Browse Topic: Fuel injection

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In-Situ Raman Measurements of Fuel Dilution of Lubricant Films in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine2026-01-0355To be published on 04/07/2026
To measure the fuel proportion within the lubricant film, an in-situ Raman spectroscopy technique was employed in a specially modified single-cylinder direct-injection spark-ignition engine. The engine block was engineered for optical access with a fused silica window, enabling a focused laser beam to probe the lubricant film on the engine liner under motoring conditions. The lubricant used was GTL8 base oil with ZDDP additive, and iso-octane was injected as a model fuel to study fuel-lubricant mixing. A calibration curve was established by recording Raman spectra of known mixtures of GTL8 oil and iso-octane. The Raman intensity ratio of the iso-octane peak to the oil peak was used as a quantitative indicator of fuel concentration. During engine operation, Raman spectra were acquired in real time, on a cycle-by-cycle basis, through the optical window. Upon iso-octane injection, its characteristic Raman peak appeared in the spectrum, and the intensity ratio was referenced against the
Bolle, Bastien, Augoye, Kobi, Wong, Janet, Aleiferis, Pavlos, Hall, Jonathan, Bassett, Mike, Cracknell, Roger
Effect of Pre-Chamber Geometry on Methanol Cold-Start Combustion in an SI Engine2026-01-0307To be published on 04/07/2026
Vehicle pollutant emissions represent a key issue in the development of internal combustion engines. In recent decades, the automotive industry has been driven to explore innovative solutions, such as the use of alternative fuels and lean-burn combustion strategies, in order to meet increasingly stringent emission regulations. In this context, pre-chamber ignition systems show strong potential for reducing both fuel consumption and emissions, due to their ability to operate under lean mixtures and with non-conventional fuels. The aim of this work is to investigate the evolution of plasma jets under different in-cylinder combustion conditions, using methanol as fuel and integrating a pre-chamber heating system to improve cold-start operation. The experimental activity was carried out on a small optical spark-ignition (SI) engine, alternatively equipped with a conventional ignition system and a pre-chamber. The engine was operated at 2000 rpm under wide open throttle (WOT) in standard
Sementa, Paolo, Altieri, Nunzio, Tornatore, Cinzia
A novel chemical clustering approach for the acceleration of 3D CFD simulations of internal combustion engines with complex fuels2026-01-0495To be published on 04/07/2026
Accurate fuel chemistry modelling is critical for internal combustion engine (ICE) simulations, especially when assessing fuel composition effects, preferential evaporation, and emissions. This need grows with the increasing use of e-fuels and blends with conventional fuels. While detailed chemical kinetics offers high fidelity, computational cost often limits its practical application. This paper introduces an extended chemical kinetics clustering approach to accelerate complex fuel simulations in 3D CFD. Building on a previously published method, the approach targets multi-component fuels with strong local inhomogeneities. By grouping cells with similar thermochemical states during source term evaluation, redundant calculations are reduced. The method is robust for a wide range of fuels, from simple surrogates to complex gasoline blends. Benchmark results and an evaluation of the clustering strategy are presented for a direct injection gasoline engine. Simulations are performed using
Hernandez, Ignacio, Turquand d Auzay, Charles, Shapiro, Evgeniy, Shala, Mehmet, Borg, Anders, Seidel, Lars, MAUSS, Fabian, Brandes-Grote, Kerstin
Experimental Study on the effect of Ignition Strategy on Combustion and Emissions in a Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine2026-01-0330To be published on 04/07/2026
Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (H₂ICEs) are a promising pathway toward carbon-neutral transportation, but their efficiency and emissions performance are highly sensitive to ignition control strategies. This study systematically investigates the combined effects of spark timing (−10 to −26 °CA bTDC) and spark energy (25–40 mJ) on combustion characteristics in a port fuel-injected H₂ICE operating at a constant speed of 1400 r/min under low, medium, and high load conditions. Results show that spark timing advance produces load-dependent effects: at low load, it increases the peak heat release rate while delaying peak pressure and shortening combustion duration; at medium and high loads, it advances both peaks toward TDC with an optimal spark timing shifting closer to −14 °CA. Ignition delay was only slightly reduced at low load but significantly shortened—by about 3 °CA—at high load. NOₓ emissions increased nearly linearly with spark advance, while slight retardation
ZHAO, KEQIN, Lou, Diming, zhang, yunhua, Fang, Liang, Tan, Piqiang, Hu, Zhiyuan
Achieving Euro 7 WHSC NOx emission targets from a Spark ignited engine using Methanol-Hydrogen co-fuelling.2026-01-0321To be published on 04/07/2026
E-methanol is increasingly seen as a promising clean fuel because its chemical makeup is close to fossil fuels, making it easier to use in existing engines. It offers a carbon-neutral option to help reduce greenhouse gases in sectors where cutting emissions is especially difficult, such as transportation. However, while e-methanol avoids adding new carbon dioxide, burning it in internal combustion engines still releases harmful gases like NOx and other toxic by-products like formaldehyde and formic acid that damage both health and the environment. This report explores a new strategy that combines methanol with hydrogen to run engines under “ultra-lean” conditions and its impact on emissions, performance and efficiency. Experiments were carried out on a single-cylinder spark ignition engine, with directly injected methanol and port fuelled injection of hydrogen. The findings show that adding about 15% hydrogen at low engine loads can extend the lean limit from λ=1.7 to λ=2. This change
Ambalakatte, Ajith, Geng, Sikai, Cairns, Alasdair, Varaei, Amirata, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan, Bassett, Mike, Cracknell, Roger
The influence of split injection ratio on efficiency and NOx emissions in a pilot diesel-ignited hydrogen direct injection engine2026-01-0329To be published on 04/07/2026
