Browse Topic: Vegetable oils

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A 3D CFD Combustion Evaluation of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) as a Potential Alternate Fuel for the Future CI Engines2026-26-0113To be published on 01/16/2026
Transportation industry is facing the growing challenge to reduce its carbon footprint and utilize the carbon neutral, more environmentally sustainable fuels to comply with the goal of carbon neutrality. Implementation of carbon free fuels such as Hydrogen, Ammonia and low carbon fuels such as Methanol, Ethanol can significantly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, but these fuels are suitable for SI engine architecture due to their high-octane ratings. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) is one of the few fuel solutions available today with a high Cetane rating (70-80), that can be used as a drop-in fuel in the existing CI engines, with minimal modifications. The main constituent of HVO is pure alkane and it can be produced from feedstocks such as vegetable oils, animal fats and various wastes and by-products. A closed cycle 3-D CFD combustion simulation using a detailed chemistry-based solver was conducted with the HVO, on a three cylinder, naturally aspirated water-cooled CI engine at
Tripathi, Ayush, Mukherjee, Nalini, Nene, Devendra
Biodiesel Production via Homogeneous Route (KOH) and Heterogeneous Route (K 2 O/Nb 2 O 5 )2025-36-011612/18/2025
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Coelho, Gabriella Vilela, Alvarez, Carlos Eduardo Castilla, Ribeiro, Jessica Oliveira Notório
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engines Fueled with Watermelon Seed Oil Biodiesel Enhanced with Ferrous Oxide Nanoparticles2025-28-021811/06/2025
A large number of research studies have raised global concerns about the rapid depletion of traditional energy sources like petroleum. These fuels, being largely non-renewable, are being consumed at a rate much faster than they can be replenished. This growing imbalance between demand and supply has led to fears that, in the near future, the world could face a serious energy crisis if alternative sources are not developed and adopted in time. The use of alternative fuels plays an important role in lowering harmful emissions, including those that contribute to ozone formation and other toxic pollutants. It is a well-established scientific understanding that the continued combustion of fossil fuels is a key driver of global atmospheric warming. As environmental awareness grows, many individuals across the globe believe that shifting toward cleaner and more sustainable fuel sources is essential for protecting and improving the health of our planet. Extensive research is being conducted to
G, Manikandan, Subbaiyan, Gunasekharan, Saminathan, Sathiskumar, T, Karthi, S, Gokul, J, Sanmuganathan
Analysis of Combustion Process in HVO-Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Operation Using Simultaneous Imaging of OH* and CH* Chemiluminescence2025-32-005311/03/2025
This study investigated the combustion process in a hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)–hydrogen dual-fuel operation using simultaneous imaging of the OH* and CH* chemiluminescence in a rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM). In this operation, hydrogen served as the primary fuel, ignited by a small quantity of pilot fuel. CH* chemiluminescence was primarily detected in the pilot fuel combustion regions, whereas OH* chemiluminescence was detected in both the pilot fuel and hydrogen combustion regions, enabling the separation of pilot ignition and hydrogen flame propagation. The combustion mechanism was found to proceed through four distinct stages: autoignition of the pilot fuel, combustion of the mixture in the lean pilot fuel region, propagation of the hydrogen–air premixture flame, and flame propagation toward the wall and squish area. Furthermore, the effects of the pilot injection parameters on the combustion characteristics were systematically evaluated by varying the
Yukitani, Takumi, Une, Naoto, Mukhtar, Ghazian, Horibe, Naoto, Kawanabe, Hiroshi, Koda, Kazuyuki, Hiraoka, Kenji
Impact of Water Injection on Emission Formation in an HVO-Fuelled NRMM Engine2025-32-006711/03/2025
Water injection in diesel engines is a well-known method of lowering combustion temperatures and thus reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. In this study, the influence of water injection in hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) operation on NOx formation, particulate emissions and ignition delay is analyzed in comparison to diesel operation on a John Deere JD4045 tractor engine. Both the fuel (HVO) and the water injection system were designed as ‘drop-in’ solutions that enable rapid implementation to reduce emissions, even in existing vehicle fleets. The standard engine control unit of the JD4045 engine was therefore used for the tests. A single water nozzle was installed downstream the charge air cooler to integrate a water injection system. The three operating points of interest were: (1) low speed and high load without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), (2) high EGR rates at low speed and medium load and (3) the engine's ‘sweet spot’ regarding the emission-tradeoff at high speed and
Fuhrmeister, Jonas, Mayer, Sebastian, Günthner, Michael
Hydrogen-Assisted Renewable Fuels RME and HVO in the Compression-Ignition Engine2025-32-004811/03/2025
The article presents the research results on performance, thermodynamic parameters, and toxic exhaust emissions from the combustion in a compression-ignition engine fueled optionally by the hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) or the rapeseed methyl ester (RME), both with hydrogen addition. Furthermore, regular diesel fuel was used to obtain the reference data for making comparisons between HVO, RME, and diesel fuel. Hydrogen was injected into the intake manifold of a compression-ignition (CI) engine. Typically, diesel fuel combustion in a CI engine initiates through its self-ignition, usually simultaneously occurring at many points across the engine cylinder. Hydrogen, as a very chemically reactive substance, can promote pre-ignition reactions and accelerate flame kernel formation, shortening the ignition lag. This is crucial for the smooth running of the compression-ignition engine. Hydrogen was added at amounts not exceeding 7% by volume (35% energy content) referred to air sucked into
