Browse Topic: Packaging

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Design of a Fully Automated Tea Packaging System Based on an Improved Genetic Algorithm2026-99-01137/31/2026
Manual operations in traditional tea packaging lines often suffer from low productivity, safety risks, and inconsistent labeling quality. To overcome these limitations, this study develops a fully automated tea packaging system guided by an improved genetic algorithm. The system integrates five functional modules—bag feeding, bag opening, material filling, sealing, and labeling—into a seamless workflow. By applying the optimization capability of the improved genetic algorithm, the system achieves better coordination among modules, higher adaptability to different bag shapes and sizes, and improved operational efficiency. Experimental validation demonstrates that the proposed design not only simplifies the packaging procedure but also enhances precision, reliability, and production speed. The system provides a flexible and intelligent solution applicable to a wide range of tea packaging requirements.
Guo, Hui, Zhao, Zhikai, Yuan, Weilong, Lin, Lin, Yu, Yunchang, Gao, Jiashun
Research on Sealing and Vibration Reduction Performance of Large Sized Packaging Box2026-99-02027/31/2026
With the continuous development of large precision equipment, the reliability requirement for long-distance transportation is also constantly increasing. Large packaging box with sealing and vibration reduction performance is crucial during transportation. This article introduces the sealing measures for large-sized packaging box, as well as the sealing structure design methods for key parts, vibration reduction measures and the selection and design of vibration dampers. The designed packaging box has been used for long-distance transportation of various types of equipment and the reliability of sealing and vibration reduction performance has been verified in practical applications, providing reference for the design of similar packaging boxes.
Zhang, Ruoyu, Jiang, Shouli
Fault Diagnosis of Packaging Machine Bearings Based on EEMD-CNN-BiLSTM2026-99-16017/24/2026
During the high-speed operation of packaging machines, if the abnormal components evolve into faults, the packaging machines often stop for inspection or even damage, causing production stagnation and huge economic losses. If key variables are predicted and faults are identified before the evolution of packaging machine failures, it is of great significance to ensure equipment safety and reduce maintenance costs and losses for enterprises. The purpose of fault prediction is to use the information modeling of equipment historical data to output the changes in key features before component failures in the future. Firstly, for the redundant data of multiple measurement points of the same variable in the packaging machine process variables, Pearson correlation analysis is used to obtain more accurate variable data. We reuse adaptive empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) for signal processing and feature extraction, reduce redundant information, use convolutional neural network (CNN) models for spatial feature learning, and then use bidirectional long short-term memory models to capture temporal dependencies of CNN information for capturing time series data. A model is established on the normal training set to fit the normal state of the packaging machine, identify different types and degrees of equipment fault characteristics through normal test set data, and send the predicted results of the equipment state to the fault classifier for judgment to determine whether to issue a fault warning. The results indicate that this article has validated the effectiveness of the model in fault feature extraction and high-precision fault classification through training on equipment status data.
Wu, Aimin, Liu, Shixian, Zhao, Lihui, Liu, Zhao, Wu, Tao, Li, Lianbing
Spatial Optimisation of Inner Dash Acoustic Performance Using Reciprocal Holography2026-01-07126/20/2026
As acoustic requirements for NVH trim components become increasingly constrained by mass, cost, and sustainability targets, traditional approaches to inner dash design based on spatially averaged Transmission Loss (TL) metrics are reaching their practical limits. In fully built vehicles, the acoustic performance of the inner dash is governed by its global insulation capability but also by strong spatial heterogeneity and its interaction with spatially distributed noise sources such as the power unit, gearbox, and tyre-road excitation. This paper presents a test-based methodology for the spatial optimisation of inner dash acoustic performance using reciprocal holography. By applying a calibrated sound power source within the vehicle cabin and measuring the reciprocal response in the engine bay and wheel-arch regions, a high-resolution spatial Transmission Loss “hologram” of the inner dash is obtained under in-situ conditions. The resulting spatial data enables the identification of localised acoustic weak points that are not observable using conventional testing methods. To bridge the gap between passive component characterisation and real-world vehicle operation, the spatial TL hologram is subsequently evaluated using representative operational source sound power data to prioritise acoustically relevant regions. This enables the transmitted acoustic energy to be evaluated under realistic driving conditions. The holographic data is then coupled with a parametric acoustic model of the inner dash system, allowing localised mass redistribution to be optimised using a genetic algorithm while respecting packaging and manufacturing constraints.
Harry, Evan, Eandi, Giacomo
Ergonomic Assessment of Glove-Box Design in Passenger Vehicles for the Indian Scenario15-19-02-00096/10/2026
Passenger vehicles experience severe packaging constraints around the instrument panel, rendering glove-box operation a critical yet ergonomically underexplored interaction. Although glove-box interaction occurs frequently during routine vehicle use, its potential implications for ergonomic risk remain largely unexamined in existing automotive research. To isolate the influence of driver-side packaging constraints from component-level design effects, this study adopts a comparative evaluation of driver and co-driver glove-box interaction as a built-in control condition. This study introduces a discomfort-based evaluation framework that integrates Digital Human Modeling with India-specific anthropometric datasets. A composite loss-function scoring model is developed to quantify functional usability differences across four glove-box configurations, defined by variations in latch placement (center or side) and storage-bin mechanisms (fixed or rotating). Indians are utilized to assess reachability and visibility during glove-box interaction. Ergonomic performance is analyzed through reach and visibility metrics for both latch actuation and storage-access tasks. For the co-driver, all configurations exhibit 0% loss, confirming that usability remains unaffected. In contrast, the driver assessment reveals pronounced limitations. Center-mounted latches prove inaccessible from a neutral seated posture, reflecting an approximate loss function of 55%. Among the side-latch alternatives, the rotating-bin configuration achieves the lowest discomfort score (41%), supported by more favorable access posture and smoother hand-entry alignment. The findings specify that ergonomic limitations stem primarily from driver-side packaging constraints rather than inherent flaws in the glove box unit. Based on the reach and visibility loss values obtained through the developed framework, the Side-Latch + Rotating-Bin configuration emerges as the most suitable design option for passenger-vehicle layout. The proposed methodology offers a practical decision-support tool for early stage ergonomic evaluation of glove-box configurations in passenger vehicles.
