Reducing CO2 emissions is now a major focus in India heading towards net zero emissions by 2070. India is the 3rd largest automobile market in the world and the transportation sector is the 3rd largest CO2 emitter. In this direction, it is necessary to reduce the carbon footprint from the automobile sector to combat climate change. The adoption of sustainable biofuels such as ethanol will enable us to reduce emissions, as ethanol is carbon neutral fuel. However, vehicle manufacturers are facing challenges in manufacturing flex fuel compatible parts in the vehicle mainly fuel systems. Ethanol has both nonpolar and polar bonds, making it miscible to both gasoline and water, thereby water contamination is inevitable in ethanol blend fuels. In addition, control of ethanol contamination by sulfates and chlorides during ethanol production is challenging. Thus, ethanol blend fuels are considered more corrosive and tendency towards deposit formation than normal gasoline fuels. Design and

Pandi, Dinesh Babu, Shanmugam, Gomathy Priya, Nagarkatti, Arun, Gopal, Manish, Anbalagan, Prathap

Effects of Hydrogen Addition on Spark Knock Suppression under High Engine Speed and Boosted Conditions

2024-32-0108

To be published on 04/18/2025

The effect of hydrogen addition on spark knock suppression under high engine speed (4800 rpm) was investigated at the intake pressures of 96 kPa and 120 kPa. The experimental results showed that hydrogen addition has a slight effect on advancing the knock limit at 96 kPa, whereas a greater spark knock suppression effect can be achieved by increasing the intake pressure. To elucidate the influences and differences of hydrogen addition on the ignition process under low and high intake pressures, chemical kinetic analyses were performed using a two-zone combustion model. The calculation results showed that the reduction of heat release in the end gas resulting from the consumption of OH radicals by hydrogen can only be achieved at the initial stage of the ignition process. This leads to the smaller knock suppression effect at low intake pressures, where a remarkable heat release at this stage is absent. On the other hand, an increase in intake pressure results in a remarkable heat release

Goto, Jun, Ueno, Yoshito, Kobashi, Yoshimitsu, Shibata, Gen, Ogawa, Hideyuki, Kojima, Kentaro

Impact of Ordinal Proximity of Frequency Components on the Auditory Perception of Engine Knocking

2024-32-0032

To be published on 04/18/2025

This study examines the acoustic properties of engine-knocking sounds in gasoline engines, arising from misfires during spark ignition that negatively affect driving performance. The aim was to understand the frequency characteristics of acceleration sounds and their connection to the proximity of the order components. The study also explores “booming,” where two different frequencies of sounds occur simultaneously, potentially linked to the unpleasant nature of engine knocking. Using a sinusoidal model, we generated engine acceleration sound models with 5th-, 10th-, and 15th-order components, including engine knocking. Two types of sound stimuli were created: one with the original amplitude (OA) and one with a constant amplitude (CA) for each component order, emphasizing the order-component proximity in CA sounds. Aural experiments with 10 participants in an anechoic room using headphones and the MUSHRA method revealed an inverse relationship between OA and CA ratings as the component

Suzuki, Ryuhei, Ishimitsu, Shunsuke, Nitta, Misaki, Sakakibara, Mika, Hakozaki, Tomoyuki, Fujikawa, Satoshi, Iwata, Kiyoaki, Matsumoto, Mitsunori, Kikuchi, Masakazu

Investigation on the Applicability of Passive Type Pre-Chamber with One Port Fuel Injection System to Small Gasoline Engines

2024-32-0033

To be published on 04/18/2025

Pre-chamber combustion has been applied as a method of low fuel consumption in spark ignition engines, and in recent years the application of pre-chambers to gasoline engines has also been actively studied. In many gasoline engines, stoichiometric combustion is common. We decided that a passive type pre-chamber with only one port fuel injection is sufficient for stoichiometric combustion. The pre-chamber system relatively has two merits of lower cost and ease of installing than other prechamber systems. Therefore, we focused on investigating the effects of improving combustion speed and knock resistance in use of the passive type pre-chamber and the applicability of the pre-chamber system in various operating points. As the concrete approach, we evaluated the heat balance and the knock resistance with and without a pre-chamber in engine bench test. As a result, the knock resistance and the fuel consumption were improved. In addition, as a result of considering lean burn in the passive

Nakao, Yoshinori, Sakurai, Yota, Hisano, Atsushi, Saitou, Masahito, Suzuki, Tomoharu

Prediction of Pre-Ignition Borderline on Supercharged SI Engine by Livengood-Wu Integral

2024-32-0008

To be published on 04/18/2025

The LSPI (Low Speed Pre-Ignition) is one of the consecutive abnormal combustion cycles of supercharged SI engine with direct injection fuel supply system [1]. The LSPI occurs when the engine is running at low speed and high load condition. It is important for the SI engine to control essentially with alternative fuel, e-fuel and hydrogen in the future. It is considered that the LSPI would be caused by the autoignition of the deposit, the lubricating oil from ring crevice, the lubricating oil from piston crown and so on [2, 3, 4, 5]. Among of these causes, this research focuses on the scattering lubricating oil from piston crown. The previous our research has reported on the two points. One is about the frequency and quantity of the lubricating oil scattering from piston crown [6]. Another is about the frequency of abnormal combustion by the engine test [7]. As the result, it has been cleared that the frequency of abnormal combustion is 1/10 of scattering frequency of the lubricating

Omori, Takaya, Tanaka, Junya

Statistical Analysis of Data Acquired from Propagating Flames in Gasoline Engines Using a Multiple Ion Probe

2024-32-0035

To be published on 04/18/2025

Multiple-ion-probe method consists of multiple ion probes placed on the combustion chamber wall, where each individual ion probe detects flame contact and records the time of contact. From the recorded data, it is also possible to indirectly visualize the inside of the combustion chamber, for example, as a motion animation of moving flame front. In this study, a thirty-two ion probes were used to record flames propagating in a two-stroke gasoline engine. The experiment recorded the combustion state in the engine for about 3 seconds under full load at about 6500 rpm, and about 300 cycles were recorded in one experiment. Twelve experiments were conducted under the same experimental conditions, and a total of 4,164 cycles of signal data were obtained in the twelve experiments. Two types of analysis were performed on this data: statistical analysis and machine learning analysis using a linear regression model. Statistical analysis calculated the average flame detection time and standard

