Browse Topic: Gasoline

Items (6,039)
Find
Efficient Powertrain Control via Stochastic Signal Decomposition: Utilizing ARIMA Constituents for Real-Time knock detection in Internal combustion engines.2026-01-0737To be published on 07/01/2026
Knocking combustions in an Internal Combustion engine (ICE) are engine damaging combustions and hence reliable detection of every knocking event is very important. Engines typically rely on piezo-electric knock sensors to monitor structure-borne noise; which outputs a complex, continuous time series signal, thus differentiation of knocking vs knocking signal (signal to noise ratio) is difficult without computation intense signal processing such as Fast Fourier Transforms(FFT) or Wavelet transforms followed by manual calibration. In this research we propose an alternative to replace traditional knock detection with more reliable time-domain alternative using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) technique. Here we decompose the raw sensor signal into seasonality, trend and residue, and analyze the residue signal to differentiate knocking or non-knocking combustion, as the residual component is seen to retain abnormalities in the signal during knocking combustion. Further
Parulekar, Tushar A., Chilukuri, Sandeep, Mahmood, Haneefa
Experimental study of warm-up and startability operations in a spark ignition engine fueled with ethanol gasoline blends2026-01-0738To be published on 07/01/2026
Thermal transients during warm-up phase influence fuel consumption and combustion stability. Moreover, during engine warm-up, tailpipe emissions are the highest since the catalytic converter has not reached the light-off temperature yet. Therefore, reducing warm-up time would be beneficial for both performance and emissions. In this work, an experimental investigation is carried out on a naturally aspirated four-cylinder spark ignition engine with a displacement of 1.2 liter, equipped with a port fuel injection system. The study compares conventional gasoline with an E30 (i.e. 30% ethanol in gasoline). Tests are performed starting from cold engine conditions and stopped when a fully warmed state is reached. The experimental campaign is conducted at a fixed operating condition of 2000 rpm and 20 Nm load, representative of typical warm-up operation. The analysis focuses on the warm-up duration, defined as the time required to reach steady thermal conditions, and on engine performance
Falbo, Luigi, Falbo, Biagio, Perrone, Diego, Castiglione, Teresa
Numerical Analysis of Pre-Ignition Factors in Hydrogen Engines2026-01-0740To be published on 07/01/2026
Numerical analysis was conducted to investigate abnormal combustion, a major challenge in efforts to improve hydrogen engine efficiency. Focusing on two factors that induce abnormal combustion—surface reactions and lubricating oil—numerical analysis examined the potential for each to trigger abnormal combustion. Furthermore, since it was confirmed that the self-ignition prediction using a detailed chemical reaction mechanism deviates from experiments at temperatures around 800K, attempts were made to improve this issue. As a result, it was confirmed that surface reactions affect the chemical species ratio near the wall surface but have little effect on flame propagation. Regarding lubricating oil, two possibilities were investigated: the lubricating oil itself self-igniting and becoming an ignition source for the hydrogen mixture, and deposits generated from the lubricating oil generating heat and becoming an ignition source. We investigated two possibilities: the lubricating oil
Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Yamane, Taichi, Wang, Zhiyuan, Kuboyama, Tatsuya
Comparative Toxicological Assessment of Exhaust Emissions from Modern Low-Emission Passenger Vehicles2026-37-00056/9/2026
As vehicle technologies evolve toward electrification and advanced aftertreatment, understanding the biological implications of their exhaust emissions remains essential. This study presents a harmonized comparative toxicological assessment of five Euro 6 vehicles representing gasoline, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, compressed natural gas (CNG), and diesel technologies. Vehicles were tested under realistic driving conditions on a chassis dynamometer. Diluted exhaust was delivered directly to human lung epithelial cells (A549) using a controlled air–liquid interface (ALI) exposure system. Solid and total particle number emissions were measured, and deposited particle mass was estimated from size-resolved distributions and deposition efficiency. Vehicles equipped with particulate filtration showed lower solid particle emissions overall, while differences between gasoline particulate filter-equipped vehicles indicated that hybridization can further influence emission levels. Diesel operation
Tsakonas, Georgios, Stamatiou, Rodopi, Lazou, Antigone, Samaras, Zissis, Elihn, Karine
Alcohol-Based Energy Carriers in Transportation: Status, Standards, and Outlook2026-37-00426/9/2026
The global transport sector accounts for approximately 30 % of total final energy consumption and 15.9 % of worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with road transport alone accounting for the largest share at 11.8 %. Decarbonizing this sector requires energy sources that combine scalable generation from renewable sources with compatibility with various modes of transportation and existing infrastructure. Methanol and ethanol emerge as promising alternative energy carriers that can leverage existing logistics infrastructure while reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Global methanol production reached 112 million metric tons, and global ethanol production totaled approximately 93.5 million metric tons in 2024, compared to more than 2 billion metric tons of gasoline and diesel produced annually. The review assesses production pathways and cost trajectories for both alcohols, evaluates fuel requirements across multiple transport modes, including passenger vehicles, light- and heavy-duty
Fitz, Patrick, Fellner, Felix, Rößlhuemer, Raphael, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte
Experimental Investigation on Cold Start and Warm-Up Phases for an Ethanol Fueled SI Engine2026-37-00316/9/2026
The reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions represents a key challenge for the transportation sector, requiring the adoption of renewable fuels capable of ensuring both environmental benefits and compatibility with existing internal combustion engine technologies. In this context, bioethanol emerges as a viable solution for Spark Ignition (SI) engines, offering a low life-cycle CO₂ footprint and favorable combustion characteristics. Nevertheless, despite its well-known advantages under steady-state operation, the widespread use of high-ethanol-content fuels is still limited by critical issues during engine cold start. The aim of this work is to experimentally investigate the influence of ethanol content on cold-start behavior and idle warm-up transient operation of a Naturally Aspirated (NA), Port Fuel Injected (PFI) SI engine. The experimental campaign was carried out under idle conditions using four fuels with increasing ethanol content, namely commercial gasoline (E5), E30, E60
Falbo, Luigi, Falbo, Biagio, Perrone, Diego, Castiglione, Teresa
Investigating the Potential of Two Individually Controlled Injectors per Rotor for a Direct Injection Hydrogen Wankel Engine2026-37-00086/9/2026