Jujjavarapu, Sreeram, Kota, Srinivas, Kotkunde, Nitin, Jasti, Naga Vamsi Krishna
Performance Analysis and Data Processing for the High Solidity Test Campaign in the Jet Propulsion Lab 25-ft Space Simulator (Presentation Only)F-0082-2026-03335/5/2026
Historical rotor designs for Earth and Mars have typically landed at thrust-weighted solidities of ∼0.1-0.15 as a best compromise of performance and weight. Comprehensive analysis predicts that high solidity rotor designs of more than twice this range have the potential to significantly increase the lift capability of future Mars explorers severely limited by packaging and weight. However, there is limited existing experimental data of high solidity rotor designs at representative densities to quantify the efficiency impact and verify models of the aerodynamic environment. Therefore, the Mars Exploration Program (MEP) funded a joint test campaign between NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA Ames Research Center, and AeroVironment, Inc.to validate performance predictions for low- and high- solidity rotor variants at Mars pressures. Experimental setup, test matrix, data processing, data quality, and performance results for the High Solidity Test (HST) campaign are presented and discussed.
Schatzman, Natasha, Bowman, Belen, Karras, Jaakko, Fillman, Michael, Gehlot, Vinod, Mier-Hicks, Fernanco, Fjaer Grip, Havard, Sahragard-Monfared, Gianmarco, Johnson, Wayne, Langberg, Sara, Lottman, Paige
Target Cascading Kinematics and Compliance Tables to Suspension Design2026-01-05844/7/2026
During the initial design phase, automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) require the adaptability to examine various suspension system architectures while maintaining focus on the specific performance objectives. Those requirements are expressed by Kinematics and Compliance (K&C) look-up tables and represent the footprint of what the suspension should look like in real-world applications. However, translating those requirements into the full geometric hardpoint layout is not straightforward. This process often relies on trial-and-error approaches, making it time consuming and requiring significant expertise. This challenge, known as ”target cascading,” remains a major hurdle for many engineers. The main objective of this paper is to cascade the suspension requirements from K&C look-up tables to hardpoint locations by adopting an automatic workflow and ensuring respect for constructive and feasibility constraints. Design space exploration was conducted using a robust optimization methodology leveraging a Reduced-Order Model (ROM) of a MacPherson suspension. Feasible designs are ensured by incorporating physical constraints such as roll center variation, scrub radius range, tie rod inclination, packaging limitations and relative hardpoint influence. The usage of ROM significantly accelerates the optimization cycle, reducing the computation time from 2 days to 3 hours.
Brigida, Piero, Di Carlo, Paolo, Di Gioia, Niccolò, Geluk, Theo, Tong, Son, Alirand, Marc, Gorgoretti, Davide, Occhineri, Marco, Tassini, Nicola, Berzi, Lorenzo
Multi-Stage Packaging and Routing Optimization for Automotive Component Layout, Wire Harness and Duct Route Design2026-01-05074/7/2026
Modern vehicle design involves complex considerations and tradeoffs between system integration and layout which have a direct impact on performance, efficiency, and cost. The placement of equipment including control boards, motors, and fans as well as the routing of ducts and wire harnesses poses a time-consuming and intricate problem for design engineers. This paper presents an automated methodology to determine the optimal component packaging configuration, duct routing, and wire harnessing layout to maximize component packing density and minimize the total routing length. A two-stage optimization framework has been developed where the first stage packages the components within the design space with considerations for space utilization, component overlap, proximity relationships, point-to-point accessibility, and component mounting. The second stage implements a custom A* path-finding algorithm and gradient based optimization to determine the optimal route layout between port points. The objective of this work – using A* and gradient based optimization - is to minimize the total length of the duct work and harness layout while respecting proximity, overlap, and accessibility considerations. This paper outlines the methodology and real-world application through the design optimization of an automotive dashboard.
LeFrancois, Richard, Kim, Il Yong
A Systematic Debugging Methodology for Identifying Electric Vehicle Level EMC Issues2026-26-05251/16/2026
Electric vehicles present unique challenges in electromagnetic compatibility testing due to compact packaging, high-frequency switching systems. This paper presents a systematic debugging methodology for identifying radiated emission and radiated immunity issues in these EV platforms. A comprehensive approach is outlined, covering radiated emission measurement; Bulk Current Injection based immunity simulation, and near-field probing techniques. For RI evaluation, BCI testing in the 20 to 400 MHz range is used to simulate radiated threats on the vehicle's power and signal harnesses and handy transmitter near field injections for higher frequency simulation. For RE diagnosis, conducted emission measurements on vehicle harnesses are performed using current probes to capture high-frequency currents. Additionally, near-field electric probes are used at the component to identify dominant noise sources such as DC-DC converters, Motor control unit, and improperly grounded shielding. Case studies on various EV vehicles highlight common failure modes. This practical diagnostic workflow provides an efficient toolkit for EMC engineers to accelerate compliance readiness, reduce test iterations, and enhance vehicle-level EMC performance for electric vehicles.