This study investigates the impact of hydrogen split injection ratio on the combustion of pilot diesel-ignited hydrogen direct injection engines, which is expected to affect hydrogen-air mixture conditions and thus flame propagation and diffusion burning. Experiments were conducted on a 1-litre single-cylinder diesel engine equipped with an additional hydrogen injector operating at 35 MPa. Hydrogen of 95% total energy was injected at 150 and 60 °CA bTDC for the first and second pulses, which were selected as high efficiency injection timings from the previous equal split injection tests. The 5% diesel energy was injected near TDC to fix CA50 at 10 °CA aTDC for all tested split injection ratios. While varying the split ratio between the two hydrogen injections, in-cylinder pressure/aHRR profiles, engine efficiency/power output and engine-out emissions of NOx and CO2 were evaluated. Results showed that the hydrogen split ratio does not make a significant impact on IMEP/efficiency, which
Zhao, Yifan, Chan, Qing Nian, Kook, Sanghoon
A Helical Compression Spring Fracture under Impact Velocity in Pump Operation by Theoretical Study and FEA2026-01-0271To be published on 04/07/2026
Helical compression springs have been used widely in various industries from automotive, aerospace and heavy-duty industries to electronics and medical devices. In the automotive industry, they appear in many places such as suspension, valvetrain, etc., especially in the discharge check valve of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) pump, which is the subject of study due to a recent fracture in lab testing. A theoretical study is conducted first to establish equation governing spring dynamic motion under impact velocity, which can be in high magnitude with surging shock wave along spring axis. A new spring shock wave equation is developed for spring axial motion coupled with coil torsional effect. This newly derived shock wave equation has a broad term than the classic spring formula found in engineering book. In the paper, it proves that the classic spring shock wave equation is only a special case for the new general wave equation discovered. Also, a formula on spring shock wave
Pang, Michael L., GUNTURU, SRINU, Norkin, Eugene
Development and Trial of a Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm for Rapid Engine Calibration2026-01-0285To be published on 04/07/2026
In the quickly changing automotive powertrain landscape, calibration processes are a major bottleneck to production and new technology development. The implementation of rapid powertrain calibration processes can reduce development resource requirements, improve performance, and reduce risk. In previous works the author successfully developed an internal combustion engine calibration strategy using a Lagrange-Multiplier genetic algorithm for multi-constraint optimization. In the present work, this previous algorithm is expanded to create and demonstrate a new non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm which is aimed at identifying the entire Pareto front of the relationship between two engine performance parameters. Accurate and rapid identification of Pareto fronts enables designers to effectively and efficiently balance performance tradeoffs and identify optimal calibration settings. The algorithm developed here optimized the calibration of three combustion control parameters
Mansfield, Andrew
Optimizing an H2 combustion system and investigating abnormal combustions through advanced visualization techniques2026-01-0324To be published on 04/07/2026
The rapidly evolving mobility sector is facing the dual challenge of market expansion and the need for significant emissions reduction. Most of the transition tends to go in favor of electrification, yet it’s widely assumed that no single solution is perfect. Thus, hydrogen as an energy-vector presents a compelling alternative. H2 internal combustion engine use a well-known architecture and utilizes existing production facilities making it a viable short-term and cost-effective option. This context prompted us to investigate the hydrogen spark-ignited internal combustion engine, focusing specifically on critical combustion issues. Various studies have identified recurring challenges such as managing abnormal combustion and achieving high specific power. During our in-house developments, we also faced abnormal combustions and sought to determine the root cause of these issues. Initially, using a modular single-cylinder engine, a combustion system has been optimized regarding injection
LONDOS, Benoit, Bardi, Michele, Serrano, David, Laget, Olivier, Gautrot, Xavier, Bramoullé, Clément, Cordier, Matthieu
Numerical Study of Gasoline Direct Injection Sprays across Different Operating Conditions using a Machine-Learning-Based Rate of Injection2026-01-0338To be published on 04/07/2026
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) is a key technology for increasing engine efficiency and reducing criteria pollutants, often in combination with boosted operation and engine downsizing. The development of advanced GDI injection systems is increasingly focused on refining the in-cylinder spray process, encompassing spray formation, mixing, and combustion, to achieve both homogeneous and stratified combustion. Given the broad spectrum of operating conditions, from cold-start to early and late injections at different engine loads, accurately modeling the spray formation and its evolution presents significant challenges. This study reports on a computational fluid dynamics investigation of spray morphology across different injection pressures under both cold-start and late-injection conditions. Due to a lack of information regarding the rate of injection (ROI) for the targeted injectors, a recently developed machine-learning-based model is used to extract the ROI from optical data of
Lien, Hao-Pin (Paul), Torelli, Roberto, Zhao, Le, Park, Ji-Woong, Zhang, Anqi, Pei, Yuanjiang, Hwang, Joonsik, Lee, Kyungwon
Experimental Characterisation of Combustion, Performance, and Emissions in a Hydrogen Opposed Piston Engine2026-01-0335To be published on 04/07/2026
Hydrogen has demonstrated significant potential in the adoption of zero-carbon fuels for conventional internal combustion engine platforms. However, with multiple H₂ICE technologies being adopted across wider platforms, several limitations have been observed, including abnormal combustion phenomena such as pre-ignition and backfire, as well as modifications in engine operating regimes. These complications arise from the distinct combustion characteristics of hydrogen compared to carbon-based fuels, necessitating careful optimisation to ensure reliable and efficient engine performance. The study aims to assess the adoption of pure hydrogen direct injection technology on a radical two-stroke opposed-piston engine with a 15 crank degree phase shift to optimise the engine's capability for hydrogen adoption through Atkinson-like cycles, while improving scavenging and reducing the pre-ignition risk associated with hydrogen DI adoption. The engine provides a flexible platform that can operate
