Browse Topic: Hydrogen fuel

Items (1,710)
The road transport mode is predominant in Brazil, representing more than 50% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy sector [1]. Currently, trucks use internal compression combustion engine (ICCE) with fuel Diesel as propulsion, considering the reference for technical and economic studies for alternative propulsions such as: electrification or hydrogen (H2) as fuel. Both technologies are extremely important to achieve the goals defined by Brazilian nationally determined contribution (NDC) (commitment to Paris agreement target) to avoid climate changes catastrophic issues due climate temperature risk to exceed 2°C. In addition, several companies have announced sustainability compromises to contribute with reduction of GHG emissions in scopes 1,2 and 3, focusing on Environmental, Social and governance (ESG), where road transportation has a larger contribution to achieving the target. Contran Resolution (CR) n° 882/2021 defines the maximum weights and dimensions of vehicles to be
Ferreira, Bruno FranciscoOliveira Da Silva, Laura de
This study investigated the combustion process in a hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)–hydrogen dual-fuel operation using simultaneous imaging of the OH* and CH* chemiluminescence in a rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM). In this operation, hydrogen served as the primary fuel, ignited by a small quantity of pilot fuel. CH* chemiluminescence was primarily detected in the pilot fuel combustion regions, whereas OH* chemiluminescence was detected in both the pilot fuel and hydrogen combustion regions, enabling the separation of pilot ignition and hydrogen flame propagation. The combustion mechanism was found to proceed through four distinct stages: autoignition of the pilot fuel, combustion of the mixture in the lean pilot fuel region, propagation of the hydrogen–air premixture flame, and flame propagation toward the wall and squish area. Furthermore, the effects of the pilot injection parameters on the combustion characteristics were systematically evaluated by varying the
Yukitani, TakumiUne, NaotoMukhtar, GhazianHoribe, NaotoKawanabe, HiroshiKoda, KazuyukiHiraoka, Kenji
Recent climate changes, driven by greenhouse gas emissions, along with global regulations aimed at mitigating these effects, have intensified research on carbon-free fuels. Among these, hydrogen stands out as one of the most promising options. In this study, use is made of a recent 1D kernel expansion model developed by the authors, which is based on the conservation equations of mass, energy and deficient reactant. The theory of transient thermo-diffusion is also adopted to estimate the reactant and temperature gradients at the outer flame surface. The kernel expansion model accounts for the variability of thermodynamic properties both inside and outside the flame volume, including high-temperature ionization and dissociation effects. The kernel expansion model is used until the non-linear stretch effects are sufficiently relaxed. Subsequently, the propagation of the premixed flame is described by means of a two-zone combustion model. During both phases, the effects of hydrodynamic
Pretto, MarcoBozza, FabioGiannattasio, PietroDe Bellis, VincenzoUgliano, Emanuele
In response to the stringent CO2 regulations set to be enforced in Europe in 2030, there is a global demand for innovative technologies to significantly reduce CO2 emissions from internal combustion engines used in trucks, ships, and other applications. For this reason, future power sources are anticipated to adopt a three-pronged approach: electrification; hydrogen fuel used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines; and synthetic fuels (e-fuels) produced from renewable energy-sourced hydrogen, as approved by the European Commission (EC), and from raw materials that capture CO₂ directly from the atmosphere via the Direct Air Capture (DAC) method, combined with internal combustion engines. In this study, we aimed to absorb and capture “Green” CO₂ emissions from e-fuel and carbon-neutral (CN) fuels combined with internal combustion engines by investigating a method that atomizes a CO₂-absorbing solution. This approach involved spraying the solution and impingement the droplets within
Nohara, TetsuoNara, ShotaroKawamoto, YukiFukushima, NaoyaOchiai, Masayuki
This study focused on the effects of hydrogen on the flame propagation characteristics and combustion characteristics of a small spark-ignition engine. The combustion flame in the cylinder was observed using a side-valve engine that allowed optical access. The fundamental characteristics of hydrogen combustion were investigated based on combustion images photographed in the cylinder with a high-speed camera and measured cylinder pressure waveforms. Experiments were conducted under various ignition timings and equivalence ratios and comparisons were made with the characteristics of an existing hydrocarbon liquid fuel. The hydrogen flame was successfully photographed, although it has been regarded as being difficult to visualize, thus enabling calculation of the flame propagation speed. As a result, it was found that the flame propagation speed of hydrogen was much faster than that of the existing hydrocarbon fuel. On the other hand, it was difficult to photograph the hydrogen flame