M, Gokul, Patel, Jinay, Mulay, Abhijit B
Material-Optimization in Rib-Stiffened Polymer Structures: A Computational & Analytical Study2026-26-04981/16/2026
The demand for lightweight yet rigid polymer components continue to drive innovation in structural design, particularly for applications requiring optimal stiffness-to-weight ratios. The current literature focuses on single ribbed or homogeneous plate behavior. Understanding the behavior in parallel rib arrangement with inter connections – especially when the ribs are spaced close together is yet to be done. This study examines an alternative rib-stiffening approach for polypropylene plates, where conventional single-rib geometries are reconsidered in favor of parallel dual-rib configurations. While single ribs have been extensively studied, the potential benefits of distributed rib architecture remain less explored, particularly regarding their combined bending performance. The study attempts to understand the behavior of Polypropylene plates specifically, their bending stiffness, load transfer enhancement of the cross-rib structure through mathematical and computational methods. The study also compares the mechanical performance of single ribbed structure to that of parallel and cross-ribbed plates. The cross ribbed plate structure will help in increasing the packaging space and weight reduction.
Sreejith, M P, Jain, Deepak, Ravi, Abhikrishna, Maheshwari, Pankaj, Kumar, Mandeep
Optimizer Sunshade Packaging with Half Aluminum Cassette and Metal Pull Bar2026-26-05971/16/2026
The automotive industry is advancing rapidly with the integration of cutting-edge technology, aesthetics, and performance. One area that has remained relatively underexplored in the pursuit of sleek, minimalistic interiors is the packaging of Sunshade in door trim system. Traditional sunshade design, often bulky and increasingly incompatible with the trend towards compact design and packaging. The car sunshade is a shield that is placed on a car side window and used for regulating the amount of light entering from the car window and helps improve the passenger comfort inside the cabin. Car Interior components, specifically plastic and seats are based on thermal stress properties. When we expose these parts to direct contact with sunlight, humidity and ambient temperature above threshold limit, the interior plastic parts can start to soften and melt. Due to this, they start emitting harmful chemicals which cause anemia and poor immune systems. So, the Sunshade, in addition to protecting passengers’ comfort inside car, it also protects passenger from harmful radiation and enhances overall visual appeal of the vehicle. The main objective of this paper is to address the following: An innovative approach to the design of sunshade for Door trim Meeting shoulder room target Focusing on enhancing aesthetics, Low weight impact, robust design, and assembly, Managing sunshade quality as per regular standard.
Palyal, Nikita, D, Gowtham, Bhaskararao, Pathivada, Bornare, Harshad, Ritesh, Kakade
Wireless Charger Packaging in Peculiar Rear Door Trim Profile2026-26-02701/16/2026
A mobile wireless charger is a device that charge a smartphone or other compatible gadgets without the need for physical cables. Principle of wireless mobile charger system based on inductive coupling phenomena. The main objective of this paper aims to address the challenge of packaging wireless mobile charger in peculiar door trim profile keeping overall functionality and aesthetic appearance of door trim intact. This paper deals with integration of a wireless charging system within the door trim of a vehicle to provide convenience and advanced functionality. The objective is to pack a wireless charger in door trim meeting the ergonomic target and equilibrium state stability while maintaining sleek and minimalist design of the door trim. The study focuses on innovative packaging solutions related to space optimization in door despite multiple challenges involved. Major challenge lies in packing the unit amidst complex mechanisms such as window regulators, speakers, structural reinforcements while managing the thermal heat generation with proper dissipation techniques The main objective of this paper is to address the following: An innovative approach to the design of Wireless charger for Door trim Meeting stable equilibrium state. Focusing on enhancing aesthetics. Low weight impact, robust design, and assembly, Managing Wireless charger quality quality as per regular standard.
Palyal, Nikita, D, Gowtham, Bhaskararao, Pathivada, Kumarasamy, Raj Ganesh, Bornare, Harshad
Steel-Based Laminates for Lithium-ion Pouch Cell of Electric Vehicles2026-26-01861/16/2026
Aluminum foils have gained traction with EV battery manufacturers for their pouch cell format. Over the years, it has evolved as a material of choice, but it is still plagued by the issues of stress concentration and swelling due to lower strength and lower stiffness of base aluminum layer. Preliminary investigation revealed that laminates using steel foil material (thickness < 0.1mm) could be a potential candidate for EV pouch cell casing. Thus, steel-based laminate was developed meeting key functional requirements (e.g., barrier performance, insulation resistance, peel strength, electrolyte resistance, formable without cracking at edges, and heat sealing compliant). This innovative patented steel-based laminate [1] was further used to manufacture pouch cell prototypes (up to a maximum capacity of 2.8Ah) for key performance evaluation (e.g., cell cycling and nail penetration). The study paves the way for a low cost, sustainable and flexible yet strong steel-based laminate packaging material solution for lithium-ion pouch cells.
Singh, Pundan Kumar, Raj, Abhishek, Kumar, Ankit, Chatterjee, Sourabh, Verma, Rahul Kumar, Samantaray, Bikash, Gautam, Vikas, Pandey, Ashwani
Tailgate Stiffness Mitigation and Engineering Strategy for Full Width Tailgate-Mounted Tail Lamp Integration2026-26-04941/16/2026
The tailgate, as the rearmost vehicle opening, plays a pivotal role in defining the rear aesthetic theme while ensuring structural durability and maximizing luggage space. Contemporary automotive design trends highlight an increasing demand for Full width tailgate-mounted tail lamp configurations, which deliver a bold and dynamic visual appeal. Enhanced by animated lighting features, these designs cater to the preferences of Gen Z customers, becoming a decisive factor in purchasing decisions. However, integrating these complex tail lamp structures introduces significant engineering challenges, including increased X-dimension lamp volume, thereby providing reduced design space, and intricate mounting schemes constrained by panel stamping limitations. These factors necessitate the development of innovative joinery strategies and structural definitions to maintain durability targets, including achieving 25,000–30,000 slam cycles without failure, while preserving luggage space. This paper presents a comprehensive design and engineering approach aimed at enhancing the modal performance of automotive tailgate systems, with a particular focus on configurations incorporating full width taillamps. The study addresses key structural challenges associated with maintaining stiffness and durability while accommodating complex styling and packaging constraints. By optimizing outer panel joinery, refining mounting strategies, and redefining inner structural reinforcements, the proposed methodology achieves significant improvements in dynamic stiffness characteristics. Experimental and simulation-based evaluations demonstrate a 12% increase in modal stiffness for conventional tailgate architectures and a 45% improvement in coupe-type liftgate configurations. The findings offer valuable insights into the co-development of structural and styling elements in modern tailgate systems, contributing to improved vehicle performance, NVH behavior, and customer satisfaction.