Mohamed, Mohamed, Roeinfard, Nima, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua, Watts-Farmer, Archie, Rahman, Nadiur, Lempp, Francis
Study of Deposit Control Additive Efficacy in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines2026-01-0349To be published on 04/07/2026
There is an increasing adoption of Direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engines in the market, which per 2024 EPA Automotive Trends Report represents 73% of new vehicles sold in the US. And while it is well accepted that DISI offers advantages over Port fuel injection (PFI) technology in meeting stringent CO2 emissions and fuel economy requirements set by the EPA, DISI engines are also associated with increased formation of injector deposits. These deposits may foul injectors and accumulate on the injector tip causing distorted spray patterns and diffusive combustion. Ultimately, this leads to engine performance deterioration and increased harmful emissions. To control deposit formation, detergent-type chemistries are added to the fuel in small amounts. Deposit control additives (DCAs) function by preventing the formation of deleterious injector deposits as well as removing existing ones. Standardized protocols describing the assessment of DCA in controlling injector deposits have
Soriano, Nestor, Chahal, Jasprit, Lang, Wendy, Cracknell, Roger, Williams, Rod
Challenges of Mixture Formation in Methanol Port Fuel Injection Engines2026-01-0337To be published on 04/07/2026
Port fuel injection (PFI) is an attractive strategy for methanol adoption in both spark-ignition and dual-fuel compression-ignition engines due to its lower cost and simpler hardware compared to direct injection. However, methanol PFI mixture formation can be challenging due to methanol’s high heat of vaporization, low volatility at cold conditions and high tendency to wall wetting. Understanding and addressing these challenges is critical to ensure robust engine operation. In this study, the effects of injector geometry, coolant temperature, intake temperature and fueling rate on mixture formation of methanol PFI have been investigated for anhydrous methanol and for a blend of 90%vol methanol plus 10%vol water in an optical engine. Mie scattering and infrared imaging were applied to assess the liquid and vapor methanol distribution in the cylinder. For a high-flow injector specifically designed for methanol, significant amounts of liquid were detected in the cylinder at all conditions
Lee, Sanguk, Narayanan, Abhinandhan
Potential of a Hydrogen Fuel-Share Combustion Concept for a Conventional Medium-Speed Marine Diesel Engine2026-01-5007To be published on 02/02/2026
To meet the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) short-term greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets, partial decarbonization of the existing fleet, often powered by medium-speed diesel engines, is required. One approach for reducing CO2 emissions is to enrich the charge air with hydrogen to substitute diesel. However, hydrogen’s high reactivity can lead to combustion abnormalities such as backfire, pre-ignition, and knocking, thus limiting the feasible admixture rates. These challenges are particularly relevant in medium-speed diesel engines designed for high power output and efficiency at low rpm. While hydrogen fuel-share has previously been tested in small-bore engines at moderate loads, this study investigates the influence on combustion and achievable hydrogen admixture rates in a medium-speed, 4-stroke diesel engine operating with up to 30 bar net indicated mean effective pressure (net IMEP). To minimize retrofitting efforts and to preserve diesel performance, the
Achenbach, Tobias, Meinert, Robert, Mahler, Kay, Kunkel, Christian, Rösler, Sebastian, Prager, Maximilian, Jaensch, Malte
Controls Solutions for Commercial Hydrogen Engines2026-26-01121/16/2026
India’s commitment to carbon neutrality is significantly shaping the future architecture of commercial vehicle powertrains. While the use of CO₂-free technologies such as battery-electric drivetrains has already been successfully demonstrated across various applications, challenges related to limited range and the lack of high-power charging infrastructure continue to hinder widespread adoption, particularly for productivity-critical commercial vehicles. This has shifted the spotlight toward sustainable fuels, which offer the advantage of fast refueling times. Among these, hydrogen internal combustion engines (H₂ ICE) have gained increasing attention in recent years. In regions such as the European Union, the primary motivation for hydrogen is CO₂ reduction. In contrast, for markets like India, hydrogen also presents a strategic opportunity for reducing dependency on fossil fuel imports. Over the past four years, multiple performance and emission development projects across various H
Arnberger, Anton, Danninger, Alois, Mannsberger, Stefan, Breitegger, Bernhard
Development of a Passive Regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter System for an Agricultural Tractor Engine2026-26-02171/16/2026
This paper presents the development and evaluation of a passive regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system for a 4-cylinder, 3.18-liter naturally aspirated agricultural tractor engine based on the mDI engine family. The primary objective is to significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining optimal engine performance and fuel economy. The passive regeneration DPF system leverages the engine's operating conditions to generate sufficient heat for the oxidation of trapped particulate matter, eliminating the need for active regeneration techniques. The paper details the design process, including the selection of DPF material, filter geometry, and integration into the exhaust system. Rigorous experimental testing was conducted to assess the performance of the DPF system under various engine load and speed conditions. Results demonstrate substantial reductions in PM emissions without compromising engine power, torque, or specific fuel consumption. This
Maddali, Varun Suman, Jidigonti, Shashank, Kannan, S, Ramesh, Natrajan
Experimental Evaluation of Energy and Exergy of Hydrogen, CNG and Gasoline Fuelled High-Speed Spark Ignition Engine2026-26-02581/16/2026
The maximum power is recorded with Gasoline than CNG and Hydrogen fuel. The maximum exergy and energy efficiency is with Hydrogen, followed by CNG and then Gasoline. Hydrogen fuel has a maximum potential to convert into energy. The maximum energy destruction of 48.7kW for gasoline fuel at 3000 rpm and followed by CNG and hydrogen. The maximum entropy generation of 85.5 W/K with Gasoline and 60.72 W/K and 29.39W/K for CNG and hydrogen engine respectively at 10000 rpm. The entropy generation rate increase with engine speed. The highest rate of heat release is from hydrogen fuel, followed by Gasoline and CNG.