Yatsufusa, Tomoaki, Okahira, Takehiro, Nagashige, Kohei

Experimental Investigation for the Effect of Cavity Geometry on the Flame Propagation and Auto-Ignition in RCM

2024-32-0060

To be published on 04/18/2025

In this experiment, we investigated the auto-ignition and flame propagation behavior by using flat piston and cavity pistons which has different geometries, depth, and width of the cavity. In this study, flame behavior inside the cavity is visualized with the ion-probes, which is embedded every 3mm radially from the center of the piston. We also used the pressure sensor in the combustion chamber and high-speed camera through the quartz window near the cylinder wall. Flame appearance obtained with high-speed camera shows that the flame propagation of the cavity piston is faster than that of flat piston. This is considered because of the outward induced flow in the squish area. That is, the flame propagation inside the wide cavity area pushes the unburned gas outwardly and induced the outward flow in the squish area. This induced flow promotes the flame propagation. As a result, unburned gas is consumed rapidly, and thus, it is also found that the intensity of Knocking is reduced by

Yamaguchi, Riki, Esaki, Daigo, Tateishi, Tokua, Osaf, Ali Hassan, Miyoshi, Akira, Shimokuri, Daisuke, Yatsufusa, Tomoaki, Terashima, Hiroshi, Hara, Takaya, Honda, Yuya, Tadokoro, Tadashi, Kawano, Michiharu

Effects of Critical Compression Ratio on Rating Gasoline Knock Propensity

2025-01-8451

04/01/2025

It is common practice in the automotive industry to explore the knock limits of fuels on an engine by a comparison of the knock limited spark advance (KLSA) at threshold knock intensity. However, the knock propensity of gasolines can be rated by changing one of three metrics on a variable compression ratio Cooperative Fuels Research (CFR) octane rating engine while holding the other two variables constant: knock intensity, spark timing, and critical compression ratio. The operational differences between the standard research octane number (RON) rating and modern engine operation have been explored in three parts. The first part focused on the effects of lambda and knock characterization. The second part studied the effects of spark timing. This third part explores the knock ratings of several gasolines by comparing the critical compression ratios at constant combustion phasing and knock intensity. The threshold knock intensity was based on the standard octane rating D1 pickup or by

Kolodziej, Christopher, Hoth, Alexander

Real World Emissions in a High-Altitude City: A Comparison between LPG Taxis and Gasoline Cars

2025-01-8494

04/01/2025

To study the real driving emission characteristics of light-duty vehicles fueled with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and gasoline in a high-altitude city, experimental investigations were performed on two LPG taxis and three gasoline passenger cars in Lhasa using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The results reveal that the emission factors of CO2, CO, NOx, and HC of LPG taxis are 159.19±11.81, 18.38±9.73, 1.53±0.46, and 1.27±0.99 g/km, and those of gasoline cars are 223.51±23.1, 1.51±0.68, 0.27±0.16, and 0.06±0.04 g/km, respectively. The emissions show strong relationships with driving mode, which is considerably affected by driving behavior. Furthermore, as vehicle speed increases, the emission factors of both LPG taxis and gasoline cars decrease. The emission rates of both types of vehicles are low and change slightly at a vehicle specific power (VSP) of 0 kW/t or below; After that, the rates slowly increase initially and then increase rapidly with increasing VSP. These

Lyu, Meng, Xu, Yan, Huang, Meihong, Wang, Yunjing

Comparison of Gasoline Particulate Indices Using U.S. Market Gasoline Samples

2025-01-8449

04/01/2025

Simulated distillation (SimDis) uses wide bore capillary gas chromatography (GC) to provide a detailed volatility profile of blended gasoline. The boiling point distribution from SimDis analysis is correlated to the hydrocarbon contents of spark ignition fuels and provide the resolution necessary to characterize the compositions of the fuel. Recent publications on simulated distillation applied to spark ignition fuel reveal the merits of indexing a gasoline fuel so that it can be correlated to the tendency of particulate emissions from vehicles. With this in mind, SimDis can be a useful and quick tool in assessing the PM-formation potential of market gasolines. Heavy aromatic compounds are compounds identified as having at least 10 Carbons and 1 aromatic ring. These compounds that are present in spark ignition fuels are major contributors to vehicle particulate emissions. These compounds can be found in the higher boiling portion (T70+) of the distillation profiles. As demonstrated in

Goralski, Sarah, Geng, Pat, Dozier, Jon, Butler, Aron

A Study on Cetane on Demand Technology Part 1 - Development of Fuel Reformer to Improve Fuel Ignitability

2025-01-8447

04/01/2025

The integration of low-octane gasoline with a compression ignition combustion system has been proposed as a strategy to reduce Well-to-Wheel CO2 emissions from automobiles using petroleum-based fuel. In the current situation where low-octane gasoline is not widely available in the market, onboard reforming of commercial gasoline to increase the cetane number (lower the octane number) allows for compression ignition combustion even with commercial gasoline. This requires “Cetane on Demand” technology, which enables compression ignition combustion with both commercial gasoline and low-octane gasoline. It is known that the ignition property of fuel is enhanced when the fuel is oxidized to generate hydroperoxides. Moreover, the use of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as a catalyst promotes hydroperoxide generation at low temperatures. The objective of this study is to develop a device that enhances the ignition properties of gasoline through onboard fuel reforming. Initially, from the seven

Hashimoto, Kohtaro, Yamada, Yoshikazu, Matsuura, Katsuya, Kudo, Tomohide, Chishima, Hiroshi, Al-Taher, Maryam, Kalamaras, Christos, Albashrawi, Reem

Gasoline Particulate Filter Modeling with Catalytic Washcoat and Ash Accumulation and Transient Soot Distribution Prediction

