Browse Topic: Vegetable oils

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Development of a Diesel Combustion System for Next-Generation Heavy-Duty Engines Using a Synergistic Analysis-and-Testing Approach2026-37-00046/9/2026
Regulators and policymakers have introduced increasingly stringent limits on tailpipe CO₂ and pollutant emissions to accelerate the decarbonization of heavy-duty vehicle applications. The development of innovative propulsion technologies — such as advanced combustion systems, low-friction reciprocating components, and improved aftertreatment solutions — combined with hybridization and the adoption of alternative fuels (e.g., biogas, HVO, green hydrogen), is a key pathway for meeting future emission and GHG targets. In this study, advanced combustion systems were developed for a 13-liter diesel engine for heavy-duty truck applications, with the objective of meeting forthcoming Euro VII regulations while maximizing thermal efficiency. The combustion system architecture—including open-bowl geometry with high aspect ratio, injector nozzle with wider spray opening angle, and reduced swirl ratio—was optimized using a Machine Learning–algorithm trained on high-fidelity 3D CFD combustion data. The method enabled the identification of two optimized combustion-system “recipes”, one of which was evaluated through engine tests, which refined nozzle specifications and injection strategies, using a structured Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. Results were benchmarked against a MY24 baseline combustion system, assessing efficiency, NOx–soot trade-offs, and combustion behaviors. Based on 3D-CFD results, the advanced combustion concept achieved an improvement in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of up to +0.8% points and delivered substantial NOx reductions of up to 45%, while maintaining smoke emissions at or below baseline levels. The experimental results indicate that the advanced combustion system developments designed for next-generation heavy-duty engines can further increase BTE by up to ~1% relative to the baseline combustion system, without deteriorating the soot–NOx trade-off.
Belgiorno, Giacomo, Centini, Maria Pia, Pezza, Vincenzo, Cozza, Ivan F., Pesce, Francesco C., Vassallo, Alberto, Colombo, Giovanni, Gallo, Alessandro, Mirzaeian, Mohsen, Borg, Jonathan
Development and Experimental Validation of a 1D Model for Performance and Emissions Analysis of Oxygenated Fuel Blends in a CI Engine2026-37-00286/9/2026
Emissions reduction remains a major concern for internal combustion engines in view of increasingly stringent environmental regulations. To address these challenges while maintaining acceptable engine performance, a wide range of alternative fuels and fuel blends have been investigated to ensure the continued viability of CI engines. This study reports the effects of blending the oxygenated fuel diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DGDE) with hydrotreated vegetable oil biodiesel (HVO) on engine performance and emissions. The investigation is conducted on a 2.3-liter, four-cylinder, common-rail diesel engine, equipped with a variable geometry turbocharger and a high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system. The objectives of this study are achieved by developing a one-dimensional predictive engine model using the commercial GT-SUITE software. The engine model is developed and experimentally validated, at various operating conditions and HVO–DGDE fuel blends, to predict their effects on combustion characteristics and emissions formation. The validation is performed against measurements collected at the engine test bed. The results indicate that increasing the blending ratio of oxygenated fuel leads to improvements in indicated mean effective pressure and a more favorable Soot–NOx emissions trade-off compared with neat HVO operation. The findings highlight the potential of oxygenated fuel blends to enhance CI engine performance while reducing emissions. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of combining experimental and numerical approaches to evaluate biodiesel–oxygenated fuel blends and provides insights for future research aimed at minimizing CI engine emissions.
