Browse Topic: Logistics

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Optimization of a Halbach array for torque ripple reduction in a Yokeless And Segmented Armature axial flux machine2026-01-0754To be published on 07/01/2026
This paper presents the optimization of a Halbach magnet array applied to an axial flux machine (AFM) in a 12-pole, 18-slots yokeless and segmented armature (YASA) topology, evaluated in the torque–speed characteristics diagram. AFMs offer significant advantages in terms of compact design and high torque density compared to other permanent magnet machine topologies. However, noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance is strongly influenced by cogging torque, electromagnetic torque ripple, and tooth forces. While Halbach magnet arrays are well established in high-performance radial flux machines, only limited research has investigated their influence in AFMs. A Halbach array concentrates magnetic flux on one side of the magnet arrangement, leading to increased air-gap flux density and a more sinusoidal magnetic field distribution. By using a Halbach array, the magnetic field distribution in the air gap becomes more sinusoidal, thereby reducing harmonic components. Previous
Müller, Karsten, Schulz, Fabian, Bremer, Martin, Burkhardt, Yves, De Gersem, Herbert
Enhancing Efficiency in Megawatt-Scale EV Charging via Adaptive Multi-Agent Control of DC/DC Converters2026-01-0769To be published on 07/01/2026
The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) demands high-power charging solutions that are efficient, scalable, and reliable. This work introduces a comprehensive simulation framework for megawatt-scale charging systems, focusing on the integration and control of multiple DC/DC converters. With the primary objective of maximizing overall system efficiency during megawatt-scale charging operations. The study addresses key challenges in multi-converter operation, including load distribution, synchronization, and system efficiency. A multi-agent adaptive control strategy was implemented to dynamically optimize operating points and allocate charging currents across converters in real time so that each participating converter operates at its optimal operating point where the maximum efficiency is delivered. This multi-agent adaptive control strategy allocates not only the individual optimal operating points of the multiple DC/DC converters but rather determines the optimal number of
Salah, Alia, Abu Mohareb, Omar
Methodology for Battery System Optimization and Evaluation Using Format Flexible Pouch Cells2026-01-0749To be published on 07/01/2026
Electrification using battery systems is one of the most relevant solutions regarding ecological challenges within multiple application cases such as mobility, tools or stationary power supply. Nonetheless besides recent achievements in some cases battery systems are still lacking behind operational requirements compared to conventional propulsion systems, therefore limiting the potential of electrification. Especially when purpose design possibilities are limited. Besides improving properties of cell materials, better usage of the available installation space offers potential for overall optimization of the battery system. The development of battery systems is complex, as it involves multiple system levels and domains, along with a wide range of design options and architectures. Battery cells that can be manufactured in flexible formats offer the potential to make more efficient use of available installation spaces. At the same time, these additional degrees of freedom increase design
Müller-Welt, Philip, Bause, Katharina, Spohn, Hannes, Albers, Albert
Representative Driving Cycles for Light Commercial Vehicles Based on Their Usage Profiles2026-01-0751To be published on 07/01/2026
This study describes a methodology for synthesizing representative driving cycles for light commercial vehicles. The focus is on taking the usage profiles of these vehicles into account in the driving cycle synthesis. In this methodology, representative routes are simulated using the example of light commercial vehicles in the craft sector. The results of these simulations are representative speed distributions and representative height fluctuations. These results are then used as target values for the actual driving cycle synthesis. Furthermore, measurement runs are carried out with a light commercial vehicle to create a database of real-world driving data. The measurement runs include different urban, rural, and motorway sections and cover a total distance of approximately 510 km. Routes with flatter and more challenging elevation profiles are driven. During the measurement runs, the speed signal and the altitude signal are measured. These signals are then processed and cut into
Heilmann, Oliver, Grabow, Andreas, Cortès, Sven, Schlick, Michael, Stoll, Tobias, Kulzer, André Casal
Spatial Optimisation of Inner Dash Acoustic Performance using Reciprocal Holography2026-01-0712To be published on 06/20/2026
As acoustic requirements for NVH trim components become more demanding – driven by cost, weight, and increasingly, sustainability – there is growing pressure to optimise performance across multiple criteria. In complex components such as the inner dash, performance is often assessed in isolated. However, this fails to reflect real-world conditions, where contributions from ancillary systems, the instrument panel, and variable noise sources such as the power unit, gearbox, and tyres are significant. Traditional Transmission Loss (TL) measurements provide averaged results that can overlook spatial variation and lead to suboptimal design choices. To address this, an approach is presented that uses reciprocal holography to map the spatial TL performance of an inner dash. This method enables a more representative and targeted design process for achieving effective acoustic performance in fully built vehicle environments. Furthermore, the spatial Transmission Loss data can be combined with
Harry, Evan, Eandi, Giacomo
Rapid Fuel Distribution Prediction in RCCI Marine Engines Using CFD-Informed, Active Learning Framework2026-37-0017To be published on 06/09/2026
Accurate prediction of in-cylinder fuel distribution (FD) is fundamental to reduced-order combustion modeling and emissions prediction, yet remains computationally prohibitive with high-fidelity CFD alone. This work develops a CFD-informed machine-learning surrogate for spatial FD in a large-bore diesel engine, based on a Wärtsilä W20 injector and representative engine conditions. A fully coupled injector–spray–engine CFD framework under engine-like RCCI inert conditions determines the needle-lift profile and resolves the combined effects of injector geometry, needle dynamics, and operating conditions on in-cylinder flow, capturing physical phenomena not reproducible by isolated free-spray simulations. A high-fidelity database is generated using Latin Hypercube Sampling, from which FD is extracted at 15 CAD before top dead center within an annular multi-zone (MZ) representation consistent with reduced-order combustion models. A multi-output Random Forest (RF) surrogate, augmented with
Moradi, Jamshid, Salahi, Mahdi, Heidarabadi, Shadab, Andwari, Amin, Konno, Juho, Wik, Christer, Mikulski, Maciej
Investigation into Cooling Loss Reduction Associated with Changes in In-Cylinder Flame Distribution by Offset Orifice Nozzle2026-37-0003To be published on 06/09/2026