2025-01-8483

04/01/2025

The upcoming EURO 7 and EPA Tier 4 regulations and the possible China 7 are expected to tighten the tailpipe particulate emissions limits significantly. High performance Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) with high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop would be mandated for gasoline engines to meet these stringent regulations. Due to packaging constraints, GPFs are often coated with three-way catalyst (TWC) materials to achieve four-way functionality. Ash accumulation in GPFs also has a significant impact on the performance of GPFs. This paper utilizes 3D CFD to predict the transient filtration efficiency and pressure drop of a washcoated GPF with ash accumulation during the soot loading process. Simulation results show a decent match with experimental data. The 3D CFD model also provides detailed information on soot penetration in the GPF wall substrate and soot cake characteristics on the wall. These information can be crucial for GPF wall substrate design and washcoating

Yang, Pengze, Cheng, Zhen

High-Performance and Stable Three-Way Catalyst Achieved Via Ultrasonic Treatment for Gasoline Vehicle Emission Control

2025-01-8480

04/01/2025

Three-way catalysts (TWCs) containing significant amounts of precious metals are commonly employed to purify exhaust emissions (CO, NOx, and THC) from gasoline-powered vehicles. A critical factor contributing to TWC degradation is the sintering of these precious metals. Maintaining the appropriate particle size and distribution of the metals is essential for optimal catalyst performance. In this study, palladium (Pd) nanoparticles with a uniform size were synthesized using ethylene glycol as a reductant under ultrasonic conditions, yielding particles in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm. These Pd nanoparticles were subsequently used to prepare three-way catalysts on cordierite substrates supplied by Corning (China) Inc. Chemisorption analysis revealed that the Pd active component in the catalysts prepared via the ultrasonic method exhibited higher dispersion than the state-of-the-art commercial catalysts. The aged catalysts were obtained after 150 hours of aging following the General Motors

Hao, Shijie, Lv, Yanan, Wang, Weidong, Rao, Chao, Wei, Wei, Mao, Bingbin, Chen, Tao, Zhao, Huawang

Experimental Investigation between Pre-Ignition, Knocking, Vibration and Performance in an Internal Combustion Engine

2025-01-8380

04/01/2025

Otto cycle internal combustion engines have undergone technological developments that can be fueled by various types of fuels in different mixture proportions. To achieve this, a detailed study of the main factors that influence the engine combustion process is necessary. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of varying the ignition advance on the performance parameters and vibration level of the engine operated with regular gasoline, podium gasoline, ethanol and a mixture of ethanol with regular gasoline. The experimental tests consisted of operating an Otto cycle engine on a bench dynamometer under full load conditions, varying rotation and ignition advance by 5, 10 and 20% in relation to the original ignition advance and correlating the levels of pre-ignition, knock, engine vibration levels with engine performance parameters. The results showed that the engine vibration level was influenced by the type of fuel used, engine performance parameters and the presence of

Santana, Claudio

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Different Dilution Techniques in a High-Performance H2 - Fueled SI Engine

2025-01-8424

04/01/2025

Nowadays, hydrogen (H2) is rising as a key solution to fuel internal combustion engines (ICE) since it allows carbon free combustion process. At the same time, ICE fueled with H2 can reach similar performance and driving experience of gasoline fueled ones. In stoichiometric conditions, hydrogen shows higher flame speed, lower ignition energy and lower quenching distance than gasoline. Mainly for these reasons, H2 combustion is characterized by a high risk of abnormal combustion (i.e. knock and pre-ignition), relevant NOx emissions and high heat losses. On the other hand, the wide flammability range and high combustion stability of H2 allow the use of different techniques to reduce combustion reactivity. This work presents a combined approach, experimental and numerical, to assess the benefits of three mixture dilution methods. The experimental campaign, in different operating conditions, was carried out on a production derived high specific power gasoline Single Cylinder Engine (SCE

Tonelli, Roberto, Medda, Massimo, Gullino, Fabrizio, Silvestri, Nicola, Zaffino, Francesco, Mariconti, Roberto, Rossi, Vincenzo

Knock Assessment in Wankel Rotary Engine Adopting Low Octane Rating Fuels

2025-01-8452

04/01/2025

Series hybrid vehicles with internal combustion range extenders are a promising solution for sustainable transportation. In this application, net zero carbon emissions can be achieved using renewable fuels. Fischer-Tropsch-derived e-gasolines/naptha allow for high energy density and safe liquid fuels. However, Fischer-Tropsch naptha fuel derivatives must undergo several processing stages to reach current engine-grade octane ratings, negatively affecting the synthesis's profitability and energy efficiency. Gasoline engine technologies capable of operating with low-octane fuels could allow the adoption of unprocessed Fischer-Tropsch gasoline. The rotary Wankel engine design suits range extenders thanks to its high power-to-size ratio. In this study, the knocking tendency of homogenous charge spark-ignition rotary Wankel engines is numerically assessed through Chemkin-Pro spark-ignition engine zonal model for knock assessment. Rotary Wankel engines are modeled by providing the

Brunialti, Sirio, Vorraro, Giovanni, Turner, James, Sarathy, Mani

Research on the Combustion Characteristics of Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) Engine Based on Quasi-Homogeneous Mixture Charge Activity Control

2025-01-8409

04/01/2025

High-octane fuel presents significant potential for enhancing the efficient and clean combustion of small GCI engines. To achieve both efficient and stable combustion during low load scenarios, this study employs the combination of simulation and experimental methodologies. By coordinating the mixing rate and chemical reaction rate, as well as optimizing the equivalent ratio, temperature inhomogeneity and other parameters, introduces a control strategy termed ‘gasoline-air’ control coupling quasi-homogeneous mixture multi-pulse charge activity control. The research indicates that a quasi-homogeneous mixture can be formed through pilot injection of gasoline during the intake stroke, with low injection pressure can enhance charge activity and promoting clean combustion. The optimal injection timing is identified at approximately -315 CA ATDC, where appears peak value of indicated thermal efficiency. The multi-pulse charge activity control strategy can effectively control the combustion

Nie, JinLong, Yi, Yucheng

The Effect of Nitric Oxide (NO) on the Reactivity of Ethanol and Gasoline: An Experimental Study