Hydrogen-fueled rotary engines offer a promising zero-emission solution for compact commercial powertrains. This study reports experimental results from the further development of a naturally aspirated, direct-injection hydrogen rotary engine by HTM. Initial applications, such as an airport baggage tractor, demonstrated technical feasibility but revealed pre-ignition that limited maximum torque. To address this, mixture formation was investigated using an experimental setup with two independently controlled injectors feeding a single rotor injection channel. The effects on operating behavior, efficiency, and NOx emissions were evaluated. The dual-injector configuration significantly shortens injection duration and improves spatial distribution of hydrogen within the combustion chamber. Enhanced mixture control suppresses pre-ignition and enables higher mean effective pressure. Systematic variation of injection timing under representative steady-state conditions also shows potential for
Endres, Jonas, Beidl, Christian, Herold, Tim, Lavall, Philipp, Schmidt, Marvin, Hofmann, Silas, Kahl, Jonas
Development and Experimental Validation of a 1D Model for Performance and Emissions Analysis of Oxygenated Fuel Blends in a CI Engine2026-37-00286/9/2026
Emissions reduction remains a major concern for internal combustion engines in view of increasingly stringent environmental regulations. To address these challenges while maintaining acceptable engine performance, a wide range of alternative fuels and fuel blends have been investigated to ensure the continued viability of CI engines. This study reports the effects of blending the oxygenated fuel diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DGDE) with hydrotreated vegetable oil biodiesel (HVO) on engine performance and emissions. The investigation is conducted on a 2.3-liter, four-cylinder, common-rail diesel engine, equipped with a variable geometry turbocharger and a high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system. The objectives of this study are achieved by developing a one-dimensional predictive engine model using the commercial GT-SUITE software. The engine model is developed and experimentally validated, at various operating conditions and HVO–DGDE fuel blends, to predict their effects on
Arain, M Wajahat Rasool, Foglia, Antonio, Frasci, Emmanuele, Vitek, Oldrich, Pianese, Cesare, Arsie, Ivan
Simulation Study on the Impact of Porous Media Microstructure on Gasoline Particulate Filter Performance2026-99-17405/22/2026
Stricter environmental legislation is driving ever-more-demanding performance targets for gasoline particulate filters (GPFs). This study constructs a multi-scale filtration model based on fractal characteristics, taking into account particle size distribution and particle deposition, to investigate the influence of the microstructure of porous media on GPF performance and analyze the impact of structural parameters on capture efficiency and pressure drop. The results show that: (1) Increasing the wall thickness can improve the capture efficiency and pressure drop, and a thicker wall has a stronger inertial interception capacity for larger particles. (2) A reduction in porosity markedly alters both filtration efficacy and flow pressure drop. For particles in the intermediate size range (0.1-0.5 μm), the capture efficiency of a low-porosity structure is more sensitive to the diffusion deposition of small particles, while the inertial collision efficiency of large particles is higher. (3
Xiong, Xianyang, Qing, Ze, Zhang, Jian, Li, Ting
Experimental Study of Knock Resistance Offered by Direct Water Injections in a Single-Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine03-19-02-00114/11/2026
Stochastic end-gas autoignition in spark ignition (SI) engines, commonly called “knock,” limits attainable engine efficiencies. Multiple pathways to extend SI engine operation into knock-limited regions have been studied, including direct water injection (DWI). This study employs single-cylinder engine experiments with a centrally mounted water injector to investigate the knock resistance offered by compression stroke water injections, which, through incomplete mixing, can thermally stratify the cylinder. In SI, thermally stratifying injections are expected to forcibly widen the cylinder temperature distribution by preferentially cooling the cylinder periphery. The end-gas is in the cylinder periphery. A cooler end-gas would result in longer ignition delays, thus providing knock resistance. The difference between intake temperature required to match knock-limited CA50 and a baseline intake temperature at the load of 8 bar IMEPg (gross indicated mean effective pressure) was used to
Datar, Aditya, Vedpathak, Kunal, Gainey, Brian, Lawler , Benjamin
Effect of Injector Tip Temperature on Methanol Spray Dynamics during Cold-Start Conditions2026-01-03404/7/2026
Methanol is one of the most readily produced e-fuels and remains in liquid form at ambient conditions, making storage and transportation relatively simple. In the marine sector, methanol has already been actively adopted as a pathway toward carbon neutrality. For automotive sectors, methanol offers significant potential for carbon emission reduction owing to its higher octane number and lower carbon content compared with gasoline. However, its high latent heat of vaporization and low vapor pressure suppress evaporation at low ambient temperatures, leading to increased emissions during cold-start operation. To address this issue, previous studies have explored heating the injector tip or fuel rail to enhance evaporation and atomization. The present study focuses on visualizing and quantifying the improvement in methanol evaporation characteristics under cold-start conditions by applying controlled heating to the injector tip. Experiments were conducted in a constant-volume chamber where
Lee, Seungwon, Kim, Hyunsoo, Bae, Sumin, Hwang, Joonsik, Bae, Choongsik
Development and Preliminary Combustion Experiments of a Prototype Engine with Sleeve Valves Based on the Focusing Compression Principle2026-01-02954/7/2026
Our laboratory has proposed the focusing compression principle which employs pulsed super-multi jets of gas colliding around the chamber center. This principle aims to achieve high thermal efficiency by reducing both exhaust and cooling losses. Exhaust loss is minimized due to relatively-silent high compression. Cooling loss is reduced due to thermal insulation caused by fuel-air mixture being confined to the chamber center and the compressible flow effect. In previous studies, we conducted fundamental gasoline combustion experiments on a proof-of-concept opposed-piston engine which incorporated this principle. This engine featured eight intake nozzles in an octagonal configuration and utilized non-sinusoidal and strongly asymmetric piston movements. The results indicated the possibility of high thermal efficiency based on less knocking under high compression, and the potential for stable combustion under lean-burn conditions. As a next step towards practical application with
Nishizawa, Tomohiko, Naitoh, Ken, Baba, Shotaro, Ukegawa, Hiraku, Yamada, Sota, Ozono, Yuka, Abiko, Mirei, Suzuki, Yosuke, Hara, Namito, Ito, Yoshikuni, Matsubara, Kosaku, Uenoyama, Kazuyuki
Simulation of Conjugate Heat Transfer using the Lattice Boltzmann Method2026-01-01354/7/2026
Flow simulation with conjugate heat transfer, which involves fluid flow, conduction, and radiation within solid components, is a vital capability that enables engineers to design and assess cooling systems for heat-producing parts such as brakes, powertrains, batteries, and power electronics in both gasoline and electric vehicles. In this study, we employ PowerFLOW®, which features a thermal solver capable of simultaneously modeling both fluid and solid domains within a unified framework. The fluid flow is simulated using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) with VLES turbulence modeling based on the RNG k–ε approach. The solid domain is solved using a finite volume method with second-order accuracy for thermal conduction, combined with surface-to-surface radiation modeling for thermal exchange between surfaces. This integrated approach streamlines the simulation workflow while enabling accurate representation of both conduction and radiation phenomena. We assess the accuracy of the