Arai, YutoUeno, TakamoriSuda, RyosukeSato, RyoichiNakao, YoshinoriNinomiya, YoshinariMatsushita, KoichiroKamio, TomohikoIijima, Akira
The article presents the research results on performance, thermodynamic parameters, and toxic exhaust emissions from the combustion in a compression-ignition engine fueled optionally by the hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) or the rapeseed methyl ester (RME), both with hydrogen addition. Furthermore, regular diesel fuel was used to obtain the reference data for making comparisons between HVO, RME, and diesel fuel. Hydrogen was injected into the intake manifold of a compression-ignition (CI) engine. Typically, diesel fuel combustion in a CI engine initiates through its self-ignition, usually simultaneously occurring at many points across the engine cylinder. Hydrogen, as a very chemically reactive substance, can promote pre-ignition reactions and accelerate flame kernel formation, shortening the ignition lag. This is crucial for the smooth running of the compression-ignition engine. Hydrogen was added at amounts not exceeding 7% by volume (35% energy content) referred to air sucked into
Szwaja, StanislawJuknelevicius, RomualdasPukalskas, SaugirdasRimkus, AlfredasSzymanek, Arkadiusz
Hydrogen fuel has garnered significant attention as a key method for adapting internal combustion engines to a carbon-neutral society. Hydrogen is a carbon-free fuel that does not produce CO2 emissions during combustion. However, its wide flammability range and extremely low ignition energy present technical challenges when applied to internal combustion engines, such as the frequent occurrence of abnormal combustion phenomena like pre-ignition and knocking. Furthermore, the low energy density of hydrogen makes it difficult to achieve high power output. Additionally, hydrogen’s high adiabatic flame temperature and short quenching distance result in increased NOx emissions and cooling loss, which are further obstacles to its use. To address these issues, this study focuses on methane blending as a remedial approach. Experiments were conducted using a naturally aspirated engine with a premixed intake method to investigate the effects of methane-hydrogen blending. The following key
Tanaka, KentaTani, ToshihiroSako, Takahiro
This study investigated the knocking characteristics of a hydrogen spark ignition engine for the purpose of increasing efficiency and expanding the operating range. In recent years, research focused on carbon neutrality has been vigorously conducted, and hydrogen has attracted attention as a next-generation fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs). The combustion characteristics of hydrogen are vastly from those of existing gasoline. It is essential to have a sufficient understanding of the combustion characteristics of hydrogen in order to develop next-generation ICEs designed to operate on hydrogen fuel. There are especially many aspects of the knocking mechanisms of hydrogen that are unclear. Consequently, those characteristics and mechanisms must be clarified for the purpose of expanding the operating range of hydrogen engines and enhancing their efficiency. In this study, experiments were conducted using a single-cylinder hydrogen engine that was operated at a high compression
Ishihara, HiromasaKishibata, ShunsukeMiyake, ShotaIida, TomoyaKuwabara, KentaYoshihara, ShintaroMiyamoto, SekaiIijima, Akira
Pre-ignition (PI) is a common issue in internal combustion engines (ICE) with spark ignition. While the various causes have been identified with conventional fuels (such as gasoline or gasoline blends), the causes with hydrogen in ICE are not yet fully understood. This article presents the results of investigations into the influence of seven different lubricating oils on PI in a single-cylinder hydrogen research engine. The variation of two different parameters at two engine speeds were investigated: load and air/fuel mixture. For both variations, the tests start at the same conditions and run until the operating limit of the engine is reached (peak firing pressure, or maximum intake manifold pressure). The PI and knocking PI are investigated, while classifying them according to the peak cylinder pressure. It has been observed that enleanment above λ = 2.4 can lead to higher PI rates, while simultaneously reducing the knocking PI. During the load sweep at 2000 1/min, the highest
Pehlivanlar, BenjaminTorkler, MichaelFischer, MarcusGöbel, ChristophPischinger, StefanMaulbetsch, TheoNübling, FritzNeumann, Stephan
Advances in conformable tank technology have resulted in opportunities to harness and deploy hydrogen energy in a variety of operational environments. Various use cases are described, and the benefits of these unique storage systems in vehicular, stationary, and bulk storage applications are illustrated. The impressive scalability of conformable hydrogen tank production is also explained, as it relates to the cost effective and broad application of these storage systems.