Recently, an increase in compression ratio has been widely recognized as one of the essential technologies for improving the thermal efficiency of heavy-duty diesel engines. However, a higher compression ratio tends to result in increased cooling loss, which could diminish the thermal efficiency gains. Therefore, novel approaches which can reduce cooling loss while maintaining or improving thermal efficiency are required. In our previous studies, it was found that an offset orifice nozzle, in which the orifices are drilled with a small offset from the radial center of the nozzle, improves thermal efficiency and reduces cooling loss simultaneously. However, key factors contributing to the significant reduction in cooling loss have not been sufficiently clarified. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of cooling loss reduction associated with changes in flame distribution when using an offset orifice nozzle in heavy-duty diesel engines, based on in-cylinder combustion observations
Mukayama, Tomoyuki, Enomoto, Yoshiteru, Mikami, Naotaka, Nomoto, Shigeru, Uchida, Noboru
Wear Resilience Characteristics of Silicon Nitride Strengthened AZ31 Magnesium Composite2026-26-07406/1/2026
To develop magnesium matrix composites, ceramic silicon nitride (Si3N4) particles are added to the magnesium (AZ31) matrix at 2 wt.%. The composite is produced via disintegrated melt deposition vacuum-stir-casting procedure. Microstructural studies reveal the presence of Si3N4 particles and their uniform spreading. An L9 orthogonal array, planned using Taguchi’s experimental design, is selected for three wear parameters; axial load (AL), rotational speed (RS), and time duration (TD) with trials as per the G99 standard in the pin-on-disc apparatus to assess the wear resilient of the composite. Experimental results show an increase in axial stress, and wear loss (WL) increases dramatically. Because the area of contact shrinks as RS increases, WL diminishes dramatically. When the AL is low, the friction coefficient (CoF) increases, and when the AL is large, CoF drops. When the RS is increased, CoF decreases. To optimize multiple responses effectively, the TOPSIS (Technique for Order
Senthilkumar, N., Dhinakar Raj, C K
Adaptive HVAC Strategies for Enhanced Cabin Thermal Comfort, Air Quality and Energy Efficiency2026-26-07916/1/2026
Passenger comfort within vehicles and aerospace cabins relies on finely tuned management of temperature, air quality, and energy use. This paper proposes an integrated HVAC framework that combines zonal climate control, intelligent airflow distribution, and real-time sensor data to maintain thermal balance across different cabin zones. Leveraging predictive thermal load modelling and machine learning, the system anticipates environmental changes—such as sudden shifts in external temperature or passenger load—and proactively adjusts heating and cooling outputs. Simultaneously, air quality is enhanced through a multistage filtration system, active air purification technologies, and dynamic CO₂ concentration monitoring. Comfort assessment integrates PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied) indices to adapting environmental conditions. Simulations and early-stage prototypes improve energy savings and improve occupant comfort and air quality. The proposed HVAC
Mudavath, Lehitha Sai, Patil, Ashish, Saha, Sudipta
Reliability Program StandardJA1000_202108 (Current)5/26/2026
This SAE standard establishes the requirement for suppliers to plan a reliability program that satisfies the following three requirements: a. The supplier shall ascertain customer requirements b. The supplier shall meet customer requirements c. The supplier shall assure that customer requirements have been met
G-41 Reliability
Reliability Program StandardJA1000_201205 (Historical)5/26/2026
This SAE Standard establishes the requirement for suppliers to plan a reliability program that satisfies the following three requirements: a. The supplier shall ascertain customer requirements; b. The supplier shall meet customer requirements; c. The supplier shall assure that customer requirements have been met. This document applies to the specification, design and development, and assurance of any product. This document does not specify the method to be included in the program. Rather, the content of each program must be tailored to satisfy customer requirements using the most appropriate means.
G-41 Reliability
Research on Temperature Measurement Requirements for Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage Water Pits2026-99-17055/22/2026
Solar seasonal thermal energy storage technology is an important means to solve the problem of seasonal uneven distribution of solar resources, and as the core component, the thermal storage capacity of the water pit directly affects the performance of the whole system. Accurately mastering the water pit temperature is essential for scientifically evaluating its thermal storage capacity. Based on the thermal storage water pit simulation software developed in the laboratory, this study focuses on determining the optimal number of temperature measurement points required for seasonal thermal energy storage water pits under an accuracy requirement of ±0.1°C, and establishes the mathematical relationship between the number of measurement points and the height-diameter ratio (H/D) as well as the inlet position. The proposed method can cover the temperature measurement point design for cylindrical and frustum-shaped water pits, and can also be referenced for prism-shaped configurations
Niu, Pengbin, Ma, Jianfu, Wang, Fangxing, Qi, Shiyu
Simulation Study on the Impact of Porous Media Microstructure on Gasoline Particulate Filter Performance2026-99-17405/22/2026
Stricter environmental legislation is driving ever-more-demanding performance targets for gasoline particulate filters (GPFs). This study constructs a multi-scale filtration model based on fractal characteristics, taking into account particle size distribution and particle deposition, to investigate the influence of the microstructure of porous media on GPF performance and analyze the impact of structural parameters on capture efficiency and pressure drop. The results show that: (1) Increasing the wall thickness can improve the capture efficiency and pressure drop, and a thicker wall has a stronger inertial interception capacity for larger particles. (2) A reduction in porosity markedly alters both filtration efficacy and flow pressure drop. For particles in the intermediate size range (0.1-0.5 μm), the capture efficiency of a low-porosity structure is more sensitive to the diffusion deposition of small particles, while the inertial collision efficiency of large particles is higher. (3
Xiong, Xianyang, Qing, Ze, Zhang, Jian, Li, Ting
Multi-Objective Reactive Power Optimization Method for the Distribution Grid with Distributed Generator2026-99-17025/22/2026