Arain, M Wajahat Rasool, Foglia, Antonio, Frasci, Emmanuele, Vitek, Oldrich, Pianese, Cesare, Arsie, Ivan
Investigation of the Combustion of Stearic Acid-Coated Pure Aluminum Powder as Additives in Biodiesel and Diesel Blends04-19-02-00106/8/2026
In the present study, research was conducted to increase the combustion efficiency in a diesel engine by adding 100 and 200 ppm aluminum powder to diesel and biodiesel (produced from 10% spent coffee ground oil and 90% waste cooking oil) blends. Aluminum powder is a flammable metal. Due to this feature, it has been used as an additive to liquid fuels in many studies in the literature. In general, it has been reported that thermal efficiency increases with the addition of aluminum particles. However, the high explosion sensitivity of aluminum can affect its stable combustion. In addition, Al is a metal that can be easily oxidized. Therefore, coating aluminum is considered a good solution. Stearic acid has been suggested in the literature as a suitable material for coating aluminum. In this study, stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid, was used to coat aluminum particles. Stearic acid is a good surfactant, hydrophobic substance, and plasticizer. It is also a more environmentally friendly substance compared to its counterparts. In this study, aluminum particles were coated with stearic acid to increase the combustion efficiency of Al particles. To make the coating, stearic acid was dissolved in ethanol and mixed with Al particles. Then, the stearic acid coating was achieved by self-assembly using the evaporation technique. As a result of experiments conducted by adding aluminum and stearic acid-coated aluminum to diesel and biodiesel blends, the thermal efficiencies of DAl200, DAl100, and DSA@Al100 fuels were 2.99%, 3.21%, and 4.59% higher than that of standard diesel fuel, respectively. Likewise, the thermal efficiencies of B10D90Al200, B10D90Al100, and B10D90SA@Al100 fuels were 2.73%, 2.99%, and 3.62% higher than that of standard diesel fuel, respectively.
Kül, Volkan Sabri, Akansu, Selahaddin Orhan, Sarıtaş, Mehmet
Potential of an In-Cylinder Pressure–Based Combustion Control for Compression Ignition Aviation Engines Operated with Sustainable Aviation Fuels2026-01-50285/29/2026
The aviation industry represents a significant greenhouse gas emitter and aims to reduce net CO2 emissions to zero by 2050. The deployment of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), alongside measures such as increasing engine efficiency and enhancing ground handling processes, represents a key driver to reach this ambitious goal. SAF exhibits significantly different physical and chemical properties compared to conventional kerosene. The corresponding fuel specification (ASTM D7566 [1]) currently only defines fuel parameters relevant for the use in jet engines. To assess the suitability of SAF for the use in compression ignition (CI) aviation engines, a collaborative project was conducted at TU Wien—Institute of Powertrain and Automotive Technology, together with Austro Engine. ASTM D7566-certified fuels like Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO), Fischer–Tropsch–Kerosene (FTK), and Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) have been investigated on the engine test bench at TU Wien. The core contribution of this study is the experimental evaluation of a real-time capable in-cylinder pressure–based combustion control strategy that enables fuel-flexible and optimized CI engine operation across a wide range of SAF while accounting for mechanical constraints such as peak cylinder pressure and pressure rise rate. To evaluate the potential of such a control system, optimized engine operation was compared to operation with conventional ECU (Engine Control Unit) mapping. Furthermore, the influence of such a real-time combustion process optimization on critical emissions like NOx or soot has been evaluated. Through the implementation of an in-cylinder pressure–based combustion control, a considerable fuel-saving potential could be demonstrated across the entire fuel range. As combustion phasing is optimized toward early crank angle positions, a slight increase in NOx, with a corresponding decrease in soot is observed. Additionally, the use of automotive, piezoresistive pressure sensors was examined regarding a potential serial application. It has been shown that piezoresistive sensors (standard serial parts—calibrated for automotive application) are well-suited for determination of combustion phasing, while in-cylinder peak pressure and its position can only be determined with insufficient accuracy.
Kleissner, Florian, Hofmann, Peter
Assessing Energy Use, Cost, and Emissions of Small Regional Rail Vehicles: Methodology and Case Study on a German Track2026-01-04194/7/2026
This work evaluates a standardized 30-ton, 16 m railbus platform optimized for unelectrified regional service, focusing on propulsion system design and trade-offs between range, cost, and emissions. A MATLAB/Simulink drive-cycle model was developed to simulate energy consumption and component performance under realistic operating conditions. The Erfurt–Rennsteig route in Germany (130 km round trip, gradients up to 6 %) was selected as a representative case study. The model incorporates detailed sub-models for traction motors, lithium-ion batteries (LFP and LTO), fuel storage, fuel cells, and ICE gensets across multiple fuel options (diesel, gasoline, methane, ethanol, methanol, HVO, FAME, and hydrogen). Battery lifetime is estimated using a combined cycle- and calendar-aging model using the rainflow algorithm to extract charge cycles, while cost models include capital, fuel, maintenance, track fees, and staffing. Results show that battery-electric configurations achieve 1 kWh/km energy use, while hybrid systems range from 2–4 kWh/km depending on fuel and secondary power unit. Control strategies that enable deeper cycling of the traction battery reduce fuel consumption by 7–18 %, with further savings possible from larger battery or genset capacities. Well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions vary widely: from near-zero for renewable fuels and clean electricity mixes to over 1,000 gCO2/kWh for fossil-based options. Lifecycle cost analysis indicates that while fuel may represent up to 25 % of total costs, track and station fees dominate operational expenses. Autonomous operation could eliminate oboard staffing costs, amounting to 25–35 %.
