Browse Topic: Containers
ABSTRACT The effective and safe use of Rough Terrain Cargo Handlers is severely hampered by the operator’s view being obstructed. This results in the inability to see a) in front of the vehicle while driving, b) where to set a carried container, and c) where to maneuver the vehicles top handler in order to engage with cargo containers. We present an analysis of these difficulties along with specific solutions to address these challenges that go beyond the non-technical solution currently used, including the placement of sensors and the use of image analysis. These solutions address the use of perception to support autonomy, drive assist, active safety, and logistics
In the medical device production environment, device packaging and sterilization is vital. The same level of rigorous quality controls and regulations that affect the devices themselves are also extended to their packaging. The mechanical and container closure integrity [CCI] evaluations of medical device packaging requires significant testing performed at multiple points throughout the commercialization and production processes
Testing of ducted fuel injection (DFI) in a single-cylinder engine with production-like hardware previously showed that adding a duct structure increased soot emissions at the full load, rated speed operating point [1]. The authors hypothesized that the DFI flame, which travels faster than a conventional diesel combustion (CDC) flame, and has a shorter distance to travel, was being re-entrained into the on-going fuel injection around the lift-off length (LOL), thus reducing air entrainment into the on-going injection. The engine operating condition and the engine combustion chamber geometry were duplicated in a constant pressure vessel. The experimental setup used a 3D piston section combined with a glass fire deck allowing for a comparison between a CDC flame and a DFI flame via high-speed imaging. CH* imaging of the 3D piston profile view clearly confirmed the re-entrainment hypothesis presented in the previous engine work. This finding suggests that a DFI retrofit for this
Innovative robotic rotational molding technology allows for the use of new materials in manufacturing parts and hard cases for military and aerospace applications. This is creating opportunities for new product geometries, tighter tolerances, and less waste than traditional plastic molding. There are thousands of applications within the aerospace and defense industries using plastic parts and storage containers. Today, the production of specialized parts and protective hard cases for military applications can call for unique materials to meet more stringent standards (flammability, high heat/cold tolerances, airtightness, watertightness, electromagnetic interference shielding, multi-layering, to name a few). Meeting these strict requirements can be challenging when using traditional molding processes such as rotational molding, thermoforming, blow molding, or injection molding
To provide a procedure to inspect a refrigerant cylinder used in equipment servicing mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. This includes the pressure cylinder used for refrigerant recovery/recycling and charging equipment
Welding is a dominant joining process employed in fabrication industries, especially in critical areas such as boiler, pressure vessels, and marine structure manufacturing. Online monitoring of welding processes using sensors and intelligent models is increasingly used in industries for predicting weld conditions. Studies are conducted in a Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) process using sound, current, and voltage sensors to predict the weld conditions. Sensor signatures are acquired from the good weld and defective weld conditions established in this study. Signal processing is carried out, and time-domain statistical features are extracted. Statistical features are also extracted from the power waveform derived from the current and voltage data for all the weld conditions. Classification And Regression Tree (CART) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms are used to build the statistical models to predict the weld conditions. SVM algorithm with Quadratic Kernel function trained
Air Cargo is one of the major modes of cargo transportation in the world. It is helping to transport goods swiftly across the globe during emergencies like pandemic, evacuation, and natural calamities etc. It plays a key role in economy of a country by exporting and importing goods across the globe. This business is growing every YOY with increase in demand for e-Commerce and globalization. It is also important to keep up the efficiency of the system as the business demand grows. This paper focuses on Artificial Intelligence (AI) implementation can reduce the inefficiency and inconsistency due to the manual intervention in cargo operation in different areas. The major Implementation study area of AI in this paper include implementing in Cargo load planning to reduce the human dependency and error, ground handling with the help of autopiloting vehicle which can operate in any weather condition, sequence of loading Unit Load Devices (ULD’s) based on priority, operating control unit to
Ducted fuel injection (DFI), a concept that utilizes fuel injection through ducts, was implemented in a constant pressure High Temperature Pressure Vessel at 60 bar ambient pressure, 800-1000 K ambient temperature, and 21 % oxygen. The ducts were 14 mm long and placed 3-4.7 mm from the orifice exit. The duct diameters ranged from 1.6-3.2 mm and had a rounded inlet and a tapered outlet. Diesel fuel was used in single-orifice fuel injectors operating at 250 MPa rail pressure. The objective of this work was to study soot reduction for various combinations of orifice and duct diameters. A complete data set was taken using the 150 μm orifice. A smaller data set was acquired for a 219 μm orifice, showing similar trends. Soot reduction peaked at an optimal duct diameter of 2-2.25 mm, corresponding to an 85-90 % spray area reduction for the 150 μm orifice. Smaller or larger duct diameters were less effective. Duct diameter had a minimal effect on ignition delay. Ambient temperature had an