Mukutmoni, Devadatta, Shock, Richard, Li, Han, Wanderer, John, Gopalaswamy, Nath, Miao, Ling
Investigation of Flame Speed Effects towards Knock Suppression in a Boosted Spark-Ignited Engine Using 1-D Modeling2026-01-03114/7/2026
To combine high efficiencies and low pollutant emissions, engine manufacturers have developed downsized spark-ignited (SI) engines in light- and medium-duty applications utilizing charge boosting and high compression ratio. While these techniques have proven effective, abnormal combustion such as auto-ignition and knock present a challenge and an important limitation towards high efficiencies. In this work, simulations have been utilized for knock onset predictions as well to provide relevant insights and trends of engine and fuel parameters including flame speed on auto-ignition. A one-dimensional (1-D) GT-Power model was utilized in this study with a semi-predictive flame propagation model and kinetic mechanism solver to isolate the flame propagation rate on auto-ignition and knock. This work presents a comprehensive study of the laminar flame speed (LFS) effect on combustion at knocking conditions in a high compression ratio long stroke engine (LSE) fueled by propane. Knock onset
Douvry-Rabjeau, Julien, DelVescovo, Dan
Relative Knocking Intensity to Discuss Similarities and Differences between Low- and High-Speed Knocking Phenomena2026-01-03124/7/2026
Knock intensity, the maximum half-amplitude of pressure oscillation, reaches 1 MPa once in thousands of cycles under a certain boosted high-load condition at the engine speed of 5000 min-1, which is named high-speed super knock. In the present study, a mass-production turbo-charged direct-injection gasoline engine is operated for the indicated mean effective pressure of 1.7 MPa at the engine speed of 1500 to 5000 min-1. Unburned-zone autoignition timing is estimated using Livengood-Wu integral coupled with a small set of ignition delay time equations, which matches that detected from the differential value of net heat release rate, with a difference below 2 degrees in the whole range of engine speed. As unburned-zone autoignition timing advances, ignition delay time in an unburned zone at the autoignition timing shortens. Whenever autoignition occurs at 15 degrees after TDC, the ignition delay time is the period of about 10 degrees, regardless of engine speed. Knock intensity divided
Zeng, Changzhi, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Yatsufusa, Tomoaki, Okuyama, Shota, Kuwahara, Kazunari
Thermal Management of Gasoline Fuel Tanks2026-01-01144/7/2026
This study presents a fully integrated, vehicle-level thermal management model for gasoline fuel tanks, designed to predict transient fuel temperatures, tank wall heating, and vapor generation under real-world driving conditions. The model simulates coupled thermal contributions from exhaust radiation, transient underbody airflow, conductive heat transfer, in-tank pump heating, and dynamic changes in fuel composition and level. Validation against on-road measurements shows strong agreement for fuel temperature and vapor flow profiles. Results confirm that exhaust radiative heating is the dominant thermal load, particularly during the post-shutdown heat soak period. A well-designed heat shield reduced peak tank wall temperature by approximately 27 °C, significantly lowering fuel heating and evaporation. Parametric analysis indicates that while fuel Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) and tank material influence evaporation, their effect is secondary to external heat mitigation. While this model
El-Sharkawy, Alaa, Asar, Mona, Taha, Nahla, Sheta, Mai
A Pathway to Exceed 50% Indicated Thermal Efficiency for Gasoline Engines with Active Pre-Chamber2026-01-03004/7/2026
Research on high efficiency and low emission control strategies are crucial for addressing energy security and pollution challenges for combustion engines of vehicles. This paper investigates the effects of increasing the compression ratio and excess air coefficient (λ) in naturally aspirated engines via active pre-chamber technology, and further enhancing λ through the synergy of active pre-chamber with intake boosting and Miller cycle technology, on combustion efficiency and pollutant emissions. Experiments were conducted on a high-compression-ratio (up to 16.6) single-cylinder gasoline engine. Under natural aspiration, the effective compression ratio was raised via valve timing, while λ was increased using integrated passive and active pre-chamber systems. Under boosted conditions, intake flow was controlled via a flow meter, and λ was controlled via an active pre-chamber to analyze the λ distribution and thermal efficiency at high-efficiency operating points. Results indicate that
Deng, Jun, Li, Xiaoliang, Miao, Xinke, Xu, Bingxin, Zhang, JianQi, Li, Liguang
Effect of Renewable Fuel Blends on Particulate Emissions in Warm-Up Conditions in a GDI Engine2026-01-03044/7/2026
Renewable gasoline offers significant benefits in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, five gasolines with different renewable hydrocarbon classes and varying distillation curves were taken to investigate their effect on particle number (PN) emissions in a spark-ignition GDI engine at 10 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and 2000 rpm. The engine coolant temperature was varied from 90°C to 35°C to investigate the effect of fuel evaporation on soot formation. Injectors with various spray plume targets and start of injection (SOI) timing (300° and 260° bTDC) were used to assess how different gasolines affect engine performance and to determine engine calibration requirements. A simplified transient cycle examines how engine motoring influences PN emissions for test gasolines. A high-speed camera and endoscope were used to identify the sources of soot during fuel combustion. Simulations were done to assess the quality of fuel-air mixing in support of the
Muniappan, Krishnamoorthi, Dahlander, Petter, Helmantel, Ayolt, Alemahdi, Nika, Lehto, Kalle
Effect of Renewable Fuel Blends on Particulate Emissions under Medium Engine Load and Injector Coking Conditions in a GDI Engine2026-01-03014/7/2026
Renewable gasoline is blended with fossil gasoline as part of the effort to achieve zero net carbon emissions. This study examined how five gasoline fuels with different hydrocarbon compositions affect engine-out gaseous and particle number (PN) emissions. Gasolines F3 and F4 reduce GHG emissions by 54% and 35%, compared with fossil gasoline. The other three gasolines reduce GHG emissions by 4-9%. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder GDI engine at 10-14 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and 2000 rpm. The injector-tip coking behavior of the test fuels and the resulting PN emissions were also investigated at 10 bar IMEP. Spray plume targets and start-of-injection (SOI) timing were adjusted to examine how the test fuels affected PN emissions. An endoscope was used to identify the sources of soot during fuel combustion. The experimental results show that PN varies with gasoline composition and engine operating conditions. Aromatics and olefins contribute more to injector
Muniappan, Krishnamoorthi, Dahlander, Petter, Helmantel, Ayolt, Alemahdi, Nika, Lehto, Kalle