To enhance the economic efficiency and operational security of distribution grids, this paper develops a reactive power optimization model that incorporates distributed power sources. The model aims to minimize the costs of reactive-load compensation equipment, reduce voltage deviations, and lower network losses while satisfying operational constraints. To overcome the common drawbacks of the standard genetic algorithm—such as limited optimization precision and a tendency to converge to local optima—four improvement strategies are introduced. These include an enhanced encoding scheme, an initial population generated via opposition-based learning, an elite retention strategy, and the adaptive adjustment of crossover and mutation rates. Together, these modifications strengthen the algorithm’s global search capability. The proposed approach is validated using the IEEE30 node system. Compared with both the conventional genetic algorithm (GA) and an adaptive genetic algorithm, the improved
Wang, Maoze, Xiao, Wenyu, Liu, Yujia, Xu, Zhengwei, Xia, Yinyong
Multi-criteria Evaluation of Green Power Supply Paths for Pinglu Canal Project During Construction2026-99-17105/22/2026
In the context of the global active response to climate change and the strong advocacy of green development, China’s energy industry is demonstrating a steadfast commitment to low-carbon transformation. In this process, green power trading has gained significant development by virtue of its unique advantages and potential. In this process, green power trading has gained significant development by virtue of its unique advantages and potential. The core objective of the Pinglu Canal Project, a pivotal initiative promoting green and low-carbon development in the region, is to establish a “net-zero carbon” initiative by facilitating the supply of green energy throughout its entire life cycle. This initiative is designed to promote a green and low-carbon transition. This paper conducts an in-depth study on the green power supply path during the construction period of the Pinglu Canal project, and proposes four practicable options. In order to scientifically and objectively determine the
Huang, Zeyi, Wei, Yuchen, Li, Xiayang, Wang, Cuixian
The Impact of Zero-Carbon Fuels on CO 2 Emissions Reduction from the Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Truck Fleet in Mainland China13-07-01-00035/22/2026
The decarbonization of heavy-duty trucks (HDTs) is a crucial path for China to achieve its “dual-carbon” goals and transition to decarbonized freight transport. Zero-carbon fuels are key alternatives to fossil fuels for these high-emission vehicles. This study develops an integrated scenario analysis framework to quantify the theoretical CO₂e emission trajectories of China’s long-haul HDT fleet from 2020 to 2060. Functioning as a macro-level stress test, the model derives theoretical equivalent stock from anticipated logistics turnover demand, integrating them with well-to-wheel (WTW) emission factors under six distinct policy stringencies (Projects 1 through 6), representing varying paces of fossil fuel vehicle phase-out. The results demonstrate that policy stringency primarily governs the timing and depth of emission reductions, while fuel technology defines the minimum achievable emission level. Three-dimensional visualization analysis reveals a nonlinear “emission cliff” under
Wu, Yunmei, Huang, Hua, Li, Rui, He, Guijia, Liu, Bo, Liu, Ruowei, Xie, Yongliang
Design And Analysis of Low-Temperature Liquid Nitrogen Tank Car2026-99-17125/22/2026
The design and analysis of the wave plate of the tank body of the low-temperature liquid nitrogen tank car are carried out. According to the design method of the empirical formula, the 0.43 MPa low-temperature mobile liquid nitrogen tank body wave plate with the working temperature of -196°C to -178°C is optimized. According to the analysis and design standards, the stress distribution law of the mobile liquid nitrogen tank body under the forward impact condition is analyzed by the method of numerical analysis. The results show that the stress value will gradually increase near the junction of the tank body and the support, and the parts such as the head, the pad, the angle steel ring, and the Z3848 glass steel pipe meet the requirements of the analysis and design standards. At the same time, the first six orders of the natural mode vibration frequency of the tank body are analyzed, which provides a reliable and effective data analysis for the optimization design of the low-temperature
Ding, Xuqiang, Ni, Yiwei, Gu, Chen, Yan, Dongdong, Xu, Zhiquan, Wang, Qi
Limit Stability Control for Corner Module Vehicles Based on Hierarchical Hybrid Game10-10-04-00325/18/2026
Corner module vehicles (CMVs) achieve the decoupling of driving, braking, steering, and suspension, significantly enhancing vehicle handling potential, but under extreme operating conditions, the interactions between actuators severely constrain the improvement of vehicle handling performance. In order to mitigate conflicts between subsystems and enhance vehicle handling stability, a hierarchical hybrid game–based limit stability control method for CMVs is proposed in this article. Taking into account the handling potential of subsystems under limit conditions, a Stackelberg leader–follower game is designed by first designating Direct Yaw moment Control (DYC) as the leader and Active Rear Steering (ARS) as the follower. Subsequently, the DYC–ARS and Active Suspension System (ASS) were constructed into a non-cooperative game system, and the Nash equilibrium solution was solved through iteration. The lower-level controllers, respectively, established a tire force distribution model that
Peng, Jinxin, Xiao, Feng, Ke, Yuan, Jin, Liqiang
Optimal Power Sharing and Voltage Restoration in DC Microgrids Based on Adaptive Droop Control2026-99-07075/15/2026
The stable operation of islanded DC microgrids is conditioned by two essential objectives. One is to maintain the bus voltage at its nominal value, and this can ensure system stability. The other is to achieve cost-effective power allocation among distributed generation units, which guarantees economic efficiency. These two objectives are often conflicting. Adding droop control to the voltage and current dual closed-loop control can achieve primary current sharing. However, it inevitably introduces steady-state voltage deviations on the DC bus and results in inflexible or not optimal power sharing. To resolve these inherent limitations, this paper proposes a innovative distributed secondary control strategy. The method is designed to meet both requirements within a unified framework. In the primary control layer, it uses adaptive droop gains to optimize power distribution in real time based on changing load requirements which enables distributed generation units to achieve cost
Sun, Wei, She, Dunjun, Yu, Jinzhu, Yuan, Weibo, Peng, Bo, Zheng, Yingchun
Diffusion Framework with Cross-Modality Fusion Perception for Autonomous Driving in Urban Traffic2026-99-07495/15/2026
End-to-end autonomous driving in urban environments faces three core challenges. First, camera and LiDAR sensor heterogeneity causes cross-modal perception inconsistencies and sensor fusion instability. Second, diffusion models suffer from training instability due to scale variance and distribution changes, which limits generalization. Third, traditional trajectory decoders lack structured interaction with semantic elements, thereby undermining planning rationality. To address these issues, CMFPNet introduces an integrated framework with three key modules. The HGCF-Backbone integrates LiDAR and camera features using channel focus, deformable cross-focus, and state space modeling to enhance semantic alignment. The NST module maps physical trajectories to normalized space, employing truncated diffusion sampling for stable generation in just 2–4 steps. The NDA models trajectory generation as a semantic narrative, utilizing a six-stage semantic attention flow incorporating BEV context