Ahrling, Christoffer, Tuner, Martin, Gainey, Brian, Torkiharchegani, Amir, Scharmach, Marcel, Hertel, Benedikt, Alaküla, Mats
Technical Outlook on the Potential of HVO and Biodiesel Blends for Cleaner Combustion2026-01-03164/7/2026
The increasing need to decarbonize the transport sector is accelerating the adoption of renewable and low-carbon fuels such as Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) and biodiesel as sustainable substitutes for fossil diesel. These fuels are evaluated as drop-in solutions requiring no engine recalibration, enabling immediate GHG emission reduction in existing diesel fleets. This study experimentally investigates the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a turbocharged common-rail two-cylinder diesel engine (Kohler LWD 442 CRS) operated with conventional fossil Diesel, pure HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil), and an HVOB20 blend (80% HVO and 20% biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil and animal fats). Tests were carried out under steady-state conditions at the DIIEM Engine Laboratory of Roma Tre University. The analysis focused on in-cylinder pressure evolution, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and both regulated and unregulated emissions. Regulated species include carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) and particulate number concentration (PNC > 23 nm, PMP-compliant), while unregulated emissions cover non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), formaldehyde (HCHO), nitrous oxide (N₂O). CO and NMHC are key indicators of incomplete combustion: CO results from partial oxidation of carbon during fuel burning, and NMHC represents the fraction of unburned hydrocarbons excluding methane. Both pollutants decreased markedly with renewable fuels, indicating a more complete oxidation process promoted by HVO’s paraffinic composition and FAME’s oxygenated nature. Experimental results show that HVO and HVOB20 slightly increase brake torque and reduce BSFC compared with fossil diesel, despite their lower density and heating value. Combustion remained stable across all operating conditions, with negligible variations in ignition delay and pressure rise rate. NOₓ emissions were comparable or marginally higher at medium engine speeds, likely due to faster ignition and elevated combustion temperatures. Unregulated species such as HCHO and N₂O decreased or remained negligible with increasing renewable content, while PNC and count mean diameter (CMD) were significantly reduced, confirming cleaner combustion and reduced soot formation. Overall, both HVO and HVOB20 demonstrated improved combustion efficiency and emission performance while ensuring full engine operability without calibration adjustments. These findings confirm the technical viability of renewable diesel fuels as immediate, drop-in solutions for reducing GHG emissions.
Zaccai, Martina, Chiavola, Ornella, Palmieri, Fulvio, Verdoliva, Francesco
New Graphite-Based Catalyst in Biodiesel Production04-19-02-00093/20/2026
Climate change and the depletion of fossil fuels have increased the need for renewable energy sources such as biodiesel. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel derived from various vegetable oils through a process known as transesterification. In this study, a new graphite-based heterogeneous catalyst was developed by modifying it Na2CO3, K2CO3, Al2O3 and was used for biodiesel production from linseed, cottonseed, sunflower, olive oils. Catalyst activity gradually decreased from 90.0 to 76.7% for cottonseed oil, from 93.0 to 76.0% for olive oil, from 95.0 to 77.0% for sunflower oil, and from 89.0 to 69.0% for linseed oil after the fourth operation. The fuel properties of the obtained biodiesel samples were investigated and the most favorable characteristics of cottonseed oil–based biodiesel were found to be d 4 20 = 0.8448, ν 40 = 3.3820, flash point of 93°C. Based on the X-ray broad peaks at 22.8° and 26.4°, we can note that after the four-time reaction cycle, the structure of the catalyst was destroyed to expanded and pure graphite with the loss of catalytic activity. Additionally, the influence of the amount of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and saturated acyl groups in oil samples on exploitation properties was investigated by NMR spectroscopy.