Beryl, Joshua, Mohanty, Abhinab, Unadkat, Siddharth, Selvan, Veera
Packaging the HPTS Airbag in a Second-Row Seat2026-26-00331/16/2026
Seats of modern cars should necessarily meet the regulatory safety norms along with aesthetics and comfort. In the existing passenger cars prevailing across the Indian subcontinent, the measure of safety has been a challenging one. The stringent regulatory norms thereby make the Airbag very promising. In the Automotive industry, safety features are very important, one of the topmost features which falls in this category is airbags. The driver and passenger safety during high impact collisions and sudden crashes is the key objective of airbag. This safety is provided by the airbag with its automatic deployment. The inflatable airbag is engineering in a way to respond very quickly during a collision and furnish necessary cushioning to decrease the impulse and enhance the safety of the passenger. The technology has been practiced widely upon many vehicles' seats. However, the present work highlights a novel approach of packaging the HPTS air bag in second row seat. This Air bag unit is fitted in the seat back frame at outboard ends of backrest. The modification is done in seat frame, foam, and trim in such a way to Airbags should be deployed in moderate to severe collisions. This study revolves around the integration and modifications in the mandatory HPTS airbag packaging requirements. This study is done to emphasize the engineering and regulatory prerequisites and their respective challenges. This study also touches on the details of mounting schemes and the evaluation of the perceived quality in implementing HPTS airbag feature on the second-row bench seat.
Buradkar, Rajat, Bose, Karthik, Jadhav, Deepika, Balakrishnan, Gangadharan
Development of Embedded Electronics with Artificial Intelligence in an Implement for Forklifts2025-36-001212/18/2025
In this article we will discuss the development and implementation of a computer vision system to be used in decision-making and control of an electro-hydraulic mechanism in order to guarantee correct functioning and efficiency during the logistics project. To achieve this, we have brought together a team of engineering students with knowledge in the area of Artificial Intelligence, Front End and mechanical, electrical and hydraulic devices. The project consists of installing a system on a forklift that moves packaged household appliances that can identify and differentiate the different types of products moved in factories and distribution centers. Therefore, the objective will be to process this identification and control an electro-hydraulic pressure control valve (normally controlled in PWM) so that it releases only the hydraulic pressure configured for each type of packaging/product, and thus correctly squeezing (compressing) the specific volume, without damaging it due to excessive force, and without little force to the point of allowing the load to fall.
Furquim, Bruno Bueno, Pivetta, Italo Meneguello, Ibusuki, Ugo
Optimizing Laser Cutting in Semiconductor Advanced PackagingTBMG-537079/1/2025
Commercial Vehicle’s Exhaust Front Pipe Reliability Improvement through Virtual Simulation and Experimental Validation2025-01-02096/16/2025
The exhaust front pipe is a critical structural component in commercial vehicles, ensuring the leak-proof flow of exhaust gases into the exhaust after-treatment system while withstanding engine and frame vibrations. To isolate these vibrations, the front pipe is equipped with a flex connector capable of enduring various displacements at frequencies between 8-25 Hz. The position of the flex connector relative to the engine crank axis significantly impacts its structural reliability over its service life. This paper compares the existing design, which features a horizontally positioned flex connector, with a modified design that positions the flex connector vertically and changes the material from SS-304 to SS-321. Finite element analysis was conducted using Nastran software. The fatigue life of the existing flex connector design is approximately 1015 cycles. In contrast, the improved design demonstrates a fatigue life of 1727 cycles, representing a 70% increase in durability compared to the existing design. The newly designed front pipe was then evaluated under the worst-case excitation conditions of 25 mm lateral displacement at 8 Hz frequency using experimental setup. A correlation was established between virtual simulations and experimental validations. Virtual and experimental results conclude that there is a 70% increase in front pipe life when the flex connector is placed vertically with respect to the engine crank axis and SS-321 is used for the flex connector material. This finding is recommended for consideration during vehicle design development.
Chandel, Kushal, Paroche, Sonu, Namdev, Akhilesh, Jain, Shailendra, Patil, Keyur
Processing and Packaging MEMS to Maximize FunctionalityTBMG-530205/1/2025
MEMS is a more complex technology than traditional semiconductors. They are 3D structures with moving parts, making them much more difficult to fabricate. If you’re designing a semiconductor, you may be able to take advantage of an existing process development kit (PDK), which your foundry can provide to you. There is no equivalent approach in MEMS. It’s a “one process, one product” paradigm that requires a high level of customization. That takes time, money, and resources.