Szwaja, Stanislaw, Juknelevicius, Romualdas, Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Rimkus, Alfredas, Szymanek, Arkadiusz
Impacts of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil as Renewable Diesel Fuel on Engine Performance and Emissions in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine03-18-06-003509/08/2025
As the pressure increases to move to renewable carbon-neutral fuel sources, especially in heavy-duty diesel engine applications, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) has shown to be an attractive alternative fuel to fossil diesel. Therefore, this study investigated the impacts of HVO used as a drop-in fuel on performance and emissions of a nonroad heavy-duty diesel engine by running back-to-back D2 ISO 8178 cycles with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and HVO. The measurement results showed that brake specific fuel consumption with respect to mass reduced by 1.1%–3.6% switching from ULSD to HVO due to greater heating values of HVO, which is supported by 0.7%–3.5% lower CO2 emissions recorded with HVO. Conversely, brake specific fuel consumption with respect to volume increased by 0.3%–2.9% with HVO because of its smaller density. Combustion analysis revealed that combustion of both fuels is comparable at high loads while HVO ignites earlier at low power. Thus, lesser reductions in NOx
Duva, Berk Can, Abat, Bryan, Engelhardt, Jens
Experimental Assessment of ‘Drop-In’ and ‘Optimized’ HVO Usage in a 6.6l Diesel Engine for Low-Emissions Marine Applications2025-24-007309/07/2025
All mobility sectors are facing the challenge to contribute actively to the reduction of environmental pollution and of the impact on climate change driven by Greenhouse Gas effect. One of the most active sectors in the research of environment-friendly propulsion propositions is the recreational and light-commercial boating. Presently, many of the boats operating in this sector are propelled by internal combustion engines derived from road applications. In this work, the effects of replacing conventional fossil-derived B7 diesel with Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) were experimentally investigated in a modern Medium-Duty Engine, using the advanced biofuel initially as drop-in replacement, and then repeating the testing after the recalibration of the engine combustion set points. Comparing the results of the replacement of diesel with HVO showed appreciable benefits in terms of NOx, Particulate Matter (PM), mass fuel consumption and Well-to-Wake (WtW) CO2 thanks to the inner properties
Cosseddu, Cinzia, Spedicato, Tonio, Pennazio, Davide, Vassallo, Alberto, Fittavolini, Corrado
Cummins powers up the S17 genset25TOFHP08_0808/01/2025
Cummins has expanded its Centum diesel generator series that elevates sustained performance while maximizing power density. The latest addition to the company's portfolio is a 17-liter engine platform that can provide up to one megawatt of power. “The S17 is engineered to redefine what you expect from an emergency standby package,” said Emily Scheuerell, Cummins power generation global engineering leader. According to Cummins, the S17 was a clean-sheet design that supports HVO (hydrotreated vegetable oil) fuel flexibility and complies with EPA Tier 2, UL2200 and CSA 22.2 emissions standards.
Wolfe, Matt
Experimental Quantitative Analysis of Spray Velocity Field Characteristics of Four Compression-Ignition Engine Oxygenated Alternative Fuels03-18-03-002105/10/2025
As the suitable substitutes for diesel in compression-ignition (CI) piston engines, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEs), and bio-aviation fuel (BAF), among other oxygenated alternative fuels have been widely recognized due to higher cetane values. To explore the in-cylinder fuel spray dynamics and subsequent fuel–air entrainment of these fuels, experimental studies on near-field and full-field spray characteristics were carried out by the diffuser back-illumination imaging (DBI) method within a constant-volume chamber. The local velocity was inferred by momentum flux conservation and Gaussian radial profile assumption, and the dimensionless Jet number was introduced to qualify the strength of interaction within two-phase flow. It was found that the initial spray transitions from a “needle” to a larger spray head structure as injection pressure rises, especially with PODE3-5 exhibiting a stable “mushroom” structure due to its higher surface tension
Chen, Houchang, Jiang, Junxin, Hu, Yong, Yu, Wenbin, Zhao, Feiyang
Development of Dehydrated Kusum Oil as a Potential Bio-Lubricant2025-01-831204/01/2025
Depletion of petroleum crude oil and its environmental impacts challenge future generations. Vegetable oils provide a sustainable alternative with benefits like anti-wear properties, biodegradability, and renewability. Kusum oil's ability to lower carbon emissions significantly and promote sustainable industrial practices highlights its potential as a viable green alternative. This research paper presents a comprehensive and comparative analysis of a sustainable, environmentally friendly bio-lubricant and nonedible vegetable oil like Kusum oil. Bio-lubricant is produced by transesterification followed by epoxidation, which is known as epoxidized kusum oil lubricant or dehydrated kusum oil (DKO). The process of epoxidation significantly enhances the properties of Kusum oil, making it a promising alternative to conventional lubricants. It is compared with a widely used conventional mineral oil lubricant like SAE10W40. DKO exhibits comparable density, viscosity index, pour point, and
Prabhakaran, J, Pali, Harveer Singh, Singh, Nishant K.