Effects of Gasoline Composition and Operating Parameters on the Response of End-Gas Autoignition to Nitric Oxide in a Lean-Burn DI-SI Engine2026-01-03134/7/2026
Lean operation of spark-ignition engines can lead to engine thermal efficiency gains and lower NOx emissions due to reduced combustion temperatures. Yet, lean operation could still face challenges in end-gas autoignition and knock generation due to higher intake pressures and trapped NO in the residual gas. This study evaluates the impact of NO on end-gas autoignition for two gasoline fuels with similar octane rating but different composition: high cycloalkane fuel (HCA) and high olefin fuel (HO). Experiments were performed at stoichiometric and lean (λ = 2) conditions and at two engine speeds of 1400 rpm and 2000 rpm. Accompanying chemical kinetics simulations in CHEMKIN revealed that the mechanisms controlling the effect of NO on autoignition are similar λ = 2 and λ = 1, with NO + HO2 = NO2 + OH being the main pathway for enhancing reactivity by promoting low-temperature heat release (LTHR). The compositionally different fuels reacted differently to NO seeding and engine speed, and
Kim, Namho, Abboud, Rami, Sjöberg, Magnus, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Saggese, Chiara, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Kitano, Koji, Yamada, Ryota, Sugata, Kenji
A Novel Chemical Clustering Approach for the Acceleration of 3D CFD Simulations of Internal Combustion Engines with Complex Fuels2026-01-04954/7/2026
Detailed kinetics simulations coupled with 3D CFD offer a powerful analysis tool for combustion and emissions. Such methods allow consistent modeling of multi-component fuels from evaporation to combustion and correctly capture the effects of local inhomogeneities created by preferential evaporation on the performance and emissions of modern powertrains. Such computations are extremely computationally demanding, prompting interest in the development of calculation acceleration techniques that can effectively balance the speed and accuracy of the chemical source calculation terms. Chemical kinetics clustering methods are widely used for that effect. However, such techniques must be not only effective but also robust with respect to the engine conditions and fuel composition changes, to reduce the computational demands introduced by the need to calibrate the parameters of the acceleration method itself. In this paper, an extended chemical kinetics clustering approach is proposed. A
Hernandez, Ignacio, Turquand d Auzay, Charles, Shapiro, Evgeniy, Shala, Mehmet, Borg, Anders, Seidel, Lars, Mauss, Fabian
Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) OBD Monitoring Requirements2026-01-02904/7/2026
This paper presents the collaborative efforts of the USCAR GPF OBD Working Group to evaluate and recommend On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) monitoring requirements for Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs). The group, comprising representatives from major OEMs, aims to establish a unified understanding of GPF monitoring capabilities and propose regulatory recommendations to CARB. The paper outlines the physics of soot generation and oxidation, regulatory interpretations, and diagnostic strategies, culminating in a proposed framework for GPF OBD compliance. The material in this paper was previously presented at the 2024 SAE OBD Symposium [1].
Van Nieuwstadt, Michiel, Ramappan, Vijay, Johnson, Lonny, Wendling, Timothy
How higher-quality gasoline keeps modern engines CLEAN AND EFFICIENT26AUTP03_033/1/2026
Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are the most common technology on American roadways in 2025, and soon, an industrywide gasoline quality standard will better reflect their unique operational needs. Here's why that's important. It's no secret that fuel economy has been one of the greatest driving forces of automotive evolution over the past several decades. As corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards have grown increasingly lofty, OEMs eke out new efficiencies from every area of the vehicle. One of those areas, of course, is the engine, and many OEMs have deployed gasoline direct injection (GDI) technology, which is becoming the most common engine technology on American roadways. But while GDI engines proliferate, varying fuel additization throughout North America has not necessarily kept pace with their unique needs and can, in fact, hinder those engines from meeting and sustaining their full fuel economy potential.
Blackburn, Brett
Flow-Based Corrosion Analysis of NBR-PVC Fuel Hoses in Ethanol-Gasoline Blends2026-28-00792/12/2026
The integration of ethanol into gasoline presents compatibility challenges for automotive fuel-system materials. In this study, the degradation of NBR-PVC fuel hoses exposed to ethanol-gasoline blends (E30, E50, E70, and E100) was investigated under dynamic flow conditions. A custom-designed test rig simulates real-time fuel circulation for 1,200 h. FESEM, ATR-FTIR, and elemental mapping analyses revealed ethanol-induced degradation, including dehydrochlorination, plasticizer leaching, and filler detachment. Among the blends, E30 exhibited the least material degradation, whereas E100 showed significant surface damage and chemical alteration. This study recommends multilayered fuel hose structures with ethanol-resistant inner linings for enhanced durability.
PC, Murugan, L S, Adhitya, G, Arun Prasad, W, Beno Wincy, T, Karthi
Early Prediction of CNG Filling Time Using Artificial Intelligence for Design Optimization2026-26-06621/16/2026
Over the past few decades, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has gained popularity as an alternative fuel due to its lower operating cost compared to gasoline and diesel, for both passenger and commercial vehicles. In addition, it is considered more environmentally friendly and safer than traditional fossil fuels. Natural gas's density (0.7–0.9 kg/m3) is substantially less than that of gasoline (715–780 kg/m3) and diesel (849–959 kg/m3) at standard temperature and pressure. Consequently, CNG needs more storage space. To compensate for its low natural density, CNG is compressed and stored at high pressures (usually 200-250 bar) in on-board cylinders. This results in an effective fuel density of 180 kg/m3 at 200 bar and 215 kg/m3 at 250 bar. This compression allows more fuel to be stored, extending the vehicle's operating range per fill and minimising the need for refuelling. Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs), particularly those in the commercial sector like buses and lorries, need numerous CNG
Choudhary, Aditya Kant, Petale, Mahendra, Dutta, Surabhi, Bagul, Mithilesh
Misfires Detection in Bi-Fuel Engines – A Brief Note2026-26-01201/16/2026
With the expansion of compressed natural gas (CNG) filling station in India, bi-fuel vehicles are gaining popularity in recent times. Bi-fuel engine runs on more than one fuel, say in both CNG and petrol. Hence, the engine must be optimized in both the fuel modes for performance and emissions. However, due to the inherent differences in combustion characteristics: ignition dynamics and fuel properties, they pose a significant challenge in case of detection of misfires. Misfires are caused because of faulty injection systems and ignition systems and incorrect fuel mixture. Accurate detection is essential as misfires deteriorate the catalysts performance and may impacts emission. Misfires (or engine roughness) is calculated from engine crankshaft speed signal. In this study, the effectiveness of crankshaft-based misfires detection method, comparison of misfire signals magnitude in bi-fuel modes and practices developed for accurate detection of misfires is presented.
