Browse Topic: Distributors

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SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Setting the Standard in Autonomous Middle Mile Delivery134555/21/2024
Autonomous box trucks that can move goods on short-haul B2B routes? It's possible -- and North America's largest grocers, retailers, distributors, and e-commerce platforms are unlocking the benefits. As the leader in autonomous middle mile delivery, Gatik is improving supply chain efficiency with their fleet of medium duty, class 3-7 autonomous box trucks. By moving goods safely and efficiently between distribution centers, fulfillment centers, stores and warehouses, Gatik is optimizing regional distribution networks for major customers like Walmart, Kroger, Loblaw, Tyson Foods, and Pitney Bowes. With operations across multiple markets including Texas, Arkansas and Ontario, Gatik has more than 60 trucks on the road today and operates the largest revenue-generating commercial fleet of autonomous trucks on the continent. To learn more, we sat down with Dr. Adam Campbell, Senior Manager, Safety Innovation and Impact, to discuss the company's safety-first approach to the development and commercialization of autonomous middle-mile delivery and how Gatik will evolve over the next decade.
Hineman, Marcie
History and Future of VTOL Air FreightF-0080-2024-13775/7/2024
Transporting cargo has been a goal of helicopter operations since the earliest days of development. The concept of carrying passengers and cargo from and to remote locations without a runway was originally exploited by the US military in times of peace and war. Early helicopter designs were limited in fixed useful load after onboarding crew and fuel. The 1940's saw helicopters transporting small, lightweight packages on an as-needed basis. The decade of the 1960's started seeing heavy lift helicopters transporting specialty loads in construction and logistics supply, again on an as-needed basis. Today, several Part 135 helicopter operators offer as needed VTOL cargo services. Blade Air Mobility has developed a successful public company business model in Part 135 passenger transport and is also expanding in carrying parcels. With the advent of transformative VTOL air vehicle designs, there has been increasing emphasis on examining parcel delivery on a regular basis. As omni-channel ecommerce drives the ever-increasing need for same day delivery post order. Retails and distributors need to compete with big box retailers and warehouse companies such as Walmart and Amazon, respectively. This results in reducing or eliminating over-the-road transport delivery. The future of parcel and cargo distribution is proposed to be with VTOL air vehicles. To understand the future of such distribution, it is imperative to examine the development of helicopter size, performance, and operational uses.
Stanzione, Kaydon, Schrage, Daniel
Application of a CFD Methodology for the Design of PEM Fuel Cell at the Channel Scale2024-01-21864/9/2024
Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells will play a crucial role in the decarbonization of the transport sector, in particular for heavy duty applications. However, performance and durability of PEMFC stacks is still a concern especially when operated under high power density conditions, as required in order to improve the compactness and to reduce the cost of the system. In this context, the optimization of the geometry of hydrogen and air distributors represents a key factor to improve the distribution of the reactants on the active surface, in order to guarantee a proper water management and avoiding membrane dehydration. To this purpose, the adoption of CFD simulation tools can provide a useful insight into the physical phenomena which determine the efficient operation of the fuel cell (e.g. transport of mass, heat, species, electrons and ions, electrochemical reactions, water formation and removal), providing a valuable support for the design and the optimization of the device at the channel scale. In this work, an open-source simulation library, based on the OpenFOAM code, is applied to the detailed simulation of a basic module of a PEM fuel cell arranged with simple parallel channels. The simulation methodology is based on a multi-region and multi-physics approach, where the different components of the fuel cell (namely air and fuel channels, gas diffusion layers, catalyst layers, bipolar plates) are modeled resorting to different computational grids defining different local domains, on which the specific governing equations are solved. Transport phenomena in all of the local domains are coupled and solved simultaneously. The model is firstly validated resorting to experimental data acquired on a specific test bench installed at Politecnico di Milano. Then, a detailed analysis of the flow field is conducted in order to provide guidelines for the optimization of the distributor geometry. Finally, the influence of the channel design on the fuel cell performances is investigated, highlighting the influence of the rib-to-channel width geometrical parameter on the reactants diffusion and water removal.
Bulgarini, Margherita, Della Torre, Augusto, Montenegro, Gianluca, Baricci, Andrea, Grimaldi, Amedeo, Mereu, Riccardo, Marocco, Luca, Collaku, Aldo, Savoldi, Laura
Counterfeit Electrical, Electronic, and Electromechanical (EEE) Parts: Tools for Risk Assessment of Other than an Authorized Source (e.g., Independent Distributors)ARP6178A (Current)8/1/2023
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is a tool that organizations may use to evaluate a non-authorized supplier’s processes for the prevention, detection, containment, adjudication, and reporting of suspect counterfeit and counterfeit EEE parts. See 3.1.1 and 3.1.2, which reference the use of AS6081 when performing pre-visit self-assessment and on-site assessment of non-authorized suppliers. This ARP is applicable for all organizations that procure EEE parts from suppliers other than authorized sources (e.g., independent distributors).