Experimental Investigation and Operating Characteristics of LHR Engine Using Pongamia Pinnata and Azadirachta Indica Biodiesel Blend with Industrial Waste Additive2025-28-003902/07/2025
The huge energy demand and environmental anxiety have focused the interest on alternative fuels to the diesel engine. This suggested the worldwide search for renewable, less pollutant and agricultural-based alternative fuel. Also, attention is given to increasing the efficiency of a conventional diesel engine when running on alternative fuels. Non-edible oil derived from Pongamia pinnata and Azadirachta indica seed oil blends as an alternative fuel have been considered for this study. Using Copper oxide (5% w/w), the two oils were transesterified for 6 hours at a temperature of 75 °C and a methanol to oil ratio of 20:1. The biodiesel samples that were produced underwent FTIR and GC-MS analysis. The results indicated that the FAME conversion for the biodiesel derived from Azadirachta indica and Pongamia pinnata was 99.19% and 97.93%, respectively. Diesel engine combustion components, viz., the piston crown and liner, were coated with Aluminium titanate thermal barrier material. The
R, Suresh, R, Ashwin, Uppuluri, Kiranbabu, T, MohanRaj
Preparation and Evaluation of Lubricating Properties of Neem Seed Oil under the Influence of an Anti-Wear Additive as Sustainable Alternative to Commercial Engine Oil2025-28-011602/07/2025
The search for environmentally friendly and sustainable lubricants for automotive and industrial applications has led to extensive research on bio lubricants as a viable alternative to conventional engine oils and mineral oils. The biodegradable and ecofriendly nature of vegetable oil, makes it an excellent replacement for the depleting mineral oils. Still, a good number of modifications must be brought in, to overcome the drawbacks of vegetable oils. In this work, the preparation and evaluation of lubricating properties like tribological, rheological, thermal etc. of Neem seed oil (NSO) with and without additives were carried out and effectively compared with the lubricating properties of synthetic oil, Polyalphaolefin 6 (PAO 6) and with a commercial engine oil, SAE20W40. The copper oxide nanoparticles were dispersed in neem seed oil as additive in various proportions (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 wt.%) to enhance the tribological properties. The tribological analysis were carried out to
Menon, Krishnaprasad S, R, Ambigai
An Integrated Material Science Approach to Evaluate the Viability of Ethoxy Ethane and Rubber Seed (Heavea Brasiliensis) Biodiesel as Sustainable Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines2025-28-013002/07/2025
The primary issues in using pure vegetable oils for internal combustion engines are their high soot output and reduced thermal efficiency. Therefore in the present investigation, a Heavea Brasiliensis biodiesel (HBB) is used as a carbon source of fuel and ethoxy ethane as a combustion accelerator on a compression ignition (CI) engine. In this investigation, an only one cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled DI diesel engine with a rated output of 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm was utilized. Whereas heavea brasiliensis biodiesel was delivered straightly into the cylinder at almost close to the end of compression stroke and ethoxy ethane was sprayed instantly in the intake manifold in the event of intake stroke. At various loads, the parameter of ethoxy ethane volume rate were optimised. To minimise exhaust emissions, an air plasma spray technology was employed to cover the engine combustion chamber with a thermal barrier coating. Because of its adaptability for high-temperature applications, YSZ (Yttria
Sagaya Raj, Gnana, Natarajan, Manikandan, Pasupuleti, Thejasree
Assessing the Engine Performance of Rubber Seed Oil Biodiesel Blends in Compression Ignition2024-01-522812/10/2024
This study investigates the efficiency of a compression ignition (CI) engine powered by biodiesel derived from rubber seed oil (RSO) and its various blends. This research aims to assess the feasibility of using RSO biodiesel as a substitute fuel in CI engines to reduce harmful emissions and the depletion of fossil fuels. Initially, the process of obtaining rubber seed oil was preceded by transesterification. After transesterification, the same was blended in different proportions with conventional diesel in B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100. Results show that brake thermal efficiency (BTE) decreased with rising concentration of biodiesel, particularly at higher blends. B100 had a 20-25% lower BTE in every load condition than conventional diesel. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) generally decreased with increasing biodiesel content, particularly at lower loads applied to the engine. B100 portrayed a perceptible improvement of 25.6% in BSFC compared diesel at 1 kg load. This
Jayabal, Ravikumar, Lionus Leo, G. M., Madhu, S.
Assessment of Emission Reductions in a Diesel Engine using Graphene Oxide Nanoparticle-Muskmelon Waste Seed Biodiesel Blends2024-01-524012/10/2024
This research investigates the potential of muskmelon waste seed biodiesel (MWSB) enhanced with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The study focuses on transesterifying waste seed oil from muskmelon fruits to produce biodiesel suitable for common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engines. The addition of GO nanoparticles serves as a combustion enhancer, aiming to improve engine performance and reduce emissions. The test fuels included pure diesel, MWSB, and MWSB blends with 10 ppm and 20 ppm of GO nanoparticles. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in emissions when GO nanoparticles were added to the MWSB. Specifically, the MWSB+GO20 ppm blend achieved reductions in smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 16.66%, 26.19%, and 45.33%, respectively, compared to diesel at maximum brake power (5.5 kW). However, this blend also resulted in a 7.4% increase in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions at maximum brake
Jayabal, Ravikumar, Madhu, S.
Fuel Quality Assessment of Green Diesel Produced from Waste Cooking Oil2024-01-429311/05/2024
Waste cooking oil can be converted into fuel for internal combustion (IC) engine applications by transesterification or pyrolysis. Transesterification results in the production of fatty acid methyl esters called biodiesel. The variability in biodiesel composition and properties from diesel fuel leads to engine re-calibration that requires significant time and effort. Diesel-like hydrocarbons can be produced by catalytic pyrolysis of used cooking oil. Such fuel can be used as a drop-in fuel in IC engine applications. Hydrogen at high pressures and a catalyst generally promote deoxygenation during pyrolysis. Recently, novel heterogenous acid catalysts such as Ni-impregnated activated carbon (AC) and Ag-Co-impregnated AC catalysts were developed to produce deoxygenated fuel by pyrolysis at atmospheric pressure without using hydrogen. Homogenous base catalysts such as sodium hydroxide can also be used in pyrolysis to produce diesel-like fuel. The present work compares the suitability of
Chellachamy, Adhikesavan, Krishnasamy, Anand
Performance and Emissions of a Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Engine Using Diesel and HVO as Pilot Fuels2024-01-428611/05/2024
A comprehensive experimental study of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel and hydrogen-hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) dual-fuel operations was conducted in a single-cylinder diesel engine (bore 85.0 mm, stroke 96.9 mm, and compression ratio 14.3) equipped with a common rail fuel injection system and a supercharger. The hydrogen flow rate was manipulated by varying the hydrogen excess air ratio from 2.5 to 4.0 in 0.5 increments. Hydrogen was introduced into the intake pipe using a gas injector. Diesel fuel and HVO were injected as pilot fuels at a fixed injection pressure of 80 MPa. The quantity of pilot fuel was set to 3, 6, and 13 mm3/cycle. The intake and exhaust pressures were set in the range of 100–220 kPa in 20 kPa increments. The engine was operated at a constant speed of 1,800 rpm under all conditions. The pilot injection timing was varied such that the ignition timing was constant at the TDC under all conditions. The results demonstrated that smoke was lower when HVO was used as the
Mukhtar, Ghazian Amin, Tange, Kota, Nakatani, Satoshi, Horibe, Naoto, Kawanabe, Hiroshi, Morita, Gin, Hiraoka, Kenji, Koda, Kazuyuki
Emission Characteristics of TCR Diesel Fuels in Comparison to Diesel Fuels Derived from other Sources2024-01-428911/05/2024
In this work we demonstrate the influence of different refined TCR refining diesel fuels on emission, power and efficiency in comparison to reference Diesel fuel (homologation fuel for Euro 6 emission testing), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and a blend of poly(oxymethylene)dimethyl ether (OME3) with reference Diesel. The emission characteristics of such TCR fuels used in a production type Diesel engine with modern common rail system has up to now not been tested. The comparison was performed at an engine test bench equipped with a Hatz 4H50 TIC direct injection common rail Diesel engine. For different engine operation points exhaust gas emissions and particulate matters were measured and the results analyzed.