Thiyagarajan, Abhinav, N, Gobalakrishnan, R, Hema
Effect of E20 Fuel on Vehicle Performance Parameters of 694CC Gasoline Engine for Commercial Vehicle Application2026-26-05651/16/2026
In alignment with its carbon reduction commitments, India is transitioning towards higher ethanol-blended fuels, with E20 set for nationwide implementation by 2025. Ethanol is a renewable, domestically produced biofuel produced through fermentation of biomass such as sugarcane, corn. It possesses a higher octane rating and oxygen content compared to conventional gasoline, making it a favorable additive for improving engine performance and reducing emissions. This study investigates the impact of E20 fuel on performance parameters of a 694 cc MPFI , water-cooled, twin-cylinder gasoline engine. For deriving maximum benefits of increased Octane rating of E20, compression ratio was increased to 12.5:1. Experimental analysis was conducted to assess the changes in combustion behavior, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), torque output, engine out emissions and thermal efficiency when operating on E20 compared to baseline gasoline (E10). Base results indicate that E20 promotes more
Kulkarni, Deepak, Malekar, Hemant A, Thonge, Ravindra, Kanchan, Shubham
Performance Optimization of 2 Cylinder Flex Fuel Engine for Small Commercial Vehicle – A STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY2026-26-01191/16/2026
Increasing ethanol blending in gasoline is significant from both financial (reducing dependency on crude oil) and sustainability (overall CO2 reduction) points of view. Flex Fuel is an ethanol-gasoline blend containing ethanol ranging from 20% to 85%. Flex Fuel emerges as an exceptionally advantageous solution, adeptly addressing the shortcomings associated with both gasoline and ethanol. Performance optimization of Flex Fuel is a major challenge as fuel properties like knocking tendency, calorific value, vapour pressure, latent heat, and stoichiometric air-fuel ratio change with varying ethanol content. This paper elaborates on the experimental results of trials conducted for optimizing engine performance with Flex Fuel for a 2-cylinder engine used in a small commercial vehicle. To derive maximum benefit from the higher octane rating of E85, the compression ratio is increased, while ignition timing is optimized to avoid knocking with E20 fuel. For intermediate blends, ignition timing
Kulkarni, Deepak, Malekar, Hemant A, Upadhyay, Rajdip, Katkar, Santosh, Undre, Shrikant
Correlation of Particulate Matter Species on Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Vehicle with Ethanol Blended Gasoline: Real Drive Emissions based Portable Emission Measurement System2026-26-02161/16/2026
On the way to net zero emissions and to cut the oil import bills, NITI Aayog, Government of India and Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG) has rolled out roadmap for ethanol blending in India during 2020-2025. Also, National Policy on Biofuels – 2018, provides an indicative target of 20% ethanol blending under the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme by 2030. Considering these Government’s initiatives current studies were performed on BSVI compliant gasoline direct injection vehicle on RDE compliant route (Route formulated by Indian Oil R&D Centre) with different ethanol blended gasoline fuel formulations i.e., E0 (Neat Gasoline), E10 (10% Ethanol in gasoline) & E20 (20% Ethanol in gasoline). The study aims to determine the compliance of Conformity Factor (C.F.) for ethanol blended gasoline fuel on Direct Injection gasoline engine. The conformity factors were calculated in each case for CO, NOx & PN using moving window average evaluation method. For reference CO2
Kant, Chander, Arora, Ajay, Saroj, Shyamsher, Kumar, Prashant, Sithananthan, M, Chakradhar, Dr Maya, Kalita, Mrinmoy
Introducing a New Catalyst Family in Gasoline Aftertreatment2026-26-02311/16/2026
This paper is to introduce a new catalyst family in gasoline aftertreatment. The very well-known three-way catalysts effectively reduce the main emission components resulting from the combustion process in the engine, namely THC, CO, and NOx. The reduction of these harmful emissions is the main goal of emission legislation such as Bharat VI to increase air quality significantly, especially in urban areas. Indeed, it has been shown that under certain operating conditions, three-way catalysts may produce toxic NH3 and the greenhouse gas N2O, which are both very unwanted emissions. In a self-committed approach, OEMs could want to minimize these noxious pollutants, especially if this can be done with no architecture change, namely without additional underfloor catalyst. In most Bharat VI gasoline aftertreatment system architectures, significant amounts of NH3 occur in two phases of vehicle driving: situations with the catalyst temperature below light-off, which appear after cold start or
Kuhn, Sebastian, Magar, Avinash, Kogel, Julius, Lahousse, Christophe
Experimental Evaluation of Energy and Exergy of Hydrogen, CNG and Gasoline Fuelled High-Speed Spark Ignition Engine2026-26-02581/16/2026
The maximum power is recorded with Gasoline than CNG and Hydrogen fuel. The maximum exergy and energy efficiency is with Hydrogen, followed by CNG and then Gasoline. Hydrogen fuel has a maximum potential to convert into energy. The maximum energy destruction of 48.7kW for gasoline fuel at 3000 rpm and followed by CNG and hydrogen. The maximum entropy generation of 85.5 W/K with Gasoline and 60.72 W/K and 29.39W/K for CNG and hydrogen engine respectively at 10000 rpm. The entropy generation rate increase with engine speed. The highest rate of heat release is from hydrogen fuel, followed by Gasoline and CNG.
