only one interpretation, the Filter Test methods Subcommittee of the SAE Engine Committee has compiled this Glossary of related terms. No attempt has been made to produce an all-inclusive document, containing definitions of all terms related to all types of fluid filters. Instead, the Glossary is confined to the terms likely to be encountered in relation to filters for lubricating oil and fuels. At the same time, we have recognized that some terms are common to all types of fluid filters, and have been careful to avoid conflict with the definitions published by other standardizing groups. If not identical, the definitions of these terms are at least worded to convey an identical meaning, hopefully in fewer, simpler or more precise words. We hope that this effort will be effective in helping to eliminate the ambiguities which have resulted from imprecise use of terminology and filtration. This Glossary is referenced in the SAE filter test methods documents. Terms used in those documents are intended to have the definitions shown by this Glossary, and no other. As new terms and their definitions become associated with the science of filtration and are relevant to the documents prepared by this subcommittee, revisions to the Glossary will be made, either by issuance of addenda or by revision and republication of the entire document.
Filter Test Methods Standards Committee
Nano-Fiber Filters for Automotive Applications2018-28-00417/9/2018
Engines have well lubricated metallic moving parts protected by oil films. Microscopic airborne particles can easily break down the oil film and change the tight working tolerances of operating components of an engine. In addition to the above requirement, a modern diesel engine requires a highly precise injection system to meet stringent emission norms and it requires an average of 15,000 L of air per unit fuel consumed. Meticulous filtration is key to ensure purity of air and fuel available to engine. A Polyacrylonitrile based nanofiber synthesized using electro-spinning process is an alternative to conventional cellulose media filters. A Scanning Electron Microscope image is analyzed to obtain the fiber diameter and a 2-D modeling is done using this image data. The trend of developing miniaturized model in filtration application and analysis using computational fluid dynamics has limited research till now. The objectives of the paper are to analyze variation of pressure drop and quality factor for automotive filtration applications. Pressure drops across the single layer of nano-fiber filter, conventional fuel filter and double layer nano-fiber filter are calculated by Ansys fluent analysis. Electro-spun nanofiber filter can separate large number of particles which is beneficial for the longer lifecycle and higher performance of an engine. A single layer polyacrylonitrile nanofiber filter is found to have minimum pressure drop resulting in higher quality factor for filtration applications. As the number of layers of nanofiber increases the pressure drop observed is higher compared to conventional filter.
Malviya, Rajat Malviya, Puthumana, Balasankar, Hari, Aravind
Recommended Practices for CNG Powered Medium and Heavy-Duty TrucksJ2406_201802 (Current)2/12/2018
This SAE Recommended Practice provides guidance for the construction, operation, and maintenance of CNG powered medium and heavy-duty trucks. The intent of this document is to cover TRUCKS (6350 kg (14 001 gvw pounds) and above) and specifically excludes passenger vehicles such as: buses, recreational vehicles, motor homes and/or passenger vehicles which may incorporate a truck chassis in their construction.
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Contaminants for Aircraft Turbine Engine Fuel System Component TestingAIR4246D (Historical)9/27/2017
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended as a guide toward standardization of descriptions and specifications of fluid contamination products.
AE-5B Aircraft and Engine Fuel and Lubricant Sys Components
Experimental Analysis of Surface Morphology of Commercial Fuel Filter with Oxygenated Fuels2017-28-19577/10/2017
Oxygenated fuels like biodiesel and ethanol possess prominent characteristics as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. However, these fuels are corrosive in nature and hygroscopic. This might results in material incompatibility with the fuel supply system of an automobile. The filter consists of a filter membrane that that traps the contaminants from the fuel and prevents them from entering into the combustion chamber. The operational hours of the filter membrane depend on the quality of fuel employed. The conventional filter is designed for fossil diesel operation and hence the filter life might degrade earlier in the case of oxygenated fuels like biodiesel or ethanol. The proposed work focuses on the impact of oxygenated fuels, viz. karanja and ethanol blended karanja biodiesel on the filter membrane and its flow characteristics. Two tests, pressure difference and contaminant retention test are carried out in accordance with Japanese standard D1617:1998. The experimental setup simulates the real engine operating conditions of a diesel supply system. From this experimental study the usage of commercial diesel filter is not recommended for neat oxygenated fuels.