G-19 Counterfeit Electronic Parts Committee
A Disciplined Approach to Data Quality Is Essential to Healthcare’s FutureTBMG-465618/1/2022
The healthcare supply chain has faced extraordinary challenges over the past few years, and a need for modernization has become apparent. Today, the supply chain is ready for a major upgrade that will drive operational improvements across the industry, while providing safer, better patient care. The manufacturers of medical devices and pharmaceutical products can lead the way by prioritizing adoption and implementation of data standards that enable industry stakeholders to share supply chain information in real time. When the standards are adopted by all healthcare trading partners, including wholesaler/distributors and healthcare providers, a dramatic, technology-enabled transformation will unfold.
Techniques for Suspect/Counterfeit EEE Parts Detection by Radiological Test MethodsAS6171/5 (Current)6/28/2022
The intent of this document is to define the methodology for suspect parts inspection using radiological inspection. The purpose of radiology for suspect counterfeit part inspection is to detect deliberate misrepresentation of a part, either at the part distributor or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) level. Radiological inspection can also potentially detect unintentional damage to the part resulting from improper removal of part from assemblies, which may include, but not limited to, prolonged elevated temperature exposure during desoldering operations or mechanical stresses during removal. Radiological inspection of electronics includes film radiography and filmless radiography such as digital radiography (DR), real time radiography (RTR), and computed tomography (CT). Radiology is an important tool used in part verification of microelectronic devices. Radiographic analysis is performed on parts to verify that the internal package or die construction is consistent with an exemplar. In case an exemplar is not available, comparisons should be made within a homogenous sample population using the technical data available for that item. If AS6171/5 is invoked in the contract, the base document, AS6171 General Requirements shall also apply.
G-19A Test Laboratory Standards Development Committee
Recommended Practice for Processing and Handling Wire and Cable with Silver Plated Conductors and ShieldsARP6400 (Current)6/7/2021
This ARP specifies the recommended methods of handling silver coated conductors and shield, by the conductor fabricator, wireinsulator, distributors, harness or assembly houses, and OEM’s. Red Plague mitigation depends upon each link in the chain of supply handling the wire and cable properly.
AE-8D Wire and Cable Committee
A Study on the Development of an Effective Framework for Implementation and Sustenance of an Obsolescence Material Management System in an Aerospace Supplier Manufacturing Industry Environment2019-28-014510/11/2019
Obsolescence Material management plays an important and vital role in today’s modern Aerospace manufacturing, Aerospace Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul industry as well as Aerospace Distributors. Aerospace vehicles have a considerable longer product life-cycle when compared to any other consumer goods like automobile and electronics industry. With the advent of new, disruptive technologies, many sources and supplies of materials including COTS and Standard catalogue parts, components and goods, which are widely used in an Aerospace manufacturing environment, are diminishing at a considerable rate and thus result in their obsolescence before the end disposal of the product life cycle. It is one of the leading causes to the sale of counterfeit and fraudulent parts and components, which can result in considerable deterioration of Quality and Cost to Customer. This technical paper emphasizes on the need for implementation of an effective Obsolescence management framework which an Aerospace company can follow through defining, deploying and sustaining Obsolescence Management through Policy, Procedures, Process and People methodology to be followed at manufacturing, maintenance and to identify proactively, notify and mitigate the risk of Obsolescence of Products on a periodic basis. This framework can be utilized in avoiding purchase, stock and re-sale of counterfeit and fraudulent parts and components.
Rajamani, Mani Rathinam, Punna, Eshwaraiah
Test Methods Standard; General Requirements, Suspect/Counterfeit, Electrical, Electronic, and Electromechanical PartsAS6171A (Current)4/18/2018
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) standardizes inspection and test procedures, workmanship criteria, and minimum training and certification requirements to detect Suspect/Counterfeit (SC) Electrical, Electronic, and Electromechanical (EEE) parts. The requirements of this document apply once a decision is made to use parts with unknown chain of custody that do not have pedigree back to the original component manufacturer or have been acquired from a broker or independent distributor, or when there are other known risk elements that result in the User/Requester to have concerns about potential SC EEE parts. The tests specified by this standard may also detect occurrences of malicious tampering, although the current version of this standard is not designed specifically for this purpose. This standard ensures consistency across the supply chain for test techniques and requirements based on assessed risk associated with the application, component, supplier, and other relevant risk factors. The requirements of this document supplement the requirements of a higher-level quality standard (e.g., AS9100, AS9003, AS9120, ISO 9001) and other quality management system documents. They are not intended to stand alone, supersede, or cancel requirements found in other quality management system documents, or requirements imposed by contracting authorities. This standard should be implemented when other risk mitigation methods for avoiding the use of SC EEE parts (e.g., acquiring all parts from Authorized Sources, redesigning the system, having obsolete parts emulated, etc.) are either unavailable or inadequate. This standard mitigates the technical risk of performing insufficient inspection and test to determine suspect counterfeit EEE parts. This standard is not intended to be used to assess quality or reliability issues that may arise because of component production issues or due to mishandling, improper storage, or other attributes specific to quality or reliability. The following terminology is used throughout this document and associated AS6171 Slash Sheets: a Shall = is mandatory; b Should = is recommended; and c Will = is planned (is considered to be part of a standard process). This standard should be utilized when parts are not available from sources with known traceability to the Original Component Manufacturer (OCM), Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) for electromechanical parts, or authorized manufacturer. The requirements of this document specify testing based on acceptable levels of risk for a program or customer, to identify anomalies or performance issues that may indicate suspect counterfeit and counterfeit activity. No amount of testing can confirm an item as authentic; this would require that there be a known, unbroken chain of custody to the OCM/OEM or authorized manufacturer. Therefore, organizations should attempt to obtain parts from sources that have known traceability to the OCM or authorized manufacturer to avoid receiving counterfeit parts. All intermediaries from the origin (i.e., OCM/OEM or authorized manufacturer) to the final destination should consist of Trusted Suppliers, and transportation should be provided by logistics carriers that have documented processes and procedures to avoid tampering or substitution during the journey to the parts’ final destination. A preference should be given to parts with known pedigree over parts with unknown pedigree to avoid counterfeit parts. This standard does not apply to parts obtained directly from a Trustworthy Authorized Supplier with traceability to the OCM/OEM or authorized manufacturer. This standard does not have specific test methods to determine if an item is a Fraudulent Part beyond what is considered counterfeit. Test data on anomalies can be gathered for potential legal determination of fraudulent intent or negligence. This document does not make a legal determination of fraud, and appropriate legal counsel should be consulted for further action. Unless otherwise specified in the SOW or PO by the User/Requester, the information in the Appendices is not considered mandatory.