Seeger, Jan, Taschek, Marco
Operation of a Compression-Ignition Kerosene Aviation Engine with Sustainable Aviation Fuel: An Experimental Study2024-01-600510/28/2024
The aviation industry is undergoing environmental scrutiny due to its significant greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are a vital solution for reducing carbon emissions and pollutants, aligning with global efforts for carbon-neutral aviation growth. SAFs can be produced via multiple production routes from different feedstock, resulting in significantly different physical and chemical fuel properties. Their suitability in a compression-ignition (CI) aircraft engine was evaluated through test bench investigations at TU Wien - Institute of Powertrain and Automotive Technology in partnership with Austro Engine. ASTM D7566-certified fuels like Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO), Fischer–Tropsch–Kerosene (FTK) or Alcohol to Jet (AtJ), but also an oxygen containing biodiesel have been tested extensively. Gaseous emissions, soot emissions, indication measurement data, efficiencies, and the like were acquired and comprehensively analyzed for engine operation with different
Kleissner, Florian, Hofmann, Peter
Impact of Biobutanol Addition into Waste Seed Oils on the Performance, Combustion, and Emissions of Compression Ignition Engine2024-01-509410/15/2024
Seeds from various fruits are not utilized properly and thrown into the ground. These can be utilized by extracting oil from them for the use of fuel to compression ignition engines. Also, the vegetables cut waste and fruits waste are also not utilized and disposed as garbage. These wastes can be converted into biobutanol and can be used as fuel for compression ignition engines. This study is to replace diesel fuel by blending biobutanol with castor oil, amla seed oil, and jamun seed oil without and with modification of engine operating parameters. The steps of this study are: preparation of various proportions of biobutanol and castor oil (from 0 to 5% in increments of 1%), amla seed oil (0–100% in increments of 5%), and jamun seed oil (0–100% in increments of 5%) and the essential properties are tested. By the comparison of properties of the blends with diesel fuel, suitable blends are chosen from the prepared blends (one blend from each seed oil and biobutanol). The chosen blends
Prabakaran, B., Yasin, Mohd Hafizil Mat
Miller Cycle and Internal EGR in Diesel Engines Using Alternative Fuels2024-01-302007/02/2024
The Single Cylinder Research Engine (SCRE) at the Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Powertrain Systems is equipped with a variable valve train that allows to switch between regular intake valve lift and early intake valve closing (Miller). On the exhaust side, a secondary exhaust valve lift (SEVL) on each valve is possible with adjustable back pressure and thus the possibility of realizing internal EGR. In combination with alternative fuels, even if they are Drop-In capable as HVO, properties differ and can influence the emission and efficiency behavior. The investigations of this paper are focusing on regenerative Drop-In fuel (HVO), fossil fuel (B7), and an oxygenate (OME), that needs adaptions at the engine control unit, but offers further emission potential. By commissioning a 2-stage boost system, it is possible to fully equalize the air mass in Miller mode compared to the normal valve lift. This enables a comprehensive analysis of the behavior of the fuels under
Knost, Friedemar, Beidl, Christian
Experimental Assessment of Drop-In Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) in a Medium-Duty B7 Diesel Engine for Low-Emissions Marine Applications2024-37-002306/12/2024
Nowadays, the push for more ecological low-carbon propulsion systems is high in all mobility sectors, including the recreational or light-commercial boating, where propulsion is usually provided by internal combustion engines derived from road applications. In this work, the effects of replacing conventional fossil-derived B7 diesel with Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) were experimentally investigated in a modern Medium-Duty Diesel Engine, using the advanced biofuel as ‘drop-in’ and testing according to the ISO 8178 marine standard. The compounded results showed significant benefits in terms of NOx, Particulate Matter, mass fuel consumption and especially Well-to-Wake (WtW) CO2 thanks to the inner properties of the aromatic-free, hydrogen-rich renewable fuel, with no impact on the engine power and minimal deterioration of the volumetric fuel economy.
Cosseddu, Cinzia, Spedicato, Tonio, Pennazio, Davide, Vassallo, Alberto, Fittavolini, Corrado
Effects of Renewable Fuels on the Performance and Emissions of a Small Displacement Diesel Engine for Urban Mobility2024-37-001906/12/2024
In the frame of growing concerns over climate change and health, renewable fuels can make an important contribution to decarbonizing the transport sector. The current work presents the results of an investigation into the impact of renewable fuels on the combustion and emissions of a turbocharged compression-ignition internal combustion engine. An experimental study was undertaken and the engine settings were not modified to account for the fuel's chemical and physical properties, to analyze the performance of the fuel as a potential drop-in alternative fuel. Three fuels were tested: mineral diesel, a blend of it with waste cooking oil biodiesel and a hydrogenated diesel. The analysis of the emissions at engine exhaust highlights that hydrogenated fuel is cleaner, reducing CO, total hydrocarbon emissions, particulate matter and NOx.
