Browse Topic: Logistics

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Cellular energy architecture to secure resilient energy supply for critical infrastructure2025-01-0516To be published on 11/25/2025
Introduction of renewable energy systems offers the opportunity to achieve energy self-sufficiency or autarky in addition to contributing towards carbon neutrality by reducing the dependency on energy logistics. Amidst growing geo-political conflicts, the scenario of energy shortage or disruption of energy logistics is a major threat, especially for Europe due to the significant reliance on import of primary energy. Achieving autarky, however, requires a distinction between energy consumers that need uninterrupted energy supply and consumers that could potentially be cut-off during energy shortages to avoid prohibitive costs resulting from over sizing the system. Critical infrastructure such as hospitals, communication systems, emergency services and key mobility nodes like fuelling stations and charging points needed to sustain the services provided by them, always need uninterrupted energy supply. The architecture in current tools for optimising the design and operation of
Vijay, Arjun, Thaler, Bernhard, Köcheler, Valentin, Oppl, Thomas, Trapp, Christian
Automated Offboard system to measure the volume of harvested material2025-28-0331To be published on 11/06/2025
Problem Statement: Measuring the volume of harvested material behind the machine can be beneficial for various agricultural operations, such as baling, dropping, material decomposition, cultivation, and seeding. This paper aims to investigate and determine the volume of material for use in various agricultural operations. This proposed methodology can help to predict the amount of residue available in the field, assess field readiness for the next production cycle, measure residue distribution, determine hay readiness for baling, and evaluate the quantity of hay present in the field, among other applications which would benefit the customer. Solution Statement: • TO Improve the agricultural production system. • By – Measuring the volume of harvested material • Using – Remote Sensing and IoT Technology: System is going to use Onboard camera and satellite image to determine the volume of materials. The system collects data from the capture device during runtime to obtain information
Singh, Rana Shakti
A unit Product Energy mapping framework2025-28-0247To be published on 11/06/2025
Combining energy management and value stream mapping In today's industrial landscape, manufacturing plays a central role in driving economic growth. However, this crucial sector is also a major contributor to global energy consumption and greenhouse gases (CO2eq) emission. Energy management focuses on the systematic use of management and technology to improve energy performance in a selected site, such as a building, facility, or an entire organization. It requires that energy procurement, energy efficiency and renewable energy y be integrated proactive and incorporated in order for it to be fully effective. Value Stream Mapping (VSM), a widely used tool of Lean Manufacturing, is a type of symbolic model that graphically enables the end user to observe the material and information flow as a product or service travels through a value chain. The model represents the flow of resources such as materials, information and personnel along with their interactions, beginning with a sales order
Sumbe, Ankita Surendra, Kumar, Rahul, Shrivastava, Swapnil
Technology Driven Solutions for Effective Tool Management.2025-28-0249To be published on 11/06/2025
IoT is revolutionizing the asset tracking industry, transforming it from manual entries in spreadsheets and logs to real-time, data-driven, foolproof solutions that boost manufacturing efficiency. Technical advancements are occurring in the IOT architecture. Leveraging a combination of cost-effective sensors such as LoRa -WAN and UWB provides data precision and accuracy by replacing traditional benchmark hardware solutions. Protocols like MQTT and Kafka enhance the data connectivity layer, enabling rapid data flow and logging, instantaneous insights, and agile decision-making. In the context of manufacturing, real-time indoor tracking ensures that equipment, tools, and products are located more accurately, resulting in improved operational matrices like productivity, availability, etc. This aligns with digital LEAN manufacturing principles such as Continuous Improvement (CI), Equipment Utilization factor, and just-in-time inventory management.
Patel, Shravani Prashant
‍AI Negotiator: Intelligent Chatbot for Seamless Negotiations2025-28-0347To be published on 11/06/2025
Negotiating with suppliers is a critical yet challenging task. More negotiation you do more value you create. Traditional negotiation methods often involve extensive manual effort, prolonged timelines, and inconsistent outcomes. These inefficiencies can lead to suboptimal agreements, higher costs, and strained supplier relationships. The problem is further exacerbated by the complexity of managing multiple suppliers, each with unique terms, conditions, and negotiation dynamics. The introduction of a negotiation chatbot tool, leveraging advanced language models (LLMs), addresses these challenges by automating and optimizing the negotiation process. This tool is designed to interact with suppliers in a natural, conversational manner, understanding and responding to their queries and proposals effectively. By utilizing LLMs, the chatbot can analyze vast amounts of data used for negotiation like Spend file, Material/Energy/Labour indices, identify patterns, and generate strategic responses
Panda, Dinesh Abhimanyu
On Board Diagnostics on Low voltage Power distribution Unit2025-28-0305To be published on 11/06/2025
Objective: Our current electrical architecture of machine calls for multiple integration of electrical protection devices like Fuses, relays, diodes and fusebox. Since these parts are all hard wire with each other with feature, there is little scope to add any autonomy in the core electrical components. If we think of adding smartness to this hardwire components so that we can control the Electrical parameters of it and tune it/optimize it/program it in such a way that it will benefits designers/Customers on long run. This paper mainly call for On board Diagnostic if POWER DISTRIBUTION UNIT / Smart POWER DISTRIBUTION UNIT that will takes care of all the issues in current machine Electrical architecture with complexity reduction and central common unit. The typical architecture of base machine system- it involves multiple components connected via CAN Bus/Ethernet bus to controller/Display and then multiple CAN capable nodes. All the power distribution unit is hardwired with each other
Phadtare, Amol Balasaheb, Khairnar, Rahul, Bangar, Shrilekha, Kalal, Yash
A Load Cell-Free Solution for Weighing2025-28-0346To be published on 11/06/2025