Johnston, StephenKondogiani, Chris
Among the alternatives to the use of fossil diesel fuel, dual fuel combustion, leveraging hydrogen as the low-reactivity fuel, represents a promising approach for both reducing pollutant emissions and improving brake thermal efficiency. In addition, this innovative combustion mode requires minimal modifications to the existing Diesel engines architecture. This study was conducted on a Diesel engine (naturally aspirated, 3-cylinder, 1 L, direct injection), properly modified by the authors to operate in dual fuel mode with port fuel injection of hydrogen. A set of experimental data was used to calibrate the 1D and the 3D-CFD models for both Diesel and diesel-hydrogen dual fuel configurations. The AVL FIRE M 3D-CFD software was employed to model diesel injection and combustion, while the gas exchange process was analyzed by GT-Power. The validated 3D-CFD model was then leveraged to optimize the baseline diesel injection strategy in dual fuel mode, minimizing diesel consumption while
Rinaldini, CarloPisapia, Alfredo MariaScrignoli, FrancescoVolza, AntonelloRossetti, SalvatoreMancaruso, Ezio
Efficient propulsion technologies that utilize alternative fuels are becoming increasingly critical to achieve high efficiency at the vehicle scale while fulfilling global regulations in terms of emissions and criteria pollutants. In this scenario, hydrogen (H2) represents an important and appealing part of the solution due to its molecular composition and unique physical and chemical properties. With reference to internal combustion engines, much research is needed to overcome technical challenges that make H2 use not yet viable at the industrial scale. This work focuses on the computational modeling of some of the fundamental aspects of H2’s physical behavior, which can be useful to the development of high-pressure H2 injection systems. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are discussed with the goal of understanding the near- and far-nozzle behavior of H2 using single- and multi-hole nozzles. This study presents the validation of the computational framework against literature
Torelli, RobertoPark, Ji-WoongPei, Yuanjiang
The commercial vehicle industry continues to move in the direction of lower emissions while reducing its carbon footprint. This study focuses on hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICE) since it offers a zero-carbon solution to the industry while showing very low NOx emissions when coupled to a conventionally sized aftertreatment SCR system. This work highlights modeling efforts for analyzing key boosting configurations to operate a hydrogen engine at high lambda (relative air–fuel ratio) for lowering NOx, maintain the aftertreatment system reasonable in size, and improving brake thermal efficiency (BTE). GT-Power was used to model H2-ICE engines from 13L to 19L in displacement with different boosting architectures. Key configurations include a variable geometry turbine (VGT) turbocharger coupled with a supercharger (SC), a VGT with higher engine displacement, and a VGT coupled in series with a fixed geometry turbine (FGT) turbocharger. An exhaustive study comparing these boosting
Gurjar, ShubhamMcCarthy, Jr., James E.Manickavasagan, ThirumoolanChaudhari, Amol S.Nimeshkumar, ParmarBachu, PruthviBitsis, Christopher
Two issues ago in this space I wrote about some high-profile struggles hydrogen-technology companies had encountered, including Nikola and Hyzon both ceasing operations. I also recognized, however, that despite legitimate challenges, many OEMs and suppliers continue development efforts, confident that hydrogen - be it in combustion engines or fuel cells - will eventually make its mark on the industry. One segment where this is coming closer to reality is power generation in stationary applications.
Gehm, Ryan
Transitioning to zero-carbon fuels is pivotal for expediting the reduction of carbon emissions. Hydrogen demonstrates significant adaptability and emerges as a principal zero-carbon alternative fuel for fossil fuel internal combustion engine (ICE) platforms. Implementing hydrogen in both spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines has proven to be both economically viable and timely. In this study, a conventional diesel engine was operated with pure hydrogen with minimal modification to engine hardware. It features a proactive, automated shutdown system to mitigate intake backfire risks associated with hydrogen port fuel injection (PFI) systems. A comprehensive engine characterisation was conducted using a lambda sweep test, measuring values from 1.5 to 4.5 with an integrated in-cylinder pressure transducer for high-resolution data. The study used an advanced Bandpass, Rectify, Integrate, Compare (BRIC) knock detection method for engine health monitoring and assessed
Mohamed, MohamedZaman, ZayneLu, EnshenFeng, YizhuoWang, XinyanZhao, Hua
Hydrogen was considered as a promising carbon-free fuel for future society. The application of hydrogen in internal combustion engines has drawn more and more attention. Jet performance of hydrogen injection plays a crucial role in characteristics of the hydrogen fuelled engines, in terms of mixture preparation, combustion and heat release in cylinder. In this research, an outward-opening injector was developed for hydrogen direct-injection applications. The jet performance was studied using high-speed schlieren imaging in a constant volume chamber and the effects of injection and ambient pressures on jet characteristics were investigated. The results show that, the hydrogen jet exhibits a conical structure in the near-field and overall presents a bell-shaped appearance under relatively low ambient pressure, which differs from the irregular structure under relatively high ambient pressure. The pressure ratio, defined as the ratio of injection pressure to chamber pressure, significantly