Qu, Yanwei, Mo, Hangjie
Synthetic Rubber Hot Oil Resistant, High Swell 45 - 55AMS3222J (Current)4/28/2026
This specification covers a synthetic rubber in the form of sheet, strip, tubing, extrusions, and molded shapes. This specification should not be used for molded rings, compression seals, O-ring cords, and molded in place gaskets for aeronautical and aerospace applications without complete consideration of the end use prior to the selection this material.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Real Turbulent Flow in Vehicle Aerodynamics: Overview of On-Road Measurements and Turbulence Generation in Wind Tunnels2026-01-50294/22/2026
Flow conditions on the road are quite different from the conditions used to develop vehicle aerodynamics. However, a significant amount of statistical data now exists that describes realistic road conditions. Some of these on-road flow characteristics can be replicated in wind tunnels. This paper reviews technical facilities designed to simulate on-road flow characteristics, such as turbulence intensity, turbulent length scales, and flow angle distribution. Reconstruction of a flow field that matches real road conditions is made possible by using active or passive turbulence generators within the wind tunnel. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these facilities, offering readers key insights into the challenges involved in replicating real-world flow conditions in wind tunnels.
Vondruš, Jan, Vančura, Jan
Role of Advanced Polishing Techniques in Enhancing Al-Cu Diffusion Bonding for EV Application2026-01-02354/7/2026
The demand for lightweight, high-efficiency components in electric vehicles (EVs) highlights the critical need for reliable Al-Cu joints with superior electrical and thermal conductivity. While diffusion bonding has emerged as a promising approach, interfacial impurities and voids often degrade joint quality and conductivity. Conventional manual polishing was initially employed to prepare Cu and Al surfaces; however, this method proved insufficient in consistently removing oxides and contaminants, leading to non-uniform bonding. In addition, the larger surface area of the samples made traditional polishing impractical, further motivating the use of electropolishing. To overcome these limitations, we introduce electropolishing pretreatment to achieve cleaner, void-free interfaces. Electropolishing effectively dissolves surface asperities and contaminants, enabling intimate atomic contact during bonding and minimizing the formation of brittle intermetallic phases. A systematic
Abbasi, Hossein, Liu, Yi, xiao, Yaohong, Wang, Andy, Su, Jinrong, Wang, Qigui, Chen, Lei
A Large Language Model-Based Database for Analyzing the Battery Critical Minerals Supply Chain2026-01-04714/7/2026
Global geopolitical volatility is recognized as a critical threat to the resilience of the electric vehicle battery supply chain. Static, manually updated databases are inadequate for capturing the sector’s rapid dynamics, resulting in significant information gaps for strategic planning. To address this, an Artificial Intelligence-driven methodology is proposed for constructing a comprehensive and dynamic database. An automated pipeline was implemented. First, real-time textual data are collected from curated news and industry sources using specialized web crawlers. Then, the unstructured data obtained undergo preprocessing, including deduplication and cleansing, to ensure quality. A core innovation involves the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) for deep semantic parsing and extraction of structured information. These models are utilized to accurately identify key entities—such as corporations, facilities, and production capacities—and to delineate complex multi-tier
Zhu, Juntong, Luo, Wei, Zhang, Xiang, Yang, Zhifeng, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn), He, Xin
A Novel Spot Joint Finite Element for Rapid Stress Analysis of Fasteners in Automotive Structures2026-01-01824/7/2026
Due to the spot weld and mechanical fastener share the similar characteristics to join sheets together with differences in deformation behavior around joint region, a novel spot joint element (user-defined element) consists of regular Mindlin shell elements and equations for different kinematic constraints is proposed to simplify the spot joint representation in lightweight automotive structures. The novel spot joint element can not only provide accurate deformation behavior around joint region but also output mesh-insensitive structural stresses at virtual nodes with the use of traction-based structural stress method for fatigue failure analysis. In this investigation, the structural stress distributions around joint circumference in the lap-shear specimens with spot weld or fastener are first calculated to validate the accuracy of the novel spot joint element. Then, the structural stresses along different cross-sections emanating from joint are also calculated for the specimens with
Wu, Shengjia, Zhang, Lunyu, Dong, Pingsha
Temporal Knowledge Distillation for Sparse Stream DETR 3D Object Detection2026-01-00234/7/2026
Sparse Stream DETR 3D object detection has become pivotal in autonomous driving, and previous methods achieve remarkable performance by aggregating temporal information, which also face a balance problem of precision and efficiency. Knowledge distillation offers a promising solution to enhance the efficiency of a small model without incurring computational overhead; however, previous methods lack the exploration of the Temporal Distillation knowledge for the DETR detector. This paper designs a novel Temporal DETR Query Guidance paradigm to impart temporal relation knowledge from a powerful teacher model to enable the student to associate object states across time, leverage historical context. The teacher’s queries grasp the temporal knowledge through self-attention, and the backbone uses the EVA-02 large-scale image model. The student utilizes the teacher's self-attention layer and its own learnable queries to compute the attention as its guidance and mimics the feature interaction
Yan, Yixiong
A Decision-Making Framework for Field Manufacturability of Vehicle Parts in Expeditionary Environments2026-01-01434/7/2026
Expeditionary environments (such as remote exploration missions, forward military operations, and disaster response zones) demand adaptive manufacturing solutions to support vehicle sustainment in the absence of traditional supply chains. This work introduces a conceptual mathematical framework for modeling the constraints and tradeoffs inherent to expeditionary manufacturing, with a focus on vehicle repair and spare parts fabrication using low-energy and simple automated systems including desktop-scale 3D printers and CNC machines. The model integrates key variables such as energy availability, material transport cost, fabrication time, and environmental limitations to support rapid decision-making on part manufacturability and in-field feasibility. A case study involving the on-demand production of some common wear and failure parts on a vehicle, including suspension components and the water pump, is used to demonstrate how this framework can guide the selection of suitable
Mollan, Calahan, Pandey, Vijitashwa, Patterson, Albert E.