G-19A Test Laboratory Standards Development Committee
Propellant Distributor for a ThrusterTBMG-268815/1/2017
Innovators at NASA's Glenn Research Center have developed several new technological innovations to improve the capability of Hall-effect thrusters, which are used primarily on Earth-orbiting satellites and can also be used for deep-space robotic vehicles. Hall thrusters are susceptible to discharge channel erosion from high-energy ion impingement, which can reduce operational thruster lifetimes. Glenn researchers have developed several approaches to mitigate this problem. One is a magnetic circuit design that minimizes discharge chamber ion impingement. Another successful improvement developed by Glenn is a means of replacing eroded discharge channel material via a channel wall replacement mechanism. A third innovation is a propellant distributor that provides both a high degree of flow uniformity, and shielding from back-sputtered contamination and other potential contaminants. All of these advances work toward increasing the operational lifetime and efficiency of Hall thrusters.
Test Methods Standard; General Requirements, Suspect/Counterfeit, Electrical, Electronic, and Electromechanical PartsAS6171 (Historical)10/30/2016
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) standardizes inspection and test procedures, workmanship criteria, and minimum training and certification requirements to detect Suspect/Counterfeit (SC) Electrical, Electronic, and Electromechanical (EEE) parts. The requirements of this document apply once a decision is made to use parts with unknown chain of custody that do not have pedigree back to the original component manufacturer, or have been acquired from a broker or independent distributor, or when there are other known risk elements that result in the User/Requester to have concerns about potential SC EEE parts. The tests specified by this standard may also detect occurrences of malicious tampering, although the current version of this standard is not designed specifically for this purpose. This standard ensures consistency across the supply chain for test techniques and requirements based on assessed risk associated with the application, component, supplier, and other relevant risk factors. The requirements of this document supplement the requirements of a higher level quality standard (e.g., AS9100, AS9003, AS9120, ISO 9001) and other quality management system documents. They are not intended to stand alone, supersede, or cancel requirements found in other quality management system documents, or requirements imposed by contracting authorities. This standard should be implemented when other risk mitigation methods for avoiding the use of SC EEE parts (e.g., acquiring all parts from Authorized Sources, redesigning the system, having obsolete parts emulated, etc.) are either unavailable or inadequate. This standard mitigates the technical risk of performing insufficient inspection and test to determine suspect counterfeit EEE parts. This standard is not intended to be used to assess quality or reliability issues that may arise because of component production issues or due to mishandling, improper storage, or other attributes specific to quality or reliability. The following terminology is used throughout this document and associated AS6171 Slash Sheets: a Shall = is mandatory; b Should = is recommended; and c Will = is planned (is considered to be part of a standard process). This standard should be utilized when parts are not available from sources with known traceability to the Original Component Manufacturer (OCM), Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) for electromechanical parts, or authorized manufacturer. The requirements of this document specify testing based on acceptable levels of risk for a program or customer, to identify anomalies or performance issues that may indicate suspect counterfeit and counterfeit activity. No amount of testing can confirm an item as authentic; this would require that there be a known, unbroken chain of custody to the OCM/OEM or authorized manufacturer. Therefore, organizations should attempt to obtain parts from sources that have known traceability to the OCM or authorized manufacturer to avoid receiving counterfeit parts. All intermediaries from the origin (i.e., OCM/OEM or authorized manufacturer) to the final destination should consist of Trusted Suppliers, and transportation should be provided by logistics carriers that have documented processes and procedures to avoid tampering or substitution during the journey to the parts’ final destination. A preference should be given to parts with known pedigree over parts with unknown pedigree to avoid counterfeit parts. This standard does not apply to parts obtained directly from a Trustworthy Authorized Supplier with traceability to the OCM/OEM or authorized manufacturer. This standard does not have specific test methods to determine if an item is a Fraudulent Part beyond what is considered counterfeit. Test data on anomalies can be gathered for potential legal determination of fraudulent intent or negligence. This document does not make a legal determination of fraud, and appropriate legal counsel should be consulted for further action. Unless otherwise specified in the SOW or PO by the User/Requester, the information in the Appendices is not considered mandatory.