Parashar, Anant, Jeyaseelan, Thangaraja
Standard Fuel Filter Test FluidJ1696_201704 (Current)4/18/2017
This SAE Standard defines the requirements for fluid to be used in the SAE Fuel Filter Test Procedures.
Filter Test Methods Standards Committee
First Plastic Diesel Fuel Filter using 100% Recycled Polymer: When Circular Economy Join Automotive Industry2017-01-10773/28/2017
PSA Group, SOLVAY and SOGEFI have teamed-up to produce the first Plastic Diesel Fuel Filter fully made of recycled polyamide 66, ready for mass-production. This has been achieved by using the brand new plastic compound developed by SOLVAY Engineering Plastics. This material is 100% recycled from airbag wastes, providing a premium material able to stand demanding applications requirements supplied through circular economy, which is quite unusual in automotive industry yet. SOGEFI has used this material through its existing plastic injection process, and tested the parts on extensive bench validation tests. It confirmed that this material is fully compatible with standard injection process, and that all the tests have been passed successfully. Finally, PSA Group has driven the choice of the tested parts: DV engine 1.6l Euro6b application, homologated the material grade and evaluated the whole validation process. A Life Cycle Analysis has been conducted also, demonstrating the benefits. It has been therefore demonstrated that circular economy and substantial benefits for the ecology could be introduced up to serious and demanding applications, required by latest generation engines.
Arnault, Nicolas, Batailley, Nicolas, Maria, Arnaud, Bechu, Laurent
Optimizing Fuel Filters via SimulationTBMG-262171/1/2017
Cars contain numerous filters for air, fuel, and oil. Those who develop these filters are confronted with many requirements. The products must withstand intense temperature fluctuations and vibrations, fit into a predefined installation space, and comply with increasingly stringent quality standards, all while development times get shorter.
Characterization of Damaging Biodiesel Deposits and Biodiesel Samples by Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS)2016-01-907810/24/2016
Biodiesel contains a variety of compounds, depending on the production and the provenance of the fuel. During the production process and usage, some of these compounds can form deposits (nozzle tip deposits or internal diesel injector deposits: “IDID”), which may lead to severe problems, such as corrosion, filter blockage and other technical issues. To deal with these difficulties, it is essential to exactly determine the components of these deposits. Most analytical methods used before, require complex preparations and result in limited information of the deposit material. Using infrared microscopy (ATR-FTIR: Attenuated-Total-Reflection Fourier-Transform-Infrared-Spectroscopy) or mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS: Time-of-Flight Secondary-Ion-Mass-Spectrometry), a direct analysis of the original deposit material is possible. In order to analyze the chemical composition of the deposits, samples were taken from affected engine parts and filling stations and examined with a TOF-SIMS instrument and a common infrared microscope. Infrared investigations of the engine parts hint to the presence of carboxylic acid salts and mass spectra of the same samples indicate various organic compounds, partly based on polyisobutylene succinimides (“PIBSI”). In the spectra of plugged fuel filters peak-pattern of different sterol glucosides and related compounds are observed. The analyses of directly taken biodiesel samples reveal ingredients such as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and steryl esters among other things, so that very detailed descriptions of the fuel constitution are possible. Altogether these investigations show that the combination of infrared spectroscopy and TOF-SIMS is a powerful tool, which provides a large amount of information in order to gain a detailed insight in the formation of these deposits.
Feld, Herbert, Oberender, Nadine
Impact of PME Over Crystals Formation and Rig Test Performances Degradation2016-01-226110/17/2016
The use of biodiesel has risen worldwide in the last decade. Different countries use different biodiesel feedstocks which will depend on the resources available locally. Some problems due to biodiesel content and feedstock quality have been pointed out in the literature, which include cold flow properties issues of several methyl esters, especially Palm Methyl Ester (PME). The present work was carried out on diesel-biodiesel blends from 0 to 30%v/vPME in order to evaluate the impact of crystals formation on fuel filter plugging using a rig test. The fuel was maintained at 5°C and 20°C during soaking. The crystal particles formation was evaluated by the Turbiscan™ technique (based on multiple light scattering with near infra-red light), followed by particles mass weight determination by filtration. The fuel was then evaluated in the test rig until performances degradation in terms of fuel flow rate and filter pressure drop. Results show particles formation and aggregation during soaking. Also, the rig test has pointed out a fuel flow rate decrease at low load engine conditions.
Alves Fortunato, Maira, Mouret, Aurelie, Dalmazzone, Chrsitine, Starck, Laurie
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