Evolutionary Paths Toward Vehicle Zonal E/E Architecture: A Unified Architectural Framework2026-01-00714/7/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a fundamental transformation in Electrical/Electronic (E/E) architecture, evolving from traditional distributed and domain-based designs toward zonal configurations. The rapid growth of software-defined functionality, cross-domain integration, and centralized computing has exposed inherent limitations of legacy architectures in scalability, wiring complexity, and system integration. Zonal E/E architecture addresses these challenges by consolidating computing and Input/Output (I/O) resources into high-performance controllers distributed across physical zones of a vehicle. This transformation, however, cannot occur instantaneously, as contemporary vehicle designs and E/E system solutions are the result of decades of incremental development based on distributed and domain-based paradigms. Moreover, key enabling technologies for zonal E/E architecture—such as high-performance Central Compute Platform (CCP) and zonal controllers, high-speed automotive
Jiang, Shugang
Digital Twin Aerodynamics Model Validation for HALO Wind Tunnel2026-01-06104/7/2026
A simulation-based aerodynamics model of the Honda Automotive Laboratories of Ohio (HALO) Wind Tunnel, a three-quarter open-jet (ground plane) configuration opened in 2022 for full-scale automotive testing, was initiated to support data fusion for more accurate surrogate models in vehicle engineering programs. The objective was to demonstrate that a matched set of boundary values between the physical wind tunnel and the three-dimensional numerical model yield correct responses for several key flow field quantities, starting with the baseline empty tunnel case: (1) streamwise static pressure distribution, (2) evolution of the free shear layers downstream of the nozzle exit plane, and (3) ground-plane boundary layer development. Pressure-based measurement probes were deployed in these regions using a four-axis overhead traverse to acquire validation data in the large facility, including instrument verification between a 14-hole probe and Pitot-static rake. Detached eddy simulation (DES
Patel, Sajan, Disotell, Kevin, Eagles, Naethan
A Pathway to Exceed 50% Indicated Thermal Efficiency for Gasoline Engines with Active Pre-Chamber2026-01-03004/7/2026
Research on high efficiency and low emission control strategies are crucial for addressing energy security and pollution challenges for combustion engines of vehicles. This paper investigates the effects of increasing the compression ratio and excess air coefficient (λ) in naturally aspirated engines via active pre-chamber technology, and further enhancing λ through the synergy of active pre-chamber with intake boosting and Miller cycle technology, on combustion efficiency and pollutant emissions. Experiments were conducted on a high-compression-ratio (up to 16.6) single-cylinder gasoline engine. Under natural aspiration, the effective compression ratio was raised via valve timing, while λ was increased using integrated passive and active pre-chamber systems. Under boosted conditions, intake flow was controlled via a flow meter, and λ was controlled via an active pre-chamber to analyze the λ distribution and thermal efficiency at high-efficiency operating points. Results indicate that
Deng, Jun, Li, Xiaoliang, Miao, Xinke, Xu, Bingxin, Zhang, JianQi, Li, Liguang
High-Speed Flashing in the Age of the Software-Defined Vehicle2026-01-01124/7/2026
In recent years, the use of software-defined platforms has become increasingly prevalent. As a result, flashing ECUs has become an important factor in ensuring efficiency, quality, and compliance in vehicle production. Conventional approaches, such as final end-of-line flashing, are increasingly unsuitable for the growing amounts of data, complex dependencies, mixed physics and protocols, and traceability requirements. This SAE paper presents the current trends and challenges in ECU flashing. It highlights the impact of the exponential growth in software payloads and the necessary migration to offline and parallel workflows. This can only be achieved through closer integration with automated and robot-assisted production, considering the requirements of cybersecurity and verifiability. It also addresses the shift toward end-to-end flashing ecosystems, where updates are performed consistently from a single source covering the assembly line, warehouses, yards, workshops, and over-the-air
Böhlen, Boris, Budak, Oguz, Wells, Michael
Advancing Electric Drive Unit Design with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics2026-01-04134/7/2026
Thermal and lubrication management is critical for the performance characteristics of Electric Drive Units (EDUs) in electrified powertrains. Accurate assessment of lubrication flow, particularly in terms of wetting behavior and churning losses, is essential for optimizing EDU performance across various driving conditions. This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of lubrication flow behavior within an EDU using an advanced Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The mesh-free SPH approach provides significant advantages in modeling intricate oil dynamics, such as oil splashing, and the behavior of oil in contact with rotating components. The primary focus of this study is to investigate the phenomena of oil splashing, wetting behavior characterized by the Wetting Fraction(WF), and churning losses within the gearbox environment. Key flow characteristics such as oil distribution, particle trajectories, torque resistance due to fluid drag, and oil volume fraction
Chintala, Paramesh, Inada, Jorge, Flores Solano, Cesar Alfonso, Gingade, Suresh
Aerodynamic Proximity Effects between the DrivAer and AeroSUV Standard Models, Part 1 – Same-Lane Interactions2026-01-06054/7/2026