Integrated Body Structure to Accommodate Manual and Power Door Sunshade Variants in a Vehicle2025-01-86164/1/2025
Door sunshade in a vehicle has proven to be very comfortable and luxurious feature to the customers. Luxury vehicles provide power sunshade which is electrically operated with the activation of a switch, whereas cost conscious vehicles provide manual sunshade which requires manual coiling and uncoiling. This study is to develop a door panel structure that can accommodate both the manual sunshade and power sunshade, thereby serving both cost conscious as well as luxury seeking customers. Manual sunshade consists only of cassette, pull bar, spindle mechanism and hooks whereas the power sunshade consists of cassette, pull bar, spindle mechanism, flap mechanism, bowden cable mechanism, actuator and motor. Due to this difference in package, it becomes difficult to accommodate both variants of sunshade into the same body system. However, this study helps in developing a common body structure by ways of effective packaging, modifying the cable and actuator mechanism and critical packaging of motor that helps in commonization of inner panel and other body systems. Bowden cable has been routed in a way that it does not impact inside door handle, latch system and window regulator assembly. Actuator and motor assembly has been packaged and mounted without regulator assembly, door glass part and other body systems. Critical challenges faced were on the load criteria for actuation of sunshade and durability considerations for abuse load cases.
S M, Rahul, d, Anantha, Kakani, Phani Kumar
Heavy Tracked Vehicles: Preliminary Design for Mobility2025-01-83374/1/2025
Modern military operations prove that increased terrain mobility is critical for heavy tracked vehicles’ (HTVs) survivability and lethality. HTV major system packaging as a component of preliminary design with many physical constraints and assumptions poses great challenges for mobility. This paper develops an approach and a method that accounts for such constraints/assumptions and optimizes the packaging of the HTV system assembly, including vehicle armor, armament and munition, powertrain, and fuel tanks. The optimization purpose is to accommodate the center of gravity for improving ground pressure distribution and then reducing the sinkage. This work is based on a literature review and combines numerous techniques rooted in Western literature and Eastern Soviet- and post-Soviet-era literature. The optimization process is developed using a genetic algorithm. The Mean Relative Design (MRD) parameter is proposed to study the average system rearrangement (i.e., re-packing) that is necessary to achieve an optimized design for an HTV, quantifying how well it is designed relative to its potential. Two HTVs with similar physical characteristics but different system assemblies are examined by using the MRD parameter and then optimized for lowering sinkage. The proposed method provides feasible results for packaging vehicle main systems. The optimization outcomes can be implemented during the initial phase of preliminary design and thus will facilitate the next phase of the HTV preliminary design for vehicle mobility performance. For the latter-mentioned purpose, future research will extend the proposed method to the optimization of vehicle mobility performance.
Vardi, Haggay, Vantsevich, Vladimir, Gorsich, David
Is Advanced Packaging the Next Large Leap for Mission-Critical Microelectronics?TBMG-526313/1/2025
PACKING, PREFORMED - MS28775 O-RINGAS28775A (Current)2/8/2025
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Temperature Reduction of Servo Oil Used in Steering System Using Pulsating Heat Pipe2025-28-01042/7/2025
There are various steering technologies are available in market nowadays. Hydraulic Power Steering (HPS) is one of them. As hydraulic name is linked to it the temperature role comes to play. While doing hard cornering the hydraulic oil used to assist the working in steering system get over heated, due to which oil loses its viscosity became one of the major causes of hard steer in trucks. Also, due to limited space the large heat exchanger cannot be used there. So, objective of this Thesis is to examine an effective solution which can be compact in design and at the same time should be effective to solve this problem. After going through literature analysis, we finalize that the Principal of Pulsating Heat Pipe could be a possible solution. So, for that we design different model based on previous research work in Creo and simulate them in Star CCM+ to finalize the optimality.
Saikrishna, VNL, P, Rudresha, Yadav, Satyendra, B, Ruthvika, Vishwasa, Viditha
Revolutionizing Seafood Production with Adaptive RobotsTBMG-5217812/1/2024
Robotic automation technology is reshaping food manufacturing, packaging, and handling by driving significant improvements in efficiency, quality, and flexibility. By integrating advanced artificial intelligence, computer vision, and proprietary force-sensing technology, Flexiv has introduced cutting-edge automation to the food processing sector.
Exploring the Exotic Realm: A Multidisciplinary Comparison of Axial Flux Machines and Their Alluring Powertrain Alternatives2024-01-431611/5/2024
This paper evaluates electric machine and reducer specifications along-side vehicle dynamics and drivability for an axial flux machine (AFM). The baseline is a conventional central drive unit with a single electric machine, reducer, and differential. It compares powertrain architectures with two in-wheel AFMs (IWD) and one AFM mounted perpendicular to the chassis against the E-Axle design. The study starts by determining wheel-level traction force and power requirements for a mid-sized vehicle, then derives necessary machine and reducer specifications. It also considers packaging and efficiency constraints. The E-Axle uses a single-stage planetary gearbox, while the perpendicular AFM connects to a bevel gear reducer, and the IWD requires no reducer. These architectures are analysed in a vehicle dynamics simulation with six degrees of freedom, suspension, tire, and road models. Efficiency is assessed using the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). Besides acceleration and top speed, the study examines torque vectoring and cornering for the IWD powertrain. The paper highlights the benefits and drawbacks of advanced powertrain solutions, including gyroscopic effects and unsprung masses, and evaluates passenger comfort, drivability, and cornering performance. Packaging, component needs, and overall efficiency are also considered. The perpendicular AFM powertrain shows high efficiency and good packaging but at a high cost compared to the E-Axle. Overall, the research provides insights into the advantages and challenges of each powertrain solution.
Wipfler, Felix, Yildirim, Metin, Negrila, Andrei-Radu, Gerling, Dieter, Bruell, Martin, Sabzewari, Kiarash
Cobot Enables Production Leap with Automated StackingTBMG-5170910/1/2024
Mi Rancho has been delighting customers with authentic and fresh tortillas, chips, and salsas since its establishment in 1939. Originally founded as a grocery store in Oakland, CA, the business has evolved and grown into a food provider for large nation-wide retail partners. To enable their continued growth, Mi Rancho recently partnered with Formic to introduce robotic automation to their food processing and packaging production operations.