Shinde, Apurwa Balasaheb, Kadam, Tushar, karunamurthy, K, SHINDE, DR BALU
Gasoline Particulate Filter for Future Indian Regulation2026-26-02141/16/2026
Globally, emission regulations for LDVs (Light Duty Vehicles) are becoming increasingly stringent. In Europe, EU7 regulations will tighten the PN (Particulate Number) requirements by applying PN10 with PN value target 6.0+E11 [#/km] and changing the CF (Conformity Factor) value from 1.5 to 1.34 for RDE (Real Driving Emission). This necessitates the use of GPF (Gasoline Particulate Filter) capable of meeting these PN regulations. Similarly, India is also tightening its PN regulations by referencing European standards. Under the current BS VI Stage 2, in-use compliance test procedures, including RDE measurements using PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System), necessitate GPFs for GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) engines. Furthermore, around April 2027, the transition from BS VI Stage 2 to BS VI Stage 3 is expected, with a change of driving cycle from MIDC to WLTC up to Phase 3. Additionally, discussions on BS VII regulations, referencing EU7, have begun, and similar stricter PN
Sugimoto, Kentaro, Ohashi, Kenichi, Mori, Reon, Matsumoto, Tasuku, Aoki, Takashi, Sugiura, So, Hibi, Noriyuki
Development of above 500 kW Diesel Engine & After Treatment System to Meet CPCB-IV+ Emission Norms2026-26-02341/16/2026
The CPCB-IV+ emission compliance for genset application is applicable with effect from 1st July 2023 as per as per GSR 804(E). The CPCB-II to CPCB-IV+ changeover in very stringent in emission front by almost 90 % emission reduction. It’s a significant advancement in environmentally sustainable powertrain technology. To meet the CPCB-IV+ Emission, combustion development & ATS technology plays an important role. First is the base engine need to optimize enough with combustion & associated parts. Second is the after treatment system which will carry the battle further to the engine emission with minimum margin of 10 % engineering target. This paper present the systematic approach followed to meet CPCB-IV+ emission norms for upgradation of 21 litre TCIC engine for the power range (56 < P ≤ 560). Here the challenge to avoid major changes in the existing CPCB-II FIE recipe & meet the CPCB-IV+ emission with ECU calibration & ATS system calibration with its potential. Here interesting parts
Rane, Vikas, Jagtap, Shailesh, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Pawar, Narendra V, Khedkar, Prasad, Kagade, Samadhan, Kendre, Mahadev, G Bhat, Prasanna, Thipse, S
1D Simulation Approach for Common Rail Injection Systems for a Marine 2 Stroke Diesel Engine2026-26-03951/16/2026
This study presents a comprehensive 1D simulation approach of an automotive solenoid-based diesel fuel injector and a common rail injection system for a marine engine using Simcenter AMESim. The injector model was developed to analyse the injection rate and total injected fuel at various solenoid actuation durations (1.2 ms and 2.0 ms) and common rail pressures. The experimental results from a well-established research study are used for validating the simulation results of the solenoid-based injector. Overall error in total fuel injected ranges from -6.14 percent to 1.93 percent, while timing errors for the start of injection vary from 1.7° crank angle (CA) to 0.08° CA and the end of injection from 2.8° CA to 0.20° CA at 1200 rpm demonstrating strong agreement at higher rail pressures (above 1000 bar) and solenoid actuation times. Building on this validated injector model, a detailed marine common rail system was developed incorporating key hydraulic components: a check valve to
Bhoware, Yash, Pise, Uday, Saha, Dipta, Gaikwad, Nilesh
Development of a CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Tractor with Mechanical Fuel Injection System2026-26-01141/16/2026
Identification of renewable and sustainable energy solutions remains a key focus area for the engine designers of the modern world. An avenue of research and development is being vastly dedicated to propelling engines using alternate fuels. The chemistry of these alternate fuels is in general much simpler than fossil fuels, like diesel and gasoline. One such promising and easily available alternate fuel is compressed natural gas (CNG). In this work, a 3-cylinder, 3-liter naturally aspirated air-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application is converted into a CNG Diesel Dual fuel (CNG-DDF) engine. Part throttle performance test shows the higher NMHC and CO emissions in CNG-DDF mode which have been controlled by an oxidation catalyst in C1 8-mode emission test. A comparative performance shows that the thermal efficiency is up to 2% lower with CNG-DDF with respect to diesel. However, it has shown the benefit of 44% in Particulate Matter, while retaining the same NOx
Choudhary, Vasu, Mukherjee, Nalini, Kumar, Sanjeev, Tripathi, Ayush, Nene, Devendra
Combustion Noise Quality Improvement in a Common rail Diesel Engine at Low Idle using Taguchi DOE2026-26-03291/16/2026
Noise quality at idle condition is an important factor which influences customer comfort. Modern diesel engines with stringent emission norms together with fuel economy requirements pose challenges to noise control. Common rail engine technology has advantage of precise fuel delivery and combustion control which needs optimization to achieve the conflicting requirements of noise, emission and fuel efficiency. Engine noise at low idle condition is dominated by combustion noise which depends on rate of pressure rise inside the cylinder during combustion. The important parameters which influence cylinder pressure rise are fuel injection timing, pilot injection quantity and its separation, rail pressure and EGR valve position. The study on effect of these parameters at varying levels demand large no of experiments. Taguchi design of experiments is a statistical technique which can be used to optimize these parameters by significantly reducing no of experiments needed to achieve the desired
P, Priyadarshan, Chavan, Amit, A, Kannanswamy, Patil, Sandeep, Chaudhari, Vishal V
Technologies and Strategies for High Brake Thermal Efficiency Gasoline Engine to Meet the Future CO 2 Emission Targets in India2026-26-00721/16/2026
The Indian automobile industry is experiencing a significant shift, propelled by environmental necessities and national climate obligations set at the CoP26 summit, aiming for a 45% decrease in CO₂ emissions by 2030 and reaching carbon neutrality by 2070 [1]. Transportation continues to be a significant source of air pollution; consequently, India is enhancing its regulatory frameworks with BS VI Stage 2 regulations, CAFE Phase III norms set for 2027, and CAFE Phase IV by 2032 [2]. Furthermore, the transition from MIDC to WLTP driving cycle is meant to increase the accuracy of the efficiency and emissions assessments [2]. To comply to these upcoming regulations, the automotive industry is moving toward producing high efficiency engines in India. A naturally aspirated (NA) 1.5L, 4-cylinder inline gasoline engine was selected from Indian market for this study. Maximum Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of this engine is around 37%. Assessment of new technologies were performed by
Garg, Shivam, Fischer, Marcus, Emran, Ashraf, Jagodzinski, Bartosch, Franzke, Bjoern
Correlation of Particulate Matter Species on Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Vehicle with Ethanol Blended Gasoline: Real Drive Emissions based Portable Emission Measurement System2026-26-02161/16/2026
On the way to net zero emissions and to cut the oil import bills, NITI Aayog, Government of India and Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG) has rolled out roadmap for ethanol blending in India during 2020-2025. Also, National Policy on Biofuels – 2018, provides an indicative target of 20% ethanol blending under the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme by 2030. Considering these Government’s initiatives current studies were performed on BSVI compliant gasoline direct injection vehicle on RDE compliant route (Route formulated by Indian Oil R&D Centre) with different ethanol blended gasoline fuel formulations i.e., E0 (Neat Gasoline), E10 (10% Ethanol in gasoline) & E20 (20% Ethanol in gasoline). The study aims to determine the compliance of Conformity Factor (C.F.) for ethanol blended gasoline fuel on Direct Injection gasoline engine. The conformity factors were calculated in each case for CO, NOx & PN using moving window average evaluation method. For reference CO2
Kant, Chander, Arora, Ajay, Saroj, Shyamsher, Kumar, Prashant, Sithananthan, M, Chakradhar, Dr Maya, Kalita, Mrinmoy