Hu, ChaoqunHu, LongbiaoChen, HaieLi, LiguangWu, ZhijunDeng, Jun
The goal of the development of an electric aircraft engine is to create an aircraft system that achieves ultimate efficiency using hydrogen fuel instead of fossil fuels. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on reducing weight as much as possible, and this paper describes the approach to such fuel cell-powered aircraft. The authors have adopted a superconducting coreless rotating electric machine with an integrated hydrogen tank and are pursuing a target of 70kg or less for the main components of a 2MW rotating electric machine. High-temperature superconducting cables have zero electrical resistance and can carry a very high current density, but the alternating current (AC) loss generated when used in AC has been an issue in their application to rotating electric machines. In 2023, The SCSC cable was developed to be a low-AC-loss, robust, and high current cable concept, in which copper-plated multifilament coated conductors are wound spirally on a core. In addition to using this
Oyori, HitoshiSakurai, ShoKusase, ShinYoshida, YukihiroYoshinaga, SeiichiroNose, HiroyukiAmemiya, Naoyuki
Muelaner, Jody EmlynMoran, MatthewPhillips, Paul
Lin, RuiAdas, Camilo Abduch
The use of hydrogen as a sustainable fuel in the short term is hampered by the impossibility of large scale use due low availability. In order to promote decarbonization, complementary solution for a smooth transition is to dilute it in a mixture with methane, in a current Port Fuel Injection (PFI) internal combustion engine (ICE). This can be done as a retrofit after limited structural modifications, such as the introduction of a passive prechamber. Such a solution allows a reduction of the carbon footprint of traditional ICEs through more efficient combustion (both the prechamber technology and the hydrogen fuel properties promote an increase in combustion speed) and a reduced carbon content in the fuel. The present research activity has been carried out through numerical investigation based on three-dimensional CFD analyses to simulate the behavior of a natural gas engine fueled with CH4-H2 blends. The combustion mechanism for the fuel blend was validated against measurements of the
Balduzzi, FrancescoFerrara, GiovanniDi Iorio, SilvanaSementa, Paolo
The use of small 2-stroke crankcase scavenged engines running on hydrogen is very attractive for low power rates, when low cost and compact dimensions are the fundamental design constraints. However, achieving optimal performance with hydrogen fuel presents challenges, including uneven air-fuel mixtures, fuel losses, and crankcase backfiring. This research focuses on a small 50cc 2-stroke loop-scavenged engine equipped with a patented Low-Pressure Direct Injection (LPDI) system, modified for hydrogen use. Experimental results demonstrate performance comparable to the gasoline counterpart, but further optimizations are needed. Consequently, CFD-3D simulations are employed to analyses the injection process and guide engine development. The numerical analysis focuses on a fixed operating condition: 6000 rpm, Wide Open Throttle (WOT), with a slightly lean mixture and injection pressure fixed at 5 bar. A numerical model of the entire engine is set up with the primary objective of improving
Caprioli, StefanoSchoegl, OliverOswald, RolandKirchberger, RolandMattarelli, EnricoRinaldini, Carlo Alberto
In internal combustion engines, hydrogen is considered as one of the most promising alternatives to replace fossil fuels and reduce CO2 emissions. In such a context, traditional injectors for hydrocarbon fuels are currently being tailored to be used with hydrogen, or a single-hole/multi-hole cap mounted at the injector tip was used to obtain better mixing and air utilization. Nevertheless, the hydrogen injection can be accompanied by the formation of highly under-expanded jets and will significantly influence the downstream mixing process. Therefore, in order to achieve a better understanding on hydrogen-air mixture, this work aims to numerically investigate the influence of the nozzle geometry on the jet behaviors in the near nozzle region. The nozzle diameter ranges from 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm and the nozzle length is from 1mm to 2mm. The injection pressure ranges from 10 bar to 70 bar. As the boundary condition varied, differences in both the internal flow of different nozzle structures
Jiahui, LangLi, YanfeiXu, LubingXiao, MaShuai, Shijin
Recently, global interest in hydrogen as a powerful, promising and clean source of energy has increased. Green hydrogen production (GHP) is considered one of the most important modern projects worldwide, as it is the way to achieve a clean, healthy and sustainable environment. GHP plays a major role to improve public health. There are several methods for producing or harvesting green hydrogen, the most famous of which are: 1) The electrolysis of water using a proton exchange membrane and metal foam at low temperatures and 2) Flash Joule Heating (FJH) method for heating plastic waste at high temperatures using low-carbon emissions technology. However, both methods still suffer from some difficulties. This calls for the need to search for scientific solutions to make hydrogen available at reasonable prices. While the first method is considered better for producing high-purity hydrogen compared to the second method, it faces challenges in collecting hydrogen on the surface of the negative
Hamed, Maryam SalahAli, Salah H. R.
