Browse Topic: Alternative fuels

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Flow-Based Corrosion Analysis of NBR-PVC Fuel Hoses in Ethanol-Gasoline Blends2026-28-0079To be published on 02/12/2026
The integration of ethanol into gasoline presents compatibility challenges for automotive fuel system materials. This study examines the degradation of NBR-PVC fuel hoses exposed to ethanol-gasoline blends (E30, E50, E70, and E100) under dynamic flow conditions. A custom-designed test rig simulates real-time fuel circulation for 1,200 hours. Analysis using FESEM, ATR-FTIR, and elemental mapping identifies ethanol-induced degradation, including dehydrochlorination, plasticizer leaching, and filler detachment. Among the blends, E30 exhibits the least material degradation, while E100 shows significant surface damage and chemical alteration. The study recommends multilayered fuel hose structures with ethanol-resistant inner linings for enhanced durability.
PC, Murugan, L S, Adhitya, G, Arun Prasad, W, Beno Wincy, T, Karthi
Enhancing combustion, performance and emission profiles using kapok methyl ester blends with hydrogen2026-28-0058To be published on 02/12/2026
This study investigates the potential of using a dual green alternative fuel combination, the one is hydrogen fuel and another one is biodiesel for enhancing the Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine. The kapok oil methyl ester was blended with diesel in proportions of 20% (K20) and 40% (K40) by volume. The hydrogen gas was supplied at a constant flow of 4 liter per minute (LPM). The experimental fuels are neat diesel D100, K20 (80% Diesel and 20 % kapok methylester), K40 (60% Diesel + 40 % Kapok methyleter), K20 + H4L (K20 with 4 LPM hydrogen) and K40+H4L (K40 with 4 LPM hydrogen). These blends were tested in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine under different load conditions at a constant speed of 1500 rpm, combustion, performance and emissions characteristic were evaluated and compared with base fuel. The results indicated that te use of B20 and B40 blends without hydrogen led to reduced brake thermal efficiency due to
Anbarasan, B, M, KUMARESAN, Balamurugan PhD, S, Rajesh, Munnusamy
CFD Simulation of Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Pure Spirulina Microalgae Biodiesel in a Single-Cylinder DI Diesel Engine2026-28-0043To be published on 02/12/2026
This study examines the combustion and emission characteristics of pure Spirulina microalgae biodiesel (B100) in a single-cylinder direct-injection (DI) diesel engine using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in ANSYS Fluent. A 2D axisymmetric sector model of the engine was developed and simulated with a moving mesh to capture dynamic piston motion throughout the engine cycle. The Discrete Phase Model (DPM) was applied to simulate spray atomization and droplet evaporation, while a non-premixed combustion model and RNG k-ε turbulence model were used to resolve in-cylinder combustion dynamics. The thermophysical properties of Spirulina biodiesel were defined from literature data to accurately model fuel injection, vaporisation, and ignition phenomena. The study focused on analysing in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and emission characteristics such as NOx, CO, and soot, and compared the results with those of conventional diesel fuel. Simulation results indicated that Spirulina biodiesel
Kumar, B Varun
Correlation of Particulate Matter Species on Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Vehicle with Ethanol Blended Gasoline: Real Drive Emissions based Portable Emission Measurement System2026-26-0216To be published on 01/16/2026
On the way to net zero emissions and to reduce the oil import bills, NITI Aayog, Government of India and Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG) has rolled out roadmap for ethanol blending in India during 2020-2025. Further, Achieving 15% ethanol blending in 2024, India targeted 20% by 2025 and mostly reached the desired percentage for the Pan India EBMS programme. Considering these Government's initiatives the current work is an interventional study on BSVI compliant gasoline direct injection vehicle with RDE compliant route (Route formulated by Indian Oil R&D Centre) using different ethanol blended gasoline fuel formulations i.e., E0 (Neat Gasoline), E10 (10% Ethanol in gasoline) & E20 (20% Ethanol in gasoline) for the correlation and assessment of exhaust emissions. The brief study is aimed to determine the compliance of Conformity Factor (C.F.) for ethanol blended gasoline fuel on Direct Injection gasoline engine. The conformity factors were calculated in each case for CO, NOx
Kant, Chander, Arora, Ajay, Saroj, Shyamsher, Kumar, Prashant, Sithananthan, M, Chakradhar, Dr Maya, Kalita, Mrinmoy
Analysis of the Indian Patent Landscape on Alternative Fuels with a focus on Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines2026-26-0262To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents an analysis of the Indian patent landscape concerning alternative fuels, with a specific focus on hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2 ICEs). The study aims to provide insights into the innovation trends, key players, white spaces and technological advancements, in this evolving sector within the Indian context. The study is based on the granted patents and disclosures in the said area, and also focuses on the key problems and solutions. Based on a review of patent publications from January 2024 to March 2025, it was observed that a significant number of patent records pertain to the broader domain of hydrogen internal combustion engine disclosures. Specifically, 540 extended families patent publications were screened focusing on hydrogen internal combustion engine as a domain of disclosure. Further analysis revealed that greater 75 % of applicants were from the industry sector, indicating a strong commercial interest in these
Nikam, Mahesh Suresh, Sutavane, Ila, V, Ajay, Aghav, Yogesh
A Comparative Analysis of Passenger Car Fuel Economy between Laboratory and Real Driving Testing2026-26-0225To be published on 01/16/2026
In India, fuel economy is one of the most critical factors influencing a customer's decision to own a passenger car. Beyond consumer preference, fuel consumption also plays a significant role in the nation's energy security. Inline of this, the government promotes fuel-efficient vehicles and technologies through various regulations, policies, and mandates. Vehicle manufacturers, in response, focus on designing vehicles that align with both customer expectations and regulatory requirements. Fuel economy certification is typically based on standardized laboratory tests that simulate controlled environmental conditions, driving cycle (MIDC), vehicle load, and operation of electrical and electronic systems. However, actual on-road driving conditions by end user vary significantly due to factors such as traffic conditions, ambient temperature, air conditioning use, driving behaviour and variable loading of the vehicle. With implementation of Bharat Stage VI, Real Driving Emission (RDE