In this paper, the effects of aerodynamic interactions on the drag of a longitudinally-arranged two-vehicle system are examined by considering the influence of separation distance, cross winds, vehicle size and shape. Testing was undertaken at 30% scale in a large wind tunnel with road-representative freestream turbulence. Separation distances of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 vehicle lengths (L) were examined over a range of yaw angles between ±15°. A highlight of the current study is the characterization of platoon drag-reduction benefits for different sizes and shapes of the lead and follower models, by using a DrivAer model and an Aero-SUV model, each with slant-back (Notchback or Fastback) and square-back (Estateback) variants, providing four distinct model pairings. Drag reduction for the lead model appears to be affected mainly by the size of the follower model, while the follower model shows a much greater sensitivity to shape of the lead model. Larger drag reductions were observed at most
McAuliffe, Brian, Ghorbanishohrat, Faegheh
Planning Public Charging Infrastructure Locations for Electric Freight Highway Corridors2026-01-04694/7/2026
Developing efficient fast-charging infrastructure along highway corridors is critical for reducing range anxiety and promoting long-distance electric travel. However, traditional static location approaches often fail to account for the stochastic interactions between continuous traffic flows and the stochastic variability of remaining driving ranges. To address these methodological gaps, this study develops a demand-driven optimization framework that integrates an improved Genetic Algorithm with the flow-capturing location-allocation model (GA-FCLM). Unlike static facility location approaches, the flow-capturing location-allocation component is specifically selected to maximize the interception of continuous traffic flows under strict range constraints, while the genetic algorithm efficiently navigates the high-dimensional discrete search space of simultaneous siting and sizing decisions. By synthesizing segment-level traffic flows with Monte Carlo simulations of state of charge (SOC
Guo, Haifeng, Zhang, Jingzhong, Lian, Jintao
Analyzing Fastened Joints in Hydraulic Dampers Using Simulation and Experimental Methods2026-01-05854/7/2026
The main purpose of this study is to develop and validate an accurate calculation model for a hydraulic damper piston valve joint, enabling reliable torque specification and clamp behavior without full prototype iteration. Joint stiffness is a primary interest point. The joint features a bolted interface with a laminated shim stack of many thin disks with varying outer diameters. Analysis of such joints are uncommon in literature, making it challenging to quantify the effects of load distribution, truncation, and surface contact effects between members. The proposed models discussed in this paper are based on frustum load distribution combined with annular-plate bending and elastic-foundation effects to capture the effects of washer cupping. Concrete outputs of the calculator include member load distribution, bolt and member stiffnesses, torque-to-preload relationships, and an external-load simulation that predicts when individual members lose clamp load. Detailed internal hydraulic
Dresen, Gabriel, Vollmar, Race, Roy Chowdhury, Sourav
Development of an Advanced Tensile Testing Method for HDPE Composites in High Draw Molded Hollow Circular Regions: Effect of Sample Preparation, Asymmetry, Thermal Conditions, Pull Speeds and Fixture Parameters2026-01-02044/7/2026
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol (EVOH) composite, particularly in high draw molded hollow circular configuration, present unique challenges in evaluating mechanical performance under tensile stress due to anisotropic deformation, geometric asymmetry, and localize thermal gradient. This study introduces an advanced tensile testing methodology designed specifically to assess such regions with greater precision and reproducibility. The method incorporates refines sample preparation protocols, tailored fixture geometry, and adjustable pull speed to accommodate varying thermal histories and draw ratios inherent to molded sections. Systematic variation of asymmetrical, temperature conditions, and clamping techniques revealed significant impact on tensile strength, elongation at break, and strain distribution. Findings emphasize the necessity of customized testing frameworks for molded composites geometries and demonstrate that
Bhalerao, Saurabh Shankar
A Shared Autonomy Architecture: Utilizing an Advanced Personalized Control System (APeCS) and Shared Autonomy Arbiter (SAB)2026-01-01474/7/2026
The shared autonomy framework has become an option with great potential in the field of autonomous vehicles. Human and machine control decisions typically demonstrate strengths in different scenarios. As a result, the robustness of systems can be enhanced by the collaboration between humans and autonomy. A shared autonomy architecture that takes into account both human and environmental factors was proposed in this work. The authority distribution between the human operator and the autonomy algorithm was determined by the Shared Autonomy Arbiter (SAB). Designed with a two-tier structure, the SAB incorporated a policy-level decision module, as well as a numerical-level arbitration tuning module. A fuzzy inference system (FIS) was incorporated to enhance the noise tolerance of the policy selection module. Furthermore, the human factor was taken into account by applying a projection to the users’ control input. The human operator’s control decision was projected by the Adaptive
Sang, I-Chen, Norris, William, Patterson, Albert, Sreenivas, Ramavarapu S., Soylemezoglu PhD, Ahmet, Nottage, Dustin S.