The agricultural industry increasingly demands innovative solutions to enhance efficiency and productivity, while minimizing overhead costs of an advanced system. Large farms cultivating forage crops for the Dairy and Livestock sectors require high-quality, dense bales that retain their nutritional value. Bale weight serves as a critical parameter for assessing production yields, managing inventory and facilitating fair trade in the industry. Traditional weighing systems reliant heavily on load cells, can pose limitations in terms of cost, complexity and maintenance. This paper presents an advanced model-based weighing system de-signed specifically for balers machine. It utilizes mathematical models and dynamic torque monitoring techniques to accurately estimate the weight of bales just after the baling process. The Bale weight calculation is achieved by measuring reverse pressure experienced during bale handling and monitoring the pitch angle to compensate for measurements over
Kadam, Pankaj
Evaluating the Influence of Material Properties and Hardness on Tightening Torque2025-28-0255To be published on 11/06/2025
A Crawler Dozer is a tracked machine that uses a mounted blade at the front to move materials. Different blades (S-blade, U-Blade, Angle blade, PAT blade) are used for moving large amounts of soil, debris, and stones. Each blade is designed for a specific requirement/application. The blades are equipped with ground engaging (GET) tools, such as cutting bits or a set of cutting bits, to help protect the shovel and other earthmoving tools from wear. Torquing hardened plates of bolted joint components is essential to ensure uniform load distribution and prevent premature failure. Therefore, selecting the proper torque is an important parameter. This study focuses on analyzing various parameters that impact the final torque on the hardened surface. This will help understand the torque required for specific joints. Several other parameters considered in this study include hardware material, coefficient of friction, end bit and cutting-edge material, and their hardness. Understanding the
PARAMESWARAN, SANKARAN POTTI, Bhosale, Dhanaji, Kumar, Rajeev
Optimizing Forklift Performance Through Multibody Simulation: Analyzing the Role of Tires and Counterweight in Derated Capacity2025-28-0254To be published on 11/06/2025
The derated capacity of forklifts plays a crucial role in determining their safety, efficiency, and overall performance, particularly when modifications are introduced to meet stringent industrial standards. The term "derated capacity" refers to the reduction in a forklift's rated load-carrying capacity caused by various factors, including load center shifts, lifting height, attachment usage, tire types, and counterweight adjustments. This reduction occurs as a safety measure to account for potential instabilities or mechanical limitations when operating under less-than-ideal conditions. Accurate understanding and calculation of derated capacity are vital to ensure safe and efficient forklift operation. This research provides a detailed examination of forklift variants, specifically evaluated under the IS 4357:2004 standards, to understand the intricate relationship between tire types and counterweight adjustments on the derated capacity. Through the use of advanced Multibody
Shende, Kalyani, Shingavi, Shreyas, Hingade, Nikhil
Establishing the method for simulation of electric potential in cooling water passages of outboard motors2025-32-0008To be published on 11/03/2025
Producing 3D models of cooling water passages of outboard motors, and calculating distribution of electric potential on the water passage surfaces using BEM, we have developed the new method for simulation of electric potential distribution. The outboard motor is a propulsion system attached to the transom of the boat with steering function. As the water around the boat is drawn in for cooling of the engine, the engine parts are susceptible to severe corrosion. As a means to help prevent corrosion, a part referred to as the anode metal, which has a lower natural potential, is provided. Such a method is called the sacrifice protection because the anode metal corrodes before the engine parts due to the difference of electric potential. Since anti-corrosion currents occur preferentially to areas close to the anode metal, the anode metal is required to be located at the most effective place for corrosion protection. However, there are certain restrictions in the layout of anode metal from
Shibuya, Ryota, Suzuki, Hiroki
3D CFD Analysis on Flow and Thermal Dynamics of PEM Water Electrolyzer2025-28-0350To be published on 10/30/2025
The proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzer is an emerging technology to produce green hydrogen due to its compactness and producing high purity hydrogen. This study presents a numerical investigation of multiphase flow dynamics and heat transfer within the anode side of a PEM water electrolyzer, focusing on the anode plate and porous transport layer (PTL). Different channel configurations, i.e., rectangular, semicircular, and wavy channels are considered while varying the PTL thickness within the commercially available ranges. Simulations are conducted under varying oxygen generation rates (corresponding to different current densities) and different inlet water flow rates. The effects of channel configuration and PTL thickness on pressure drop, flow uniformity, and temperature distribution within the cell are illustrated pictorially and graphically. Additionally, impact of PTL thickness on crucial cell performance parameters are reported. The impact of varying water flow
Dash, Manoj Kumar, Bansode PhD, Annasaheb
An Assessment Framework for HVAC energy consumption in Indian transport sector: Amplifying India’s Climate Goal efforts2025-28-0391To be published on 10/30/2025
India is the third-largest automotive industry and one of the fastest-growing economies. As India’s auto sector continues to expand rapidly, the country’s energy demand is expected to increase significantly. To meet this energy demand efficient energy sources will play a major role. India experiences diverse weather conditions, with a significant duration is hot and humid summers ranging upto 50°C. Due to this extreme weather conditions HVAC systems becomes necessity for a comfortable driving. Trend shows that global temperature is increasing which is causing higher cooling demand and this may continue to rise. Globally there are methods available to assess HVAC efficiency in passenger cars. In the work presented, we investigated the assessment method of energy demand by HVAC system in passenger cars. This will help to create the baseline for India-specific condition that can be used to define energy efficiency in HVAC systems in transport. Efforts are put to investigate influencing
Sarna, Nishant, Jaiswal, Harsh Kumar, Yadav, Diyya, Vashisth, Ajay, Dwivedi, Vipin
To analyze and investigate causes of EV fire in Building / Infrastructure Projects2025-28-0381To be published on 10/30/2025