2025-01-8413

04/01/2025

Achieving stable HCCI combustion requires specific in-cylinder boundary conditions. Trace residual species, such as nitric oxide (NO), can have an impact on the reactivity, and thus the combustion stability, of different fuels in HCCI. This study investigates the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on the reactivity and combustion stability of ethanol and gasoline in a single-cylinder HCCI engine. The promoting and inhibiting impact of NO on iso-octane’s ignition delay time are available in the literature; nevertheless, as a baseline study, these effects on the autoignition of gasoline were documented in this work. For ethanol, the NOx concentration seeded in the intake air varied from 0-1000 ppm while maintaining a constant combustion phasing (CA50 at 7.5 CAD) and a global equivalence ratio of 0.34. Ethanol exhibited a linear reduction in intake temperature, decreasing by 47 K with 927 ppm NO. For gasoline, a 225-ppm increase in NO reduced the intake temperature required for HCCI by 40 K

Bhatt, Ankur, Gandolfo, John, Vedpathak, Kunal, Lawler, Benjamin, Gainey, Brian

Impact of Oxygenated Fuel Components on Engine Performance and Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Blends

2025-01-8446

04/01/2025

The challenges with electrification in the automotive industry have led to rethinking the decisions to ban internal combustion engines. Nonetheless, decarbonization of transportation remains a regulatory priority in many countries, irrespective of the energy source for automotive powertrains. Renewable oxygenated fuel components can help with the rapid decarbonization of gasoline fuels in the current fleet. Ethanol is one of the primary renewable components typically used for blending in gasoline primarily at 10% v/v but up to 20% v/v substitution which corresponds to 3.7 to 8.0% oxygen by mass. However, a range of oxygenates could be used instead of ethanol. This study aimed to determine if the engine could discriminate between different oxygenates in gasoline fuels blended at the same octane (RON) and oxygen levels. Oxygenates such as methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) and ethyl-tert-butyl-ether (ETBE) were considered in this study. Blends were made using a combination of n-heptane, iso

Kalaskar, Vickey, Mitchell, Robert, Pourreau, Daniel

Effects of Lower Carbon Intensity Fuels on Performance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity Reduction for Conventional and Next Generation Powertrains Part II

2025-01-8439

04/01/2025

Renewable Gasoline Blends can deliver greater than 50% reduction in vehicle Well-to-Wheel (WtW) greenhouse gas emissions when used in current vehicles. When paired with a state-of-the-art hybrid vehicle (relative to an average vehicle on U.S. roads today), a greater than 70% reduction in WtW emissions can be achieved. Importantly, Renewable Gasoline Blends can be formulated to align with existing market standards for gasoline, thereby functioning as a drop-in fuel solution compatible with all gasoline-powered vehicles. Renewable Gasoline Blends can also be formulated with higher ethanol blend ratios to meet a variety of fuel grades and market standards. These varying formulations can result in tradeoffs across engine performance, fuel economy, and potentially cost. For example, higher ethanol blends investigated lead to slight decreases in fuel economy across FTP, HWFE, and US06 cycles (typically ~1 - 2%, despite 2 – 5% lower heating values); however, significant decreases in PM

Vuilleumier, David, Morlan, Brian, Ohta, Satoshi, Loeper, Paul, Lorenz, Robert, Takada, Keishi, Sugata, Kenji, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Takahashi, Daishi

Influence of Methanol-to-Gasoline Fuel Formulation on Knock Propensity and Flame Speed

2025-01-8400

04/01/2025

Drop-in gasoline fuels that originate from renewable, low-net-carbon sources, such as methanol-to-gasoline (MTG), are an important bridge in the transition between traditional fossil fuels and electrification of the transportation sector. The composition of these fuels can be tuned by adjusting the settings of the chemical processes used to create them, which can be leveraged to formulate optimized fuels for higher knock resistance or higher flame speed. This study investigated how the distribution of hydrocarbon classes and molecular structure of a renewable MTG gasoline surrogate affected knock and flame speed using chemical kinetic modeling. The original MTG surrogate was modified by increasing the relative amount of a certain hydrocarbon class while the concentration of other hydrocarbon classes is reduced equally. Increasing normal- and iso-alkanes increased reactivity and penalized octane sensitivity, olefins increased octane sensitivity while keeping the research octane number

MacDonald, James, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Kitano, Koji, Yamada, Ryota

A Study on Cetane on Demand Technology Part 2: Gasoline Reforming and Ignitability Evaluation

2025-01-8444

04/01/2025

The integration of low-octane gasoline with a compression ignition combustion system has been proposed as a strategy to reduce Well-to-Wheel CO2 emissions from automobiles in petroleum-based fuel. However low-octane gasoline is not widely available in the market currently. Onboard reforming of commercial gasoline to increase the cetane number (lower the octane number) allows for compression ignition combustion even with commercial gasoline. To reform commercial gasoline, a reformer with a spiral structure reactor and mechanical stirring air introduction was designed and prototyped based on the results of toluene reforming tests (A Study on Cetane on Demand Technology Part 1: Development of fuel reformer to improve fuel ignitability). Using N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI)-supported ZSM-5 as a catalyst, commercial gasoline was reformed. As a result, 25.5 liters of reformed gasoline was obtained. The hydroperoxide concentration in the entirety of our reformulated gasoline was determined to be

Matsuura, Katsuya, Hashimoto, Kohtaro, Yamada, Yoshikazu, Al-Taher, Maryam, Kalamaras, Christos, Voice, Alexander, Bhadra, Kaustav

Assessment of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Retrofitted to Dual-Fuel and Neat Methanol SI Operation

2025-01-8440

04/01/2025

This paper explores the potential of leveraging methanol's knock-resistant properties to facilitate both dual fuel (DF) and spark ignition (SI) operation in retrofitted heavy-duty (HD), high-speed marine engines. The study involves retrofitting an original 6-cylinder 7.15L CI diesel engine with port fuel injection (PFI) of methanol to enable DF operation. Later, the diesel injectors were replaced with six spark plugs allowing SI operation. Notably, efforts were made to minimize adaptations to the existing diesel engine, maintaining the compression ratio (CR) at 17.6:1 and retaining the same turbocharging pressure. This research aims to assess the feasibility of retrofitting conventional HD diesel engines (high CR, large bore) for dual-fuel and SI operation on methanol, with a focus on optimizing engine performance, while preserving key characteristics for HD applications, e.g. high torque and high power density. The high CR required spark retarding to prevent knock at higher loads in