Shinde, Apurwa Balasaheb, Kadam, Tushar, karunamurthy, K, SHINDE, DR BALU
Development of a Software Algorithm Based Semi-Automated Data Acquisition System for Gasoline Vehicle Calibration on Chassis Dynamometer2026-26-05351/16/2026
Vehicle level EMS tuning is one of the crucial parts of calibration development. In this, vehicle level data is collected by using chassis dynamometer. Main objective of this data collection is to log the engine and vehicle level parameters at various speed and load conditions, covering the entire engine operational zone. This data acquisition process includes verification of base calibration, transient calibration and emissions-related calibration. Due to multiple number of similar acquisition steps this process becomes repetitive in nature and it covers 30-40% of the total calibration duration. All these measurements follow a standardized and repetitive sequence. However, these tasks are predominantly performed manually, leading to potential human error and fatigue. This paper presents a novel and comprehensive algorithm developed using INCA FLOW software; the first of its kind for this application. Here, a systematic development approach is used. First, the crucial vehicle data
Kavekar, Pratap Chandrashekhar, Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Agarwal, Nishant Kumar, Shaikh, Wasim, Karadi, Subramanya
Material Compatibility Studies of Ethanol Blended Diesel2026-26-01291/16/2026
The Government of India has mandated biofuel blending in automotive fuels to reduce crude oil imports and support the national economy. As part of this initiative, Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) have begun nationwide blending of E20 fuel (20% ethanol in petrol). Ethanol supply is expected to exceed demand by the end of 2025 due to initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana. Alternative applications for ethanol are being explored; one promising approach is its use as a co-blend with diesel fuel (ED blends). However, ethanol’s low cetane number and poor lubricity pose challenges for direct use in diesel engines without modifications. ED blends demonstrated reduced emissions while maintaining performance comparable to conventional diesel. To further address concerns related to materials compatibility of ED blends with fuel system components, particularly plastomers that may impact engine durability, a detailed study was conducted using elastomers such as FVMQ, FKM, HNBR, and NBR in
Johnpeter, Justin P, Chakrahari, Kiran, Chakradhar, Maya, Arora, Ajay, Prakash, Shanti, Pokhriyal, Naveen Kumar
Analysis of Light Duty Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions Using Scanning Electron Microscopy2025-36-007412/18/2025
Particulate matter (PM), mainly its finer fraction, is among the main atmospheric pollutants present in an urban environment. The relationship between the increase in the concentration of this pollutant and the harm to human health is well established. The main sources of particulate matter in urban areas are mobile sources, which include the exhaust emission from light duty vehicles. This work measured the emission of PM in three light duty passenger vehicles, characterizing it in terms of emitted mass in one “flex” vehicle with port fuel (indirect) injection (PFI), using ethanol and gasohol (mixture of 22% anhydrous ethanol and 78% gasoline, by volume), in another “flex” vehicle with direct fuel injection (GDI), and in a diesel vehicle. In addition to mass measurement, images of the filters used in PM sampling were produced using scanning electron microscopy. The processing of these images made it possible to determine the average PM size, as well as establish a particle size
Borsari, Vanderlei, Neto, Edson Elpídio, de Abrantes, Rui
Review of the Potential for Utilizing Organic Waste for Biogas Production in Latin American Countries2025-36-008312/18/2025
Environmental agreements and the urgent need to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions have positioned biogas as a sustainable alternative for bioenergy production. Biogas is a highly versatile fuel that can be used for heat and electricity generation, as well as a substitute for fossil fuels. However, its contribution to the global energy matrix remains limited. This study presents a literature search aimed at assessing the potential for biogas and bioenergy production in Latin American countries, with an emphasis on agro-industrial, agricultural, and urban waste sources. This source was conducted using articles retrieved from the CAPES Journals Portal. Based on the findings, Brazil stands out due to its extensive agro-industrial sector, while countries such as Argentina, Colombia, and Mexico also offer substantial opportunities which biogas could meet a significant share of regional energy demand. The review showed that sugarcane residues in Colombia could replace up to 44% of gasoline
Rodrigues, Jônatas Soares, Moreira, Thiago Augusto Araújo, Souza Pereira, Felipe Augusto de, Castro, Daniel Enrique
Development of a Comprehensive Predictive QD Knock Simulation Model for Hydrogen, Methanol, and an Ammonia–Hydrogen Blend2025-01-052811/25/2025
To support the transition toward climate-neutral mobility and power generation, internal combustion engines (ICEs) must operate efficiently on renewable, carbon-neutral fuels. Hydrogen, methanol, and ammonia-hydrogen blends are promising candidates due to their favorable production pathways and combustion properties. However, their knock behavior differs significantly from conventional fuels, requiring dedicated simulation tools. This work presents a modeling framework based on quasi-dimensional (QD) engine simulation, including two separate knock prediction models. The first model predicts the knock boundary of a given operating point and combines an auto-ignition model with a knock criterion. The overall methodology was originally developed for gasoline and is here adapted to hydrogen, methanol, and ammonia-hydrogen blends. For this purpose, the relevant fuel properties were incorporated into the auto-ignition model, and a suitable knock criterion was identified that applies to all
Benzinger, Steffen, Yang, Qirui, Grill, Michael, Kulzer, Andre Casal, Plum, Lukas, Hermsen, Philipp, Günther, Marco, Pischinger, Stefan, Hurault, Florian, Foucher, Fabrice, Rousselle, Christine
Knock Phenomenon Investigation in SI Engine Fuelled with Ammonia-Hydrogen Mixture2025-01-053211/25/2025
Ammonia has emerged as a compelling carbon-free alternative fuel for applications in sectors such as power generation and heavy-duty transportation, where thermal energy conversion plays a dominant role. Its potential lies in its high hydrogen content, carbon-free combustion, and the feasibility of large-scale storage and transport. However, ammonia’s combustion behavior poses significant challenges due to its low reactivity, characterized by a low laminar burning velocity, high autoignition temperature, and narrow flammability range. These properties hinder stable and efficient operation in conventional internal combustion engines. A common strategy to mitigate these limitations involves blending ammonia with hydrogen—often generated via on-board catalytic cracking of ammonia—which improves ignition and flame speed. Despite these benefits, the presence of hydrogen increases the risk of knock, particularly in high-compression-ratio engines designed to improve thermal efficiency. This
Hurault, Florian, Brequigny, Pierre, Foucher, Fabrice, Rousselle, Christine
Experimental Investigations on Lean Burn Spark-Ignition Engine Using Alcohol-Gasoline Blends2025-28-021311/6/2025
Alcohol fuels are regarded as a feasible approach to address rising energy demands and reduce the dependency on fossil fuels, with ethanol and methanol emerging as a promising renewable fuel for spark-ignition engines. In this research work, tests were performed on a spark ignition engine altered from a diesel engine that employs ethanol/methanol-gasoline blend as fuel operating under lean conditions. The experiments were conducted at 10.5:1 compression ratio and 1500 rpm under full throttle condition with three fuel blends namely M10 (10% of methanol+ 90% gasoline), E10 (10% of ethanol+ 90% gasoline), E5M5 (5% of each ethanol and methanol+ 90% gasoline). Investigational results reveals that alcohol-gasoline blends displayed low COV of IMEP. Furthermore, the alcohol-gasoline mixtures enhanced the peak in-cylinder pressure owing to improved flame speed and flammability limits. Adopting lean-burn operation and high compression ratio can efficiently improve combustion attributes in an