Steel, Welding Wire 0.78Cr - 1.8Ni - 0.35Mo - 0.20V (0.33 - 0.38C)(4335 Mod) Vacuum Melted, Environment Controlled PackagingAMS5029F (Current)9/10/2024
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Welding Wire 1.05Cr - 0.55Ni - 1.0Mo - 0.07V (0.34 - 0.40C) (D6AC) Vacuum Melted, Environment-Controlled PackagingAMS5028G (Current)9/10/2024
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Addressing Challenges in Primary Packaging Testing for Medical DevicesTBMG-514889/1/2024
In the medical device production environment, device packaging and sterilization is vital. The same level of rigorous quality controls and regulations that affect the devices themselves are also extended to their packaging. The mechanical and container closure integrity [CCI] evaluations of medical device packaging requires significant testing performed at multiple points throughout the commercialization and production processes.
Packaging and Processing: Life Sciences Industry Strives to Become More SustainableTBMG-512948/1/2024
Sustainability remains a dominant trend in packaging and processing, continuing to attract the attention of the life sciences industry and inspire its new initiatives. Although pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers must prioritize patient safety and product protection, concerns about climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, plastic waste, and pressure to move toward a circular economy are prompting a greater focus on improving the sustainability of their products and packaging.
Enabling CDMO Success Through Intelligent Testing CapabilitiesTBMG-512838/1/2024
Contract design and manufacturing organizations (CDMOs) play an increasingly crucial role in the pharmaceutical supply chain, providing the necessary capabilities and capacity to meet growing patient demand. The recent emergence of GLP-1 class drugs only emphasizes the importance of CDMOs, which con- tribute significant expertise related to fill-finish operations, secondary packaging, and distribution.
Synergizing Efficiency and Silence: A Novel Approach to E-Machine Development2024-01-29146/12/2024
In recent years, the automotive industry has dedicated significant attention to the evolution of electric vehicles (EVs). The Electric-machine (as motor and generator, here and onward called E-machine as more general term) as the heart of the EDU (Electric Drive Unit) is very important component of powertrain and is the one of the main focuses of development. Traditionally, E-machine design has primarily focused on factors like efficiency, packaging, and cost, often neglecting the critical aspects of Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) specially at the early decision-making stages. This disconnect between E-machine design teams and NVH teams has consistently posed a challenge, which is the experience seen in many OEMs. This paper introduces an innovative workflow that unifies these previously separate domains, facilitating comprehensive optimization by integrating NVH considerations with other E-machine objectives, efficiency, weight, packaging and cost. This paper highlights AVL's approach in achieving this transformation and demonstrates how this integrated approach sets a new standard for E-machine design. The presented novel approach, which is also patented, relies on AI-driven algorithms and computational tools. The important aspect of this methodology is that from the first step of E-machine design, NVH is included. This advanced methodology makes sure that with predictive modeling and advanced optimization, an optimal electric machine is developed for NVH without compromising on efficiency or costs.
Mehrgou, Mehdi, Garcia de Madinabeitia, Inigo, Ahmed, Mohamed Essam
Aitiip Integrates Freeform Injection Molding to Lower Weight and Reduce Production Costs24AERP06_026/1/2024
Aitiip is a leading Spanish research and development institute and serves companies in the aeronautics, automation, industrial, and packaging sectors. The institute possesses strong platforms for the characterization of materials and processes and is known as a powerful integrator of technologies, which is constantly on the lookout for the next transformative technology. A year ago, Aitiip implemented an NXE 400 industrial resin 3D printer platform from Nexa3D to explore integrations of additive manufacturing and injection molding. Nexa3D is the Ventura, California-based provider of high-speed industrial printing technologies whose portfolio continues to grow, reflected in its acquisition of Essentium, one of the world's most well-known providers of extrusion 3D printing, earlier this year. Liebherr is one of the world's largest providers of a variety of industrial goods, services and products. Aerospace and transportation systems is one of 13 different product segments supplied by the multinational Liebherr Group. Liebherr-Aerospace & Transportation, based in Toulouse, France, produces a wide variety of systems and components for the aerospace industry across five global locations. The aerospace product segment develops and manufactures flight control and actuation systems, gearboxes and travel mechanisms, air management and cooling systems, as well as electronics among other systems and components.
Development of a Dual Motor Beam eAxle for Medium Duty Commercial Vehicle Application2024-01-21624/9/2024
Considering the current trend towards the electrification of commercial vehicles, the development of Beam eAxle solutions has become necessary. The utilization of an electric drive unit in heavy-duty solid axle-based commercial vehicles presents unique and demanding challenges. These include the necessity for elevated peak and continuous torque while meeting packaging constraints, structural integrity requirements, and extended service life. One such solution was developed by BorgWarner to address these challenges. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of the design and development process undertaken for this Dual Motor Beam eAxle system. This includes the initial comparison of various eAxle solutions, the specifications of components selected for this design, and the initial results from dyno and vehicle development.
Guo, Chengyun, Van Maanen, Keith, Liu, Xiaobing
A Study of Compression Pad, Its Selection and Optimization Process for the Lithium-Ion Cell Module2024-01-24304/9/2024
The need for eco-friendly vehicle powertrains has increased drastically in recent years. The most critical component of an electric vehicle is the battery pack/cell. The choice of the appropriate cell directly determines the size, performance, range, life, and cost of the vehicle. Lithium-ion batteries with high energy density and higher cycle life play a crucial role in the progress of the electric vehicle. However, the packaging of lithium-ion cells is expected to meet lots of assembly demands to increase their life and improve their functional safety. Due to their low mechanical stability, the lithium-ion cell modules must have external pressure on the cell surface for improved performance. The cells must be stacked in a compressed condition to exert the desired pressure on the cell surface using compression foam/pads. The compression pads can be either packaged between each cell or once in every set of cells based on the cell assembly requirements. This paper describes the need for a compression pad for lithium-ion cell modules and briefly highlights the different types of compression pads and their function. The study also explains how the compression pad selection must be performed for the improved cell performance and life of the cell. The different types of assembly processes of the compression pad are explained. It further shows the list of tests conducted to validate the function and life of the compression pad. The study concludes with the thickness optimization of the compression pad that meets all the requirements and also provides a cost-effective solution.