Performance Optimization of 2 Cylinder Flex Fuel Engine for Small Commercial Vehicle – A STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY2026-26-01191/16/2026
Increasing ethanol blending in gasoline is significant from both financial (reducing dependency on crude oil) and sustainability (overall CO2 reduction) points of view. Flex Fuel is an ethanol-gasoline blend containing ethanol ranging from 20% to 85%. Flex Fuel emerges as an exceptionally advantageous solution, adeptly addressing the shortcomings associated with both gasoline and ethanol. Performance optimization of Flex Fuel is a major challenge as fuel properties like knocking tendency, calorific value, vapour pressure, latent heat, and stoichiometric air-fuel ratio change with varying ethanol content. This paper elaborates on the experimental results of trials conducted for optimizing engine performance with Flex Fuel for a 2-cylinder engine used in a small commercial vehicle. To derive maximum benefit from the higher octane rating of E85, the compression ratio is increased, while ignition timing is optimized to avoid knocking with E20 fuel. For intermediate blends, ignition timing
Kulkarni, Deepak, Malekar, Hemant A, Upadhyay, Rajdip, Katkar, Santosh, Undre, Shrikant
Establishing a High-Pressure Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine Test Facility with Integrated Ammonia Fuel Capability: Technical Considerations, Safety Framework, and Best Practices2026-26-02671/16/2026
The transition toward zero-carbon propulsion technologies has highlighted the urgent need for specialized test infrastructure to support hydrogen and alternative fuel research. This paper presents the conceptualization, design, and operation of a High-Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) test facility with integrated ammonia fuel testing capability, marking a significant advancement in India’s sustainable automotive research efforts. Drawing from practical experience, it outlines crucial technical specifications, safety protocols, and best practices for establishing robust, adaptable, and secure testing environments. Addressing the industry’s need for dedicated infrastructure, it is engineered for adaptability across various engine types including heavy-duty, light-duty, and multi-utility vehicles while aligning with global technical standards. Key technical considerations include a transient dynamometer with an advanced automation system for
Dhyani, Vipin, Kurien, Caneon, Subramanian, Balaji, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M
Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Lean-Boosted Direct Injection Hydrogen Combustion System for Retrofitting Heavy Duty Diesel Engines2026-26-02681/16/2026
To address the imperative for decarbonizing the heavy-duty transport sector and advancing sustainable energy solutions, this paper presents a novel lean-boosted Direct Injection (DI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) combustion system. This system is developed to retrofit existing flat-deck Diesel engines, offering a viable pathway towards drastically reduced emissions. Building on consolidated expertise from prior production-oriented Port Fuel Injection H2 engine development (DUMAREY 6.6ℓ V8), this research focuses on leveraging the distinct advantages of DI for hydrogen. An experimental assessment, supported by 1D and 3D-CFD analyses, demonstrates the system's capability to achieve highly efficient operation in Spark Ignition (SI) mode under ultra-lean and EGR-diluted conditions. The study confirms the elimination of combustion anomalies such as backfiring, pre-ignition, and knock, while achieving ultra-low engine-out NOx emissions and near-zero CO2, HC, CO, and PM. The
Gessaroli, Davide, Golisano, Roberto, Pesce, Francesco, Boretto, Gianmarco, Accurso, Francesco
Strategic & Frugal Technology Approach to Meet the Stringent CPCB-IV+ Emission Norms2026-26-00591/16/2026
In CPCB-IV+ Emissions regulations NOx & PM are reduced by 90% from CPCB-II limits in the power band 56 < kW ≤ 560. Obvious technology approach adopted by industry to meet this requirement is the introduction of CRDI fuel injection system & DOC+SCR+ASC aftertreatment technology, leading to substantial modifications at both engine & genset level. This result into huge development expenditure, high incremental product cost, timelines and increased total cost of ownership. This paper describes the frugal technology approach to keep development cost, product cost, development time to the minimum using electronically governed, high pressure mechanical fuel injection equipment, with DOC+SCR+ASC without any external thermal management strategy while comfortably achieving target CPCB-IV+ emission levels. This integrated approach also helped in completing the entire development in < 12 months. 1D-thermodynamic & 3D-combustion simulation approach was adopted to predict the engine out emissions
Arde, Vasundhara, Juttu, Simachalam, Kadam, Atit, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Karthick, K, Vandana, Suryanarayana, Thipse, S, Kendre, Mahadev
All New 1.2L Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine from Tata Motors2026-26-00711/16/2026
There is continuous push from the legislation for stringent fuel economy and emission regulations while the modern customers are demanding more engaging driving experience in terms of performance and refinement. To meet this Tata Motors has developed an advanced 1.2L 3-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine. This next-generation powertrain delivers optimum efficiency, reduced emissions, superior performance with refined NVH characteristics. The key features used to enable these demanding requirements includes a 35 MPa fuel injection system, Miller Cycle operation and electrically actuated variable nozzel turbocharger (VNT). A uniquely designed BSVI complaint (WLTP ready) exhaust after-treatment system with Four-Way Conversion Catalyst (FWC+TM) ensures optimum emission control. A centrally mounted variable cam phaser minimizes pumping losses. The lightweight yet rigid all-aluminum engine structure, featuring an integrated structural oil sump, enhances durability and
Hosur, Viswanatha, Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Joshi, Manoj, Jadhav, Aashish, Panwar, Anupam
Comparitive Study of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Performance for Port Fuel Injected and Direct Injected Technology Routes using 1D Simulation2026-26-02501/16/2026
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (HICE) has the promise of zero carbon solution for the mobility industry. The key beneficiary would be the medium and heavy-duty segment of transportation which are likely to adapt the battery electric or fuel cell electric solution in longer term. This particular segment of engines need high low end torque, peak torque and rated power which cannot be compromised. Additionally, a competitive thermal efficiency w.r.t diesel engines would be advantageous. Direct Injection (DI) of hydrogen gives higher specific power and thermal efficiency as compared to Port Fuel Injection (PFI). This study focuses on the performance characteristics of these technology routes to aid in the HICE development process. Current work involves the use of 1-D thermodynamic simulation using GT-SUITE for modeling the performance of HICE. Both predictive and non-predictive methodologies of modeling the combustion were employed. Initially, the model validation of the PFI engine
Parthiban R, Varun, Karthikeyan, K R, Narayana Reddy, J, Paramasivam, Prakash, Manjunath, M, Kumar D, Kishore, N R, Varatharaj, Suresh, K, G, Yogesh Bolar, Sadagopan, Krishnan, Pandey, Sunil Kumar
Misfires Detection in Bi-Fuel Engines – A Brief Note2026-26-01201/16/2026
With the expansion of compressed natural gas (CNG) filling station in India, bi-fuel vehicles are gaining popularity in recent times. Bi-fuel engine runs on more than one fuel, say in both CNG and petrol. Hence, the engine must be optimized in both the fuel modes for performance and emissions. However, due to the inherent differences in combustion characteristics: ignition dynamics and fuel properties, they pose a significant challenge in case of detection of misfires. Misfires are caused because of faulty injection systems and ignition systems and incorrect fuel mixture. Accurate detection is essential as misfires deteriorate the catalysts performance and may impacts emission. Misfires (or engine roughness) is calculated from engine crankshaft speed signal. In this study, the effectiveness of crankshaft-based misfires detection method, comparison of misfire signals magnitude in bi-fuel modes and practices developed for accurate detection of misfires is presented.