Mamedov, Ibrahim, Mamedova, Gulben, Mamedova, Yegana
3D CFD Combustion Evaluation of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) as a Potential Alternate Fuel for the Future CI Engines2026-26-01131/16/2026
Transportation industry is facing a growing challenge to reduce its carbon footprint and utilize the carbon neutral, more environmentally sustainable fuels to comply with the goal of carbon neutrality. Implementation of carbon free fuels such as Hydrogen, Ammonia and low carbon fuels such as Methanol, Ethanol can significantly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, but these fuels are suitable for SI engine architecture due to their high-octane ratings. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) is one of the few fuel solutions available today with a high Cetane rating (70-80), that can be used as a drop-in fuel in the existing CI engines, with minimal modifications. The main constituent of HVO is pure alkane and it can be produced from feedstocks such as vegetable oils, animal fats, various wastes and by-products. A closed cycle 3-D CFD combustion simulation using a detailed chemistry-based solver has been conducted with the HVO, on a three cylinder, naturally aspirated water-cooled CI engine at its full load, rated rpm. Chemical kinetics file with 92 species and 1240 reactions has been used as a surrogate for the HVO to conduct the combustion simulation. The peak firing pressure has been observed to be lower by 3% and SoC is advanced by 2o CA for HVO as compared to the baseline diesel. HVO combustion manifests the same thermal efficiency with respect to its diesel counterpart. Soot emission has been 36% lower for HVO due to the absence of unsaturated hydrocarbons and the NOx emission is lowered by 32% for HVO, as a consequence of a lowered in-cylinder temperature. Simultaneously, a 13% reduction in CO, 77% reduction in UHC and 74% reduction in VOC have been observed for HVO as compared to diesel. A meticulous monitoring of unregulated emissions proves that the HVO exhaust is devoid of their presence. The 3D CFD combustion exploration unveils that the HVO indeed holds the potential to be a promising drop-in alternate fuel for the next generation CI engines.
Tripathi, Ayush, Mukherjee, Nalini, Nene, Devendra
A Study on Combustion Process in Hydrogen/Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Dual-Fuel Operation Using Hydroxyl Radical Chemiluminescence03-18-08-00501/7/2026
This study investigated the combustion processes in hydrogen dual-fuel operation using hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and diesel fuel as pilot fuels. The visualizations of hydrogen dual-fuel combustion processes were conducted using hydroxyl radical (OH*) chemiluminescence imaging in an optically accessible rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM), which can simulate a compression and expansion stroke of a diesel engine. Pilot injection pressures of 40 and 80 MPa and injection quantities of 3, 6 mm3 for diesel fuel and to match the injected energy, 3.14, 6.27 mm3 of HVO were tested. The total excess air ratio was kept constant at 3.0. The RCEM was operated at a constant speed of 900 rpm, with in-cylinder pressure at top dead center (TDC) set to approximately 5.0 MPa. Results demonstrated that using HVO as pilot fuel, compared to diesel fuel, led to shorter ignition delay and combustion duration. OH* chemiluminescence imaging revealed that longer ignition delays observed with diesel fuel resulted in pilot mixture ignition downstream near the piston bowl wall, followed by flame propagation into the hydrogen–air mixture. In contrast, the shorter ignition delays characteristic of HVO caused the pilot mixture to ignite between the injector and the piston bowl wall, with subsequent flame propagation into the hydrogen premixture.
Mukhtar, Ghazian Amin, Une, Naoto, Horibe, Naoto, Hayashi, Jun, Kawanabe, Hiroshi, Hiraoka, Kenji, Koda, Kazuyuki
Biodiesel Production via Homogeneous Route (KOH) and Heterogeneous Route (K 2 O/Nb 2 O 5 )2025-36-011612/18/2025
Biodiesel, a renewable biofuel obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats, has emerged as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This fuel has stood out for its ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, helping to mitigate environmental impacts. Biodiesel is produced by reacting oil with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, which can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Heterogeneous catalysis has advantages such as ease of separation, greater tolerance to oils with a high fatty acid content and the possibility of reusing the catalyst, which reduces costs and minimizes waste generation. Among the various heterogeneous catalysts available, niobium-based compounds stand out. The use of niobium-based catalysts is advantageous due to the vast reserves of this element in Brazil, guaranteeing autonomy in production and strengthening the national biofuels industry. This work investigated the production of biodiesel from soybean oil using the homogeneous and heterogeneous transesterification routes. The homogeneous route used 0.7% KOH dissolved in methanol, operating at 60 °C for 1 hour with a methanol:oil molar ratio of 6:1. The heterogeneous route used a solid K2O catalyst supported on Nb2O5, in a ratio of 4% by mass, with a molar ratio of 10:1 and a reaction time of 4 hours. The yield obtained was 85% for the homogeneous route and 90% for the heterogeneous route. The biodiesel from the homogeneous route had a slightly basic pH, requiring neutralization with hydrochloric acid, while the product from the heterogeneous route had a neutral pH, requiring no additional treatment. The results indicate that although the homogeneous route is faster and uses less catalyst, the heterogeneous route has advantages in terms of yield and quality of the final product, as well as less environmental impact. Heterogeneous catalysts such as K2O/Nb2O5 are therefore promising for the sustainable production of biodiesel.