As electric vehicles (EVs) become an integral part of modern transportation, concerns over fire hazards in building and infrastructure projects have emerged during electric vehicle charging. Reports of EV related fires, particularly in enclosed spaces including parking structures in commercial and residential buildings, have raised questions on the safety of these newly installed charging points in the infrastructure and raised a demand for potential mitigation strategies. This study aims to explore the underlying factors contributing to EV fires within such environments while focusing on charging infrastructure, environmental conditions and broader safety considerations. Given the complexity of EV fire incidents, this research investigates potential triggers such as inadequate charging infrastructure in Power Distribution System, improper charging practices and external environmental influences. Additionally, challenges posed by inadequate ventilation, outdated building codes and the
Vashist, Devendra, Sharma, Vikas
Thermal Analysis and Effect of Cell Arrangement on Air Cooled Cylindrical Cell Battery Pack Performance2025-28-0361To be published on 10/30/2025
The arrangement of multiple cells within a battery pack is crucial to have an optimized thermal performance and pressure drop. This paper presents a comparative analysis of thermal battery cooling performance of an air-cooled battery pack using inline and staggered arrangement of 18650 cylindrical cells with different cell spacings. The key parameters such as air pressure drop and cell (average/maximum/minimum) temperatures are compared for operations at different C-rates, air inlet temperature, and air inlet velocities. The results demonstrate that the staggered configuration with optimal spacing offers better thermal performance and temperature stratification compared to the inline one. Specifically, the staggered setup with optimal gap achieves a lower cell average and maximum temperatures indicating more efficient cooling and uniform thermal distribution. This study highlights the advantages of battery spacing and configuration for improved thermal and pressure drop performance
Bharsakale, Yash, Nadge, Pankaj, Manna, Suvankar
Risk Assessment of Delayed MAC Compressor Engagement on Occupant Thermal Comfort2025-28-0399To be published on 10/30/2025
Mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems play a critical role in ensuring occupant thermal comfort, particularly under extreme ambient conditions. Any delay in compressor engagement directly affects cabin cooldown performance, impacting both perceived and measured comfort levels. This study assesses the thermal comfort risks associated with compressor engagement delays of 6.5 seconds and 13 seconds under varying ambient conditions. A comprehensive frontloading approach was employed, integrating 1D CAE simulations with objective and subjective experimental testing. Initial simulations provided insights into transient cabin heat load behavior and air distribution effectiveness, enabling efficient test case selection. Physical testing was conducted in a controlled climatic chamber under severe (>40°C) ambient condition, replicating real-world scenario. Objective metrics, including cabin air temperature, vent temperature and cooldown rates, were measured to quantify thermal performance
Kulkarni, Shridhar, Deshmukh, Ganesh, Joshi, Gaurav, Shah, Geet, Jaybhay, Sambhaji
Heat Flux Temporal Variation and Turbulent Structures on Diesel Flame-Impinged Wall by Comparing High-Speed Infrared Thermography and MEMS Sensor Measurements2025-24-003909/07/2025
For further elucidation of the extremely complex mechanism of wall heat transfer during diesel flame impingement, heat flux measurement results based on two different relatively new approaches, high-speed infrared thermography and Micro Electro- Mechanical Systems (MEMS) heat flux sensor, were compared. Both measurements were conducted on the chamber wall impinged by a diesel flame achieved in constant volume combustion vessels under similar experimental conditions. Infrared thermography was conducted using a high-speed infrared camera (TELOPS M3k, 13,000 fps, 128×128 pixels), allowing the capture of time-series temperature and heat flux distributions on the wall surface with a spatial resolution of 70 μm (9 mm / 128 pixels). This high-resolution imaging also enables detailed estimation of near-wall turbulent structures, which are considered to significantly influence the heat flux distributions. The MEMS sensor is composed of closely aligned (520 microns separated) multiple highly
Shimizu, Fumika, Morooka, Masato, Aizawa, Tetsuya, Dejima, Kazuhito, Nakabeppu, Osamu
A Critical Assessment of Phase Change Materials for Boosting EV Efficiency2025-24-014709/07/2025
Effective thermal management in battery packs is a key technology for enhancing the efficiency and longevity of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Traditional active cooling systems can consume significant amounts of energy, thereby impacting the vehicle's overall efficiency. This paper explores the use of phase change materials (PCMs) as a complementary cooling technology, enabling both an improved active and an extended passive conditioning of battery packs. By leveraging the unique properties of PCMs, it is possible to partially operate the battery system without active cooling, thus reducing the overall energy consumption and improving vehicle autonomy. The phase change phenomenon further offers the benefit of a homogeneous temperature distribution within the battery pack. This study addresses the potential of PCMs as a thermal management solution for battery packs by firstly identifying suitable materials meeting requirements specific to such application. In addition, the paper
Fandakov, Alexander, Nolte, Oliver, Herzog, Alexander, Sens, Marc
CO-TENG: An Origami-Inspired Self-Powering Sensor for Smart WearablesTBMG-5378009/01/2025
Sensors are used everywhere — from smartphones and wearable devices to industrial systems and logistics. But traditional sensors often rely on rigid components and batteries, limiting their applications in soft systems. To address this, researchers from Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan, have developed a smarter alternative. Using a paper-folding technique in combination with a triboelectric nanogenerator, they created a novel energy-harvesting sensor with promising potential for next-generation soft devices.
Automated Pallet Inspection Separates the Good from the BadTBMG-5353408/01/2025
Warehouse logistics increasingly rely on automation in the form of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs), scanners, complex conveyors, and fleet management systems for seamless operation, but it’s the ubiquitous, century-old pallet that remains the critical support system. Make no mistake, if even one of those thousands of pallets is defective, it can create havoc in the warehouse.