Dejaegere, Quinten, Ballerini, Alberto, Demiddeleer, Sheldon, Vanderbeken, Thomas, Bracke, Kwinten, Gyselinck, Ben, D'Errico, Gianluca, Verhelst, Sebastian

Development of an Algorithm for Identifying Fuel Blending Ratios for Methanol/Gasoline Flex-Fuel Engines

2025-01-7107

01/31/2025

Flex-fuel vehicles play a crucial role in energy conservation and emission reduction; however, they often rely on expensive fuel identification sensors at the nozzle to accurately control the blending ratio. To reduce costs and enhance engine flexibility, this paper presents a flexible fuel proportion identification algorithm that utilizes exhaust oxygen content measured by the oxygen sensor and engine air intake data. Additionally, the algorithm incorporates air intake feedback control and λ feedback control, which adjusts both the throttle opening and fuel mass of the flex-fuel engine, ensuring optimal operating conditions at all times. A methanol-gasoline flex-fuel engine model was developed using GT-Power, and the algorithm model was implemented in Simulink software. Then, a co-simulation model of GT-Power and Simulink is established. In the GT-Power engine model, three parameters—engine speed, load, and methanol blending ratio—are set for the sweep points. The algorithm model in

Qian, Pengfei, Nan, Tiantian, Luo, Weixing, Du, Yang, Wang, Long, Chen, Zhanming

Enhanced High-Temperature Performance of NH ₃ -SCR Catalysts for Lean-Burn Engines

2025-01-7043

01/31/2025

NOx after-treatment has greatly limited the development of lean-burn technology for gasoline engines. NH3-Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology has been successfully applied to NOx conversion in diesel engines. For gasoline engines, SCR catalyst is required to maintain high activity over a higher temperature window. In this study, we utilized a turbocharged and intercooled 2.0 L petrol engine to investigate the NOx conversion of two zeolite-based SCR catalysts, Cu-SSZ-13 and Fe/Cu-SSZ-13, at exhaust flows ranging from 80 to 300 kg/h and exhaust temperatures between 550 to 600°C. The catalysts were characterized using SEM, ICP, XRD, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, and other methods. The selected Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst showed higher NOx conversion (>80%) in the temperature range of 550~600oC and 80~300 kg/h exhaust gas flow. NOx output could be controlled below 10ppm. The characterization results showed that although the specific surface area and acidic sites decreased after the aging treatment

Pan, Shiyi, Wang, Ruwen, Zhang, Nan, Xu, Zhiqin, Hu, Jiangtao, Liao, Xiuke, Duan, Pingping, Chen, Ruilian

Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen or Methane Injection in Active Pre-Chamber on a Lean Combustion Gasoline Engine

2025-01-7106

01/31/2025

With the global promotion of carbon neutrality policies, internal combustion engine (ICE) of traditional fossil fuel is gradually transitioning to carbon neutral fuel ICE, and hybrid dedicated engines are gradually replacing traditional internal combustion engines in the passenger car market. Ultra-lean combustion supported by active pre-chamber is one of the key technologies for achieving high thermal efficient over 45% BTE. However, there are still issues like cold start and PN emissions caused by impingement of liquid fuel injection in pre-chamber, and there is still room for improvement in thermal efficiency by less energy of pilot ignition fuel. Gaseous fuel such as hydrogen or methane have no wetting issues, and can be more easily controlled in terms of the injection amount in pre-chamber, thereby using a less amount of gaseous fuel as the pilot ignition fuel could be a solution. Due to the above situation, this article conducted experiments on a lean burn gasoline engine by

Liu, Yaodong, Liu, Mingli, He, Zhentao, Li, Xian, Zhao, Chuan, Qian, Dingchao, Qu, Hanshi, Li, Jincheng

Control Re-Optimization of a Series-Parallel Hybrid Powertrain Fueled with High-Octane Gasoline

2025-01-7028

01/31/2025

High-octane gasoline has the potential to improve engine efficiency but has been reported to marginally reduce and even increase vehicle fuel consumption. The objective of this study is to evaluate the fuel-saving effect of high-octane gasoline on series-parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) under the re-optimized powertrain control, including engine control and energy management. Firstly, a bench test was conducted on a spark ignition engine fueled with three fuels with research octane numbers of approximately 92, 95, and 98, named 92#, 95#, and 98#. Then the engine control parameter (i.e., spark advance) was re-optimized for maximum engine efficiency and acceptable particle number emissions with the knock constraint. Finally, the energy management was re-optimized for a series-parallel hybrid powertrain equipped with the engine. It was found that 95# and 98# even increased vehicle fuel consumption by 0.2% and 0.6% without the re-optimization of powertrain control compared with 92

Tan, Guikun, Li, Ji, Li, Yanfei, Wang, Changhui, Sun, Yuncai, Xu, Anzhao, Shuai, Shijin, Xu, Hongming

Lubricants for Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines

J1510_202501 (Current)

01/21/2025

The information in this SAE Recommended Practice has been compiled by Technical Committee 1 (Engine Lubrication) of the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Division. The intent is to provide those concerned with the design and maintenance of two-stroke-cycle engines with a better understanding of the properties of two-stroke-cycle lubricants. Reference is also made to test procedures which may be used to measure the chemical and physical characteristics of these lubricants.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication

Jet-Induced Compression Ignition (JICI)—Application of Spark-Assisted Compression Ignition (SACI) in a Combustion System with Active Pre-Chamber