In cogeneration system, the pre-chamber natural gas engine adopts combustion technologies such as ultra-high supercharged lean burn and Miller cycle to increase the theoretical efficiency by increasing the specific heat ratio and the mechanical efficiency by improving the specific power. In recent years, the use of hydrogen fuel has been attracting attention in order to achieve carbon neutrality, and it is required to operate existing high-efficiency natural gas engines by appropriately mixing hydrogen. For this purpose, it is important to have natural gas and hydrogen co-combustion technology that allows combustion at any mixture ratio without major modifications. The authors mixed hydrogen into the fuel of an ultra-high supercharged lean burn pre-chamber natural gas engine (Bore size: 200mm) that has already achieved high efficiency and performed combustion experiments at BMEP (Brake mean effective pressure) of 2 MPa or more. The engine load and hydrogen mixture ratio were used as
Morikawa, KojiKimura, ShinSakai, ShunyaMoriyoshi, Yasuo
In addition to electric vehicles (EVs), hydrogen fuel cell systems are gaining attention as energy-efficient propulsion options. However, designing fuel cell vehicles presents unique challenges, particularly in terms of storage systems for heavy hydrogen tanks. These challenges impact factors such as NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) and safety performance. This study presents a topology optimization study for Hydrogen Energy Storage System (HESS) tank structure in Class 5 trucks, with a focus on enhancing the modal frequencies. The study considers a specific truck configuration with a HESS structure located behind the crew cab, consisting of two horizontally stacked hydrogen tanks and two tanks attached on both sides of the frame. The optimization process aimed to meet the modal targets of this hydrogen tank structure in the fore-aft (X) and lateral (Y) directions, while considering other load cases such as a simplified representation of GST (global static torsion), simplified
Yoo, Dong YeonChavare, SudeepViswanathan, SankarMouyianis, Adam
Introducing hydrogen (H2) into the intake air of diesel engines provides a near-term approach to reducing tailpipe CO2 emissions from heavy-duty commercial vehicles. The premixed hydrogen results in a complex H2-Diesel dual fuel (H2DF) combustion process, where H2 can both participate in the non-premixed diesel combustion and result in a propagating H2/air combustion. These interactions influence engine combustion characteristics, including in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate (HRR), as well as emissions. The nature and extent of the impact depends on the amount of H2 introduced as a function of the total fuel energy (H2 energy share ratio - HES), the trapped air mass, and engine operating conditions. To optimize the HES ratio under different conditions, it is crucial to understand how H2DF combustion differs from diesel combustion and how this limits engine operation and impacts emissions. To investigate these effects, a heavy-duty class 8 truck fitted with an H2DF system
Farzam, RezaGuan, MangGmoser, RaineSteiche, PatrickKirchen, PatrickMcTaggart-Cowan, Gordon
Decarbonized or low carbon fuels, such as hydrogen/methane blends, can be used in internal combustion engines to support ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction goals worldwide, including achieving carbon neutrality by 2045. However, as the volumetric concentration of H2 in these fuel blends surpasses 30%, the in-cylinder flame propagation and combustion rates increase significantly, causing an unacceptable increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, which is known to have substantial negative effects on human health and the environment. This rise in engine-out NOx emissions is a major concern, limiting the use of H2 fuels as a means to reduce GHG emissions from both mobile and stationary power generation engines. In this study, an experimental investigation of the combustion performance and emissions characteristics of a 4th generation Tour split-cycle engine was undertaken while operating on 100% methane and various hydrogen/methane fuel blends (30%, 40%, and 50% by volume
Bhanage, PratikCho, KukwonAnderson, BradleyKemmet, RyanTour, GiladAtkinson, ChrisTour, HugoTour, Oded
Fuel economy and the ability to maintain the state of charge (SOC) of the battery are two key metrics for the energy management of a full-power fuel cell hybrid vehicle fitted with a small-capacity battery pack. To achieve stable maintenance of SOC and near-optimal fuel consumption, this paper proposes an adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (PA-ECMS) based on power prediction. The strategy realizes demand power prediction through a hybrid deep learning model, and periodically updates the optimal equivalent factor (EF) based on the predicted power to achieve SOC convergence and ensure fuel economy. Simulation results show that the hybrid deep learning network model has high prediction accuracy with a root mean square error (RMSE) of only 0.733 m/s. Compared with the traditional ECMS based on SOC feedback, the PA-ECMS effectively maintains the battery SOC in a more reasonable range, reduces the situation of the fuel cell directly charging the power cell in the high
Gao, XinyuJu, FeiChen, GangZong, YuhuaWang, Liangmo
Since the 1860 Hippomobile, hydrogen has been a part of powered mobility. Today, most hydrogen storage applications use cylindrical tanks, but other solutions are available. At a recent Bosch-sponsored event, SAE Media noted Linamar's Flexform conformable storage, which the company says uses the same or less material for a given storage volume while delivering anywhere from 5-25% more volumetric efficiency than conventional cylindrical tanks within that volume. “We see space as a regular bounding box where all you're losing is this area around the corners, closer to five to 10% [loss]. Where Flexform really shines and where the value proposition really is, is irregular spaces, such as between frame rails,” said representatives from the Linamar engineering team.