G-19A Test Laboratory Standards Development Committee
Anti-Creep Mechanism Enables Ultra-Precise Motor Table PositioningTBMG-248946/1/2016
Motion control is essential for the digitization and automation of high-tech equipment, but bearings remain basic to frictionless movement. Bearing Engineers, a bearing distributor, recently changed its name to Motion Solutions (Aliso Viejo, CA) to better reflect their evolution into a custom designer of motion solutions for high-tech electromechanical systems. Developing custom solutions has lead to developing lines of proprietary products that the company manufactures in-house.
New Matrix Pump Switching Valve2015-01-28559/29/2015
Losses reduction and oil flow optimization management in construction machines and, in general, in heavy duty vehicles are two of the most challenging missions of today fluid power research. One of the most promising ideas is to implement multiple hydraulic power sources but this requires a flexible pump switch system; in fact, depending on flow request and machine mode, one or more pumps can be switched to serve each actuator. To put into practice these concepts it is necessary to in-depth design the distribution system, through which hydrostatic transmissions supply the different loads. The new component here presented realizes the pump switch management, creating a matrix framework of the hydraulic flow connections. Putting this concept it into practice the new architecture is able to connect alternatively a pump to one actuator at a time providing also for cross connections, enabling different sources flow summation. The matrix for oil flow management is aimed at offering a flexible, safe and scalable solution, and it can be replicated to form a stack, providing a physical matrix of rows and columns for oil distribution to actuators. The basic rule for the matrix management is that only a single actuator can be fed by each pump, but more connections can be activated for an actuator, offering a flexible flow management and enabling a new approach to pump sizing studies on machines. The component is a rotating distributor with a safety spool, that can connect discharge and return ports of one pump to the A and B port of each actuator, moving the safety spool only when the rotary distributor is coupled with the desired actuator. Both closed center and open center configurations are possible, as well as regenerative systems can be implemented. The paper will focus mainly on design concept and architectural alternatives and potential benefits of the implementation of the concept on state of art architectures from the functional capability point of view.
Ruggeri, Massimiliano, Massarotti, Giorgio, Marani, Pietro, Ferraresi, Carlo
Key Instrumentation Considerations in Medical Gas Delivery SystemsTBMG-2093211/1/2014
The provisioning of medical gases to hospitals, mobile health providers, and in-patient care environments requires absolute conformance to stringent industry standards. As a result, manufacturers, distributors, and facility safety managers must have complete confidence in supply quality and continuity.
Counterfeiting, Supply Chain Security, and the Cyber Threat: Why Defending Against Counterfeit Electronics Is No Longer Enough2014-01-21259/16/2014
Counterfeit items can be viewed as the by-product of a supply chain which has been compromised. While many industries are impacted, certain types of products can mean the difference between life and death. Electronics are of special interest, however, mechanical parts can also have dire consequences. The point is that the counterfeiting community is very diverse. The business model is fluid and unrestricted. Electronics today…hardware tomorrow. All of this leads to the need for an authentication platform that is agnostic to product. Most supply chains would benefit from a technical way to have assurance of authenticity - a benefit that could be shared by all. A comprehensive marking program, such as SigNature DNA, offers value to all supply chain participants as outlined below: Manufacturers will have the ability to effectively monitor their legacy components Authorized distributors will have an absolute way to verify and accept returns Defense contractors and agencies will have forensically authentic and traceable inventory at their disposal End users will have the power to authenticate stock to the component level
Meraglia, Janice, Miller, Mitchell
Fraudulent/Counterfeit Electronic Parts: Avoidance, Detection, Mitigation, and Disposition - Authorized/Franchised DistributionAS6496 (Historical)8/20/2014
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) identifies the requirements for mitigating counterfeit products in the Authorized Distribution supply chain by the Authorized Distributor. If not performing Authorized Distribution, such as an Authorized Reseller, Broker, or Independent Distributor, refer to another applicable SAE standard.
G-19 Counterfeit Electronic Parts Committee
Standard Practice for Production, Distribution, and Procurement of Metal StockAS6279 (Historical)1/9/2014
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes requirements applicable to metal stock that is ordered and produced in accordance with an Aerospace Material Specification (AMS). Topics include producer requirements, distributor requirements, size and grain orientation nomenclature, and purchaser ordering information to distributors. Requirements of this document have been developed to address titanium and titanium alloys.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Uniform Dust Distributor for Testing Radiative Emittance of Dust-Coated SurfacesTBMG-126441/1/2012
This apparatus distributes dust (typical of the Martian surface) in a uniform fashion on the surface of multiple samples simultaneously. The primary innovation is that the amount of dust deposited on the multiple surfaces can be controlled by the time that the apparatus operates, and each sample will be subject to the same amount of dust deposition. The exact weight of dust that is added per unit of sample area is determined by the use of slides that can be removed sequentially after each dusting.