03-18-01-0009

01/17/2025

The application of short burn durations at lean engine operation has the potential to increase the efficiency of spark-ignition engines. To achieve short burn durations, spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI) as well as active pre-chamber (PC) combustion systems are suitable technologies. Since a combination of these two combustion concepts has the potential to achieve shorter burn durations than the application of only one of these concepts, the concept of jet-induced compression ignition (JICI) was investigated in this study. With the JICI, the fuel is ignited in the PC, and the combustion products igniting the charge in the main combustion chamber (MC) triggered the autoignition of the MC charge. A conventional gasoline fuel (RON 95 E10) and a Porsche synthetic fuel (POSYN) were investigated to assess the fuel influence on the JICI. Variations of the relative air/fuel ratio in the exhaust gas (λex) were performed to evaluate both the occurrence of the JICI and the dilution

Burkardt, Patrick, Günther, Marco, Villforth, Jonas, Pischinger, Stefan

Analysis of the Characteristics of Hybrid Vehicles and Low-Viscosity Lubricating Oil Based on Real Road Tests in Four Extreme Environments

04-18-02-0009

01/07/2025

As countries around the world attach more importance to carbon emissions and more stringent requirements are put forward for vehicle emissions, hybrid vehicles, which can significantly reduce emissions compared with traditional fuel vehicles, as well as low-viscosity lubricating oil, have become significant trends in the industry. In this article, a total of nine vehicles of 48 V mild-hybrid models and full-hybrid models are tested. Using three kinds of low-viscosity lubricating oil and driving a total of 120,000 km in environments with low temperature, high humidity, high temperature, or high altitude, the engines are then disassembled and scored. The effects of the four extreme environments on the engine starts–stops, ignition advance angle, engine power, state of charge (SOC), acceleration performance, and oil consumption characteristics of hybrid vehicles are studied; the oxidation characteristics and iron content change characteristics of low-viscosity lubricating oil are analyzed

Zhu, Gezhengting, Hu, Hua, Pan, Jinchong, Luo, Yitao, Hua, Lun, Jiao, Yan, Jiang, Jiandi, Shao, Heng, Xu, Zhengxin, Yan, Jingfeng, Wei, Guangyuan, Zhang, Heng

Experimental Investigation of Performance and Vibration Parameters of an Otto Cycle Engine Operated with Regular Gasoline, Premium Gasoline, Pure Ethanol and Mixture of Ethanol with Regular Gasoline

2024-36-0001

12/20/2024

Otto cycle internal combustion engines have undergone technological developments that can be fueled by various types of fuels in different mixture proportions. To achieve this, a detailed study of the main factors that influence the engine combustion process is necessary. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of varying the ignition advance on the performance parameters and vibration level of the engine operated with regular gasoline, premium gasoline, ethanol and a mixture of ethanol with regular gasoline. The experimental tests consisted of operating an Otto cycle engine on a bench dynamometer under full load conditions, varying rotation and ignition advance by 5, 10 and 20% in relation to the original ignition advance and correlating the levels of pre-ignition, knock, engine vibration levels with engine performance parameters. The results showed that the engine vibration level was influenced by the type of fuel used, engine performance parameters and the presence of

Santana, Claudio Marcio, Santana, Linicker Lopes Bruno, Almeida, Helder Giostri Alves

Thermal Energy Balance of an Otto Cycle Engine Fueled with Ethanol and Gasoline

2024-36-0003

12/20/2024

Otto Cycle can operate with both gasoline and ethanol; however, these fuels have different properties that will result in different performance parameters. This work aims to compare the thermal energy balance of an internal combustion engine fueled with gasoline and ethanol. The experimental tests were carried out on a dynamometer bench varying engine speed between 1500 and 6000 rpm and at full load condition. The results showed that the engine’s maximum thermal efficiency ranged from 30.51% with gasoline to 31.72% with ethanol. The percentage of energy dissipated to the cooling system varied from 16.93% with gasoline from 16.12% with ethanol. The percentage of energy dissipated to the exhaust system ranged from 32.82% with gasoline from 34.64% with ethanol. The percentage of energy wasted due to incomplete fuel combustion varied from 3.50% with gasoline from 10.00% with ethanol. The percentage of energy dissipated to the lubrication system ranged from 3.95% with gasoline from 3.76

Santana, Claudio Marcio, Santana, Linicker Lopes Bruno, Almeida, Helder Giostri Alves

Combustion of Hydrated Ethanol and Gasoline RON95 Ultra-High Pressure Direct Injection in Optical Access SI Engine

2024-36-0152

12/20/2024

High and ultra-high pressure direct injection (UHPDI) can enhance efficiency gains with flex-fuel engines operating on ethanol, gasoline, or their mixtures. This application aims to increase the engine’s compression ratio (CR), which uses low CR for gasoline due to the knocking phenomenon. This type of technology, involving injection pressures above 1000 bar, permits late fuel injection during the compression phase, preventing auto-ignition and allowing for higher compression ratios. UHPDI generates a highly turbulent spray with significant momentum, improving air-fuel mix preparation, and combustion, resulting in even greater benefits while minimizing particulate matter emissions. This study aims to develop ultra-high-pressure injection systems using gasoline RON95 and hydrated ethanol in a single-cylinder engine with optical access. Experimental tests will be conducted in an optically accessible spark ignition research engine, employing thermodynamic, optical, and emission results

Malheiro de Oliveira, Enrico R., Mendoza, Alexander Penaranda, Martelli, Andre Luiz, Dias, Fábio J., Weissinger, Frederico F., dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira

Offset Active Prechamber (OAP): A Strategy to Enable Low Load GCI Operation

2024-01-4283

11/05/2024

High fuel stratification gasoline compression ignition (HFS-GCI) strategies allow for the use of ignition control methods similar to those used by diesel-fueled compression ignition (CI) engines while offering the emissions benefits of gasoline-like fuels. Despite this benefit, low load GCI operation requires ignition assistance viz. intake boosting, intake heating, cylinder deactivation, etc. for consistent autoignition. A novel ignition assistance methodology using an offset active prechamber (OAP) is proposed in this work to enable low load GCI operation. A 1.5cc OAP with a pressure-sensing spark plug and gaseous fuel injection system is designed and mounted in a medium-duty single-cylinder test engine based on the Cummins ISB engine. The prechamber is provided with two holes designed to ignite the fuel spray from the centrally mounted direct injection (DI) fuel injector. Gasoline was used as the main chamber fuel and methane was used as the prechamber fuel. A detailed parametric