Thiyagarajan, Abhinav, N, Gobalakrishnan, R, Hema
Impact of Fuel Properties and Aftertreatment Systems on Particulate Number Emissions from Euro 6 Gasoline Direct Injection Engines2026-01-50021/15/2026
This study examines the influence of gasoline fuel properties on particulate number (PN) emissions from two Euro 6 gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles with contrasting aftertreatment systems. One vehicle with a gasoline particulate filter (GPF) and one without GPF were selected. Eight EN 228-compliant E10 gasolines were tested on these vehicles on a chassis dynamometer. The results demonstrate the significant impact of GPFs on particulate number emissions of particles above 10 nm (PN10). The vehicle equipped with GPFs showed a dramatic reduction in PN10 emissions, exceeding an order of magnitude decrease compared to the vehicle without one. However, the presence of a GPF complicates the evaluation of fuel effects on PN10 emissions, significantly reducing the variability observed between different fuels and essentially blurring these effects on PN10 emissions. Individual PN10 emission nonlinear models were developed for both vehicles, demonstrating a good correlation between
Kroyan, Yuri, Lehto, Kalle, Risberg, Per
Analysis of Light Duty Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions Using Scanning Electron Microscopy2025-36-007412/18/2025
Particulate matter (PM), mainly its finer fraction, is among the main atmospheric pollutants present in an urban environment. The relationship between the increase in the concentration of this pollutant and the harm to human health is well established. The main sources of particulate matter in urban areas are mobile sources, which include the exhaust emission from light duty vehicles. This work measured the emission of PM in three light duty passenger vehicles, characterizing it in terms of emitted mass in one “flex” vehicle with port fuel (indirect) injection (PFI), using ethanol and gasohol (mixture of 22% anhydrous ethanol and 78% gasoline, by volume), in another “flex” vehicle with direct fuel injection (GDI), and in a diesel vehicle. In addition to mass measurement, images of the filters used in PM sampling were produced using scanning electron microscopy. The processing of these images made it possible to determine the average PM size, as well as establish a particle size
Borsari, Vanderlei, Neto, Edson Elpídio, de Abrantes, Rui
Effect of Ultra-High Fuel Injection Pressure on Combustion Characteristics, Engine Performance and Pollutant Emissions of a Multi-Cylinder Engine2025-36-021212/18/2025
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Antolini, Jácson, Zabeu, Clayton Barcelos, Pires, Gustavo Cassares, Polizio, Yuri
Equivalent Circuit for Driving Piezoelectric Injectors2025-36-017712/18/2025
The activation of the fuel injector affects both engine performance and pollutant emissions. However, the automotive industry restricts access to information regarding the circuits and control strategies used in its vehicles. One way to optimize fuel injections is using piezoelectric injectors. These injectors utilize crystals that expand or contract when subjected to an electric current, moving the injector needle. They offer a response time up to four times faster than solenoid-type injectors and allow for multiple injections per combustion cycle. These characteristics result in higher combustion efficiency, reduced emissions, and lower noise levels, making piezoelectric injectors widely used in next-generation engines, where stricter emission and efficiency standards are required. This study aims to design a drive circuit for piezoelectric injectors in a common rail system, intended for use in a diesel injector test bench. Experimental measurement of voltage was obtained from an
Moreira, Vinicius Guerra, Silveira, Hairton Júnior José da, Morais Hanriot, Sérgio de, Euzébio, Wagner Roberto
Influence of Supply Voltage over Fuel Injector’s Deadtime2025-36-017412/18/2025
This study presents three methods for obtaining the latency of an indirect injection Electro-Injector as a function of the applied voltage. This parameter is relevant for the linearization of the injected mass in order to model fuel mass delivery on modern ECUs. For this purpose, the authors built a test bench, with the intent of running analysis on the results of tests of mass differential between injections, circulating current, and mechanical vibration. The authors gathered data over the iterative experiments and correlated the mass differential, vibration data and current measurements. The authors observed that with a reduction of supply voltage at the injector’s pins, a greater injector dead time made itself present displaying a need for a compensation of opening time in function of voltage since the injector’s needle takes a longer amount of time in partially open positions. Modern ECU manufacturers broadly use the data obtained by this type of iterative experiment to accurately
Juliatti, Rafael Motter, Oliveira, Julia Mathias de, Morais Hanriot, Sérgio de, Silveira, Hairton Júnior Jose da, Moreira, Vinicius Guerra
Numerical Simulation of Additized Ethanol: Impact of Engine Parameters on Combustion, Performance and Emissions2025-36-025012/18/2025
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Assis, Guilherme, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Pradelle, Renata Nohra Chaar, Braga, Sergio Leal, Ticona, Epifanio Mamani, Souza Junior, Jorge, Pradelle, Florian
Performance Analysis of Methanol- Ethanol Blend Fuel in a Spark-Ignition Flex-Fuel Engine2025-36-014812/18/2025
Flex-fueled vehicles (FFV) dominate the Brazilian market, accounting for over 75% of the national fleet. Ethanol fuel is widely used, primarily in the form of hydrated ethyl alcohol fuel (HEAF). Given the similar physicochemical properties of ethanol and methanol, fuel adulteration is a growing concern, often involving the addition of anhydrous ethanol, methanol, or even water to hydrated ethanol. These adulterants are visually imperceptible and can only be detected through analyses conducted by regulatory agencies using specialized instruments. However, they can significantly affect vehicle performance and accelerate engine component deterioration. The experiment was performed with a small displacement 3-cylinder port fuel injection flex-fuel engine on an engine test bench (dynamometer) and compared when fueled with ethanol and methanol. Data acquisition included combustion pressure, spark plug temperature, torque, air-fuel ratio, fuel flow, spark maps, and the overall effects of
Mascarenhas, Giovana Rebellato, Gomes, Ederson, Cruz, Diego, Duque, Edson Luciano
Development of a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) Platform for Evaluating and Implementing Heated Injection Technology in GDI Engines2025-36-004812/18/2025