Cannell, Thom
From automakers to companies in the wider mobility industry, hydrogen power is seeing no shortage of investment and research even as some remain unconvinced of its future. Most outsiders to the transportation industry don't know much about rapid developments in hydrogen fuel-cell and hydrogen internal-combustion. There just aren't the large-scale commercial and public efforts to inform the public as exist for the battery-electric vehicle market. Still, 50% of people in a recent Department of Energy survey said they understood that hydrogen has a chance to be a clean alternative source of power for vehicles and even for homes. Spotlight or no, progress is being made. And though much of it is outside the United States, American cities and companies have absolutely not given up on the technology. SAE Media wanted to check in and note recent transportation developments that use the earth's most abundant element.
Clonts, Chris
This TIR establishes high-flow fueling protocols, including their process limits for fueling of compressed gaseous hydrogen vehicles at peak flow rates from 60 to 300 g/s with compressed hydrogen storage system (CHSS) volume capacities between 248.6 and 7500 L which have been qualified to UN GTR #13. This document is initially being published as a TIR due to limited field testing of the fueling protocols. Once the fueling protocols have been field tested, the SAE Fuel Cell Standards Committee Interface Task Force intends to publish a revision to this document as an SAE Standard.
Fuel Cell Standards Committee
The growing demand for fossil fuels and the search for alternatives have the potential to reduce emissions and enhance energy security. Karanja oil and tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) are identified as promising substitutes. This study examines the performance and emission characteristics of a 5.2 kW, 1500 rpm, four-stroke single-cylinder compression ignition engine. The engine was tested using diesel, the optimal combination of Karanja oil biodiesel (KOME) and TPO (50:50% volume ratio), and this KOME-TPO blend with hydrogen supplied in dual fuel mode at flow rates of 10 lpm, 20 lpm, and 30 lpm, designated as H10, H20, and H30, respectively. The results indicated that BTE for H30 was the highest, reaching 32.21% compared to 30.52% for diesel at 5.2 kW BP. BSEC for H30 was the lowest at 11.18 MJ/kWh, compared to 11.80 MJ/kWh for diesel at the same BP. Emission analysis showed that smoke and HC emissions were significantly lower for hydrogen-enriched blends. At 5.2 kW BP, HC emissions for H30
Duraisamy, BoopathiStanley Martin, JeromeChelladorai, PrabhuRajendran, SilambarasanMarutholi, MubarakMadheswaran, Dinesh Kumar
In order to give full play to the economic and environmental advantages of liquid organic hydrogen carrier(LOHC) technology in hydrogen storage and transportation as well as its technological advantages as a hydrogen source for hydrogen refueling station(HRS) supply, it promotes the change of hydrogen supply method in HRSs and facilitates its technological landing in the terminal of HRSs. In this paper, combining the current commercialization status of organic liquid technology and the current construction status of HRS in China, we establish a traditional long-tube trailer HRS model through Matlab Simulink, carry out modification on the existing process, maximize the use of the original equipment, and introduce the hydrogen production end of the station with organic liquid as an auxiliary hydrogen source. Research and design of the two hydrogen sources of gas extraction strategy and the station control strategy and the formation of Stateflow language model, to realize the verification
Huo, TianqingFeng, TianyuYang, FushengHuang, YeZheng, HuaanWang, BinFang, TaoWu, ZhenZhang, ZaoXiao
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are seen as an ideal solution to the issues of energy security and environmental pollution. There is a great need for a comprehensive understanding of the ecological impacts associated with fuel cells throughout their entire life cycle, from fuel extraction through manufacturing, operation, and ultimately to the disposal stage. This paper reviews the progress of research on measuring the emissions of hydrogen fuel cells and focuses on the carbon footprint throughout the fuel cell’s life cycle. The study defines the boundary conditions of the fuel cell system using the PLAC (Process-based life cycle assessment) method, analyzes the proportion of each material in the system, and divides its life cycle into six stages: raw material preparation, manufacturing and assembly, transportation and logistics, utilization, maintenance and repair, and scrap and recycling. This study uses the GREET analysis software to introduce a carbon footprint analysis model for a
Zhang, RuojingZhu, HaominZhou, XiangyangPan, Xiangmin
The global energy crisis and environmental pollution problems have accelerated the process of the new energy technology revolution. Hydrogen energy is considered as one of the main forces of future green energy. Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2ICES), as one of the main power forms of hydrogen energy application, have received extensive attention. It is worth noting that the characteristics of hydrogen jet affect the combustion performance and emission performance of hydrogen engines because they are directly related to the mixture formation process. In this paper, for a certain inner-opening direct injection (DI) nozzle, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) research method is used to explore the jet characteristics of the straight-hole (SH) nozzle, the diverging-tapered-hole (DTH) nozzle, and the stepped-hole (STH) nozzle from aspects such as mass flow rate, hydrogen mass fraction field, velocity field, and pressure field. The results show that for inward-opening DI nozzles