Singh, Abhay Pratap, Bathina, Revanth Kumar, Tijare, Shantanu
Performance optimization of 2 Cylinder Flex Fuel Engine for Small Commercial vehicle – A STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY2026-26-0119To be published on 01/16/2026
Increasing ethanol blending in gasoline is significant from sustainability point of view. Flex Fuel is an ethanol-gasoline blend containing ethanol ranging from 20% to 85%. Flex Fuel emerges as an exceptionally advantageous solution, adeptly addressing the shortcomings associated with both gasoline and ethanol. Performance optimization of flex fuel is major challenge as fuel properties varies with ethanol %, like knocking tendency, calorific value, vapour pressure, latent heat and stoichiometric Air Fuel Ratio etc. This paper elaborates the experimental results of trials conducted for optimization of engine performance with Flex Fuel for 2 cylinder engine used for Small Commercial Vehicle. In order to derive maximum benefit from the higher octane rating of ethanol fuel, compression ratio is increased. EMS calibration activities were conducted with E20 and E85 fuel and intermediate fuel performance was optimized using interpolation method. Fuel injection pressure is increased to address
Kulkarni, Deepak, Malekar, Hemant A, Upadhyay, Rajdip, Katkar, Santosh, Undre, Shrikant
Misfires Detection in Bi-fuel Engines – A Brief Note2026-26-0120To be published on 01/16/2026
Misfire detection in bi-fuel engines operating on compressed natural gas (CNG) and gasoline mode presents significant challenges due to inherent differences in combustion characteristics: ignition dynamics and fuel properties. Accurate detection is essential for minimizing the emissions, engine performance, and ensuring regulatory compliance. A fundamental parameter in crankshaft speed fluctuation-based misfire detection is segment time selection, which directly influences detection fidelity, false positives, and false negatives. Given CNG’s slower combustion kinetics and delayed flame propagation, it necessitates a delayed segment initiation and an extended segment duration, whereas gasoline characterized by faster combustion, permits earlier segment initiation and a reduced segment duration. Optimal segment timing is determined by analyzing engine roughness, minimizing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and eliminating cylinder overlap, while also incorporating flywheel manufacturing
Thiyagarajan, Abhinav, N, Gobalakrishnan, R, Hema
A 3D CFD Combustion Evaluation of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) as a Potential Alternate Fuel for the Future CI Engines2026-26-0113To be published on 01/16/2026
Transportation industry is facing the growing challenge to reduce its carbon footprint and utilize the carbon neutral, more environmentally sustainable fuels to comply with the goal of carbon neutrality. Implementation of carbon free fuels such as Hydrogen, Ammonia and low carbon fuels such as Methanol, Ethanol can significantly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, but these fuels are suitable for SI engine architecture due to their high-octane ratings. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) is one of the few fuel solutions available today with a high Cetane rating (70-80), that can be used as a drop-in fuel in the existing CI engines, with minimal modifications. The main constituent of HVO is pure alkane and it can be produced from feedstocks such as vegetable oils, animal fats and various wastes and by-products. A closed cycle 3-D CFD combustion simulation using a detailed chemistry-based solver was conducted with the HVO, on a three cylinder, naturally aspirated water-cooled CI engine at
Tripathi, Ayush, Mukherjee, Nalini, Nene, Devendra
Design Solutions for Ice-Induced CNG Filling Failures: Field Issue Resolution through Filter Geometry and Seal Material Reengineering2026-26-0515To be published on 01/16/2026
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) systems in automotive applications are highly sensitive to fuel quality, especially with respect to moisture content. Field issues were observed where high moisture levels in the CNG led to the formation of ice inside the receptacle during refueling operations. This ice formation obstructed the CNG filling process and adversely impacted the sealing performance of the O-ring, particularly under low-temperature conditions induced by pressure differentials between the storage tank and the filling station. Investigation revealed that the existing tablet-type filter design contributed to moisture entrapment within its wire mesh, exacerbating ice formation within the receptacle. To address this, the filter design was modified from a tablet-type to a cup-type filter, significantly reducing the likelihood of moisture retention and subsequent ice formation. Additionally, the O-ring material was upgraded to a formulation with improved sealing properties at lower
Virmani, Nishant, Sawant, Shivraj Madhukar, C R, Abhijith
Early Prediction of CNG Filling Time using Artificial Intelligence for Design Optimization2026-26-0662To be published on 01/16/2026
The CNG fuel system is a critical component in vehicle development and typically includes large-volume gas cylinders (up to 800 liters). As these vehicles often operate over long distances daily, frequent refueling is necessary, making a short gas filling time highly desirable. Currently, CNG filling time is evaluated after prototype development to determine the refueling duration. If the filling time is excessive, design changes to the fuel system are required, leading to significant cost and time penalties and causing delays in the vehicle product development cycle. By integrating AI/ML technology, a mathematical model has been developed based on various influencing parameters. This model will predict CNG gas filling time across all commercial vehicle platforms at the initial Zero design release gateway. This early prediction will enable further optimization to improve gas filling time. The goal of this research work to optimising the filling time for various platform before physical
Choudhary, Aditya Kant, Petale, Mahendra, Dutta, Surabhi, Bagul, Mithilesh
Effect of E20 Fuel on Small Commercial Vehicle Powered of Twin Cylinder Gasoline engine2026-26-0565To be published on 01/16/2026