Chiavola, Ornella, Matijošius, Jonas, Palmieri, Fulvio, Recco, Erasmo
TOC99-06-02-0TOC04/15/2024
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Tobolski, Sue
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Performance with Biodiesel Formulations2024-01-271104/09/2024
Biodiesel (i.e., mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils and animal fats) is a renewable diesel fuel providing life-cycle greenhouse gas emission reductions relative to petroleum-derived diesel. With the expectation that there would be widespread use of biodiesel as a substitute for ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), there have been many studies looking into the effects of biodiesel on engine and aftertreatment, particularly its compatibility to the current aftertreatment technologies. The objective of this study was to generate experimental data to measure the effectiveness of a current technology diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) to oxidize soy-based biodiesel at various blend levels with ULSD. Biodiesel blends from 0 to 100% were evaluated on an engine using a conventional DOC. In the steady-state performance test where fuel dosing rate was increased at fixed DOC inlet temperature, B20 performed similarly to ULSD at the lowest flow rate or exhaust
Lakkireddy, Venkata, Weber, Phillip, McCormick, Robert, Howell, Steve
An Assessment of Performance of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Recycled Waste Engine Oil Waste Cooking Oil and Waste Plastic Oil as Fuel2024-01-269904/09/2024
Using the recycled waste oils are to be focused for the protection of environment by reducing the land pollution and disposal costs. This study is to use the recycled waste engine oil, waste cooking oil and waste plastic oil along with Bio-butanol from the waste cut vegetables and fruits. Initially, properties and solubility were tested for choosing a suitable blend for fueling into diesel engine from various proportions. These three blends from the base of three waste oils are then tested by modifying and standard engine operating parameters for performance. The properties tests results as 18% of waste engine oil (by volume) with bio-butanol, 16% of waste cooking oil (by volume) with bio- butanol and 24% of waste plastic oil (by volume) with bio-butanol are found competent for fueling engine. These blends produces low efficiency in lower brake powers and the emissions of smoke, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are also higher during the operation under standard parameters. To upkeep
B, Prabakaran, Yasin, Mohd Hafizil Mat
Innovative Catalysts for Biodiesel Generation from Edible Oils: Paving the Way for Cleaner Automobiles2023-01-512502/23/2024
The study aims to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil and compare the effects of two different catalysts (KOH and CaO) on the transesterification process. Homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts are the two types of catalysts used in the transesterification process to produce biodiesel. In the present investigation, homogeneous catalysts KOH and heterogeneous catalyst CaO are used in the transesterification reaction. Catalysts are used to accelerate the reaction and increase reaction efficiency. The reaction temperature is set at 65°C. A methanol-to-waste cooking oil ratio of 6:1 is used for KOH and 8:1 for CaO. The catalyst amount is maintained at 2% of the weight of palmitic acid relative to the weight of waste cooking oil. The reaction time is 150 minutes for KOH and 240 minutes for CaO catalysts. The blends include B50C (50% biodiesel with CaO as catalyst and 50% conventional diesel fuel), B50K (50% biodiesel with KOH as catalyst and 50% conventional diesel fuel
Devan, P.K., Balasubramanian, M., Madhu, S., Prathap, P.
Use of Artificial Neural Network to Develop Surrogates for Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil with Experimental Validation in Ignition Quality Tester04-17-02-001102/01/2024
This article presents surrogate mixtures that simulate the physical and chemical properties in the auto-ignition of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). Experimental investigation was conducted in the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) to validate the auto-ignition properties with respect to those of the target fuel. The surrogate development approach is assisted by artificial neural network (ANN) embedded in MATLAB optimization function. Aspen HYSYS is used to calculate the key physical and chemical properties of hundreds of mixtures of representative components, mainly alkanes—the dominant components of HVO, to train the learning algorithm. Binary and ternary mixtures are developed and validated in the IQT. The target properties include the derived cetane number (DCN), density, viscosity, surface tension, molecular weight, and volatility represented by the distillation curve. The developed surrogates match the target fuel in terms of ignition delay and DCN within 6% error range. This
Alkhayat, Samy, Joshi, Gaurav, Henein, Naeim
Investigation of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced with Epoxidized Soybean Oil for Automotive Seat Bases2024-01-500901/22/2024
Bamboo fibers were used as reinforcement in hardened epoxy mixes altered with ethoxylated soybean oil (ESO) to enhance the mechanical and thermal qualities. Compared to a bio-based epoxy mix, the tensile strength and modulus of the laminate with 20% bamboo fiber were higher. During thermogravity analysis (TGA) evaluation, it was discovered that the rate of deterioration peak had been moved to a warmer temperature, indicating improved thermal durability of the aggregate over the base material. The dynamic mechanical evaluation of the bio-based composite anticipated increased storage modulus and greater glass transition temperatures. High fiber–matrix adherence was visible in scanning electron morphology (SEM). Measurements of the interfacial adhesion demonstrate the hydrophilicity of the bio-based reinforced composites. The binding and effective insemination of fibers is responsible for the fiber-reinforced composite’s durability. Higher rigidity and durability were generated because
Meshram, Pawan Devidas, Natrayan, L., Balaji, N., Reddy, Vinay
Unlocking the Potential of Water-Blended Karanji Ester and EGR in CI Engines: A Micro-Explosion Effect Investigation2023-28-007411/10/2023
Biodiesel, which is made from the methyl ester of vegetable oils, is becoming more and more popular as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines because it is good for the environment and can be used as a replacement fuel without making major changes to the engine. Biodiesel offers several key advantages, including its ready availability, environment friendly and its ability to contribute to lower carbondioxide levels in the atmosphere. An exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)-equipped Kirloskar compression ignition engine is used in this research to examine the influence of micro-explosions on the reduction of nitrogen oxides and smoke. The fuel chosen is Karanji oil methyl ester. The experiment involved varying the exhaust gas quantity in increments of 5%, ranging from 5% to 15%, as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is recognized as an effective technique for reducing NOx emissions. Similarly, the study also adjusted the water content, ranging from 5% to 15% in 5% increments. It
Sagaya Raj, Gnana, Krupakaran, R L, Natarajan, Manikandan, Pasupuleti, Thejasree, Jeyaseelan, Thangaraja