Yan, ChaoLuo, QingheLi, YikaiTang, Hongyang
Hydrogen fuel cell trucks have enormous development potential in the pursuit of global carbon neutrality and sustainable development. However, their commercialization and mass production are facing challenges in various aspects, especially the durability problem of fuel cells. This paper is intended to set up a high-power hydrogen fuel cell system (FCS) model, considering the fuel cell degradation factors, and based on this, proposes a two-layer fuzzy energy management strategy (EMS) to optimize the life of fuel cell and the total energy consumption of the vehicle. The first control layer provides real-time energy distribution efficiently from multiple sources and thus allows flexibility in energy supply. The second layer regulates the dynamic adjustment of fuel cell output power with degradation of both fuel cells and batteries considered, to make the prolonging of system lifetime possible. In this respect, the equivalent hydrogen consumption, which incorporates fuel cell degradation
Hou, QuanWang, HanZhu, Dan
In recent years, the amount of industrial sewage sludge awaiting treatment has continued to rise steadily, posing serious risks to human health and the ecological environment if mishandled. This study proposes a photothermal-driven supercritical water co-gasification of sludge-coal thermochemical synergistic conversion system for efficient hydrogen production. The main feature is that the medium-low temperature exothermic heating method uses concentrated solar energy to provide reaction heat for the co-gasification process. This approach synergistically converts solar energy into syngas chemical energy while meeting the heat demand of the co-gasification hydrogen production process. The results show that this co-gasification system for hydrogen production can achieve an energy efficiency of 56.82%. The sensitivity analysis shows that the molar flow rate of hydrogen increased from 44.02 kmol/h to 217.51 kmol/h as the gasification temperature increased from 500°C to 700°C. The concluded
Li, GuangyangXue, XiaodongWang, Yulin
Hydrogen energy is the best form of energy to achieve "carbon peak, carbon neutrality", and is known as the most promising clean energy in the 21st century because of its diverse sources, clean and low-carbon, flexible and efficient, and wide application sce-narios. Hydrogen internal combustion engine has the advantages of zero carbon emission, high efficiency, high reliability and low cost, and has become one of the important directions of hydrogen energy application. The paper first analyzes the development and application of hydrogen energy industry in recent years, covering many aspects such as laws and regulations, energy structure, realization path, and development status. Then, the research and development process of the hydrogen engine of the technical team of Dongfeng Motor Group Co., Ltd. R&D Institute Department is introduced, and the effective thermal efficiency of 45.04% is achieved. Finally, the future of hydrogen engine is further prospected.
Jin, XiaoyanZhang, SheminDuan, ShaoyuanLiu, CongZhou, Hongli
With the global promotion of carbon neutrality policies, internal combustion engine (ICE) of traditional fossil fuel is gradually transitioning to carbon neutral fuel ICE, and hybrid dedicated engines are gradually replacing traditional internal combustion engines in the passenger car market. Ultra-lean combustion supported by active pre-chamber is one of the key technologies for achieving high thermal efficient over 45% BTE. However, there are still issues like cold start and PN emissions caused by impingement of liquid fuel injection in pre-chamber, and there is still room for improvement in thermal efficiency by less energy of pilot ignition fuel. Gaseous fuel such as hydrogen or methane have no wetting issues, and can be more easily controlled in terms of the injection amount in pre-chamber, thereby using a less amount of gaseous fuel as the pilot ignition fuel could be a solution. Due to the above situation, this article conducted experiments on a lean burn gasoline engine by
Liu, YaodongLiu, MingliHe, ZhentaoLi, XianZhao, ChuanQian, DingchaoQu, HanshiLi, Jincheng
Methanol, with its abundant production, mature synthesis process, well-established storage and transportation infrastructure, and no need to return the dehydrogenated product, is considered to be an ideal hydrogen carrier, is expected to play a great role in the energy transition of the transportation sector and the construction of a hydrogen transportation system. This paper focuses on the hydrogen energy supply system using methanol as a carrier, briefly introduces the basics of methanol production and transportation, and then focuses on the different routes of using methanol in hydrogen transportation infrastructure and vehicles from the perspectives of technology, economy, safety, and commercialization process. Finally, the impacts of the different routes of introducing methanol on hydrogen transportation are compared and analyzed, and the role of methanol in the energy supply of hydrogen transportation is elaborated.