In alignment with its carbon reduction commitments, India is transitioning towards higher ethanol-blended fuels, with E20 set for nationwide implementation by 2025. Ethanol is a renewable, domestically sourced biofuel produced through fermentation of biomass such as sugarcane, corn. It possesses a higher octane rating and oxygen content compared to conventional gasoline, making it a favorable additive for improving engine performance and reducing emissions. This study investigates the impact of E20 fuel on performance parameters of a twin-cylinder MPFI gasoline engine. For deriving maximum benefits of increased Octane rating of E20, compression ratio increased. Experimental analysis was conducted to assess the changes in combustion behavior, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), torque output, engine out emissions and thermal efficiency when operating on E20 compared to baseline gasoline-E10. Results indicate that E20 enables more efficient combustion due to its higher laminar flame
Kulkarni, Deepak, Malekar, Hemant A, Thonge, Ravindra, Kanchan, Shubham
Thermal Shock Test Rig for CNG Shut-off Valve2026-26-0526To be published on 01/16/2026
In Automobile, Gasoline Engines are being used along with electrically operated shut-off valve installed at the roof of bus in case of higher capacity of CNG systems. In order to start/ stop CNG supply from cylinder for running of engine/ safety/ servicing an electrical operated ignition switch/ key controlled CNG Shut-Off Valve is placed just after the cylinders. There have been few failures of these CNG shut-off valves in field application. On investigation, it was observed that the CNG shut-off valve gets failed due to water ingress in coils from the cracks on surface generated due to spray of water (due to daily washing of bus and rain) on heated shut-off valves. In order to validate this field failure and subsequent validation of modified design, a need was felt to use a test rig which can exactly simulate the water spray based thermal shocks. However, there was no low cost facility available to simulate the field service condition for validation. Therefore, a low cost test set-up
Srivastava, Pravin Kumar, Vivekanand, Vivekanand, Kumar, Satish
Establishing a High-Pressure Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine Test Facility with Integrated Ammonia Fuel Capability: Technical Considerations, Safety Framework, and Best Practices2026-26-0267To be published on 01/16/2026
The transition toward zero-carbon propulsion technologies has highlighted the urgent need for specialized test infrastructure to support hydrogen and alternative fuel research. This paper presents the conceptualization, design, and operation of a High-Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) test facility with integrated ammonia fuel testing capability, marking a significant advancement in India’s sustainable automotive research efforts. Drawing from practical experience, it outlines crucial technical specifications, safety protocols, and best practices for establishing robust, adaptable, and secure testing environments. Addressing the industry’s need for dedicated infrastructure, it is engineered for adaptability across various engine types—including heavy-duty, light-duty, and multi-utility vehicles—while aligning with global technical standards. Key technical considerations include the use of a transient dynamometer that features an advanced
Dhyani, Vipin, Kurien, Caneon, Subramanian, Balaji, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M
Testing Methodology to Calculate the Fuel Economy in Km/Kg of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) based on Current (Ampere) Method and Flow Method2026-26-0248To be published on 01/16/2026
The globe is looking headlong to set up new benchmarks for the reduction of GHG (Green House Gases) considering short-term and long-term strategies. Efforts in the Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) domain have been accelerating to find an alternative way to reduce harmful emissions. Hydrogen is considered as a promising fuel to leapfrog this transition. Hydrogen fuel can be categorized into vast mobility areas viz. ICE and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV). Hydrogen fuel has attracted global attention from engine researchers due to the crude oil crisis and its rise in prices in recent years. This will serve the nation's goal towards carbon neutrality. Hydrogen has a few advantages such as less fueling time, higher heating value and more efficiency making it an eye-touching fuel for the automotive industry. In the contemporary FCEV segment, many fuel cell technologies have evolved, wherein the development of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology has taken a new height for
Joshi, Ashish Rajendra, Kandalgaonkar, Siddhesh, Sontakke, Rushikesh
Experimental evaluation of Energy and Exergy of Hydrogen, CNG and Gasoline fuelled High-Speed Spark Ignition Engine2026-26-0258To be published on 01/16/2026
HIGHLIGHTS The maximum power is recorded with Gasoline than CNG and Hydrogen fuel. The maximum exergy and energy efficiency is with Hydrogen, followed by CNG and then Gasoline. Hydrogen fuel has a maximum potential to convert into energy. The maximum energy destruction of 48.7kW for gasoline fuel at 3000 rpm and followed by CNG and hydrogen. The maximum entropy generation of 85.5 W/K with Gasoline and 60.72 W/K and 29.39W/K for CNG and hydrogen engine respectively at 10000 rpm. The entropy generation rate increase with engine speed. The highest rate of heat release is from hydrogen fuel, followed by Gasoline and CNG.   ABSTRACT- The analysis was performed on a single Cylinder, Multivalve, Electronic Fuel Injection, high-speed motor fuelled engine with Gasoline, CNG and Hydrogen to assess energetic and exegetic performance. The engine was evaluated from 3000 rpm to 10000 rpm on each of the three fuels. All tests are led at Wide Open Throttle condition.The Gasoline and CNG
Shinde, Apurwa Balasaheb, Kadam, Tushar, karunamurthy, K, SHINDE, DR BALU
Manufacturing process advancement in CNG Exhaust Valve to prevent seat wear issue2026-26-0278To be published on 01/16/2026
Exhaust Valve CNG market share increased in India in recent years demanding for more durable and reliable CNG Engine. While in current scenario durability is one of the major concerns for CNG engine. Major issue faced in CNG powertrain is high wear at Exhaust valve CNG face due to excessive wear. In Current practice T400 Sintered material layer is deposited at Valve face which is very critical to achieve less wear at valve face. Due to manufacturing variability high level of variation is found mechanical properties of T400 deposit which is very critical for Exhaust Valve CNG performance. In this paper all important process parameters are discussed for achieving consistent Exhaust Valve CNG T400 deposit quality. Each process parameter detail impact on T400 material is studied and explained to achieve consistent quality of T400 deposit leading to robust design of Exhaust Valve CNG.