Bosch invested in large-scale metal 3D printing25TOFHP08_0508/01/2025
Bosch bolstered its 3D printing capabilities when it added a new metal 3D printer at its Nuremberg, Germany, plant earlier this year. The NXG XII 600 metal 3D printer from Nikon SLM Solutions met the supplier's need - the need for speed - as well as the non-Top Gun-related precision, flexibility and energy efficiency when manufacturing complex metal parts for its in-house and third-party customers. The Nuremberg plant invested nearly six million euros in the center, including the purchase and installation of the new metal 3D printer. Bosch claims to be the first Tier 1 automotive supplier in Europe to have a facility in this performance class.
Gehm, Ryan
Impact of the Distribution of Charging and Hydrogen Refueling Stations on their Reachability for Craft Vehicles with a Defined Usage Profile2025-01-031007/02/2025
This paper examines the impact of the distribution of charging and hydrogen refueling stations on their reachability for craft vehicles with a defined usage profile. A simulation-based methodology is presented for this purpose. The simulation models daily trips for craft vehicles, considering amongst others the company location, the client stops, the operating radius and the mean daily driving distance. Based on these inputs, the number of charging or refueling opportunities for typical daily trips of the craft vehicle is calculated. To investigate the impact of locations on the frequency of encountering energy provisions, simulations are conducted in three regions: Ulm (urban), Stuttgart (metropolitan), and Munderkingen (rural). Furthermore, the impact of different locations within the same infrastructural area is examined by assessing multiple company locations in Ulm. The findings indicate that the urban zone of Ulm is characterized by a highly dense electric fast charging
Heilmann, Oliver, Müller, Julian, Heinrich, Marco, Cortès, Sven, Schlick, Michael, Kulzer, André Casal
In Situ Observation of Different Soot Layers in a Model Filter Channel during Its Regeneration2025-01-031207/02/2025
In order to comply with increasingly stringent emission regulations and ensure clean air, wall-flow particulate filters are predominantly used in exhaust gas aftertreatment systems of combustion engines to remove reactive soot and inert ash particles from exhaust gases. These filters consist of parallel porous channels with alternately closed ends, effectively separating particles by forming a layer on the filter surface. However, the accumulated particulate layer increases the pressure drop across the filter, requiring periodic filter regeneration. During regeneration, soot oxidation breaks up the particulate layer, while resuspension and transport of individual agglomerates can occur. These phenomena are influenced by gas temperature and velocity, as well as by the dispersity and reactivity of the soot particles. Renewable and biomass based fuels can produce different types of soot with different reactivities and dispersities. Therefore, this study focuses on the influences of soot
Desens, Ole, Hagen, Fabian P., Meyer, Jörg, Dittler, Achim
FITTING, ADAPTER, PORT, REDUCERAS5172F (Current)06/17/2025
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Flame Developments of Pilot Diesel Ignited Hydrogen Jet in an Optical Dual Direct Injection Engine2025-01-023706/16/2025
This study aims to characterise the flame development for hydrogen-diesel dual direct injection (H2DDI) in an optically accessible heavy-duty engine through high-speed imaging of the natural combustion luminosity. A single hole, side mounted injector was used to inject H2 at 35 MPa in addition to a centrally mounted eight-hole diesel injector providing the ignition source for the H2. Firstly, the diesel pilot flame was examined without H2 to establish the combustion characteristics of the pilot flame. The pilot fuel energy was reduced from 1200 J to 120 J until the minimum repeatable diesel flame was found, which showed a flame distribution that transitioned from an initial quasi-steady diesel flame at peak load (1200 J), to a piston bowl wall-centric flame distribution (840 J) and then to an injector centric flame (120 J). The minimum pilot fuel quantity of 120 J was then used to investigate the ignition process of hydrogen main fuel mixtures supplying 90% energy and only 10% energy
Heaton, Alastar, Chan, Qing Nian, Kook, Sanghoon
Numerical Investigation into the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Ammonia Direct Injection Mechanism2025-01-024106/16/2025
The effects of diesel and the ammonia ratio on the emissions and combustion characteristics of ammonia utilized in AMMONIA direct injection (AMMONIA-Di) engines were investigated through experimental and numerical investigations. A rapid compression expansion machine (RCEM) modified to facilitate the dual direct injection fuel (diesel-ammonia) - compression ignition (CI) method was used to conduct the experiment. A compression ratio (CR) of 19 and an ammonia energy percentage ranging from 10% to 90% were used in the experiment. Changes were made to the start of injection (SOI) from 0o to 40o before top dead center (BTDC) in order to find the best auto-ignition properties of ammonia. In order to facilitate auto-ignition, the diesel’s SOI was maintained at 10o BTDC. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was used to establish the detailed emission propagation during the combustion process. During the expansion step, ammonia goes through a second stage of combustion, demonstrating
Setiawan, Ardhika, Lim, Ocktaeck
3D-Printed Porous Media Combined with Biomimetic Distributor for Small-Scale Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells2025-01-019606/16/2025
This study presents a novel biomimetic flow-field concept that integrates a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous architectures with a hierarchical leaf-vein-inspired distribution zone, fabricated through 3D printing. By mimicking natural transport systems, the proposed design enhances oxygen delivery and water removal in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The results showed that I-FF and G-FF significantly improved mass transport and water management compared to conventional CPFF. The integrated design I-FF-LDZ achieves up to 32% improvement in power density at 1.85 A/cm2@0.4 V and delays the onset of mass transport losses. The study also reveals that optimizing the volume fraction Vf significantly affects gas penetration, with lower Vf (30%) improving performance in the mass-limited region. These findings underscore the promise of nature-inspired, 3D-printed flow-field architectures in overcoming key transport limitations and advancing the scalability of next
Ho-Van, Phuc, Lim, Ocktaeck
Braking Force Distribution Strategy for Brake-by-Wire Systems: Enhancing Safety and Redundancy10-09-03-002806/09/2025
Brake-by-wire (BBW) systems, characterized by fast response, high precision, ease installation, and simplified maintenance, are highly likely to become the future braking systems. However, the reliability of BBW is currently inferior to that of traditional hydraulic braking systems. Considering ECE R13 regulations, actuator reliability, and braking efficiency, this article first proposes a new braking force distribution strategy to prevent braking failure and enhance vehicle safety without modifying the actuator itself. The strategy reduces the operating frequency of rear actuators during low- and medium-intensity braking, thereby extending their service life and operational reliability. Then, the co-simulation model combining Simulink and AMESim was established for simulation validation based on direct drive braking actuator. Additionally, the real-vehicle test platform was built for typical braking scenarios. The simulation and experimental results show that this strategy
Li, Tianle, Gong, Xiaoxiang, He, Chunrong, Deng, Zhenghua, Zhang, Hong, Xu, Rong, He, Haitao, Wang, Xun, Zhang, Huaiyue
Gaining a Competitive Edge with Functionally Integrated ComponentsTBMG-5321906/01/2025
Machine builders are under intense pressure to keep engineering time in line with shorter delivery schedules and materials, assembly, and inventory cost considerations. Machine builders are also striving to make equipment smaller, lighter, higher-performing and easier for their customers to maintain. While functionally integrated products have been available for a long time, they are more vital today than ever for machine builders and end users to improve processes and products. And there are more options available to provide solutions.