Recommended Practice for Testing Performance of PEM Fuel Cell Stack Sub-system for Automotive ApplicationsJ2617_201108 (Current)8/12/2011
This recommended practice is intended to serve as a procedure to verify the functional performance, design specifications or vendor claims of any PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) type fuel cell stack sub-system for automotive applications. In this document, definitions, specifications, and methods for the functional performance characterization of the fuel cell stack sub-system are provided. The functional performance characterization includes evaluating electrical outputs and controlling fluid inputs and outputs based on the test boundary defined in this document. In this document, a fuel cell stack sub-system is defined to include the following: Fuel cell stack(s) – An assembly of membrane electrode assemblies (MEA), current collectors, separator plates, cooling plates, manifolds, and a supporting structure. Connections for conducting fuels, oxidants, cooling media, inert gases and exhausts. Electrical connections for the power delivered by the stack sub-system. Devices for monitoring electrical loads. Devices for monitoring cell voltage. Humidification devices. Instrumentation for detecting normal and/or abnormal operating conditions. Enclosures (that may qualify as pressure vessels), and ventilation systems for the enclosure. Not included in the sub-system are the following: Fuel and air processors Thermal management system Power conditioner and distributor Controllers
Fuel Cell Standards Committee
Warehouse Lighting-Related Energy Use Reduced by 87%TBMG-143442/1/2011
The lighting needs at the 460,000-square foot headquarters facility of Maines Paper and Food Service, Inc., a food distributor serving customers in 35 states, were recently re-evaulated. Like any large warehouse with 24x7 operations, this Conklin, NY facility bustles with activity across all shifts. Forklift operators zip back and forth through both ambient space and cold storage environments, which range from 70°F dry storage areas to 40°F refrigerated spaces to -20°F ice cream freezers. They rely on proper lighting to ensure safety and performance and until recently, the facility was illuminated with hundreds of 400W high-intensity discharge (HID) fixtures — a decade-old solution that resulted in under-lit spaces and poor-quality light.
Making the leap from remanufacturing to new manufacturing10OFHD1028_0110/28/2010
Next-generation straddle carrier has intelligent controls, electrohydraulic braking. There are plenty of roles to be filled in the world of industrial equipment, including end users who need specific types of machinery to run effective operations. There are also distributors and dealers who supply and service a variety of products. And, of course, there are manufacturers who engineer and develop equipment in the first place. Most companies are perfectly content to put their full energies into successfully serving only one of these purposes, but other businesses may find themselves branching out from one area to another. In the case of Great Lakes Power (GLP), an Ohio-based company founded in 1973, it began primarily as a franchised distributor for Twin Disc Inc., a manufacturer of transmissions, clutches, and powertrain components. Through organic growth and strategic acquisitions, it has evolved into an organization that focuses not just on service and distribution but on engineering and manufacturing as well.
Flex Fuel Vehicle Performance and Corrosion Study of E85 Fuel with Chloride Addition2010-01-208810/25/2010
With the increasing use of ethanol blended motor fuels around the world, vehicle manufacturers as well as ethanol producers and distributors are interested in understanding ethanol's effects on materials corrosion. More specifically, General Motors continually evaluates fuel effects on fuel system materials and overall engine performance, and is studying the corrosive effects of chloride ions present in ethanol blended fuels, even at low part per million (ppm) levels. Chloride ions present in chemically polar motor fuels such as E85 are known to be one of the primary species involved in general pitting corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking of automotive components. The authors conducted a 50K mile vehicle test program studying the performance and durability of two E85 Flex Fuel Vehicles (FFV) operating on E85, with specified ppm levels of chlorides. The American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) International has established fuel specifications that limit the chlorides concentrations in both denatured automotive ethanol (Ed100) and E85 motor fuels to 10 ppm and 1 ppm, respectively. The test vehicles for this study were a pair of 2008 E85 FFV Chevrolet Impalas, one operating on 2 ppm of chloride and the other a reference case without additional chloride added (ranging from 0.05-0.17 ppm). The authors evaluated and present data on fuel system component performance, vehicle operating performance metrics (tailpipe emissions, lubricant condition, engine control module (ECM) adaptive fuel controls, and on-board diagnostic (OBD) performance). End of test base engine material tear down inspection results are also included, which further examines the two vehicles run with different chloride concentrations.