Poonia, Sanjay, Kumar, Chandan, Kundu, Soumen, Kumar, Prabhakar, Vats, Rajesh, Khan, Prasenjit, Sharma, Shailender
Development of high BMEP natural gas engine with knock mitigation2026-26-0121To be published on 01/16/2026
The stringent emission norms over the past few years have driven the need to use low carbon fuels and after treatment technology. Natural gas is a suitable alternative to diesel for heavy duty engines with applications in power generation and transportation sectors. Stoichiometric combustion mode offer the advantages of complete combustion and low carbon dioxide emissions. The combination of turbocharging and cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology enhances the power density along with reduced exhaust emissions simultaneously. However, there are several constraints in the operation of natural gas spark ignition engine such as exhaust gas temperature (EGT) limit of 750 °C, sufficient before turbine (BT) pressure for EGR drivability, boost pressure (2.5 bar), peak cylinder pressure limit and knocking. These limits may restrict the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine. In the present study, tests were conducted on a V12, 24 litre, dedicated heavy duty natural gas
Khaladkar, Omkar, Marwaha, Akshey
For CNG and FFV fuel application robustness improvement of Exhaust Valve2026-26-0125To be published on 01/16/2026
Today, globally, automotive manufacturers are striving to meet the increasing demand for fuel economy, high performance, and silent engines. The fundamental approach to achieving these requirements is through designing low friction mechanisms, resulting in less wear and higher durability. The demand for CNG vehicles has surged exponentially in recent years, prompting increased government focus on alternative fuels such as CNG and hydrogen. These dry fuels lack lubricating properties, unlike conventional fuels like petrol, diesel, and biofuels, which are wet and liquid. Consequently, the operations and failures associated with these fuels differ. The materials and designs of engine parts, such as fuel lines, ECU, exhaust valves, and cylinder heads, vary depending on the fuel used. This study discusses the countermeasures adopted to address the high seat and guide wear in cylinder heads and valves. The investigation focuses on material, design, and manufacturing process improvements
Poonia, Sanjay, Kumar, Chandan, Sharma, Shailender, Khan, Prasenjit, Bhat, Anoop, P, Prasath, Neb, Ashish
Data analysis -Driven Calibration Enhancement for Alternative Fuel Engine Start2026-26-0123To be published on 01/16/2026
In the pursuit of improving cold-start performance in alternate fuel vehicles, data analysis has become a cornerstone for driving informed calibration decisions. Cold start is very critical for flex fuel vehicles since it has higher latent heat of vaporization and lower vapor pressure compared to gasoline. Ethanol blend fuels deteriorate engine starting at low ambient temp. This case study highlights how pivot table based analytics were effectively employed to enhance engine start strategy during the development of small commercial vehicle running on E20 and E85 fuel blends. The approach showcases how structured data interpretation can significantly support development work in Flex Fuel calibration. The analysis concentrated on various critical engine start events such as first crank success, failure to start, battery voltage behavior, and post-start stability across a range of coolant temperatures, particularly below 20°C. Real-world test data was segmented using data analysis based
Undre, Shrikant, Kulkarni, Deepak, Thonge, Ravindra, Upadhyay, Rajdip, Kanchan, Shubham
Development of a CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Tractor with Mechanical Fuel Injection System2026-26-0114To be published on 01/16/2026
Identification of renewable and sustainable energy solutions remains a key focus area for the engine designers of the modern world. An avenue of research and development is being vastly dedicated to propelling engines using alternate fuels. The chemistry of these alternate fuels is in general much simpler than fossil fuels, like diesel and gasoline. One such promising and easily available alternate fuel is compressed natural gas (CNG). In this work, a 3-cylinder, 3-liter naturally aspirated air-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application is converted into a CNG Diesel Dual fuel (CNG-DDF) engine. A comparative performance shows that the thermal efficiency is up to 5% lower with CNG-DDF with respect to diesel. However, it has shown the benefit of 44% in Particulate Matter (PM), while retaining the same NOx + NMHC levels as baseline diesel engine. The cycle average CO emission was found to increase by 40% simultaneously, which has been controlled by an oxidation catalyst
Choudhary, Vasu, Mukherjee, Nalini, Kumar, Sanjeev, Tripathi, Ayush, Nene, Devendra
Failure Prevention of Permanent Deformation in HNBR Elastomeric Diaphragms Used in CNG Valve Applications2026-26-0294To be published on 01/16/2026
Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubbers (HNBR) and its derivatives have gained the significant importance in automotive compressed natural gas (CNG) valve applications. In one of the four-wheeler CNG valve application, HNBR elastomeric diaphragms are being used for their excellent sealing and pressure regulation properties. The HNBR elastomeric diaphragm was developed to sustain CNG pressure more than 10 bars. However, it was found permanently deformed under 4 bar pressures. In the present work, a set of experiments were carried out in order to find out the primary root cause of diaphragm permanent deformation and preventing the failure for safe usage of the CNG gas. HNBR diaphragm deformation investigation was carried out using advanced qualitative and quantitative analysis method such as Soxhlet Extraction Column, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric
Patil, Bhushan Gulab, NAIKWADI, AMOL, Mali, Manoj, Tata, Srikanth
3D CFD simulation methodology for safe and efficient hydrogen refueling for hydrogen internal combustion engines2026-26-0252To be published on 01/16/2026