Reducing pollutant emissions remains a major challenge for the automotive industry, driven by increasingly stringent environmental regulations. While solutions such as electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been developed, internal combustion engines (ICEs) continue to dominate many markets, requiring additional emission control strategies. Traditional technologies like catalytic converters and advanced injection systems primarily optimize performance once the engine reaches its operating temperature. However, during the cold start phase, when engine temperatures are below optimal, combustion efficiency drops, resulting in increased emissions of non-methane organic gases (NMOG) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). This phase is further compromised by factors such as fuel droplet size and suboptimal catalyst performance. In response, this work presents the development of a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) platform to study the impact of heated injection technology on cold
Triviño, Juan David Parra, Teixeira, Evandro Leonardo Silva, De Lisboa, Fábio Cordeiro, Aguilar, Raul Fernando Sánchez, Oliveira, Alessandro Borges De Sousa
Methodology for Characterizing the Spray of an Internal Combustion Engine Fuel Injector2025-36-019412/18/2025
This study presents a methodology for characterizing the spray of an internal combustion engine (ICE) fuel injector, focusing on direct injection (DI) systems. It addresses the knowledge gap in academic research regarding injector spray patterns by conducting experimental tests and numerical simulations. Using a Bosch HDEV 1.1 pressure swirl injector and EXXSOL D60 test fluid, spray characteristics were captured with a high-speed camera under varying injection pressures and ambient/counterpressure conditions. These experimental data were used to calibrate a numerical model for simulating spray dynamics within the combustion chamber. The research examines the impact of parameters such as breakup length and breakup size constant on spray behavior, revealing that the breakup size constant significantly affects spray penetration. The study successfully developed and validated a methodology for characterizing and modeling fuel injector sprays, providing a valuable reference for optimizing
Paula Araújo, Gabriel Heleno, Assis, Marcelo Suman Silva, Malaquias, Augusto Cesar Teixeira, Carvalho Torres Filho, Marcos, Baeta, José Guilherme Coelho
Sustainable Engines with Carbon-Neutral Fuels – Fast Adaptation for Efficient Multi-Fuel Operation by Tailored Charge Motion Design2025-01-053411/25/2025
As a fundamental element of measures to reduce the carbon footprint of commercial applications, carbon-neutral fuels are increasingly coming into focus for heavy installations. In addition to diesel substitute fuels, alternative energy carriers like NG, H2, MeOH and NH3 are gaining increasing attention. The energy conversion of these fuels is typically taking place on the principle of premixed combustion, which places different demands on fuel injection and mixture formation, as compared to optimized diesel-like combustion. Accordingly, the demand to layout multi-fuel capable engine designs centers to a high share on the above-mentioned design that can burn these different fuels with high efficiency and support a high degree of commonality with the in-series engine to carry over reliable operation and to maintain attractive cost figures. FEV has developed the Charge Motion Design (CMD) process, which can be applied to design the intake ports and combustion chambers for multi-fuel
Koerfer, Thomas, Dhongde, Avnish, Boberic, Aleksandar, Zimmer, Pascal, Pischinger, Stefan
Investigation of Active Pre-Chamber Ignition on an Optically Accessible Ultra-Lean DI Hydrogen Engine2025-01-052411/25/2025
Hydrogen is a promising alternative to conventional fuels for decarbonizing the commercial vehicle sector due to its carbon-free nature. This study investigates the ignition and flame propagation characteristics of hydrogen in a 2-liter single-cylinder optical research engine representative of the commercial vehicle sector. The main objective was to enable high power density operation while minimizing NOx emissions. For that, ultra-lean combustion was employed to lower in-cylinder temperatures, addressing the challenge of NOx formation. To counteract delayed and unstable combustion under lean conditions, an active pre-chamber ignition system was implemented. It uses a gas-purged pre-chamber with separate hydrogen injection and spark plug ignition. Turbulent hot gas jets from the pre-chamber ignite the fresh mixture in the main combustion chamber, enabling faster and more stable ignition compared to conventional spark plugs. Additionally, the low volumetric energy density of hydrogen
Borken, Philipp, Bill, Daniel, Link, Lukas, Dinkelacker, Friedrich, Hansen, Hauke
Effect of Fuel Injection Strategies on Performance, Combustion, and Emission Characteristics of Diesel–Diethyl Ether–Fueled Compression Ignition Engine03-18-07-004311/20/2025
This experimental study compared a blend of diesel–DEE (DEE 40% v/v in diesel) with baseline diesel. This experimental study assesses different fuel injection strategies for controlling the in-cylinder charge stratification, such as single, double, and triple injections. The peak in-cylinder pressure under the partially premixed combustion mode was higher than conventional diesel combustion. Higher in-cylinder pressure with increasing dwell time was observed under triple injections. Retarding pilot injections increased the peak in-cylinder pressure. Conventional diesel combustion mode exhibited the highest brake thermal efficiency and lowest emissions with all injection strategies. A longer dwell time of 12° CA showed higher brake thermal efficiency, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide emissions, whereas hydrocarbon emissions were lower compared to a shorter dwell time of 6° CA. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions increased, but nitric oxide and brake thermal efficiency were
Sonawane, Utkarsha, Agarwal, Avinash Kumar
An Open-Source Solenoid Injector Driver Circuit for Fuel Injection Research03-18-07-004111/10/2025
Common rail, high-pressure electronic fuel injection is one of the primary technologies enabling high-efficiency and low emissions in modern diesel engines. Most fuel injectors utilize an actively controlled solenoid valve to actuate a needle that modulates the fuel supply into the combustion chamber. The electrical drive circuit for the injector requires extensive development costs, and thus, most designs are proprietary in nature, making it difficult to perform academic studies of the fuel injection processes. This research presents an injector driver circuit to control one or more solenoid injectors simultaneously for research-based injector development efforts. The electrical circuit was computationally modeled and optimized iteratively, and then, electronic hardware was developed to demonstrate control of a Bosch CRIN3 solenoid diesel injector as proof of concept. In addition, the injector performance was quantified by the fuel rate of injection (ROI) profiles obtained in a test
Bogdanowicz, Edward, Agrawal, Ajay, Lemmon, Andrew N., Bittle, Joshua