TOC99-05-05-0TOC10/24/2023
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Tobolski, Sue
A Study of Biodiesel and Biodiesel Petroleum Diesel Blends to Mitigate Filter Blocking2023-32-013109/29/2023
There are many anthropogenic climate change mitigation strategies being adopted worldwide. One of these is the adoption of biodiesel FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester), in transportation. The fuel has been widely promoted as replacement for petroleum diesel because of its potential benefits for life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide reduction and particulate matter improvements. Presently biodiesel may be made from a wide variety of starting materials, including food waste and agricultural materials such as vegetable oils and greases. The number and variety of possible starting materials continues to increase. Though, there is a limiting factor in the use of FAME, and that is cold weather operability. The regional climate can often influence FAME adoption with resultant economic and environmental implications. Often this cold temperature operability manifests itself as in vehicle fuel filter blocking. Several analytical protocols have been produced over the last few years to
Barker, James, Reid, Jaqueline, Wilmot, Edward, Carter, Anastarsia, Langley, John, Herniman, Julie
Routes to market for Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils2023-32-013009/29/2023
Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils (HVOs) are a potential replacement and/or blend component for fossil diesel. HVOs provide sustainability and/or carbon credits over fossil diesel. They are paraffinic renewable diesel fuels that can be produced from sustainable raw materials. In addition, to their green credits, they have superior cetane and oxidation stability properties over conventional diesel and fatty acid methyl esters. Their green credentials and advantages have resulted in a growing market share as both a biofuel and biofuel components. HVOs are produced by isomerisation processes of a range of different vegetable oil sources, such as rapeseed, palm and soyabean oil, as well as waste and residual fat fractions. In this paper we investigate the different options for using HVOs. The options of using 100% HVOs (R100) from different production sources and different levels of isomerisation are compared with using HVO as a blend component (RX). The option of co-processing HVO in the
Goberdhan, Dhanesh
Impact of Diethyl Ether and Methanol Additives on Combustion Performance and Emission Analysis of Mahua Oil Biodiesel Blends2023-28-000709/14/2023
There are numerous efforts being made to find an alternate fuel to the ones that are being used in modern technologies. The need for an alternative has arisen as a result of the rising price of petroleum products and the escalating demand for energy. In an experimental study, the effects of adding methanol and diethyl ether to mahua biodiesel on the output and emissions of a direct-injection diesel engine were examined [1]. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of a mahua seed oil-based biofuel in a single-cylinder diesel engine. The performance and emissions of the CI engine using Mahua biodiesel are examined in this experimental investigation. The fuels made were virgin diesel (100 percent volume), B5 (95 percent volume, 2.5 percent Mahua oil, 1.25 percent diethyl ether, and 1.25 percent methanol), B10 (90 percent volume, 5% Mahua oil, 3% diethyl ether, and 2% methanol), and B15 (85 percent volume, 10% Mahua oil, 3% diethyl ether, and 2% methanol). Although their
G, Manikandan, Saminathan, Sathiskumar, G, Bharath, S, Narasimmabharathi, S B, Praveen
Renewable Alternatives for Fossil Fuels in Non-Road Mobile Machinery: A Multicriteria Analysis2023-24-008608/28/2023
Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) incorporates a wide variety of machines not intended for the transport of passengers or goods on the road. This includes small gardening equipment, construction, mining, agricultural, and forestry machinery up to locomotives and inland waterway vessels, mostly using an internal combustion engine. NRMM was often overlooked and neglected in the past when considering pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. Due to their high diversity, they are hard to categorize, resulting in a lack of available data. As emissions from road transport are being tackled by regulations, the emissions of NRMM become an increasing part of total transport emissions. An alternative to fossil fuels will be required for the energy supply of NRMM to fully commit to the CO2 reduction goals, and to fulfil the future requirements of legislators and public opinion. This study provides a report on the energy needs of different applications, mainly focusing on the larger machinery, as
Dejaegere, Quinten, Verhelst, Sebastian
Performance of a Diesel Engine Run with Kerosene–Rapeseed Oil Blends Doped with Ignition Promoters04-17-02-000807/31/2023
The use of straight vegetable oil in diesel engines leads to undesirable consequences due to the peculiar physicochemical properties of vegetable oils. In this regard, the use of pure and unmodified vegetable oils requires their obligatory dilution with petroleum fuels, usually diesel fuel. However, blends of diesel fuel with vegetable oil have a significantly higher density and viscosity than pure diesel fuels. Therefore, in this article, it was proposed to use blends of vegetable oil with aviation kerosene since kerosene has lower density and viscosity compared to diesel fuel. In addition, kerosene is less prone to coking of injectors, has a higher calorific value, and has a lighter hydrocarbon composition, which makes starting the engine easier. Within the framework of the study, engine tests of a full-size four-cylinder diesel engine, MMZ D-245.12.C, were carried out at maximum load in the range of crankshaft speeds from minimum (1000 min−1) to nominal (2400 min−1). Various blends
Cherepanova, Anna, Ukhanov, Denis, Savel’ev, Evgeniy, Sapunov, Valentin
Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems03-17-01-000307/21/2023
Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the surfactant to
Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh
Shot-to-Shot Deviation of a Common Rail Injection System Operating with Cooking-Oil-Residue Biodiesel03-16-08-006206/28/2023
The shot-to-shot variations in common rail injection systems are primarily caused by pressure wave oscillations in the rail, pipes, and injector body. These oscillations are influenced by fuel physical properties, injector needle movement, and pressure and suction control valve activations. The pressure waves are generated by pump actuation and injector needle movement, and their frequency and amplitude are determined by fluid properties and flow path geometry. These variations can result in cycle-to-cycle engine fluctuations. In multi-injection and split-injection strategies, the pressure oscillation from the first shot can impact the hydraulic characteristics of subsequent shots, resulting in variations in injection rate and amount. This is particularly significant when using alternative fuels such as biodiesel, which aim to reduce emissions while maintaining fuel atomization quality. This study examines the shot-to-shot variations in a second-generation common rail system using
Nguyen, Dat X., Andrea, Cavicchi, Nguyen, Kien T., Nguyen, Vu H., Postrioti, Lucio, Pham, Phuong X.