As conventional fossil fuels are on the verge of depletion, the search for alternative fuel for automotive applications has intensified. Among these, hydrogen stands out due to its high energy content per unit mass, high octane number, and compatibility with Internal combustion engines (ICE). However, the volatility of hydrogen (H2) presents challenges, particularly during the refueling process, where uncontrolled temperature rise occurs because of negative Joule-Thomson (JT) effect. This brings an alarming bell for the safety of fueling stations, vehicles and mankind. This paper investigates the physics involved in hydrogen tank filling, focusing on maintaining the hydrogen gas temperature below 85 °C during the process. A 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed to model the temperature and pressure behavior of hydrogen during filling. The study provides insights into the optimal fill rates, temperature distribution, and the evolution of peak temperature locations
Khanna, Gourav, Veerbhadra, Swati, Sahu, Abhay Kumar
A Comparative Journey Towards Sustainable Energy: CNG and Bio-Diesel Fuels in India2026-26-0116To be published on 01/16/2026
India being highly populated and developing country, the demand for various alternative fuel is increasing drastically. It is driven by the need to reduce dependency on traditional fossil fuels & reduce impact on environmental issues like Greenhouse gas, emissions & pollution. The potential options, CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) & Bio-diesel which are becoming increasingly popular and important. Biodiesel, a renewable fuel which is produced from waste materials & crops which grown repeatedly & easily available while CNG is more sustainable than diesel as natural gas is a cleaner-burning fossil fuel in comparison to coal or oil. This paper will focus on comparison between basic properties of Diesel, CNG & Bio- Diesel. In this study will also be focusing on survey of various Government initiatives, polices & infrastructural development which are evolving to encourage the usage of CNG & Biodiesel. These fuels are emerging as promising alternative contenders to traditional diesel. It has
Bondada, Nandita, Baruah, Labanya, Mokhadkar, Rahul
Combustion dynamics and performance optimisation using higher HCNG blends for decarbonising the Gas Genset sector2026-26-0251To be published on 01/16/2026
Air pollution is profligate becoming a serious worldwide problem with the increasing population and its subsequent demands. Diesel, Gasoline, Natural Gas, Propane, etc., are some of the traditional fuels used in the power generation sectors. Diesel fuel, popularly utilized for backup power in critical operations, is valued for its swift activation time. This makes diesel generators a preferred choice for commercial properties and hospitals requiring reliable emergency power. Moreover, natural gas, distributed through local utility grids, provides a convenient and readily available fuel source for generators, eliminating the need for on-site fuel storage. On the other hand, CPCB has instructed to modify the emission regulations for genset engines for decarbonization and development clean fuel. The change from CPCB II to CPCB IV+ standard shows the commitment of the Indian government towards environmental sustainability and COP26. Pondering to the stringent emission norms, researchers
Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Dhar, Rit Prasad, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S, Singh, Sauhard, Mishra, Sumit Kumar, Bera, Tapan, Badhe, Rajesh, Tule, Shubham, Aghav, Yogesh, Lakshminarasimhan, Krishna
Total cost of ownership analysis of fuel cell and hydrogen-powered commercial vehicles for cost competitiveness with ICE and BEV2026-26-0254To be published on 01/16/2026
Worldwide, the automotive industry is pivoting towards electrification and zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) to address greenhouse gas emissions and to meet net-zero emission goals. Although pure electric vehicles with rechargeable high-voltage batteries seem to be the most popular choice to achieve climate goals, hydrogen-powered vehicles are also seen by many as a viable technology to clean up the transportation sector. Hydrogen fuel cells and fuel cell-powered vehicles have been in development for a long time, and hydrogen internal combustion engines (ICE) have seen rapid development in the past few years. While the technological feasibility of hydrogen fuel cells and H2 ICE is being proven, mass adoption of these technologies depends, along with other factors such as hydrogen infrastructure, upon financial feasibility as well. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the total cost of ownership (TCO) of hydrogen-powered vehicles, especially fuel cell electric vehicles. Different
Jacob, Joe, Chougule, Abhijeet
Navigating Towards a Sustainable Future: India's Automotive Sector and the Path to Net Zero Emissions2026-26-0118To be published on 01/16/2026
This study examines the evolving landscape of India's automotive sector in the context of the global push for net-zero emissions. As the world's third-largest automotive market, India is poised to play a significant role in this transition. The country's automotive sector is expected to experience rapid growth, with its market size projected to expand from USD 437 billion in 2022 to USD 1.8 trillion by 2030. The study highlights the importance of diverse mobility solutions, such as electric vehicles, green hydrogen, and alternative fuels like bio-CNG and ethanol, in addressing transportation challenges and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Indian government's comprehensive approach to promoting green mobility, while balancing the needs of a large and diverse population of 1.4 billion people, is a key focus of this research. Through a detailed analysis of economic, social, energy, regulatory, and technological factors, this study provides insights into the current dynamics
Seshan, Vivek, Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S, De Castro Gomez, Daniel J.