Clark, Shaleen Denise, Studzinski, William
Recommended Practice for Testing Performance of PEM Fuel Cell Stack Sub-system for Automotive ApplicationsJ2617_200711 (Historical)11/5/2007
This recommended practice is intended to serve as a procedure to verify the functional performance, design specifications or vendor claims of any PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) type fuel cell stack sub-system for automotive applications. In this document, definitions, specifications, and methods for the functional performance characterization of the fuel cell stack sub-system are provided. The functional performance characterization includes evaluating electrical outputs and controlling fluid inputs and outputs based on the test boundary defined in this document. In this document, a fuel cell stack sub-system is defined to include the following: Fuel cell stack(s) – An assembly of membrane electrode assemblies (MEA), current collectors, separator plates, cooling plates, manifolds, and a supporting structure. Connections for conducting fuels, oxidants, cooling media, inert gases and exhausts. Electrical connections for the power delivered by the stack sub-system. Devices for monitoring electrical loads. Devices for monitoring cell voltage. Humidification devices. Instrumentation for detecting normal and/or abnormal operating conditions. Enclosures (that may qualify as pressure vessels), and ventilation systems for the enclosure. Not included in the sub-system are the following: Fuel and air processors Thermal management system Power conditioner and distributor Controllers
Fuel Cell Standards Committee
Diesel Fuel Lubricity - Base Fuel Effects2001-01-19285/7/2001
Many modern diesel fuel injection equipment designs rely totally on the fuel to provide lubrication. The ability of a diesel fuel to lubricate diesel fuel injection equipment has become commonly referred to as its “lubricity”. If a diesel fuel has insufficient lubricity then the performance of the fuel injection equipment can be compromised resulting in reduced durability and increased vehicle emissions. We have been studying diesel fuel lubricity since the early 1990s using a test rig. The test rig consists of a motored distributor type fuel injection pump, injectors and a fuel handling/circulation system. This paper reviews test rig results on a total of twenty three different base fuels. The pump test rig results are compared to the inspection properties of the test fuels and conclusions derived.
Mitchell, Ken
Continued Evaluation of Diesel Fuel Lubricity by Pump Rig Tests9813635/4/1998
Diesel fuel lubricity has continued to be a topic of interest for the suppliers of diesel engines, diesel fuel injection equipment, diesel fuel and diesel fuel additives. The term “lubricity” has become commonly used to mean the ability of a diesel fuel to prevent or minimize wear in diesel fuel injection equipment systems that rely on the fuel to provide lubrication. Distributor and rotary type injection pumps are examples of systems that rely totally on the fuel for lubrication. These systems are commonly used in light and medium duty diesel engines. Shell Canada has been investigating the lubricity performance of diesel fuels for a number of years. We have continued to evaluate the lubricity performance of various diesel test fuels and additives in a specifically designed distributor type pump rig that has been described previously (1, 2, 3). The most recent results from 49 test fuels (including 12 base fuels) from the distributor pump tests are presented, discussed and related to the test fuel properties, including lubricity as measured in a number of current lab bench tests.
Mitchell, Ken
The Lubricity of Winter Diesel Fuels - Part 3: Further Pump Rig Tests96194410/1/1996
The durability and performance of diesel fuel injection equipment in actual use continues to be a concern for the manufacturers of diesel powered equipment, diesel fuel injection equipment suppliers and diesel fuel suppliers This concern has been caused by recent changes to both the equipment and the diesel fuel driven by environmental legislation The term “lubricity” has become commonly used to describe the ability of a diesel fuel to prevent or minimise wear in diesel fuel injection equipment Of particular interest are distributor and rotary type fuel injection pumps that rely totally on the fuel for lubrication These pump types are commonly used in light and medium duty diesel engines Earlier work has shown that fuels with good low temperature properties have inherently poorer lubricity performance than summer quality diesel fuels (1, 2)* Due to the need for such fuels in Canada we have been investigating the lubricity performance of winter diesel fuels for a number of years Most recently we have studied the lubricity performance of various fuels and additives in rotary type pumps and related these results to the test fuel properties, including lubricity as measured in a number of current lab bench tests
Mitchell, Ken
Navigation Systems - Intelligent Co-Drivers with Knowledge of Road and Tourist Information9602062/1/1996
In 1995, different navigation systems were introduced or launched onto the European market by several automobile manufacturers and car radio manufacturers. The market growth forecast depends for the most part on the original equipment fitted by automobile manufacturers at the assembly lines. In this paper, the specifications of different navigation systems will be compared with the requirements placed by the customers. In addition, a close look will be taken to the basically different situation of navigation systems as compared to other electronics in vehicles, i e it is necessary to differentiate between the following two components First, a long-lasting hight-quality navigation unit used as playback system for the software and data available on the market, compared to a personal computer or CD audio player. These end units are distributed by car manufacturers and consumer electronics companies Second, data media with up-to-date, short-lasting and specialized data or software supplied by publishing companies, software distributors or service providers System performance can only be experienced in the interaction between end units and data media. This makes it necessary to link and coordinate product and distribution strategy for the long-lasting end units and the short-lasting data media. It will be shown that navigation systems require a computer-readable digital map which includes all turning restrictions, no-through-traffic regulations and other relevant information for the motorist. This information is stored on a CD-ROM. Such a navigation CD in the TravelPilot standard also includes the corresponding navigation software for the respective navigation component as well as additional, detailed information such as hotels, restaurants, tourist attractions, service centers, etc. Publishers are able to take advantage of the flexible all-in-one structure of the navigation CD and are in a position to offer an extensive, attractive range of navigation CDs within a short period of time travel guides for countries or regions, business guides, holiday guides, golf guides, guides to major cities and their surrounding areas and much more. Because there are frequent changes in the road network and the additional information, these navigation CDs must be replaced by updated versions at regular intervals. A distribution channel for the supply of navigation CDs and the necessary updates has already been set up. The wide variety of navigation CDs in the TravelPilot standard runs on the systems offered or launched by several car manufacturers in the summer of 1995. The suppliers of navigation systems employ the same product strategy as the publishers who offer navigation CDs in the TravelPilot standard. This mutual interdependence will surely lead to the formation of a common standard.