Gupta, Saurabh K, Hanson, Reed, Dempsey, Adam, Kokjohn, Sage

Prediction of WLTC Mode Drive Fuel Consumption for Vehicles Running on Blended Gasoline

2024-01-4291

11/05/2024

It is becoming increasingly clear that research into alternative fuels, including drop-in fuels, is essential for the continued survival of the internal combustion engine. In this study, the authors have evaluated olefinic and oxygenated fuels as drop-in fuels using a single-cylinder engine and considering fuel characteristic parameters. The authors have assessed thermal efficiency by adding the EGR amount from 0 to the maximum value that allows stable combustion at the theoretical air-fuel ratio. Next, we attempted to predict fuel efficiency for three types of passenger cars (Japanese small K-car N/A, K-car T/C, and Series-HV) by changing the fuels. We created a model in OpenModelica to estimate fuel efficiency during WLTC driving. The results indicated that fuel economy could potentially be improved by adding an olefin fuel that burns stably even with a large amount of EGR and an oxygen fuel whose octane number increases. It was observed that the fuel economy improvement rate was

Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Kawakami, Sota, Wang, Zhiyuan

Fuel Design Concept to Improve Both Combustion Stability and Antiknocking Property Focusing on Ethane

2024-01-4276

11/05/2024

For realizing a super-leanburn SI engine with a very-high compression ratio, it is necessary to design a new fuel which could have low ignitability at a low temperature for antiknocking, but high ignitability at a high temperature for some contribution to stable combustion. C2H6 has a very-long ignition delay time at a low temperature, close to that of CH4, but a short ignition delay time at a high temperature, close to that of gasoline. C2H6 also has a laminar burning velocity about 1.2 times higher than that of gasoline. C2H6 addition to gasoline could be a good example of fuel design to improve both combustion stability and antiknocking property. In the present study, the antiknocking effect of adding CH4, C2H6, or C3H8 with the RON of 120, 115, or 112, respectively, to a regular-gasoline surrogate fuel with the RON of 90.8 has been investigated in an SI engine with a stoichiometric mixture. With the energy fraction of the gaseous fuel of less than 0.35, knocking limit CA50 is

Kuwahara, Kazunari, Shimizu, Taisei, Okada, Atsuki

Influence of Lube Oil and Fuel Additives on the Particulate Raw Emission Behavior of Gasoline Engines

04-18-01-0004

10/03/2024

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of different combinations of engine oil and oil additive as well as additivated and unadditivated fuel on particulate emissions in gasoline engines. To accomplish this, load, speed, and type of oil injection were varied on a single-cylinder engine, and the influence on particle number concentration and size distribution were evaluated. The tests were supplemented by an optical investigation of their in-cylinder soot formation. The investigation of fuel additives showed no significant differences compared to the reference fuel without additives. However, in the case of oil additives, detergents led to a significant increase in the number of particles in the <20 nm range. This effect occurred when used as both a single additive and a component in the standard engine oil. While viscosity improvers also lead to a measurable, but less pronounced, increase in the particle number concentration, no significant influence can be determined

Böhmeke, Christian, Heinz, Lukas, Wagner, Uwe, Koch, Thomas

Direct Injection Gasoline Fuel Injector Characterization

J2713_202409 (Current)

09/27/2024

This SAE Recommended Practice promotes uniformity in the evaluation and qualification tests conducted on gasoline direct injection (GDI) fuel injectors used in gasoline engine applications, where fuel pressures are typically well above 10 MPa. The document scope is limited to electrically actuated gasoline fuel injection devices used in automotive GDI systems and is primarily restricted to bench tests.

Gasoline Fuel Injection Standards Committee

Features of Assessing Fuel Efficiency and Environmental Performance of Vehicles in Thermal Preparation Processes

2024-01-5088

09/02/2024

The article deals with the peculiarities of developing a method for evaluating the fuel efficiency and environmental performance of vehicle engines under conditions of pre- and post-start thermal preparations. The method was designed for gasoline engines converted to run on both liquid petroleum and gaseous fuels (LPG). A thermal treatment system based on a phase transition heat accumulator was used for pre- and post-start heat treatment in operation. An algorithm for determining and evaluating individual thermal preparation criteria for vehicle engines in operational conditions was developed based on the analysis conducted. The method for assessing fuel consumption and harmful emissions in the exhaust gases of vehicles with engines modified to run on LPG and fitted with a phase transition heat accumulator during pre- and post-start thermal preparations was improved. The method development is based on numerous experimental and computational–analytical studies. To assess the high

Gritsuk, Igor, Pohorletskyi, Dmytro, Pohorletska, Nadiia, Volkov, Vladimir, Volodarets, Mykyta, Khudiakov, Igor, Dotsenko, Serhii, Nesterenko, Viktoriia, Volska, Olena

Investigation of Vibration and Acoustic Analysis of Spark-Ignition Engine with Petrol and Compressed Natural Gas Using ADXL 335 Accelerometer and Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm

2024-01-5083

08/20/2024

Vibrations in IC engines have a widespread effect on the operations of consumer and commercial vehicles, which not only affect the life and efficiency of the vehicle but also affect user comfort and nervous system of human body. This paper focuses on the comparative analysis of vibration and acoustic characteristics while utilizing fuels such as petrol and CNG. ADXL 335 3-axis accelerometer was employed to measure acceleration vs time data, which was then processed using MATLAB to obtain FFT and PSD plots. These plots thus obtained gave insights on dominating frequency as well as frequencies with maximum energy. Six different cases with different engine speeds and loading conditions are studied with analysis of all the different parameters such as sound pressure levels and mean and max cylinder pressure.