Development of Flex fuel Vehicle for Indian Market2026-26-0117To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the methodology and outcomes of modifying a 1.2L naturally aspirated (NA) engine to enable flex-fuel compatibility, targeting optimal performance with ethanol blends ranging from E20 to E93. The road map for Ethanol Blending released by Govt of India call for progressively increase in ethanol blending in gasoline, with a target of 20% by April 2025. Ethanol is promoted as a renewable fuel due to its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provides an additional source of income for farmers. This work is in alignment with the broader push for development of flex-fuel vehicles, which necessitates engine adaptations capable of operating on varying ethanol blends. The primary objective was to retain the performance with E20 while mitigating the fuel consumption penalties when the vehicle is operating on higher ethanol concentrations upto E93. The engine upgrade incorporated key modifications, including optimizing the compression ratio, implementing Variable
Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Pise, Chetan, Kavekar, Pratap, Agarwal, Nishant Kumar
Material Compatibility Studies of Ethanol Blended Diesel2026-26-0129To be published on 01/16/2026
The Government of India has mandated biofuel blending in automotive fuels to reduce crude oil imports and support the national economy. As part of this initiative, Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) have begun nationwide blending of E20 fuel (20% ethanol in petrol). Ethanol supply is expected to exceed demand by the end of 2025 due to initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana (ethanol from waste grains). Alternative applications for ethanol are being explored; one promising approach is its use as a co-blend with diesel fuel. However, ethanol’s low cetane number and poor lubricity present challenges for direct use in diesel engines without modifications. This study explores ethanol diesel (ED) blends for unmodified diesel engines. ED blends demonstrated reduced emissions while maintaining performance comparable to conventional diesel. To further address concerns related to materials compatibility of ED blends with fuel system components, particularly plastomers (e.g., hoses, seals
Johnpeter, Justin P, Chakrahari, Kiran, Chakradhar, Maya, Arora, Ajay, Prakash, Shanti, Pokhriyal, Naveen Kumar
The viability of Ammonia in the Automotive sector: Challenges and Opportunities2026-26-0128To be published on 01/16/2026
Ammonia has become an attractive alternative fuel for automotive use because of its high energy density, carbon-free combustion, and possibility of sustainable production. The work examines the viability of ammonia as a fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs) and fuel cells in automotive applications. Ammonia presents a number of benefits, such as being capable of being produced from renewable energies and having the possibility to diminish reliance on fossil fuels. However, disadvantages such as ammonia's lower energy content per volume, NOx emission possibility, and need for engine adjustment remain significant challenges. The paper covers the combustion characteristics of ammonia and how it behaves in traditional ICEs and in emerging fuel cell technology. It also addresses the necessary infrastructure for the production, storage, and distribution of ammonia to be used in automotive applications. Through comparative testing and comparison with conventional fuels by experimental
Jadhav, Ajinkya, Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S
Effects of Vehicle Usage on Aldehyde Emissions in Flex-Fuel PFI Engines Using Ethanol2025-36-009812/18/2025
Brazil PL8 regulation has required that manufacturers comply with new emissions levels for all of vehicle life – 0 km up to 160.000 km. On this study, tests found that results between new and used vehicles are remarkably similar except for Aldehydes on Ethanol tests. To better understand this phenomena, two main ideas were considered: first, the engine mileage needed to stabilize aldehydes emissions; and second, the main factors responsible for higher acetaldehyde values on new engines only.
Fernandes, Sarah, Borsari, Marcio, Brondani, Dhouglas
Investigation of the Performance and Emissions of a Compression Ignition Mechanical Engine Operating in a Dual-Fuel Mode with Diesel and CNG2025-36-012712/18/2025
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Oliveira, Lucas, Alvarez, Carlos Eduardo Castilla, Cesar, Felipe
Ignition Delay and Combustion Efficiency Analysis of Marine Diesel-Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends in a Rapid Compression Machine2025-36-013112/18/2025
In alignment with the International Maritime Organization’s 2023 GHG Strategy and the Paris Agreement, this study investigates the viability of ternary blends of marine diesel, biodiesel, and ethanol as low-emission marine fuels. While previous studies have established the physicochemical behavior and storage stability of such blends, particularly the co-solvency role of biodiesel to prevent phase separation, limited data exists on their combustion performance under engine-relevant conditions. This work addresses this gap through a series of controlled experiments conducted in a Rapid Compression Machine (RCM), which enables the approximate a single-cycle combustion in a compression ignition engine. The tested blends included varying proportions of ethanol (up to 20% in volume) in a blend of fossil fuel with 25% of biodiesel (25%), and their combustion were evaluated across different injection timings. Key performance metrics such as ignition delay, maximum temperature and pressure
Lobato, Maria Letícia Costa, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Ticona, Epifanio Mamani, Pradelle, Renata Nohra Chaar, Braga, Sergio Leal, Coelho, Lucas Dos Santos, Pradelle, Florian
Biodiesel Production via Homogeneous Route (KOH) and Heterogeneous Route (K 2 O/Nb 2 O 5 )2025-36-011612/18/2025
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Coelho, Gabriella Vilela, Alvarez, Carlos Eduardo Castilla, Ribeiro, Jessica Oliveira Notório
Analysis of Light Duty Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions Using Scanning Electron Microscopy2025-36-007412/18/2025