A Cooperative AFS/DYC Lateral Stability Control for FWDIEV Based on Dissipative Energy Method2026-01-06194/7/2026
To enhance the lateral stability of four-wheel-drive intelligent electric vehicles (FWDIEV) under extreme operating conditions, this paper proposes a cooperative control strategy integrating active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) based on dissipative energy method. A nonlinear three-degree-of-freedom vehicle model is established to analyze the evolution of the vehicle state phase trajectory. A quantitative lateral stability index is constructed using dissipative energy to accurately evaluate the vehicle’s lateral dynamics. Utilizing dissipative energy and its gradient information, a time-varying stability boundary is defined under dynamic constraints, and adaptive weighting coordination between the AFS and DYC systems is designed to achieve coordinated control of front steering angle and additional yaw moment. A feedforward–model predictive control (FF-MPC) framework is developed, in which a feedforward module generates compensation based on driver intent to
Zhao, Kun, Zhao, Zhiguo, Wang, Yutao, Xia, Xue, Chen, Xi, Hu, Yingjia
Backlash Evasion Strategy for Enhancing Vehicle Cornering Performance2026-01-06404/7/2026
This study presents a torque distribution control strategy for EVs with e4WD powertrain to overcome the trade-off between ensuring vehicle acceleration and deceleration responsiveness and mitigating backlash shock in the driving system. The deterioration of the drivability which occurs from the intrinsic hardware characteristics of the drivetrain is prevented by designing a response-priority drive mode in which neither front or rear motor torque is allowed to change its sign. Instead, in such drive mode, the front motor torque is only allowed to perform regenerative braking while the rear motor torque is only allowed to produce positive acceleration torque. In order to avoid sacrificing the maximum acceleration by applying such strategy, the mode transition function is implemented as well. In addition, in order to prevent backlash impact due to drivetrain compliance, variable offset torque based on drivetrain compliance model is evaluated in real time and applied to each motor command
Oh, JIWON, Lee, Ho Wook
An Adaptive Brake Force Allocation Strategy for Rear-Wheel Driven EVs2026-01-06364/7/2026
Due to changed requirements compared to conventional propulsion concepts, electromobility demands new and innovative strategies for energy-efficient vehicle motion control. For example, the challenge in purely rear-wheel drive (RWD) electric vehicles (EVs) is to achieve a maximum of regenerative braking power in order to increase energy recovery and to ensure, that this does not impair the braking stability. Within this conflict between energy efficiency and braking dynamics, it is necessary to design an intelligent strategy to optimise recuperation. This paper presents such a strategy, which improves an existing approach formerly presented by the authors, but specifically optimised to overcome weaknesses. The previous approach had two major limitations: First, the efficiency map of the in-wheel machines (IWMs) was not considered. Second, there was no possibility of switching flexibly between different brake force distributions to guarantee both, maximized recovery potential and high
Mitsching, Thomas, Heydrich, Marius, Ivanov, Valentin
Design and Performance Evaluation of a Dust Contamination Simulation Test Apparatus for Automotive Cameras2026-01-00594/7/2026
This study presents the development and validation of a muddy water spray apparatus designed to simulate dust contamination on vehicle sensors for sensor cleaning system testing. It is important to have a constant and quantifiable test environment for the vehicle development process. For verifying the apparatus, muddy water, prepared by mixing standardized dust powder, salt, and water to maintain constant contamination test conditions, was sprayed onto glass specimens to evaluate equipment consistency. Deposited dust weight and thickness were measured across multiple spray cycles, with statistical analyses confirming consistent and reliable deposition. Paired t-tests indicated no significant difference between sample positions, demonstrating uniform spray distribution. The apparatus was further applied to individual infrared (IR) cameras to observe performance degradation under dry and wet contamination conditions showing statistically consistent increases in contamination levels
Jinhyeok, Gong
Impact of Instantaneous Center of Rotation Variability on Path Planning and Performance of Park Assist Systems2026-01-00534/7/2026
Parking assist systems are among the most widely adopted driver-assistance features in modern vehicles. A key component of these systems is the path planning module, which ensures accurate vehicle alignment within a parking slot while satisfying various constraints such as maintaining slot centering, avoiding collisions in confined spaces, minimizing maneuver count, and achieving the shortest feasible path. Multiple path generation techniques—such as geometric, polynomial-based, and search-based methods—have been developed to enable safe and efficient parking maneuvers. However, most of these approaches rely on the simplifying assumption that the vehicle’s instantaneous center of rotation (ICR) is fixed, typically located on the non-steering axle. In practice, the ICR is not constant and can vary significantly across vehicles due to several physical and kinematic factors, including steering geometry, tire slip characteristics, suspension configuration, and weight distribution
Awathe, Arpit, Patanwala, Abizer, Jain, Arihant, Varunjikar, Tejas
Pre-Crash Scenario Analysis and Generation for Integrated Safety System Virtual Testing with Real Accident Data2026-01-00624/7/2026
Integrated active and passive safety protection systems have made substantial contributions to reducing traffic accidents and mitigating human injuries. However, assessing such systems through vehicle collision tests is limited, as this approach cannot cover the wide range of accident scenarios. To address this gap, identifying and generating representative pre-crash scenarios from real-world accidents provides key boundary conditions for the setup of virtual test scenarios. In this study, we used the Future Mobile Traffic Accident Scenario Study (FASS) dataset to reconstruct 112 two-wheeler accidents. For each case, we extracted pre-crash dynamic information, static attributes, and environmental context. An autoencoder was employed to encode high-dimensional features of scenarios, and K-means clustering was applied to categorize the accidents into eight representative pre-crash scenarios. For each scenario, we examined the motion states of participants and further compared the
Wang, Guojie, Gao, Xin, Liu, Siyuan, Liu, Jiaxin, Li, Quan, Shi, Liangliang, Nie, Bingbing
Investigation of the Blockage Phenomenon in Closed Wall Wind Tunnels during the Testing of Bluff Automotive Bodies with Small Wakes in Yawed Configurations2026-01-06074/7/2026
The difficulties of testing a bluff automotive body of sufficient scale to match the on-road vehicle Reynolds number in a closed wall wind tunnel has led to many approaches being taken to adjust the resulting data for the inherent interference effects. But it has been difficult to experimentally analyze the effects that are occurring on and around the vehicle when these blockage interferences are taking place. The present study is an extension of earlier works by the authors and similarly to those studies uses the computational fluid dynamics analysis of five bodies that generate small wakes to examine the interference phenomena in solid wall wind tunnels. This focuses on the effects on the pressures, and forces experienced by the vehicle model when it is in yawed conditions up to 20 degrees. This is accomplished by executing a series of CFD configurations with varying sized cross sections from approximately 0.4% to 14% blockage enabling an approximation of free air conditions as