Sithick Basha, Abubakker, Chalumuru, Madhu, Sasikumar, K
Optimization of BEV and FCEV Storage Design Based on Automated Packaging and Vehicle Simulation2024-01-21784/9/2024
Electrified vehicles represent mobility’s future, but they impose challenging and diverse requirements like range and performance. To meet these requirements, various components, such as battery cells, electric drives, fuel cells, and hydrogen vessels need to be integrated into a drive and storage system that optimizes the key performance indicators (KPI). However, finding the best combination of components is a multifaceted problem in the early phases of development. Therefore, advanced simulation tools and processes are essential for satisfying the customer´s expectation. EDAG Engineering GmbH has developed a flat storage platform, which is suitable for both, BEV and FCEV. The platform allows for the flexible and modular integration of batteries and hydrogen vessels. However, package space is limited and the impact of the design choices regarding the vehicle’s KPI need to be considered. Therefore, EDAG has developed a simulation model that combines automated 3D design and packaging for storage integration (battery cells and hydrogen vessels) with a simulation of the vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics. The model uses a cell database and automatically packages different cells into a predefined design space. For FCEV, it additionally packages hydrogen vessels in the remaining space. The model calculates the capacity and mass of each storage variant and uses them as input parameters for the vehicle longitudinal simulation. The main innovation of this contribution lies in the fact that it accounts for the 3D packaging of storage components enabling the analysis a multitude of design choices in the early concept phases and simulates their impact on the vehicle performance. Thus, decision-making processes in early development phases are supported and development time is significantly reduced. Within this contribution, two case studies for BEV and FCEV are performed investigating the influence of the package space provided for the energy storage on the vehicle performance and range highlighting the potential of the novel approach.
Viehmann, Andreas, Nauck, Niklas, Esser, Arved, Schramm, Michael
Integrated Bracket for Rain Light Sensor/ADAS/Auto-Dimming IRVM with provision of mounting for Aesthetic Cover2024-01-22244/9/2024
Plastic design is one of the upcoming fields of interest when it comes to weight optimization, sustainability, strength, and overall aesthetics of an automobile. What is often ignored is the amount of flexibility a plastic designer has, of integrating and packaging various components of an automobile into a single part and still make it an integral part of its complex aesthetics. This paper highlights upon one such part that is being developed: An integrated bracket which packages ADAS camera, Rain Light Sensor, and an Auto-dimming IRVM. Apart from packaging the mentioned components, this bracket also has mounting provisions for an aesthetic cover (also referred to as beauty cover). The objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of integration of several parts into a single part for packaging multiple components that need to be placed in a close proximity with each other. This paper includes the demonstration of old design which consisted of multiple parts along with how we designed the integrated bracket and how it is better from the old design. This integrated bracket will be pasted with tapes and glue on the windshield of the automobile. The CAD tool used for designing is CATIA V5. While designing integrated bracket multiple criteria have to be considered from vehicle architecture point of view. The field of vision or FOV of the IRVM needs to qualify OEM standards which will vary for different OEMs. ADAS camera FOV also needs to be considered along with RLS sensor mounting requirements. All the above packaging constraints along with wiring harness routing makes integrated bracket an extremely complex plastic part.
Chandravanshi, Priyansh, Parthiban, Mohan, Bable, Shubham, Dharmatti, Girish
Steel, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Welding Wire 15Cr - 25.5Ni - 1.2Mo - 2.1Ti - 0.004B - 0.30V Vacuum Induction Melted, Environment Controlled PackagingAMS5805K (Current)3/27/2024
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Identification and Packaging Elastomeric ProductsAMS2810J (Current)3/4/2024
This specification provides requirements for the identification and packaging of sheet, strip, extrusions, and molded parts made of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, reclaimed rubber, and combinations of the above with other materials such as asbestos, cork, and fabrics. AMS2817 covers preferred requirements for identification and packaging of preformed packings.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Foam and FRP Sheets Packaging for Headliner Stiffness at Curtain Airbag Area2024-26-00081/16/2024
As we all know, automotive headliners are an essential component of any car’s interior as they cover all the internal components and provide a clean and finished look. Headliners not only increase the aesthetic appeal of a car’s interior, but also acts as an insulation and sound absorption source. As per the latest Government norms, Curtain Airbag (henceforth called as CAB) has been made mandatory and this change calls for the corresponding changes in the Headliner packaging of all passenger vehicles. In general, curtain air-bag deployment calls for a twist open of Headliner at lateral sides (a portion below Hinge-line) during the deployment. This enables the inflated airbag to flow inside the passenger cabin to protect the passenger from any injury. Conventionally no components are packaged below the hinge-line area of headliner to avoid obstruction for CAB deployment and any part fly-off concerns. For this reason, no foams/components are kept below the hinge-line region of the headliner. In this paper we are discussing the pros of introducing the Polyurethane (henceforth called as PU) foams below the hinge-line without hampering the CAB deployment criteria. This paper also dwells upon the characteristic and type of the foams that need to be used to serve the purpose. These foams have been specifically designed to increase the stiffness and solidity of Headliner at all joinery/interface areas without any compromise on the CAB deployment requirements mandated by ARAI*. Height and the width of the foams are optimized to act as a guide for deployment rather than obstructing it.