Particulate matter (PM), mainly its finer fraction, is among the main atmospheric pollutants present in an urban environment. The relationship between the increase in the concentration of this pollutant and the harm to human health is well established. The main sources of particulate matter in urban areas are mobile sources, which include the exhaust emission from light duty vehicles. This work measured the emission of PM in three light duty passenger vehicles, characterizing it in terms of emitted mass in one “flex” vehicle with port fuel (indirect) injection (PFI), using ethanol and gasohol (mixture of 22% anhydrous ethanol and 78% gasoline, by volume), in another “flex” vehicle with direct fuel injection (GDI), and in a diesel vehicle. In addition to mass measurement, images of the filters used in PM sampling were produced using scanning electron microscopy. The processing of these images made it possible to determine the average PM size, as well as establish a particle size
Borsari, Vanderlei, Neto, Edson Elpídio, de Abrantes, Rui
Combustion Chamber Geometry Comparison in Natural Gas Engines under Conventional and Dethrottled Operation2025-36-021712/18/2025
Growing interest in cleaner energy has spurred progress in engine technology, focusing on greater efficiency and lower emissions. Methane-based fuels, like compressed natural gas (CNG), have become an alternative for spark-ignition engines, especially in Brazil. Among performance strategies, dethrottled operation stands out by reducing intake restrictions and minimizing pumping losses, a major inefficiency in conventional spark ignition engines. This improves thermal efficiency and reduces both fuel consumption and emissions. This study experimentally examines the performance and combustion of a CNG-powered Hyundai HR 2.5 16V engine, converted from diesel to spark ignition with natural gas, comparing factory (omega) and custom (reentrant) piston geometries under both conventional and dethrottled modes. The research evaluates how piston design affects combustion stability, efficiency, and emissions across different load strategies. Tests were conducted at 7, 8, and 9 bar loads, as well
Silva, Cristian Douglas Rosa da, Garlet, Roberto Antonio, Dapper, Jackson Mayer, Fagundez, Jean Lucca Souza, Lanzanova, Thompson Diórdinis Metzka, Martins, Mario Eduardo Santos
Effect of Ultra-High Fuel Injection Pressure on Combustion Characteristics, Engine Performance and Pollutant Emissions of a Multi-Cylinder Engine2025-36-021212/18/2025
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Antolini, Jácson, Zabeu, Clayton Barcelos, Pires, Gustavo Cassares, Polizio, Yuri
Challenges for Truck Decarbonization: Load Distribution Evaluation According to Contran Resolution N° 882/20212025-36-019212/18/2025
The road transport mode is predominant in Brazil, representing more than 50% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy sector [1]. Currently, trucks use internal compression combustion engine (ICCE) with fuel Diesel as propulsion, considering the reference for technical and economic studies for alternative propulsions such as: electrification or hydrogen (H2) as fuel. Both technologies are extremely important to achieve the goals defined by Brazilian nationally determined contribution (NDC) (commitment to Paris agreement target) to avoid climate changes catastrophic issues due climate temperature risk to exceed 2°C. In addition, several companies have announced sustainability compromises to contribute with reduction of GHG emissions in scopes 1,2 and 3, focusing on Environmental, Social and governance (ESG), where road transportation has a larger contribution to achieving the target. Contran Resolution (CR) n° 882/2021 defines the maximum weights and dimensions of vehicles to be
Ferreira, Bruno Francisco, Oliveira Da Silva, Laura de
Development of a Graphic Interface to Evaluate the Performance of a Hydrogen-Fueled Spark Ignition Engine2025-36-016512/18/2025
In recent decades, interest in alternative fuels has grown exponentially. Hydrogen has been researched as total or partial substitutes for gasoline in light vehicles, showing great potential. However, this fuel has unique characteristics and properties that can bring improvements or limitations in engine performance. Therefore, a quick analysis of the pressure and HRR curve can highlight changes in combustion and performance. To this end, the aim of this work is to develop a visual interface generated by MATLAB capable of showing the performance parameters of a spark ignition engine when using hydrogen as fuel, initially. This graphic interface is supported with a zero-dimensional model based on the Wiebe function and Woschni correlation to estimating the pressure and HRR values. The interface is designed to receive operating conditions and geometry of the engine, as well as combustion angles. From the information entered, it is possible to visualize mass fraction burned, heat transfer
Rincon, Alvaro Ferney Algarra, Alvarez, Carlos Eduardo Castilla, Oliveira Notório Ribeiro, Jéssica
Sustainable Aviation Fuels – A Review of the Challenges Associated to the Aviation’s Net Zero Commitment2025-36-021812/18/2025
The aviation sector currently accounts for 2-3% of global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, while the projected increased air travel demand (average 3.4% per year), might surge the aviation fuel use. This increase in jet fuel demand, associated with the current decarbonization pathway of other sectors might increase the aviation’s absolute emissions, as well as its relative global GHG share. This scenario has driven the aviation stakeholders into a decarbonization strategy, focused on an immediate and gradual GHG reduction effort associated with a net-zero commitment by 2050. Meanwhile, the aviation sector is known as one that set most difficulties to use alternative fuels and/or powertrains, such as battery electric or sustainable hydrogen fueled propulsion systems, already used on some road and rail applications, but still restricted to the aviation, due to the inherent weight and volume tight requirements. In this context, the sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) are set as the most
Barbosa, Fábio Coelho
Numerical Simulation of Additized Ethanol: Impact of Engine Parameters on Combustion, Performance and Emissions2025-36-025012/18/2025
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Assis, Guilherme, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Pradelle, Renata Nohra Chaar, Braga, Sergio Leal, Ticona, Epifanio Mamani, Souza Junior, Jorge, Pradelle, Florian
Experimental Investigation of Additive Formulations for Ethanol Use in Compression Ignition Engines Using a Rapid Compression Machine2025-36-018512/18/2025