Vollmer, Rudolph
Diesel Fuel Lubricity Additive Study94201410/1/1994
The trend toward low environmental impact diesel fuel has resulted in new formulations that not only benefit the environment, but that can enhance diesel engine performance as well. The sulfur content of highway diesel fuel has been reduced to a maximum of 0.05 wt % nationwide. California has an additional requirement of a maximum of 10% aromatics content which covers most highway and nonhighway vehicles. However, fuels with higher aromatics levels can be certified if they demonstrate equivalent emissions. The introduction of these new fuels, coupled with the rapid changes in engine design to meet new emission regulations, has created the need to evaluate a number of fuel properties to ensure proper performance while protecting certain engine components (1)*. Diesel fuel lubricity and its effect on some fuel injection system equipment, such as rotary distributor pumps, is one such issue which is being investigated by a number of groups. Many fuel additive suppliers have introduced diesel fuel lubricity additives for fuel producers who may need to improve the lubricity of their fuels. The U.S. Army Modified Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE) test method, as well as the standard version of this test, were used to evaluate the performance of several fuels and several additives at two concentrations. Fuels with various lubricity levels were included. Some additives and components, which may be used by the fuel users in the field, were also tested. The modified BOCLE test is a useful tool for classification of unadditized fuels and perhaps highly additized fuels. However, the method does not seem to be as useful, in its present form, for additive evaluation.
Nikanjam, Manuch, Burk, Eric
Technician Training Resources: An Aftermarket Perspective9302473/1/1993
During the first year of new vehicle ownership, the consumer is likely to rely upon the new car dealer for repair as part of a service and warranty agreement. After the first year, automotive service and repair more and more involves the convenience of aftermarket professionals. In 1990, the median number of different parts stocked by the typical parts distributor warehouse was 68,500 to service a vehicle population with an average age of 7.8 years. This vehicle population is expected to grow to 200,000,000 by the year 2001, and the part numbers necessary for repair will grow to over 148,000. Automotive aftermarket technicians need service repair information for each part stocked. Unlike the information flow to new-car dealerships, the information flow to automotive aftermarket technicians is uncoordinated. There is no single source of supply. For the industry to provide quality repair service, information will have to more closely follow the part. Manufacturers and suppliers can help the consumer by recognizing that the need for quality technical training in the aftermarket is just as great as the need for quality parts.
Corrigan, Gary J.
Computer Simulation of Fuel Injection Systems for DI Diesel Engines92222310/1/1992
The continuity and momentum equations for a pump-pipe-nozzle fuel injection system have been solved by a computer simulation program employing both the Runge-Kutta method and the more widely used method of characteristics. This allows the prediction of fluid phenomena and the dynamics of the mechanical components based on the geometry of the FIE system. The simulation includes the effects of possible cavitation, system leakage as well as variations in fuel density and bulk modulus. The computer model has been made as flexible as possible by using a modular format and inputting the system parameters from external files or dialog boxes. Experimentation was done on a Bosch VE type distributor pump supplying a multi-hole type nozzle which allowed preliminary evaluation of the model by comparing the predicted and measured injection rates and line pressures over a range of pump speeds and loads.
Arcoumanis, C., Fairbrother, R. J.
The New Audi 5-Cylinder Turbo Diesel Engine: The First Passenger Car Diesel Engine with Second Generation Direct Injection9006482/1/1990
At the 53rd IAA in Frankfurt Audi introduced the first passenger car turbo diesel engine with second generation direct injection. Installed in the Audi 100 this 2.5-liter engine gives impressive consumption and performance figures. Emission levels meet, or in some cases are considerably below, the statutory requirements of the EC Standard 88/436/EEC. The vehicle has excellent refinement and low noise levels. The claim that the engine is the first passenger car turbo diesel with second generation direct injection, is based on the following features some of which are completely unique: 5-hole-injectors for optimised injection and mixture preparation for minimum consumption, emissions and noise high pressure injection with pre-injection by dual spring injectors for “soft” combustion and low noise engine management with an electronically controlled distributor pump electronic throttle pedal to improve driveability electronically controlled engine mounts with variable damping characteristics for reduced vibration transmission into the passenger compartment fully enclosed engine compartment, with automatically operated blind for the intercooler to reduce outward noise radiation. The 5-cylinder turbo diesel engine with intercooler has a capacity of 2460 ccm. Torque in excess of 240 Nm is available over a wide speed range from 1800 rpm to 3300 rpm. Maximum torque delivery is 265 Nm at only 2250 rpm. The minimum specific consumption over the complete operating range was 198 g/kWh. Minimum full load consumption is 205 g/kWh. Maximum mean effective pressure is 13.5 bar at 2250 rpm. The engine is supplied in the Audi 100 automobile with a 5-speed-manual gearbox. FUEL CONSUMPTION FIGURES EEC urban cycle: 7.2 1/100 km = 2.7 mpg Constant speed 90 km/h: 4.2 1/100 km = 56.0 mpg Constant speed 120 km/h: 5.8 1/100 km = 40.6 mpg Average of above: 5.7 1/100 km = 41.3 mpg FTP Consumption: 7.1 1/100 km = 33.1 mpg
Stock, Dieter, Bauder, Richard
Equipment Maintenance and Repair Management8507596/1/1985
Equipment buyers require two things to minimize financial risk on machine purchases: Complete understanding of the capabilities specifications and cost of operation of machinery, and supplier guarantees that equipment will meet those specifications. Cooperation between manufacturers and factory distributors are now taking an increasingly active role, and accepting more of the risk, for the ability of their equipment to meet the production, maintenance, and operating cost standards included in their specifications. A dramatic movement towards programs of scheduled component replacement, preventive maintenance, and availability guarantees at fixed cost per hour.