Improving the Working Performance of Sliding Friction Pairs Using Optimal Asymmetric Textures04-18-03-001605/29/2025
Optimizing the parameters of asymmetric textures (AT) designed on the surface of sliding frictional pairs (SFP) can make each texture more reasonably distributed. Thereby, the oil film thickness can be more stable; and the lubrication and load ability of SFP can be improved. To clarify this issue, based on the SFP’s lubricating model added by AT using the rectangular structure, parameters of AT including the angle between the horizontal axe and bottom surface (φij), the angle between the lateral axe and bottom surface (γij), and texture’s depth (hij) are optimized. The study results show that the parameters of φij, γij, and hij of AT optimized can create the p (hydrodynamic pressure of liquid) better than the symmetric textures. Significantly, the pmax and load ability of the liquid in the SFP using optimal AT have been greatly increased compared to the liquid in the SFP using the symmetric textures. Accordingly, the results are an important reference for the design and distribution of
Wang, Cuifang, Zhang, Lu
Evaluating Powertrain Mount Decoupling: Insights from Simulation, Experimental Results, and Analytical Calculations2025-01-002205/05/2025
Powertrain mounts are vital for isolating vibrations and enhancing vehicle ride comfort and performance, making their dynamic behavior critical for effective design. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of powertrain mount decoupling by integrating virtual simulations, physical testing, and analytical calculations. In our approach, we first derived stiffness data through analytical calculations, which were validated through multi-body dynamics (MBD) simulations that modeled interactions within the powertrain mounts. By adjusting bush stiffness parameters within the MBD framework, we predicted decoupling frequencies and analyzed kinetic energy distribution. The iterated stiffness values from simulations were then confirmed through physical testing, ensuring consistency in decoupling frequencies and energy distribution. This alignment between virtual and experimental data enhances the reliability of our findings and helps identify overlapping frequencies across vehicle systems
Shende, Kalyani, Shingavi, Shreyas, Rane, Vishesh, Hingade, Nikhil
Experimental Investigation into Modulated Aeroacoustic Cabin Noise Arising from Unsteady Flow Conditions2025-01-002905/05/2025
The unsteady wind conditions experienced by a vehicle whilst driving on the road are different to those typically experienced in the steady-flow wind tunnel development environment, due to turbulence in the natural wind, moving through the unsteady wakes of other road vehicles and travelling through the stationary wakes generated by roadside obstacles. This paper presents an experimental approach using a large SUV-shaped vehicle to assess the effect of unsteady wind on the modulated noise performance, commonly used to evaluate unsteady wind noise characteristics. The contribution from different geometric modifications were also assessed. The approach is extended to assess the pressure distribution on the front side glass of the vehicle, caused by the aerodynamic interactions of the turbulent inflow in straight and yawed positions, to provide insight into the noise generation mechanisms and differences in behaviour between the two environments. The vehicle response to unsteady wind
Jamaluddin, Nur Syafiqah, Oettle, Nicholas, Staron, Domenic
Approach to Optimize the Airplane Boarding Process by Using Image Recognition and Stochastic Simulation to Predict Overhead Bin Fill Levels2025-01-016405/02/2025
In single-aisle aircraft, the available storage space for carry-on baggage is inherently limited. When the aircraft is fully booked, it often results in insufficient overhead bin space, necessitating last-minute gate-checking of carry-on items. Such disruptions contribute to delays in the boarding process and reduce operational efficiency. A promising approach to mitigate this issue involves the integration of computer vision technologies with an appropriate data storage system and stochastic simulation to enable accurate and supportive predictions that enhance planning, reduce uncertainty, and improve the overall boarding process. In this work, the YOLOv8 image recognition algorithm is used to identify and classify each passenger’s carry-on baggage into predefined categories, such as handbags, backpacks, and suitcases. This classified data is then linked to passenger information stored in a NoSQL database MongoDB, which includes seat assignments and the number of carry-on items
Bergmann, Jacqueline, Hub, Maximilian
Engineers Enable a Drone to Determine Its Position in the Dark and IndoorsTBMG-5300105/01/2025
In the future, autonomous drones could be used to shuttle inventory between large warehouses. A drone might fly into a semi-dark structure the size of several football fields, zipping along hundreds of identical aisles before docking at the precise spot where its shipment is needed.