Devunuri, Suresh, Porpatham, Dr. E
A Combustion CFD Study on the Pre-Chamber Jet Combustion Technology for Large Motorcycle Gasoline Engine2025-32-000111/3/2025
The objective of this study is to enhance the full-load power and the partial-load thermal efficiency of a gasoline spark-ignition engine for large motorcycles. To achieve these goals, it is important to increase the combustion speed and mitigate knocking, so a passive pre-chamber jet combustion system was evaluated. In the specification study, a three-dimensional combustion simulation incorporating detailed chemical kinetics was used to analyze the combustion mechanism, including knocking detection. For full-load conditions, a passive pre-chamber jet combustion system was evaluated. It accelerated combustion by increasing turbulent kinetic energy in the main chamber through jets sprayed from the pre-chamber. By increasing the compression ratio by 2.0, the full-load indicated work increased by 3.6% compared to conventional SI combustion. Under partial-load conditions, the passive pre-chamber jet combustion system faced challenges, such as reduced jet temperature due to increased
Ando, Hirokazu, Tanaka, Takumi, Tomizawa, Kengo, Inoue, Yosuke
A Study of Knocking Characteristics in a Hydrogen SI Engine under High Compression Ratio2025-32-006311/3/2025
This study investigated the knocking characteristics of a hydrogen spark ignition engine for the purpose of increasing efficiency and expanding the operating range. In recent years, research focused on carbon neutrality has been vigorously conducted, and hydrogen has attracted attention as a next-generation fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs). The combustion characteristics of hydrogen are vastly from those of existing gasoline. It is essential to have a sufficient understanding of the combustion characteristics of hydrogen in order to develop next-generation ICEs designed to operate on hydrogen fuel. There are especially many aspects of the knocking mechanisms of hydrogen that are unclear. Consequently, those characteristics and mechanisms must be clarified for the purpose of expanding the operating range of hydrogen engines and enhancing their efficiency. In this study, experiments were conducted using a single-cylinder hydrogen engine that was operated at a high compression
Ishihara, Hiromasa, Kishibata, Shunsuke, Miyake, Shota, Iida, Tomoya, Kuwabara, Kenta, Yoshihara, Shintaro, Miyamoto, Sekai, Iijima, Akira
Application of MAN Loop Scavenging in a 125 cm 3 Two-Stroke Racing Engine2025-32-002911/3/2025
The use of MAN-type loop scavenging port arrangements in a 125 cc two-stroke racing engine is being investigated. These make it possible to provide larger cross-sections for the transfer ports, but at the expense of the exhaust port cross-section. The investigation is carried out using 1D calculations with GT-Suite. It is shown that significantly higher maximum outputs are possible in this way. However, this requires large exhaust widths, as otherwise the exhaust port is too small and the advantage of the larger transfer cross-section is overcompensated. Mixed forms between the original MAN loop scavenging and Schnürle loop scavenging can represent a good compromise. To improve the power characteristic vs. speed, which is influenced negatively by the higher maximum outputs, optimizations of port heights and exhaust pipe dimensions are carried out. A configuration with the same maximum output as the basis but a wider power band is also shown. One open point is the quality of the
Eilts, Peter
Study of Combustion Characteristics of a Two-Stroke Opposed Piston Engine using Low-Octane Fuels2025-32-002811/3/2025
Various fuels are being considered as the next generation of carbon neutral fuels, including methanol, ethanol, and SAF. These have widely different ignition properties. Methanol and ethanol are high-octane fuels, so there are no major problems with their use in gasoline engines. However, SAF is a hydrocarbon with a large molecular weight, so it has a fundamentally low octane rating and is not easy to use in SI engines. In order to put carbon-neutral fuels of various properties into practical use, it is effective to develop a technology that allows fuels with low octane to be operated in SI engines. Therefore, in this study, basic research was conducted on the combustion of fuels with low octane using PRF fuel in opposed-piston engines. Opposed piston engines are characterized by their light weight due to the absence of a cylinder head, low S/V ratio due to the ultra-long stroke, reduced cooling loss due to the long stroke, and reduced vibration due to the offsetting of the
Yamazaki, Yoshiaki, Okawara, Ikumi, Liu, Jinru, Iijima, Akira
Analysis of Flame Propagation Characteristics in a Hydrogen Engine using an Optically Accessible Engine2025-32-006111/3/2025
This study focused on the effects of hydrogen on the flame propagation characteristics and combustion characteristics of a small spark-ignition engine. The combustion flame in the cylinder was observed using a side-valve engine that allowed optical access. The fundamental characteristics of hydrogen combustion were investigated based on combustion images photographed in the cylinder with a high-speed camera and measured cylinder pressure waveforms. Experiments were conducted under various ignition timings and equivalence ratios and comparisons were made with the characteristics of an existing hydrocarbon liquid fuel. The hydrogen flame was successfully photographed, although it has been regarded as being difficult to visualize, thus enabling calculation of the flame propagation speed. As a result, it was found that the flame propagation speed of hydrogen was much faster than that of the existing hydrocarbon fuel. On the other hand, it was difficult to photograph the hydrogen flame
Arai, Yuto, Ueno, Takamori, Suda, Ryosuke, Sato, Ryoichi, Nakao, Yoshinori, Ninomiya, Yoshinari, Matsushita, Koichiro, Kamio, Tomohiko, Iijima, Akira
Computational Investigation on a Boosted Uniflow Scavenged Direct-Injection Combustion Engine (BUSDICE) with Alcohol Fuels2025-32-002711/3/2025
Alcohol fuels, produced from renewable energy sources, are considered a crucial solution for achieving life-cycle carbon neutrality in internal combustion engines. The Boosted Uniflow Scavenged Direct-Injection Combustion Engine (BUSDICE) exhibits significant potential for high thermal efficiency with an aggressive downsizing design. In this study, a computational investigation was carried out to assess the spray mixing and combustion characteristics of BUSDICE fuelled with methanol and ethanol, compared with gasoline, under a high-load condition. The injection duration of methanol and ethanol is significantly longer than that of iso-octane, leading to incomplete evaporation. The mixture exhibits an “outer-rich, central-lean” stratification pattern due to the short mixing time and swirl flow transportation for all three fuels. However, the prolonged injection of methanol induces stronger turbulence, which can enhance the local mixing. The spatial mixture stratification, particularly
Feng, Yizhuo, Lu, Enshen, Dong, Shuo, Keshtkar, Hossein, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua
Knock Sensors for Two Wheelers Applications2025-32-007911/3/2025
This paper describes the design and characteristics of the knock sensor. The sensor is already used as a commodity product for automotive applications and used by all automotive OEMs for spark ignited combustion engines. With the arrival of the electronic fuel injection on the two wheelers, further optimization of the combustion can be obtained. Although there are many publications on the engine knock strategy, little is known publicly about the sensor itself. The knock sensor is an accelerometer based on a piezoelectric component; it provides an analog signal of the engine vibration. The Electronic Control Unit will filter the signal according to a specific strategy and defines the presence and intensity of the engine knock. The ECU will act accordingly on the ignition timing. The inner structure as well as the mechanical and electrical interface are described in this article.