Anasune, Aditya

Premixed Dual-Fuel Combustion of Camelina sativa Oil and Ethanol

03-18-01-0001

08/06/2024

Dual-fuel (DF) engines enable efficient utilization of a low reactivity fuel (LRF), usually port-injected, and a high reactivity fuel (HRF) provided directly into the cylinder. Ethanol and Camelina sativa oil can be ecologically effective but not fully recognized alternatives for energy production using modern CI engines equipped with a common rail system and adopted for dual fueling. The high efficiency of the process depends on the organization of the combustion. The article describes the premixed dual-fuel combustion (PDFC) realized by dividing the Camelina sativa dose and adjusting its injection timing to the energetic share of ethanol in the DF mixture. The injection strategy of HRF is crucial to confine knock, which limits DF engine operation, but the influence of EGR is also important. The research AVL engine’s dual-fueling tests focused on combustion process modification by the proposed injection strategy and cooled EGR at different substitution rates. For all examined points

Pawlak, Grzegorz, Skrzek, Tomasz, Kosiuczenko, Krzysztof, Płochocki, Patryk, Simiński, Przemysław

Response Surface Optimization of Brake Thermal Efficiency and Specific Fuel Consumption of Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with Gasoline–Pyrooil and Gasoline–Pyrooil–Ethanol Blends

04-18-01-0001

07/18/2024

The present study explores the performance of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pyrooil and ethanol blends with gasoline in SI engine using statistical modeling and analysis using response surface methodology (RSM) and the Anderson–Darling (AD) residual test. The pyrooil was extracted from HDPE through pyrolysis at 450°C and then distilled to separate the liquid fraction. Two blends were prepared by combining pyrooil and gasoline, and pyrooil–ethanol mixture (volume ratio of 9:1) and gasoline, both at volumetric concentrations ranging from 2% to 8% to evaluate brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and specific fuel consumption (SFC) in a SI engine. An experimental matrix containing speed, torque, and blend ratio as independent variables for both blends were designed, analyzed, and optimized using the RSM. The results show that a 4% blend of pyrooil with gasoline (P4) and a 6% blend of pyrooil–ethanol mixture with gasoline (P6E) were optimum for an SI engine. Also, the experimental findings

Manickavelan, K., Sivaganesan, S., Sivamani, S., Kulkarni, Mithun V.

Optimizing Spark-Ignition Engine Performance with Ternary Blend Fuels and Hybrid Nanolubricants: A Response Surface Methodology Study

03-17-08-0059

07/17/2024

The current research elucidates the application of response surface methodology to optimize the collective impact of methanol–isobutanol–gasoline blends and nanolubricants on the operational parameters of a spark-ignition engine. Diverse alcohol blends in conjunction with gasoline are employed in engine trials at 2500 rpm across varying engine loads. The alcohol blends exhibit notable enhancements in brake thermal efficiency, peak in-cylinder pressure, and heat release rate. At 2500 rpm and 75% load, the break thermal efficiency of iBM15 surpasses that of gasoline by 33.5%. Alcohol blends significantly reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions compared to gasoline. The iBM15 demonstrates a reduction of 25.2% and 51.12% in vibration along the Z and Y axes, respectively, relative to gasoline. As per the response surface methodology analysis, the optimal parameters are identified: an alcohol content of 29.99%, an engine load of 99.06%, and a nanolubricant concentration of 0.1%. It

Bharath, Bhavin K, Selvan , V. Arul Mozhi

Effects of Dimethyl Ether and Propane Blends on Knocking Behavior in a Boosted SI Engine

03-17-07-0056

06/12/2024

Dimethyl ether (DME) is an alternative fuel that, blended with propane, could be an excellent alternative for exploring the use of fuels from renewable sources. DME–propane blends are feasible for their comparable physicochemical properties; these fuels may be pressured as liquids using moderate pressure at ambient temperature. Adding a proportion of DME with a low octane number to a less reactive fuel like propane can improve the combustion process. However, the increased reactivity of the mixture induced by the DME could lead to the early appearance of knocking, and this tendency may even be pronounced in boosted SI engines. Hence, this study experimentally analyzes the effect of E10 gasoline (baseline) and DME–propane blends, with varying proportions of DME in propane ranging from 0% to 30% by weight, in increments of 5% on knocking tendency, combustion characteristics, gaseous emissions, and particle number concentration, under different intake pressure conditions (0.8, 0.9, 1.0

Soto, Lian, Han, Taehoon, Boehman, Andre L.

Integration of a Belt Starter Generator in a Flex-Fuel Vehicle

03-17-06-0046

06/10/2024

The concern with global warming has led to the creation of legislation aimed at minimizing this phenomenon. As a result, the development of technologies to minimize vehicle emissions and reduce fuel consumption has gained market share. A promising alternative is the use of a belt starter generator (BSG): an electric machine to replace the vehicle’s alternator. This research analyzes the effects of introducing a 12 V BSG into a flex-fuel vehicle, specifically examining its impact on fuel economy and CO2 emissions when using both gasoline and ethanol. The utilization of a low-voltage BSG in a flex-fuel vehicle has not been previously studied. Numerical simulations and experimental fuel consumption and CO2 emissions tests were performed for the normal production flex-fuel baseline configuration and the vehicle with the 12 V BSG, following the standards ABNT NBR 6601 and ABNT NBR 7024. The use of the BSG led to a 10.06% reduction in CO2 emission in the urban cycle for the vehicle running

Lins, Alice, Hanriot, Sergio, Sales, Luis Carlos Monteiro

Numerical Investigation of Combustion Characteristics in a Binary Fuel Blend of C ₈ H ₁₈ and H ₂

04-17-03-0017

06/10/2024

The escalating energy demand in today’s world has amplified exhaust emissions, contributing significantly to climate change. One viable solution to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions is the utilization of hydrogen alongside gasoline in internal combustion engines. In pursuit of this objective, combustion characteristics of iso-octane/hydrogen/air mixtures are numerically investigated to determine the impact of hydrogen enrichment. Simulations are conducted at 400 K over a wide range of equivalence ratio 0.7 ≤ Ф ≤ 1.4 and pressure 1–10 atm. Adiabatic flame temperature, thermal diffusivity, laminar burning velocity, and chemical participation are assessed by varying hydrogen concentration from 0 to 90% of fuel molar fraction. As a result of changes in thermal properties and chemical participation, it is noticed that the laminar burning velocity (LBV) increases with higher hydrogen concentration and decreases as pressure increases. Chemical participation and mass diffusion were found to be

Almansour, Bader

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