A Study on Optimal Combinations of Winding and Cooling Methods for Downsizing Power Units in Motorcycles2024-32-000704/18/2025
In commercially available electric motorcycles, there is a notable shift in the cooling method, moving from air cooling to water cooling, and in the winding method, moving from concentrated winding to distributed winding, as the output increases. This shift occurs around 8 to 10 kW. However, there is a paucity of empirical investigations examining these combinations to ascertain their optimality. In order to verify this trend, a verification model has been constructed which allows for the comparison of the capacity and weight of the motor and cooling system according to the vehicle’s required output and thermal performance. A comparison and verification of the combinations of winding methods (concentrated winding or segment conductor distribution winding) and cooling systems (water-cooled or air-cooled) was conducted using the model that had been constructed. In the motor designed for this study, when the maximum output of the vehicle was 35 kW or less (European A2 license), the total
Otaki, Ryota, Tsuchiya, Teruyuki, Sakai, Yu, Yamauchi, Takuya, Shimizu, Tsukasa
A Methodical Concept Study and Optimization of the Drivetrain for Light Commercial Vehicle Applications2024-32-011504/18/2025
The EU currently has very ambitious plans for the electrification of vehicles, particularly in the field of urban logistics. For example, the so-called “Transport White Paper” [1] aims to achieve essentially CO2-free logistics in major urban centers by 2030, while “Europe on the move” [2] has presented a series of legislative initiatives. The Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for Transport proposes research priorities and actions to deploy innovative solutions, with a particular focus on the electrification of transport. Numerous advancements in electromobility have led to a growing number of vehicles available in various areas, particularly in urban logistics. New concepts like cargo bikes and micro-vehicles are being developed, but they cannot fully replace traditional light commercial vehicles. While some electrified options exist, they are often modified versions of existing platforms with internal combustion engines swapped for electric drives. The research work in this
Königshofer, Thomas, Tromayer, Jürgen, Schacht, Hans-Jürgen, Wang, Eric
Impacts of Pulsating Flow on Topologically Optimized Porous Reactors in Convection-Diffusion-Reaction Systems2024-32-007004/18/2025
Topology optimization (TO) in electrochemical systems has recently attracted many researchers. Previous studies suggested minimal performance differences between 2D and 3D designs, indicating that 2D models suffice to enhance performance, especially in unidirectional flow scenarios. A later study found that the concentration distribution in an optimized 2D flow system differed from that in a unidirectional flow system. We posited that pulsating flow could further enhance the performance of such systems. First, we initiated TO for a diffusion-reaction system in a steady state. The optimized structure obtained from this process served as the foundation for subsequent investigations involving a pulsating flow source in convection-diffusion-reaction systems. We introduced two different systems with distinct flow natures: one characterized by a flow nature of 1D and the other by a flow nature of 2D. The results demonstrated that the optimized structure with a heterogeneous distribution
Long, Mengly, Alizadeh, Mehrzad, Sun, Pengfei, Charoen-amornkitt, Patcharawat, Suzuki, Takahiro, Tsushima, Shohji
Numerical Studies on the Relation between the Multiple Auto-Ignition and Pressure Wave in the Premixed Charge2024-32-007904/18/2025
The relation between the multiple auto-ignition in the premixed charge with fuel concentration distribution and associated pressure wave are numerically investigated. This study assumes that the auto-ignition phenomenon in the end-gas of PCCI combustion, a next-generation combustion method which is expected to achieve both low fuel consumption and low emissions at a high level. Detailed numerical analysis considering the elementary chemical reactions of the compressible reacting fluid flow described in the one-dimensional coordinate system with high spatial and time resolution was performed to clarify the detailed phenomena of the onset of the multiple auto-ignition and the pressure wave propagation in the gas.
Iizumi, Kota, Yoshida, Kenji
Experimental Study on Thermo-Catalytic Ammonia Decomposition into Hydrogen2024-32-011804/18/2025
In order to rapidly achieve the goal of global net-zero carbon emissions, ammonia (NH3) has been deemed as a potential alternative fuel, and reforming partial ammonia to hydrogen using engine exhaust waste heat is a promising technology which can improve the combustion performance and reduce the emission of ammonia-fueled engines. However, so far, comprehensive research on the correlation between the reforming characteristic for accessible engineering applications of ammonia catalytic decomposition is not abundant. Moreover, relevant experimental studies are far from sufficient. In this paper, we conducted the experiments of catalytic decomposition of ammonia into hydrogen based on a fixed-bed reactor with Ru-Al2O3 catalysts to study the effects of reaction temperature, gas hour space velocity (GHSV) and reaction pressure on the decomposition characteristics. At the same time, energy flow analysis was carried out to explore the effects of various reaction conditions on system
Li, Ze, Li, Tie, Chen, Run, Li, Shiyan, Zhou, Xinyi, Wang, Ning
Real-time Terrain Analysis for Off-road Autonomous Vehicles2025-01-834304/01/2025
One challenge for autonomous vehicle (AV) control is the variation in road roughness which can lead to deviations from the intended course or loss of road contact while steering. The aim of this work is to develop a real-time road roughness estimation system using a Bayesian-based calibration routine that takes in axle accelerations from the vehicle and predicts the current road roughness of the terrain. The Bayesian-based calibration method has the advantage of providing posterior distributions and thus giving a quantifiable estimate of the confidence in the prediction that can be used to adjust the control algorithm based on desired risk posture. Within the calibration routine, a Gaussian process model is first used as a surrogate for a simulated half-vehicle model which takes vehicle velocity and road surface roughness (GD) to output the axle acceleration. Then the calibration step takes in the observed axle acceleration and vehicle velocity and calibrates the Gaussian process model