van Est, Jeroen, Prieu, Corentin
Study on Combustion Detection of a Spark-Ignition Engine with Fuel Variation Using Various Sensors2025-32-005211/3/2025
The use of alternative fuels, such as biofuels and synthetic fuels in small mobility engines has become more common these days. Although these fuels contribute to the carbon neutrality, it is known that they do not have a certain fuel composition, which significantly affects the combustion characteristics of an engine, such as knocking and combustion duration. Therefore, to get the most out of these sustainable fuels, it is necessary to develop engine systems that are highly robust to variations in fuel composition. To achieve this goal, a method to sense fuel characteristics onboard using sensors already widespread in use or can be installed inexpensively is required. Although in-cylinder piezoelectric pressure sensors are useful for research in the laboratory, it is not suitable for the use in commercial engines because of its high cost. Therefore, the use of other sensors should be considered. The purpose of this study is to experimentally analyze what information related to
Hayashi, Kohei, Kim, Jihoon, Yamasaki, Yudai
Optimum Bore-to-Stroke Ratio for a Flathead Uniflow Two-Stroke SI Engine and its Impact on Different Fuels2025-32-002411/3/2025
This numerical study investigates a spark-ignited, two-stroke engine employing uniflow scavenging, flathead cylinder head design, and an exhaust valve system to identify the optimal bore-to-stroke (B/S) ratio for maximizing brake efficiency at fixed displacement. A single-cylinder prototype engine was constructed, and its experimental data validated a 1D GT-SUITE simulation model. This validated model was then utilized to simulate a full-scale, 1.5-liter displacement, horizontally opposed four-cylinder engine with supercharger-assisted boosting, intended for small aircraft propulsion. The simulations explored a range of B/S ratios from undersquare (0.7) to oversquare (1.5), maintaining a consistent brake power output of 60 kW at 3000 rpm and lambda 0.9. Results showed that increasing the B/S ratio enhanced brake efficiency from 26.0% at B/S=0.7 to 27.0% at B/S=1.5, largely due to reduced frictional losses attributed to shorter stroke and lower piston speeds, decreased heat transfer
Zanchin, Guilherme, Hausen, Roberto, Fagundez, Jean Lucca, Lanzanova, Thompson, Martins, Mario
Influence of Twin-Scroll Turbocharging on the Performance of Direct Injection Gasoline Engine2025-01-507010/16/2025
In order to further understand the effect of twin-scroll turbocharging on the engine performance, this paper adopts a combination of one-dimensional numerical simulation and experimental research methods to compare the effects of two-scroll and single-scroll turbocharging on the power and fuel economy of direct injection gasoline engine. The research results show that, compared with the single-scroll turbocharger, twin-scroll turbocharger increased the low-end torque for 16% and 32% at 1000 r/min and 1500 r/min, respectively. However, the average fuel consumption has increased 1.3% at part load with twin-scroll turbocharger due to the pumping loss. Compared with a turbocharged port injection engine with a displacement 1.2 times that of the former, the twin-scroll turbocharged engine saved 11% fuel economy at part loads. The fuel consumption is saved 11% at part loads with twin-scroll turbocharger. This research first establishes the 1D simulation capability in twin-scroll turbocharger
Yu, Xiaocao
Impact of Oil Composition on Pre-Ignition in a Hydrogen Engine04-18-03-001810/10/2025
Pre-ignition (PI) is a common issue in internal combustion engines (ICE) with spark ignition. While the various causes have been identified with conventional fuels (such as gasoline or gasoline blends), the causes with hydrogen in ICE are not yet fully understood. This article presents the results of investigations into the influence of seven different lubricating oils on PI in a single-cylinder hydrogen research engine. The variation of two different parameters at two engine speeds were investigated: load and air/fuel mixture. For both variations, the tests start at the same conditions and run until the operating limit of the engine is reached (peak firing pressure, or maximum intake manifold pressure). The PI and knocking PI are investigated, while classifying them according to the peak cylinder pressure. It has been observed that enleanment above λ = 2.4 can lead to higher PI rates, while simultaneously reducing the knocking PI. During the load sweep at 2000 1/min, the highest
Pehlivanlar, Benjamin, Torkler, Michael, Fischer, Marcus, Göbel, Christoph, Pischinger, Stefan, Maulbetsch, Theo, Nübling, Fritz, Neumann, Stephan
Bridging Fundamental Combustion Analysis and Engine Knock Behavior - 2nd Report: Detailed Analyses of Knock Behavior Based on Fundamental 1D DNS and Its Relationship with Engine Knock2025-01-039210/7/2025
A collaborative study was conducted to bridge the gap between fundamental combustion research and engine-scale observations of knock in spark-ignition (SI) engines. In the first report, CFR engine tests using Primary Reference Fuels (PRFs) were conducted and knock onset conditions were identified for each fuel. In this study, one-dimensional direct numerical simulations (1D DNS) were performed for stoichiometric PRF80, 90, and 100/air mixtures to investigate fundamental characteristics of knocking with different Research Octane Number (RON) fuels. The 1D DNS reproduced knocking in the constant-volume chamber, and the knock onset conditions in terms of unburned gas pressure and temperature were derived. The 1D DNS results demonstrated that knock onset timing, pressure, and temperature conditions all increased with increasing RON. When comparing 1D DNS and CFR engine tests, differences in pressure-temperature trajectories of unburned gas were observed. However, a key similarity emerged
Moriyama, Hinata, Morii, Youhi, Tsunoda, Akira, Yasutake, Yuki, Misono, Katsuhiro, Suzuki, Yoshikatu, Naiki, Taketora, Watanabe, Manabu, Maruta, Kaoru
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 6039