Zhao, XinlongHuo, TianqingHuang, YeZheng, HuaanShi, TongqiangZhang, XuYang, FushengWu, ZhenZhang, Zaoxiao
An effective vehicle integrated thermal management system (ITMS) is critical for the safe and efficient operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) vehicles. This paper takes a fuel cell vehicle (FCV) as the research object, comprehensively considers the vehicle layout environment and thermal management requirements, and designs a complete thermal management system for FCV. The key components are selected and designed to match the performance and the control strategy of ITMS of fuel cell vehicle is developed. To do that, the ITMS model is established based on the heating principle and heat transfer theory of each key component. Then, the ITMS under Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) operating conditions at different ambient temperatures are simulated and analyzed by selecting indicators such as coolant flow rate and temperature. Under the ambient temperature of 40°C, the temperature of PEMFC is basically stable between 78 °C and 83°C, the coolant outlet
Jiang, QiXiong, ShushengWang, YupengZhu, ShaopengChen, Huipeng
The development of hydrogen economy is an effective way to achieve peak carbon emission and carbon neutralization. Therein, the green production of hydrogen is a prerequisite to reach the goal of decarbonization. As an ideal route, water electrolysis has triggered intense responses under the strong support from policies, which further presenting a phenomenon of water electrolysis equipment manufactures competing to enter the market. However, the extensive growth mode is not conducive to a long term healthy development of the water electrolysis hydrogen production market where products can be sold without requiring compulsory inspection or quality inspection process due to the absence of laws and test & evaluation standards. Considering the market status and technology maturity, the main working principles and characteristics of alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) and proton exchange membrane (PEM) hydrogen production systems are summarized, and the test frameworks of the AWE and PEM
Jiao, DaokuanWang, XiaobingHao, Dong
In recent trends, renewable energy has gained significance in worldwide applications due to avail from nature, low cost, and pollution-free. Based on the world population, a large volume of municipal and sewage water waste affects the environmental water sources, resulting in pollution. To save the earth and maintain a green environment, the present investigation aims to produce bio-hydrogen from municipal and sewage waste through a gasification process with a pyrolysis reactor. The temperature and time of the gasification process were varied by 600-900°C and 60 min. The impact of gasification temperature (600-900°C) and 60 min on molar fraction, gas yield, and gasification efficiency behaviour has to be investigated, and higher temperature (900°) with 60 min gasification process showed the superior molar fraction with 18.4 mol/kg hydrogen yield and improved gasification efficiency of 72%. The gained bio-hydrogen suggested energy storage applications.
De Poures, Melvin VictorVenkatesh, R.Karthikeyan, N.Manivannan, S.Sugadeva Boopathi, M.Baranitharan, BalakrishnanMadhu, S.Kaliyaperumal, GopalSakthi Murugan, V.
Hydrogen fuel is becoming a popular choice in many energy applications because of its innovative green technology, which produces zero carbon emissions. It also offers better efficiency than fossil fuels. Current research focuses on obtaining hydrogen energy from agricultural waste using a gasification process. This process involves heating the waste at gasification temperatures 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700°C, maintaining a residence time of 60 minutes, and applying a gasification pressure of 20 bar. The effects of gasification temperature on the effectiveness of hydrogen production are examined. At a high gasification temperature of 700°C and a residence time of 60 minutes, the processed agro feedstock showed impressive results. It achieved a molar fraction of 12% carbon dioxide (CO2), 31% methane (CH4), and 55% hydrogen (H2), leading to an improved hydrogen yield of 15.2 mol/kg. Additionally, it demonstrated better hydrogen selectivity at 8.1 and a higher gasification efficiency of 61
Venkatesh, R.De Poures, Melvin VictorRaguraman, B.Marimuthu, S.Devanathan, C.Baranitharan, BalakrishnanMadhu, S.Kaliyaperumal, GopalManickaraj, Pethuraj
Mobility in Brazil, dominated by road transportation, is responsible for consuming around a third of the energy matrix and for emitting approximately half of the energy-related emissions in the country. Among the alternatives to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, the use of low-carbon hydrogen has a strong potential for decarbonization and improvement of engine efficiency. Thus, this study experimentally investigated the partial replacement of commercial diesel (with 12% of fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) biodiesel) by hydrogen in a commercial vehicle equipped with a compression-ignition internal combustion engine. To investigate the effects of this substitution on performance and emission profile, the vehicles was adapted for dual-fuel operation and hydrogen was injected together with air into the MB OM 924 LA engine of a Mercedes-Benz Accelo 1016 vehicle. Tests were carried out on a chassis dynamometer with 0%, 2% and 4% slope and at speeds equal to 50, 60 and 70 km/h to simulate
Assis, GuilhermeSánchez, Fernando ZegarraBraga, Sergio LealPradelle, Renata Nohra ChaarSouza Junior, JorgePradelle, FlorianTicona, Epifanio Mamani
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 1710