Lewis, Edwina, Parameshwaran, Aditya, Redmond, Laura, Wang, Yue
A Torque Distribution Strategy for the Six-Wheeled Lunar Rover2025-01-830804/01/2025
As a crucial tool for lunar exploration, lunar rovers are highly susceptible to instability due to the rugged lunar terrain, making control of driving stability essential during operation. This study focuses on a six-wheel lunar rover and develops a torque distribution strategy to improve the handling stability of the lunar rover. Based on a layered control structure, firstly, the approach establishes a two-degree-of-freedom single-track model with front and rear axle steering at the state reference layer to compute the desired yaw rate and mass center sideslip angle. Secondly, in the desired torque decision layer, a sliding mode control-based strategy is used to calculate the desired total driving torque. Thirdly, in the torque distribution layer, the optimal control distribution is adopted to carry out two initial distributions and redistribution of the drive torque planned by the upper layer, to improve the yaw stability of the six-wheeled lunar rover. Finally, a multi-body dynamics
Liu, Pengcheng, Zhang, Kaidi, Shi, Junwei, Yang, Wenmiao, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai
Telematics-Based Managed EV Charging: A Pilot Case Study for Utility Bulk and Distribution Grid Services2025-01-812204/01/2025
Growth in the EV market is resulting in an unprecedented increase of electrical load from EV charging at the household level. This has led to concern about electric utilities’ ability to upgrade electrical distribution infrastructure at an affordable cost and sufficient speed to keep up with EV sales. Adoption of EVs in the California market has outpaced the national average and offers early insight for other regions of the United States. The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) partnered with two grid-edge Distributed Energy Resource Management System (DERMS) providers, the OVGIP (recently incorporated as ChargeScape, a joint venture of Ford, BMW, Honda, and Nissan) and Optiwatt, to deliver a vehicle telematics-based active managed charging pilot. The pilot program, launched in Summer 2022 enrolled approximately 1,200 EVs over two years including Tesla, Ford, BMW, and GM vehicles. The goal of this pilot program was to evaluate the business case for managed charging to mitigate
Liddell, Chelsea, Schaefer, Walter, Dreffs, Kora, Moul, Jacob, Kay, Carol, Aswani, Deepak
Optimal Torque Vectoring Control for Autonomous Electric Vehicles Considering Ride Comfort2025-01-831004/01/2025
This study introduces an innovative torque vectoring control strategy designed to enhance ride comfort in autonomous electric vehicles. The approach seamlessly integrates steering and rear axle force control within a model predictive control (MPC) framework, enabling real-time optimization of comfort and handling performance. The proposed control method is applied to a two-rear-motor vehicle model, where the MPC algorithm adjusts steering angles and tire forces to minimize discomfort caused by yaw rate and lateral acceleration. Simulation results from a lane-change scenario demonstrate significant improvements in comfort metrics compared to conventional torque vectoring control strategies. The findings highlight the ability of the proposed method to significantly enhance ride comfort without compromising vehicle dynamics. This integrated and adaptive control strategy offers a promising solution for improving passenger satisfaction in autonomous electric vehicles, with potential
Zhao, Bolin, Lou, Baichuan, He, Xianqi, Xue, Wanying, Lv, Chen
Coordinated Control Strategy for Longitudinal, Lateral, and Vertical Motions of Distributed Electric Vehicles Based on Model Predictive Control2025-01-830004/01/2025
Distributed electric vehicles, equipped with independent motors at each wheel, offer significant advantages in flexibility, torque distribution, and precise dynamic control. These features contribute to notable improvements in vehicle maneuverability and stability. To further elevate the overall performance of vehicles, particularly in terms of handling, stability, and comfort, this paper introduces an coordinated control strategies for longitudinal, lateral, and vertical motion of distributed electric vehicles. Firstly, a full-vehicle dynamics model is developed, encompassing interactions between longitudinal, lateral, and vertical forces, providing a robust framework for analyzing and understanding the intricate dynamic behaviors of the vehicle under various operating conditions. Secondly, a vehicle motion controller based on Model Predictive Control is designed. This controller employs a sophisticated multi-objective optimization algorithm to manage and coordinate several critical
Jia, Jinchao, Yue, Yang, Sun, Aobo, Liu, Xiao-ang
SPC based Critical Parameters Monitoring of Vendor Supplied Parts by Auto OEM for Quality Control2025-01-833404/01/2025
In Automobile manufacturing, maintaining the Quality of parts supplied by vendor is crucial & challenging. This paper introduces a digital tool designed to monitor trends for critical parameters of these parts in real-time. Utilizing Statistical Process Control (SPC) graphs, the tool continuously tracks Quality trend for critical parts and process parameters, predicting potential issues for proactive improvements even before parts are supplied. The tool integrates data from all Supplier partners across value chain into a single ecosystem, providing a comprehensive view of their performance and the parts they supply. Suppliers input data into a digital application, which is then analyzed in the cloud using SPC techniques to generate potential alerts for improvement. These alerts are automatically sent to both Suppliers and relevant personnel at the OEM, enabling proactive measures to address any Quality deviations. 100% data is visualized in an integrated dashboard which acts as a
Sahoo, Priyabrata, Garg, Ishan, Rawat, Sudhanshu, Narula, Rahul, Gupta, Ankit, Bindra, Ritesh, Rao, Akkinapalli VN, Garg, Vipin
Optimization Method for Powertrain Mounting Systems Based on Enhanced Genetic Algorithms2025-01-864404/01/2025