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the minimum performance requirements and test parameters for air cargo unit load devices requiring approval of airworthiness for installation in an approved aircraft cargo compartment and restraint system that complies with the cargo restraint requirements of Title 14 CFR Part 25, except for the 9.0-g forward ultimate inertia force of § 25.561 (b)(3)(ii
This test method covers procedures to qualitatively determine the visual and physical condition of a liquid organic coating component (pigmented base, base without pigment, curing solution, or thinner) in a container. Also covered is evaluation of the component container to determine any degradation
This specification covers woven, nonwoven, and knit absorbent materials supplied either as dry cloths or presaturated cloths for solvent cleaning process applications
The report presents air conditioning data for aircraft cargo which is affected by temperature, humidity, ventilation rate and atmospheric pressure. The major emphasis is on conditioning of perishable products and warm-blooded animals. The report also covers topics peculiar to cargo aircraft or which are related to the handling of cargo
Pressure vessels are critical equipment used in industries for storing liquids or gases at a pressure significantly different from ambient conditions. Porosity is one of the major weld defects in pressure vessels that leads to failure during inspection and as well as during its service. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process is widely used in industries to fabricate pressure vessels using carbon steel “IS 2062 E250BR” material for storing compressed air. The main objective of this article is to reduce the porosity defect in the longitudinal seam (LS) welding of the pressure vessels. Detailed analysis is carried out to identify the parameters which are influencing the porosity defect. Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approaches are used to find the optimum value of the weld parameters which produce weld without porosity or any major defects in the pressure vessel. An experimental setup has been established and welding experiments have been conducted
Fire is a dramatic issue in aircraft nowadays, especially for composite air craft. An additional issue is the dangerous use of flammable Li-Ion batteries in many devices. To minimize fire issues, it is proposed to produce aircraft interiors, fire doors, cargo bay walls, and cargo containers that are able to contain a fire inside them, with our ceramic composite called TOUGHCERAM®. It is low-cost, ceramic, damage tolerant, and flexible between minus 100°C and plus 350°C. TOUGHCERAM® poly-crystalizes between 20°C and 110°C and can be reinforced with fibers (carbon or basalt). It will survive 90 minutes under direct contact with a propane torch of 1900°C. TOUGHCERAM® does not burn or smoke. This paper will explain how it is possible to develop a fully mineral-ceramic offering with unique mechanical, fire, and blast containment properties
The present study deals with the reduction of fluid vibrations by dissipating the kinetic energy in a closed vibrating container partly filled using vertical slotted obstacles. The effect of the barriers on the liquid vibration inside a closed container exposed to a harmonic excitation is numerically studied. A single vertical slotted barrier (SVSB) and multivertical slotted barrier (MVSB) systems are considered for different liquid levels. The 3D liquid domain with the tank and the barrier as boundaries is modelled and solved numerically using ANSYS-CFX software. The reduction in pressures on the walls and the ceiling of the tank due to the influences of the slot size and numbers were evaluated to optimize the size and the numbers of the slots. The numerical approach shows an ability to simulate the nonlinear behavior of the liquid vibration when using vertical slotted barriers (VSB). The obtained results show that the SVSB is more efficient than the MVSB to decrease the dangers of
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides instructions for intended proper use of Aerospace Standard AS36100A, published 2006-04 [TSO pending], as the technical reference for airworthiness approval of air cargo unit load devices (pallets, nets and containers) to be loaded on board civil transport aircraft. For consistency and cross-checking purposes, it also includes instructions for proper use of previous NAS 3610 [Revision 10, 1990, referenced in TSO C90c], as commonly understood by the industry
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers the design, fabrication, performance and operational testing requirements for lower deck containers for use in main line aircraft which do not require airworthiness certification when loaded under the conditions of compartment restraint and in accordance with the aircraft's Weight and Balance Manual and/or, where applicable according to the aircraft type's approved Weight and Balance Manual, AS36100A or NAS 3610 equivalent base plate restraint for these containers. Most sizes of containers covered by this document (base sizes K, L, P, and Q) cannot physically be loaded and latched on aircraft main deck cargo systems. Base size A and M containers can, but are not allowed on aircraft main decks, which do not accept non-certified units. Accordingly, all containers covered by this document are to be used/installed exclusively in aircraft lower deck compartments. IATA 50/0, “ULD General technical requirements”, should also be taken into account when
In order to guarantee the effectiveness of enforcement action, Brazilian National Petroleum Agency (ANP) has published Resolution n°9/2007, which establishes the sampling of two liters of fuel, one being a test sample and another as a control sample. In this way, it is essential that the container used for this purpose maintains the physical-chemical parameters of the sample. In an attempt to evaluate possible alternatives to the current container used by ANP, this work deals with the application of aluminum bottle containers for the storage of the ethanol fuel, E27 gasohol and B10 and B15 diesel fuel blends. Approximately 15 liters of each fuel, except diesel fuel blends, were sampled on retail stations. B10 and B15 diesel fuel blends were formulated from diesel and biodiesel obtained on distribution base, being thoroughly homogenized and portioned on one-liter aluminum containers. Three samples of each fuel were used to characterize the fuel in the beginning of the work. For each