Experimental Study on Combustion Characteristics and Regulated and Unregulated Emissions of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel13-04-02-001304/24/2023
The demand for fossil fuels can be reduced and environmental harm can be minimized by producing biodiesel from used cooking oil. This article was focused on investigating the combustion characteristics and regulated and unregulated emissions of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with different mixed concentrations of biodiesel and diesel fuel, including pure diesel fuel (B0), B10 (diesel containing 10%vol of biodiesel), B20, and B30. Experiments were conducted with three engine loads, corresponding to brake mean effective pressures (BMEP) of 0.289 MPa, 0.578 MPa, and 0.867 MPa at a constant speed of 1540 rpm. At medium and high loads, the waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB) increased in-cylinder pressure, advanced both the peak heat release rate and heat release center (CA50), shrunk the ignition delay (ID), and extended combustion duration (CD). The high viscosity of B30 blends under low load worsened the spray and led to poor combustion. Under high-load conditions, carbon dioxide (CO2
Ji, Hong, Meng, Jian, Li, Zongyu, Wang, Baoli, Meng, Fanyan, Xu, Wenke
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: April 202323TOFHP0404/13/2023
Headliners from Las Vegas Big reveals abounded at the triennial CONEXPO trade show. Following are some of the most notable unveilings from the desert. Cat doubles down on diesel with new C13D platform Deere pursues electric construction machines and charging infrastructure JCB debuts clean-sheet hydrogen combustion engine Volvo CE unveils electric asphalt compactor, announces NA arrival of L350H loader Honda reveals next-gen Autonomous Work Vehicle Deere 3D-prints fuel valves for tractors HP's binder jetting technology and GKN's manufacturing expertise helped John Deere realize its first 3D-printed metal part for mass production. Returning to the SAE presidency for 2023 Setting a "prudently aggressive" mindset in advancing SAE's goals in the mobility ecosystem. Editorial Autonomous trucking hits rocky road Danfoss targets excavators with new digital-hydraulics system CrossControl advances virtual fencing and object detection Hydrogen lightens the load for heavy trucks Brunswick
Fresh and Aged Organic Aerosol Emissions from Renewable Diesel-Like Fuels HVO and RME in a Heavy-Duty Compression Ignition Engine2023-01-039204/11/2023
A modern diesel engine is a reliable and efficient mean of producing power. A way to reduce harmful exhaust and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and secure the sources of energy is to develop technology for an efficient diesel engine operation independent of fossil fuels. Renewable diesel fuels are compatible with diesel engines without any major modifications. Rapeseed oil methyl esters (RME) and other fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are commonly used in low level blends with diesel. Lately, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) produced from vegetable oil and waste fat has found its way into the automotive market, being approved for use in diesel engines by several leading vehicle manufacturers, either in its pure form or in a mixture with the fossil diesel to improve the overall environmental footprint. There is a lack of data on how renewable fuels change the semi-volatile organic fraction of exhaust emissions. In order to characterize and explain the difference in exhaust emissions from
Novakovic, Maja, Eriksson, Axel, Gren, Louise, Malmborg, Vilhelm, Shamun, Sam, Karjalainen, Panu, Svenningsson, Birgitta, Tuner, Martin, Verhelst, Sebastian, Pagels, Joakim
A Numerical Approach for the Analysis of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil and Dimethoxy Methane Blends as Low-Carbon Alternative Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines2023-01-033804/11/2023
Despite recent advances towards powertrain electrification as a solution to mitigate pollutant emissions from road transport, synthetic fuels (especially e- fuels) still have a major role to play in applications where electrification will not be viable in short-medium term. Among e-fuels, oxymethylene ethers are getting serious interest within the scientific community and industry. Dimethoxy methane (OME1) is the smaller molecule among this group, which is of special interest due to its low soot formation. However, its application is still limited mainly due to its low lower heating value. In contrast, other fuel alternatives like hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) are considered as drop-in solutions thanks to their very similar properties and molecular composition to that of fossil diesel. However, their pollutant emission improvement is limited. This work proposes the combination of OME1 and HVO as an alternative to fossil diesel, to achieve noticeable soot emission reductions while
Garcia-Oliver, Jose M, Novella, Ricardo, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Micó, Carlos, Bin-Khalid, Usama
Data-driven Approach for Condition Assessment of a Diesel Engine Powered with Various Biodiesels2023-01-042204/11/2023
In recent years, various biodiesels have been developed to decrease pollutant emissions from compression ignition engine. However, the current research focuses on reducing the pollutant components without considering the mechanical vibration that occurred due to the changes in fuel properties such as viscosity, calorific values, density, and bulk modulus. It is important to explore the relationships between fuel properties and engine vibration. Mechanical vibration could cause power loss and affect the lifetime of the engine. In this investigation, a lister-pitter 3-cylinder diesel engine was used to analyse the mechanical vibration of three different fuels including diesel, waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB), and lamb fat biodiesel (LFB). The high-frequency vibration sensors were mounted on the cylinder head to monitor and assess the vibration performance. The vibration data were collected under various operating conditions including varying engine speed from 1500 to 2000 rpm and
Zhang, Ming, Sharma, Vikas, Jia, Yu, Hossain, Abul Kalam, Xu, Yuchun
Effects on Performance, Efficiency, Emissions, Cylinder Pressure, and Injection of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine When Using a Blend of 15% Biodiesel (B15) or 15% Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO15)2023-01-026604/11/2023