D, Gowtham, L, Dharshan, Bornare, Harshad, Ritesh, Kakade, Deoli, Manish, Vadla, Vilas, Kakani, Phani Kumar
Steel, Welding Wire, 1.0Cr - 1.0Mo - 0.12V (0.18 - 0.23C), Vacuum Melted, Environment Controlled PackagingAMS6459G (Current)12/26/2023
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Welding Wire, 1.0Cr - 10Ni - 3.8Co - 0.45Mo - 0.08V (0.14 - 0.17C), Vacuum Melted, Environment Controlled PackagingAMS6468G (Current)11/10/2023
This specification covers an alloy steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Welding Wire 1.05Cr - 0.55Ni - 1.0Mo - 0.08V (0.26 - 0.32C) Vacuum Melted, Environment-Controlled PackagingAMS5027H (Current)10/16/2023
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
LIGHT-WEIGHT DRAPABLE ANTI-CORROSION COVERS2024-01-40478/10/2023
ABSTRACT At the onset of the Second World War, it was noticed that equipment being shipped overseas to the frontlines arrived corroded. The Department of Defense rapidly escalated the use of corrosion inhibitors in packaging materials to reduce the severity of the corrosion of those assets. This paper provides an overview of vapor corrosion inhibitors, describes how they are incorporated into anti-corrosion covers, and summarizes field test results showing typical protection provided to Department of Defense assets. The paper describes the environmental conditions that warrant the use of anti-corrosion covers and presents independent ground vehicle focused return-on-investment analysis. Citation: David J. Sharman, Robert R. Danko, Bill Scheible, “Light-weight drapable anti-corrosion covers,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 15-17, 2023.
Sharman, David J, Danko, Robert R., Schieble, Bill
HYDROGEN STORAGE IN A BOX!23AUTP06_026/1/2023
Cylindrical tanks no longer are the only solution for storing high-pressure hydrogen gas. The future is looking decidedly square - and better for vehicle range and packaging. Experts from Forvia explain. Until recently, there was only one practical solution for storing gaseous hydrogen for onboard vehicle use: the cylindrical storage tank. Spiral-wound, carbon fiber cylinders are the proven form factor for reliable containment of 350-bar (5000-psi) and more commonly, 700-bar (10,000-psi) hydrogen used in the latest fuel-cell electric and hydrogen-fueled IC-engine vehicles. Faurecia and Symbio, the hydrogen-technologies joint-venture with partner Michelin, are in the process of changing the cylindrical-tank paradigm with a new approach that looks downright…square. “This hydrogen storage system is our modular, conformable, 700-bar tank,” Rob Steele, product line manager at Faurecia, part of the Forvia group, told SAE Media while viewing a concept ‘skateboard’ chassis at the 2023 Innovation Day at the company's suburban Detroit tech center. At first glance, the display chassis appeared to be a pack of battery modules. Then the concept struck.
Brooke, Lindsay
PROCESS GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT AEROSPACE SHELF LIFE MATERIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSAE-PP-003375/29/2023
Shelf Life materials form a major part of aerospace products manufacturing, assembly, and preservation processes. Therefore, Shelf Life materials require effective and efficient life cycle control management. Shelf Life material management is vital as a proactive and preventive measure in reducing and controlling an organization's procurement and material costs. Thus, controlling these materials per the determined engineering and quality requirements is vital as they have stringent functioning lifecycles and their material properties are influenced directly or indirectly by environmental and operational factors. Currently, many aerospace organizations face challenges in Shelf Life material management for controlling internal process failure costs (scraps) and external failures (customer returns, escapes, and functional issues), directly and indirectly impacting the overall program costs and, in turn, affecting the business bottom line. The causes may be due to ineffective and inefficient planning and management of aerospace shelf life materials at various life cycle processes and stages within the aerospace supply chain organizations. Therefore, there is a need to develop an Aerospace Shelf Life Material Management System (ASLMMS) that can effectively and efficiently mitigate process risks and ensure. This study focuses on the framework for developing a Design for a Shelf Life Material Management system through the DfMA methodology. This study is a sub-part of the research work on enhancing the DfMA methodology for Aerospace applications. The guidelines and framework proposed in this study can support the development of solutions to mitigate technical challenges in identifying, prioritizing, mitigating, reporting and controlling operational issues and implementing improvement actions to prevent inherent wastes in the Shelf Life material management processes. This framework and guidelines can act as a series of interlinked compliance process checkpoints to execute, comply, verify and validate the effectiveness and efficiency of an existing Shelf Life material management system, focusing on maximizing cost savings, productivity and delivery with improved quality and safety outputs.
Rajamani, Manirathinam
Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, Wet Method, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol PackagedAMS3043F (Current)5/10/2023
This specification covers nonfluorescent magnetic particles in the form of a mixed, ready-to-use suspension in an odorless oil vehicle and packaged in aerosol cans.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Welding Wire 5.0Si - 1.2Cu - 0.50Mg (C355.0)AMS4245G (Current)5/10/2023
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of welding wire.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Packaging and Transportation of Oxygen EquipmentAIR5742A (Current)1/26/2023
The scope of this document is related to the particular needs of oxygen equipment with regards to packaging and transportation. The document provides guidance for handling chemical, gaseous and liquid oxygen equipment. It summarizes national and international regulations to be taken into account for transportation on land, sea and air and provides information on classification of hazardous material. The aim of this document is to summarize information on packaging and transportation of oxygen equipment. Statements and references to regulations cited herein are for information only and should not be considered as interpretation of a law. Processes to maintain cleanliness of components and subassemblies during processing and assembly or storage of work-in-progress are outside the scope of this document. Guidance on this can be obtained from ARP1176. Rules for transportation and shipment do not cover oxygen equipment installed in an interior monument, e.g., galley unit or in a fuselage section.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
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