Gleason, Mark, Riegel, Eugen
Conjugate Heat Transfer Modeling for Predicting Thermal Behavior of X76 Emotor Windings2026-01-01184/7/2026
A computational study based on a conjugate heat transfer (CHT) method in SimericsMP+ was performed to predict the winding temperatures in an X76 emotor. In this study, the thermal load was represented in the simulation through the solution of electromagnetic equations in SimericsMP+, where heat generation was driven by root-mean-square (RMS) current, while liquid cooling was applied at flow rates ranging from 1 LPM to 6 LPM. Simulations were conducted to measure the temperature on three thermocouple locations on each side of the winding crown and weld regions under steady operation. The computational strategy employed a loosely coupled approach. A fluid-only simulation was first carried out to establish stable flow conditions, followed by coupling with solid conduction where the winding acted as the heat source. The predicted temperature distributions were then compared with test data. Results obtained show good agreement, with differences remaining within an acceptable range, thereby
Jia, Kun, Schlautman, Jeff, Srinivasan, Chiranth
Evaluating the Impact of Drag Coefficient Changes on Driving Energy Using a Probability Distribution Model of Yaw Angle Based on Empirical Data from North American Highway2026-01-06154/7/2026
This study estimates the impact on driving energy of differences in aerodynamic characteristics for yaw angle from natural wind during North American Highway mode driving. A previous study [1] clarified the potential to estimate the fuel consumption impact of natural wind by integrating the drag coefficient yaw characteristics and yaw angle occurrence probability. The natural wind was measured on a vehicle while driving a representative North American Highway test course [2]. Driving energy is predicted from the obtained yaw probability and the drag coefficient yaw sweep data in a wind tunnel. Measurements were conducted every weekday for 8 hours in 2023, covering 70% of the traffic volume. The validity of the measurement period was evaluated by the deviation from the annual average of wind direction and speed. Since yaw probability varies depending on the road environment, it is necessary to weigh the road environment type probability when calculating the driving energy. The
Onishi, Yasuyuki, Nucera, Fortunato, Nichols, Larry, Metka, Matt
Topology Optimization of Multibody Structures Considering Inertial Loads Using an Equivalent Static Displacement Framework2026-01-05014/7/2026
Topology optimization (TO) of dynamic structures has traditionally been constrained to single-body components and simplified harmonic load assumptions. Extending TO to multibody dynamic systems (MBS) remains challenging due to complex coupling between inertia, mass distribution, and joint constraints. This paper presents an inertia-aware topology optimization framework that integrates mass moment of inertia (MMI) constraints within an enhanced Equivalent Static Displacement (ESD) methodology. Building upon the authors’ previously developed ESD framework, the proposed approach — termed Inertia-Augmented Equivalent Static Displacement (IA-ESD) — explicitly incorporates inertial effects arising from accelerations and joint interactions. The approach enables dynamically consistent optimization by coupling design-dependent inertia tensors with equivalent static displacements derived from nonlinear multibody dynamics. Case studies involving an MBB beam and a piston–connecting rod assembly
Gupta, Aakash, Tovar, Andres
An Efficient Approach to Key Negotiation in an Automotive Environment2026-01-00874/7/2026
Negotiating Keys for applications such as message authentication within a vehicle presents many problems as, in designing the algorithm; the algorithm must be able to be utilized by small, fixed-point processors. In addition, if there is a desire to do this algorithm in the manufacturing environment, there are severe time constraints placed on how long this algorithm can take, as there are strict station time requirements, which are expensive to change, and any time utilized in the plant can negatively affect vehicle throughput. Additionally, negotiating these keys between many ECUs can greatly increase the time required to negotiate a common key using standard multi-party Diffie-Hellman. Timing would also be an issue in the case of using pair-wise Diffie-Hellman for encryption and distribution of keys utilizing a key master. To solve these problems in multi-party key negotiation, we have utilized the Elliptic Curve variation of the Burmester-Desmedt (ECBD) algorithm. ECBD is
Van Dam, Theo, Mazzara, Bill
Optimal Placement and Sizing of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Renewable Distributed Generation on Radial Distribution Network in India Using DIgSILENT Power Factory Software14-15-01-00063/6/2026
The integration of electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) and renewable distribution generation (RDG) in the grid affects the grid voltage, power losses, and system instability in the distribution system, therefore the article presents an approach for optimal placement and sizing of EVCS and RDG using an optimization approach named as modified particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) in radial distribution network (RDN). The efficacy of the optimization approach is demonstrated under both balanced and unbalanced dynamic load conditions in the IEEE 33-bus system. The influence of EVs and RDG on the RDN is analyzed by considering the maximum possible cases, e.g., 13 different scenarios, which replicate real-world scenarios. These results are validated using DIgSILENT Power Factory Software. The proposed research also covers Techno-Economic Assessment using HOMER software, which may enhance visibility of the renewable distribution generation importance in the current scenario.
Kumar, Sonu, Agarwal, Ruchi
Effect of Sebastiana Rostrata Fiber Loading on the Tribological Behaviour of Polycaprolactone Biocomposite2026-28-00212/12/2026
This study investigates the tribological behaviour of Sesbania rostrata fiber (SRF) reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) biocomposites using a pin-on-disc wear couple. The stationary SRF/PCL composite specimen interacted with a rotating EN31 steel disc (64 HRC), establishing the sliding wear interface in accordance with ASTM G99 standards. Composite laminates containing 10, 20, and 30 wt% SRF were evaluated at a sliding velocity of 1 m/s over a fixed distance of 1000 m under varying normal loads. The incorporation of SRF significantly enhanced the wear performance relative to neat PCL, with 20 wt% fiber loading achieving the lowest coefficient of friction and specific wear rate due to improved load transfer, stronger interfacial adhesion, and a more uniform laminate structure. In contrast, the 30 wt% composite exhibited fiber agglomeration, reduced homogeneity, and weakened fiber–matrix interactions, resulting in increased wear. SEM microstructural analysis confirmed the formation of a
Raja, K., Senthil Kumar, M.S.
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