Herman, Alan L.
The Kugelfischer Distributor Injection Pump PV7006982/1/1970
A new distributor type diesel fuel injection pump is described. The pump designed for engines up to 8 cyl including 6 cyl engines with unequal firing intervals contains one plunger driven by a face cam. It involves fuel supply pump, speed advance unit, flyweight type all-speed governor, automatic excess-fuel for starting, and a torque control device. Designing details and performance figures are given.
Gross, W., Bauer, O.
Small, High-Speed, Two-Stroke Cycle Diesels Can Match Their Big Brothers6300181/1/1963
The McCulloch Corp. has developed a new diesel outboard motor to supply more efficient and reliable work boat power for the international market. Development progressed from a 9 hp, 2 cyl version using unit injectors to a 15 hp, 3 cyl unit using a distributor type injection system. With a bsfc of 0.46 lb/bhp-hr and an output of 0.46 hp/cu in., the resulting engine has performance characteristics that match many much larger engines.
Paquette, Merle W., Brooks, John H.
The IGNITION SYSTEM as Influenced by FUEL CHARACTERISTICS4200781/1/1942
RECENT tests indicate that ignition timing can be used to measure the detonation characteristics of a fuel at various speeds in a multicylinder engine. Present engines usually require a spark to be set below the point of maximum power to avoid objectionable detonation. A more advanced spark timing with a higher octane fuel will give more power where desired. Unfortunately, the spark-advance requirements with change of speed are not uniform on various commercial fuels from different sources with different processing and blending. Unless a very-high-octane fuel is used, the automatic spark advance on the distributor supplied on the engine may not be equally satisfactory on different fuels. There seems to be no easy or practical way to make possible the adjustment of the ignition timing by the driver to accommodate different fuels now used. At present it does not seem desirable, from an economic point of view, to increase the accuracy of the ignition distributor if there is much additional cost involved. When fuels become more nearly standardized as to detonation, it may be worthwhile not only to improve the accuracy of the distributor but to change the method by which it is driven by the engine.
FITZSIMMONS, J. T.
Recent Developments in Aircraft Ignition-Systems2700631/1/1927
THE fundamental electrical and mechanical requirements of ignition equipment for aircraft engines are outlined and the special requirements peculiar to this service and that apply, in general, equally to military and commercial aircraft, are described. Brief descriptions are given of various new types of both magneto and battery ignition and the developments in each are pointed out. Characteristics of an ideal ignition system are enumerated as a basis for further development. Among the general requirements reliability is given place of first importance, followed by light weight, compactness, low cost and adaptability of a single model to engines of different types. The chief design-requirements are speed, ruggedness, simple mounting, light rotating-parts, resistance to vibration, ample lubrication, protection against moisture, and fire-proof ventilation. Each of these subjects is dealt with specifically. Difficulties of meeting the exacting electrical requirements are explained and means employed to overcome them are described. Too great spark energy may cause “overlapping,” which, with battery ignition, results in burning of the breaker contacts, and, in magneto ignition, reduces the intensity of alternate sparks. For ignition of supercharged engines at high altitude where the air density is much reduced, the air insulation of the ignition system is much less effective than at sea-level, and a flash-over distance to ground of roughly 0.75 in. is required. Coil failures will result unless the length of the coil is increased to provide this gap or all the air-spaces are filled with some insulating material. The principles of shielding the ignition system to prevent interference with radio communication are explained and complete shielding of the system for a Liberty-12 engine, as developed by the Signal Corps and Radio Unit at McCook Field, is shown. As a result of tests to determine fire hazards, the Experimental Engineering Section developed a type of magneto vent for ventilation and drainage which is shown. Several types of two-spark or double magnetos for supplying sparks to two sets of spark-plugs are illustrated and described, as is also a pivotless type of high-speed breaker-mechanism developed by the Materiel Division at McCook Field. Several new battery-ignition distributors as developed for use on airplanes that carry equipment requiring a generator and battery are described, and the author lists the relative advantages of battery and magneto ignition. He then tells the requirements of an ideal airplane ignition-system, states those that have been met satisfactorily, but concludes with the statement that development of ignition equipment especially adapted to aircraft engines has only begun.
SHOEMAKER, F. G.
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