Road mobility is evolving driven by environmental and energy constraints. The pursuit of cleaner and more efficient drivetrain systems has resulted in significant R&D work in the areas of fuels, engine efficiency, and pollutant control. It is essential to reduce the environmental impacts of internal combustion engines due to the overwhelming presence of vehicles equipped with these engines in today’s fleet, so the need to develop fuels with the potential to significantly reduce CO2 emissions is obvious. The main objective of this work is to understand the behavioral effects in the engine when fueled with different biofuel percentages blended in conventional diesel (B7, B15 and HVO15). This was accomplished by several experimental tests carried out on a dynamometer using a vehicle equipped with a common-rail Diesel engine, considering performance analysis (power and torque) and WLTP cycles to realize fuel consumption and emission data. Additionally, to understand the way the engine
Serrano, Luis, Carvalho, Paulo, Bastos, Daniela, Pires, Nuno
Comparison and Evaluation of Engine Wear, Engine Performance, NOx Reduction and Nanoparticle Emission by using Gasoline, JP-8, Karanja Oil Methyl Ester Biodiesel, and Diesel in a Military 720 kW, Heavy-Duty CIDI Engine Applying EGR with Turbo Charging2023-01-031804/11/2023
Rapid depletion of petroleum crude oil resources, stringent regulations on gaseous emission, and global warming due to exhaust pollution have compelled us to use the alternative of diesel fuel. Biodiesel is a green alternative fuel that can be produced from edible as well as non-edible vegetable oils, waste cooking frying oils, and animal fats. Biodiesel is an oxygenated, bio-gradable, renewable, non-sulfur, and non-toxic fuel. JP-8 is an aviation turbine fuel and is readily available. Gasoline fuel is also available in surplus. Under the multi-fuel strategy program, optimization of fuel availability is required for both, military combat as well as highway commercial heavy-duty vehicles. It was essential to assess the performance, NOx reduction, nanoparticle emission, and engine wear by using Gasoline, JP-8, and esterified Karanja oil biodiesel fuels on a military heavy-duty diesel engine. EGR is a useful technique to reduce NOx emissions. A Military heavy-duty,12-cylinders,720 kW
Pandey, Anand Kumar, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Varghese, Anil, sonawane, C, Kohil, Ritesh, Warke, Arundhati
Synthetic Jet Fuels from Non-Petroleum Feed StocksAIR6148 (Current)02/20/2023
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides general information on the developing subject of synthetic jet fuels derived from non-petroleum feed stocks. It addresses synthetic jet fuel properties and other topics associated with their use and is intended as a guide to assist aviation fuel system designers in considering important information on fuel properties when designing aircraft fuel systems and components. The AIR is limited to “drop-in” fuels that meet the requirements of the respective fuel specifications and are compatible with typical aircraft and ground refueling systems. While some key properties are included in this AIR for discussion, the reader should utilize documents such as MIL-HDBK-510 or the ASTM International research reports for a more-detailed review of fuel properties. AIR7484 also gives more details on fuel properties, specifically as they relate to airframe fuel system design.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Comparative Study on Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil in Compression Ignition Engine with Fuel and Engine Modification Techniques2022-28-056812/23/2022
The energy strategy of a country aims at efficiency, and security, providing access that is environmentally friendly and achieving an optimum mix of primary resources for energy generation. The energy produced from the waste could be an area of useful research work. In this research work, the Neat form of waste cooking oil (NWCO) fuel was effectively used in a compression ignition (C.I) engine. A single-cylinder, water-cooled, agricultural type, direct injection CI engine developing a power output of 3.54 kW at 1500 rpm was used throughout the research work. Fuel and Engine Level modification was used in this work. Copper Oxide (CuO) nanomaterial blended with the emulsified form of WCO. In that dual fuel mode, Ethanol was injected into the intake manifold as primary fuel and WCO as pilot fuel. The Ethanol energy share varies from 0 – 40 %. From the experimental results, it was concluded that neat WCO could be utilized for agricultural type CI Engine in a stable emulsified form of NWCO
Raja, Selvakumar, Mayakrishnan, Jaikumar, Elumalai, Sangeethkumar, Nandagopal, Sasikumar, R. S PhD, Nakandhrakumar, Velmurugan, Ramanathan
Detailed Compositional Comparison of Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil with Several Diesel Fuels and Their Effects on Engine-Out Emissions04-16-03-001512/08/2022
The Coordinating Research Council (CRC) is actively involved in developing and applying advanced analytical techniques to the chemical characterization of transportation fuels. This article complements a 2017 CRC project to quantify and compare the effects of a commercially available renewable diesel fuel (hydrotreated vegetable oil [HVO]) and an ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel on engine-out gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emissions from a light-duty vehicle. Results showed that the combustion of HVO fuel had an advantage over ULSD in terms of lowering engine-out emissions (THC, CO, NOx, etc.). Furthermore, this advantage is strongly related to the fuel composition. This article summarizes the results of advanced and comprehensive analytical tests on the same ULSD and HVO fuels and attempts to connect some of the engine-out emissions results to fuel composition and specific chemical structures. A variety of test methods, generally unavailable in combination, were employed, such
Bays, J. Timothy, Gieleciak, Rafal, Viola, Michael B., Lewis, Russ P., Cort, John R., Campbell, Kristen B., Coffey, Gregory W., Linehan, John C., Kusinski, Matthew
Optimization of the DPF-Regeneration Strategy for the Use of Vegetable Oil in a Multi-Fuel-Engine Concept2022-24-003009/16/2022
The move away from fossil fuels and the diversification of the primary energy sources used are imperative both in terms of mitigating global warming and ensuring the political independence of the Western world. For the industries of agriculture and forestry, it is possible to secure the basic energy supply through their own yield. The use of vegetable oil is a possibility to satisfy the energy requirements for agricultural machines both autonomously and sustainably. Up to now, rapeseed has been the most important plant for oil production in Western Europe. In the EU, rapeseed oil is currently credited with up to 60% fossil CO2 savings compared to conventional diesel fuel. As a result, since 2018, rapeseed oil is no longer considered as biofuel in the EU. However, if cultivation and processing are completely based on renewable energy sources, up to 90% of fossil CO2 emissions can be saved in the future. This also applies to rapeseed oil, which is a by-product of animal feed production
Walter, Nicolas, Guenthner, Michael, Thees, Matthias, Fuhrmeister, Jonas
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