Analysis of Combustion Process in HVO-Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Operation Using Simultaneous Imaging of OH* and CH* Chemiluminescence2025-32-005311/3/2025
This study investigated the combustion process in a hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)–hydrogen dual-fuel operation using simultaneous imaging of the OH* and CH* chemiluminescence in a rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM). In this operation, hydrogen served as the primary fuel, ignited by a small quantity of pilot fuel. CH* chemiluminescence was primarily detected in the pilot fuel combustion regions, whereas OH* chemiluminescence was detected in both the pilot fuel and hydrogen combustion regions, enabling the separation of pilot ignition and hydrogen flame propagation. The combustion mechanism was found to proceed through four distinct stages: autoignition of the pilot fuel, combustion of the mixture in the lean pilot fuel region, propagation of the hydrogen–air premixture flame, and flame propagation toward the wall and squish area. Furthermore, the effects of the pilot injection parameters on the combustion characteristics were systematically evaluated by varying the
Yukitani, Takumi, Une, Naoto, Mukhtar, Ghazian, Horibe, Naoto, Kawanabe, Hiroshi, Koda, Kazuyuki, Hiraoka, Kenji
Development of a Combined Injection and Ignition Unit for a Gas Engine with Direct Hydrogen Injection Integrated into the Standard Spark Plug Access Hole2025-32-005911/3/2025
To achieve the desired fuel switch from natural gas to hydrogen in internal combustion engines for combined heat and power units, it is necessary to make some adjustments to the fuel supply system. External gas mixers increase the probability of backfiring when natural gas is replaced by hydrogen. In addition, the low density of hydrogen results in a loss of power. Therefore, direct gas injection is preferred when using hydrogen. A drawback of direct injection is the requirement of higher injection pressures to achieve the desired fuel mass and mixture homogeneity as well as the additional access to the combustion chamber for the direct gas injector in the cylinder head. This paper proposes an alternative approach that does not necessitate the implementation of a high-pressure direct injection system nor additional access to the combustion chamber via the cylinder head. A combined injection and ignition unit, called HydroFit, was developed which uses a sleeve inside the spark plug bore
Rischette, Nic, Holzberger, Sascha, Helms, Sven, Kettner, Maurice
Transient Helium Jet Evolution Using High Speed Schlieren Imaging2025-32-005711/3/2025
The accelerating global shift towards decarbonised energy systems has positioned hydrogen as a highly promising carbon-free fuel. This study comprehensively investigates the macroscopic characteristics and temporal evolution of vortex ring trailing helium jets, serving as a surrogate for hydrogen, injected into a quiescent ambient environment using high-speed Schlieren imaging. This research addresses critical insights into fuel-air mixing dynamics essential for optimising hydrogen direct injection (DI) internal combustion engines. Analysis of helium jet tip’s topology revealed a three-stage evolution from an initial pressure-insensitive phase, dominated by pressure wave structures, to a momentum-driven, vortex-dependent growth stage, then to a fully developed stage. Specifically, the lower-pressure cases showed increased Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and distinct head vortex pinch-off at the final stage. Jet tip velocities transitioned from initial high, rapid pressure wave development
Dong, Shuo, Shi, Hao, Zhang, Gengxin, Feng, Yizhuo, Lu, Enshen, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua
Knock Sensors for Two Wheelers Applications2025-32-007911/3/2025
This paper describes the design and characteristics of the knock sensor. The sensor is already used as a commodity product for automotive applications and used by all automotive OEMs for spark ignited combustion engines. With the arrival of the electronic fuel injection on the two wheelers, further optimization of the combustion can be obtained. Although there are many publications on the engine knock strategy, little is known publicly about the sensor itself. The knock sensor is an accelerometer based on a piezoelectric component; it provides an analog signal of the engine vibration. The Electronic Control Unit will filter the signal according to a specific strategy and defines the presence and intensity of the engine knock. The ECU will act accordingly on the ignition timing. The inner structure as well as the mechanical and electrical interface are described in this article.
van Est, Jeroen, Prieu, Corentin
Effect of In-Cylinder Hydrogen Mixture Formation on Hydrogen Combustion2025-32-006511/3/2025
Global efforts to mitigate climate change include ambitious long-term strategies by countries to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The automotive sector is exploring carbon-free powertrains, with hydrogen emerging as a key technology. Its zero-emission potential positions it for widespread adoption in power generation, transportation, and industry. Hydrogen engines, particularly direct injection engines offering high power and efficiency, are gaining traction due to their adaptability using existing engine components. However, in a hydrogen direct injection engine, achieving proper mixing of hydrogen and air in the cylinder is challenging, making in-cylinder mixture formation a crucial factor for ensuring stable combustion. To predict hydrogen mixture formation in the cylinder, we conducted a Schlieren visualization experiment of the hydrogen jet. Based on the results, a detailed hydrogen jet model for the direct injection injector was developed. This model was then
Hisano, Atsushi, Saitou, Masahito, Sakurai, Yota, Ichi, Satoaki
Experimental Study of hCNG on Single Cylinder 395cc Spark Ignition Engine for Performance and Exhaust Emission2025-32-005011/3/2025
There is growing demand for energy utilization due to stricter environmental emission norms to reduce greenhouse gases and other threats posed due to the emissions are major motivation factors for researchers to adopt on strategic plans to decrease the usage of energy and reduce the carbon contents of fuels, the usage of hydrogen or blend of hydrogen with CNG as a fuel in internal combustion engines is the best option. As hydrogen has lower volumetric energy density and higher combustion temperature, pure hydrogen-fueled engines produce lower power output and much higher NOx emissions than gasoline-fueled engine at stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. Blending of hydrogen with CNG provides a blended gas termed as hydrogen-enriched natural gas (hCNG). hCNG stands for hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas and it combines the advantages of both hydrogen and methane. The addition of Hydrogen to CNG has potential to even lower the CNG emissions and is the first step towards promotion of a
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Sajjan lng, Suresh
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