The transition to renewable fuels is critical to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve carbon neutrality in the transportation sector. Ethanol has emerged as a promising biofuel for compression ignition (CI) engines due to its renewability and low-carbon profile. However, its low cetane number, high latent heat of vaporization, poor lubricity, and corrosive properties severely limit its auto-ignition capability and durable operation under conventional CI conditions. Building upon previous work using a Rapid Compression Machine (RCM) to assess ignition improvers for ethanol, this study explores a broader range of fuel formulations to enhance ethanol-based combustion. A total of nine blends were prepared, consisting predominantly of hydrated ethanol (50-80% by volume), combined with 5-25% biodiesel and up to 5% of a commercial ignition improvers. The biodiesel component acted both as a co-solvent and as a combustion stabilizer, particularly under cold-start conditions. Tests were
Bacic, Denise Amato, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Ticona, Epifanio Mamani, Pradelle, Renata Nohra Chaar, Santos Coelho, Lucas dos, Mota, Crislane Almeida Pereira da, Pradelle, Florian
Calculation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in CO 2 Equivalent per Hectare of Sugarcane Cultivated for Brazilian Ethanol Production2025-36-019112/18/2025
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Assis, Marcelo Suman Silva, Paula Araújo, Gabriel Heleno de, Baeta, José Guilherme Coelho, Abreu, Pedro Blaso Barbosa de, Filho, Fernando Antonio Rodrigues
Mixing Rules for Accurate Prediction of Physicochemical Properties in Automotive Diesel-Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends2025-36-013512/18/2025
The increasing demand for reduced emissions in the automotive sector has driven research into alternative fuels, including Diesel, Biodiesel, and ethanol blends. This study aims to optimize mixing rules to predict the physicochemical properties of ternary fuel blends, essential for improving engine performance and minimizing emissions. Seven established mixing rules—Kay’s Equation, Semilogarithmic Equation, Grunberg-Nissan Equation, Modified Lederer Equation, Hu-Burns Equation, Power Law, and Polynomial Equation—were evaluated to estimate key properties such as kinematic viscosity, cetane number, cetane index, flash point, pour point, and cloud point. A comprehensive database, sourced from previous literature, included pure fuel properties and blend data for 33 to 101 cases. MATLAB was used to implement nonlinear optimization, adjusting coefficients to minimize error metrics like Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and Standard Deviation (SD). The physical
Tirado, Carlos Andrés Abanto, Lobato, Maria Letícia Costa, Passos, Sthefany Faber, Pradelle, Renata Nohra Chaar, Pradelle, Florian
Optimization of Biogas Combustion in SI Engines Applied to the Pre-Chamber Ignition System2025-36-020912/18/2025
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Siqueira, Caio Henrique Moreira, Ázara, Luiz Eduardo Martins, Ribeiro, José Vitor Puttini, Soares, Gabriel Faria, Silva, Fábio Moreira, Alvarez, Carlos Eduardo Castilla
Performance Analysis of Methanol- Ethanol Blend Fuel in a Spark-Ignition Flex-Fuel Engine2025-36-014812/18/2025
Flex-fueled vehicles (FFV) dominate the Brazilian market, accounting for over 75% of the national fleet. Ethanol fuel is widely used, primarily in the form of hydrated ethyl alcohol fuel (HEAF). Given the similar physicochemical properties of ethanol and methanol, fuel adulteration is a growing concern, often involving the addition of anhydrous ethanol, methanol, or even water to hydrated ethanol. These adulterants are visually imperceptible and can only be detected through analyses conducted by regulatory agencies using specialized instruments. However, they can significantly affect vehicle performance and accelerate engine component deterioration. The experiment was performed with a small displacement 3-cylinder port fuel injection flex-fuel engine on an engine test bench (dynamometer) and compared when fueled with ethanol and methanol. Data acquisition included combustion pressure, spark plug temperature, torque, air-fuel ratio, fuel flow, spark maps, and the overall effects of
Mascarenhas, Giovana Rebellato, Gomes, Ederson, Cruz, Diego, Duque, Edson Luciano
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Ethanol Steam Reforming with an Emphasis on Thermal Efficiency for Sustainable Mobility Applications2025-36-013312/18/2025
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Apaza, Jerson Bequer Urday, Pradelle, Florian, Braga, Sergio Leal, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Guzman, Juan Jose Milon
Study of the Performance, Consumption and Range of a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Powered by Green Hydrogen2025-36-000712/18/2025
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Fontana, Romeu
Unveiling Biodiesel’s Environmental Trade-Offs: A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment for Urban Buses2025-36-003712/18/2025
This study presents a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of urban buses powered by Diesel S10 with three fuel blends: B7 (7% biodiesel), B15 (15% biodiesel), and B100 (100% biodiesel). Employing a well-to-wheel approach, the analysis covers the extraction, production, distribution, and use of the fuels, as well as vehicle manufacturing and maintenance. The environmental impacts were quantified using the CML-IA and ReCiPe 2016 (Midpoint and Endpoint) methods. Results indicate that B100 significantly reduces Global Warming Potential, yet exhibits higher impacts in eutrophication, abiotic depletion, and ecotoxicity. Sensitivity analysis regarding vehicle occupancy revealed greater variability for B100. In conclusion, the optimal fuel choice depends on the prioritization of specific impact categories, providing insights for sustainable transportation policies.
Cavaliero, Carla Kazue Nakao, Barboza, Franciele Alves, Seabra, Joaquim Eugênio Abel, Ferreira, Marcela Cravo, Carpoviki, Renan Siqueira, Cruz, Robson Ferreira
Review of the Potential for Utilizing Organic Waste for Biogas Production in Latin American Countries2025-36-008312/18/2025
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Rodrigues, Jônatas Soares, Moreira, Thiago Augusto Araújo, Souza Pereira, Felipe Augusto de, Castro, Daniel Enrique
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