Motor vehicle brake fluid must conform to the requirements of SAE J1703 or J1704, not only when manufactured, but also after extended storage in any commercial packaging container. The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to generate an awareness of the major problems involved in the storage of brake fluids and, to some extent, provide means of circumventing them. It is also the purpose of this document to relate to experience and to test data accumulated and to list certain conclusions which should aid in the proper selection of containers for brake fluid
The effects of exhaust emissions on public welfare have prompted the US Environmental Protection Agency to take various actions toward understanding, modeling, and reducing air pollution from vehicles. This study was performed to better understand exhaust emissions of heavy-duty diesel-powered tractor-trailer trucks that operate in drayage service, which involves the moving of shipping containers to or from port terminals. The study involved the use of portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) to measure both gaseous and particulate matter (PM) mass emission rates and record various vehicle and engine parameters from the test trucks as they performed their normal drayage service. These measurements were supplemented with port terminal gate entry/exit logs for all drayage trucks entering the two Port of Houston Authority container terminals. The datasets were combined to analyze model year characteristics of drayage trucks over time, evaluate port visit frequencies and durations
A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study was conducted on four-vehicle platoons, and the aerodynamic data is then coupled with a high-fidelity truck simulation software (TruckSim) to determine fuel efficiency. Previous studies typically have focused on identical two vehicle platoons, whereas this study accounted for more complex platoon configurations. Heavy duty vehicles (HDVs), both military and commercial, make up a significant percentage of fuel consumption. This study aimed to quantify fuel savings of a platoon consisting of dissimilar trucks and trailers, thus reducing vehicle operational cost. The vehicle platoon featured two M915 trucks and two Peterbilt 579 trucks with dissimilar trailer configurations. An unloaded flatbed trailer, a centered 20 ft shipping container, two 20 ft shipping containers, and a 53 ft box trailer configurations were utilized. The platoon vehicles were spaced evenly with 30 ft, 50 ft, and 100 ft gaps to characterize gap effects on drag reduction and
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) describes the characteristics of an air filling valve used in reusable shipping and storage containers
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) details the design of fork pockets on containers and equipment for use with pallet lift trucks and forklift trucks
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) aims at identifying the design criteria and testing methods adequate to guarantee the ultimate load and operational dependability of cargo restraint strap assemblies with a typical 22250 N (5000 lbf) rated ultimate tension load capability, as used by the airline industry in order to restrain cargo on board civil transport aircraft during flight: a cargo loaded and tied down onto airworthiness certified air cargo pallets, themselves restrained into aircraft lower deck or main/upper deck cargo systems and meeting the requirements of NAS 3610 or AS36100, or b non-unitized individual pieces of cargo, or pieces of, cargo placed onto an unrestrained (“floating”) pallet into either lower deck or main deck containerized cargo compartments of an aircraft
The present SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides a list of the main government regulations, SAE and international standards, and standing industry recommendations applying to air cargo unit load devices (pallets, nets, and containers) to be loaded with either baggage or freight on board civil transport aircraft
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the testing methods to be used to substantiate performance of air cargo containers, pallets and nets (Unit Load Devices) for airworthiness approval in accordance with NAS 3610 or AS36100
After decades of composite over-wrapped pressure vessel (COPV) development, manufacturing variance is still high, and has necessitated higher safety factors and additional mass to be flown on spacecraft, reducing overall performance. When liners are used in COPVs, they need to be carefully screened before wrapping. These flaws can go undetected and later grow through the thickness of the liner, causing the liner to fail, resulting in a massive leakage of the liner and subsequent mission loss
Air cargo containers are used to load freight on various types of aircrafts to expedite their handling. Fuel cost is the largest contributor to the total cost of ownership of an air cargo container. Therefore, a better fuel economy could be achieved by reducing the weight of such containers. This paper aims at developing innovative, lightweight design concepts for air cargo containers that would allow for weight reduction in the air cargo transportation industry. For this purpose, innovative design and assembly concepts of lightweight design configurations of air cargo containers have been developed through the applications of lightweight composites. A scaled model prototype of a typical air cargo container was built to assess the technical feasibility and economic viability of creating such a container from fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials. The paper is the authoritative source for the abstract
After decades of composite over-wrapped pressure vessel (COPV) development, manufacturing variance is still high, and has necessitated higher safety factors and additional mass to be flown on spacecraft, reducing overall performance. When liners are used in COPVs, they need to be carefully screened before wrapping. These flaws can go undetected and later grow through the thickness of the liner, causing the liner to fail, resulting in a massive leakage of the liner and subsequent mission loss
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