A methodology for optimizing natural properties of a powertrain for an electric vehicle has been presented. A model with six-degree-of-freedom was proposed utilizing ADAMS, and the natural frequencies and energy distribution of the powertrain are estimated using the proposed model. The calculated natural frequencies and energy distribution shown that the initial design of mount stiffness does not meet requirements of natural frequency and decoupling ratio, and vibration isolation standards. To overcome the limitations of conventional optimization techniques, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) was adopted for the enhancement optimization the mounts parameters. The optimization objectives included the refinement of the decoupling rates and frequency distribution at all mounting directions. Stiffness parameters of the mounts were optimized via the NSGA. The optimized results confirmed significant improvements for powertrain natural characteristics. This study presented an
Jin, Yang, Li, Dewei, Zhao, Yang, Xiao, Lei, Guo, Yiming
Impact of Thermal and Electrical Dissimilarities on Battery Module Aging2025-01-817304/01/2025
Battery cell aging and loss of capacity are some of the many challenges facing the widespread implementation of electrification in mobility. One of the factors contributing to cell aging is the dissimilarities of individual cells connected in a module. This paper reports the results of several aging experiments using a mini-module consisting of seven 5 Ah 21700 lithium-ion battery cells connected in parallel. The aging cycle comprised a constant current-constant voltage charge cycle at a 0.7C C-rate, followed by a 0.2C constant current discharge, spanning the useful voltage range from minimum to maximum according to the cell manufacturer. Charge and discharge events were separated by one-hour rest periods and were repeated for four weeks. Weekly reference performance tests were executed to measure static capacity, pulse power capability and resistance at different states of charge. All diagnostics were normalized with respect to their starting numbers to achieve a percentage change
Swarts, Andre, Salvi, Swapnil S., Juarez Robles, Daniel
An Experimental Investigation of the Liquid Jet Breakup Characteristics in a Vaporizer under Equivalent Operating Conditions of a Microturbine Combustion Chamber2025-01-845804/01/2025
This study experimentally investigates the liquid jet breakup process in a vaporizer of a microturbine combustion chamber under equivalent operating conditions, including temperature and air mass flow rate. A high-speed camera experimental system, coupled with an image processing code, was developed to analyze the jet breakup length. The fuel jet is centrally positioned in a vaporizer with an inner diameter of 8mm. Airflow enters the vaporizer at controlled pressures, while thermal conditions are maintained between 298 K and 373 K using a PID-controlled heating system. The liquid is supplied through a jet with a 0.4 mm inner diameter, with a range of Reynolds numbers (Reliq = 2300÷3400), and aerodynamic Weber numbers (Weg = 4÷10), corresponding to the membrane and/or fiber breakup modes of the liquid jet. Based on the results of jet breakup length, a new model has been developed to complement flow regimes by low Weber and Reynolds numbers. The analysis of droplet size distribution
Ha, Nguyen, Quan, Nguyen, Manh, Vu, Pham, Phuong Xuan
Gasoline Particulate Filter Modeling with Catalytic Washcoat and Ash Accumulation and Transient Soot Distribution Prediction2025-01-848304/01/2025
The upcoming EURO 7 and EPA Tier 4 regulations and the possible China 7 are expected to tighten the tailpipe particulate emissions limits significantly. High performance Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) with high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop would be mandated for gasoline engines to meet these stringent regulations. Due to packaging constraints, GPFs are often coated with three-way catalyst (TWC) materials to achieve four-way functionality. Ash accumulation in GPFs also has a significant impact on the performance of GPFs. This paper utilizes 3D CFD to predict the transient filtration efficiency and pressure drop of a washcoated GPF with ash accumulation during the soot loading process. Simulation results show a decent match with experimental data. The 3D CFD model also provides detailed information on soot penetration in the GPF wall substrate and soot cake characteristics on the wall. These information can be crucial for GPF wall substrate design and washcoating
Yang, Pengze, Cheng, Zhen
A Study on the Influence of Compression Pads on the Safety and Life of a Lithium-ion Cell Module2025-01-813204/01/2025
The demand for eco-friendly electric powertrains has increased significantly in recent years. Cells are the most crucial component of a battery pack, directly influencing the dimensions, range, lifespan, performance, and cost of electric vehicles. Lithium-ion cells outperform other cell chemistries due to their higher energy density, allowing for more compact and lightweight designs while providing longer operational ranges. It is crucial that lithium-ion cell packaging complies with assembly requirements to maximize its lifespan and ensure operational safety. Assembly force requirements of lithium-ion cells are critical to ensure optimal cell performance throughout its lifetime & enhance the longevity of the battery pack. The compression pad between cells ensures appropriate cell assembly pressure. The service life is how long a lithium-ion cell can operate effectively, while the cyclic life refers to the number of charge-discharge cycles before cell functional degradation. The cell
Varambally, Vishakha, Sithick basha, Abubakker, Chalumuru, Madhu, Sasikumar, K
Development of a Test Course Selection Method for Natural Wind Data Collection on US Public Roads2025-01-878004/01/2025
The automotive aerodynamic development relies on wind tunnel testing and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), where the former provides reliable values to be used for fuel economy calculations, and the latter enables the investigation of flow features responsible for improvement/degradation of the average large-scale performances in terms of aerodynamic coefficients. The abovementioned procedure overlooks a crucial factor however: natural wind. The speed and the direction of natural wind encountered while driving alters the vehicle’s effective yaw angle. Such condition implies that the minimization of the drag coefficient at zero-yaw, commonly performed through wind tunnel and CFD simulations in an industrial context, may not yield real-world optimal shapes. While it is possible to reproduce natural wind-like conditions in a wind tunnel using flaps, for example, the input signal to the flap system must be available beforehand, and such key element is the focus of the present research
Nucera, Fortunato, Onishi, Yasuyuki, Metka, Matt
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