Coelho, Gabriella Vilela, Alvarez, Carlos Eduardo Castilla, Ribeiro, Jessica Oliveira Notório
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engines Fueled with Watermelon Seed Oil Biodiesel Enhanced with Ferrous Oxide Nanoparticles2025-28-021811/6/2025
A large number of research studies have raised global concerns about the rapid depletion of traditional energy sources like petroleum. These fuels, being largely non-renewable, are being consumed at a rate much faster than they can be replenished. This growing imbalance between demand and supply has led to fears that, in the near future, the world could face a serious energy crisis if alternative sources are not developed and adopted in time. The use of alternative fuels plays an important role in lowering harmful emissions, including those that contribute to ozone formation and other toxic pollutants. It is a well-established scientific understanding that the continued combustion of fossil fuels is a key driver of global atmospheric warming. As environmental awareness grows, many individuals across the globe believe that shifting toward cleaner and more sustainable fuel sources is essential for protecting and improving the health of our planet. Extensive research is being conducted to evaluate the compatibility of various alternative fuels—such as rubber seed oil, melon seed oil, sunflower oil, jatropha oil, and waste cooking oil—for use in internal combustion (IC) engines. In light of this, the current study focuses on assessing the feasibility of using watermelon seed oil as a potential alternative fuel. Through the process of transesterification, watermelon seed oil was converted into biodiesel. The study involved testing pure diesel and its blends with biodiesel—namely B10, B20, and B30—to analyze and compare their performance, emission levels, and combustion behavior within a diesel engine setup. Test results indicated that the use of biodiesel led to an increase in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and a slight reduction in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), primarily due to its lower calorific value. Although there was a moderate rise in nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, the use of biodiesel and its blends effectively reduced hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Furthermore, combustion analysis revealed that, compared to conventional diesel, biodiesel blends resulted in reduced peak cylinder pressure and a lower heat release rate during the combustion process.
G, Manikandan, Subbaiyan, Gunasekharan, Saminathan, Sathiskumar, T, Karthi, S, Gokul, J, Sanmuganathan
Analysis of Combustion Process in HVO-Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Operation Using Simultaneous Imaging of OH* and CH* Chemiluminescence2025-32-005311/3/2025
This study investigated the combustion process in a hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)–hydrogen dual-fuel operation using simultaneous imaging of the OH* and CH* chemiluminescence in a rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM). In this operation, hydrogen served as the primary fuel, ignited by a small quantity of pilot fuel. CH* chemiluminescence was primarily detected in the pilot fuel combustion regions, whereas OH* chemiluminescence was detected in both the pilot fuel and hydrogen combustion regions, enabling the separation of pilot ignition and hydrogen flame propagation. The combustion mechanism was found to proceed through four distinct stages: autoignition of the pilot fuel, combustion of the mixture in the lean pilot fuel region, propagation of the hydrogen–air premixture flame, and flame propagation toward the wall and squish area. Furthermore, the effects of the pilot injection parameters on the combustion characteristics were systematically evaluated by varying the injection quantity, injection pressure, and nozzle specifications (hole diameter and number of holes). Increasing the pilot injection quantity improved the degree of constant volume of combustion but intensified the combustion near the wall, potentially increasing the cooling loss. Reducing the injection pressure shifted the autoignition location toward the center of the piston bowl, potentially reducing cooling loss but prolonging the combustion duration. With smaller injection quantities, fewer nozzle holes resulted in a higher second heat release rate peak, owing to the increased space for hydrogen flame propagation. Conversely, with larger injection quantities, a greater number of nozzle holes led to a shorter combustion duration while maintaining the combustion away from the wall.
Yukitani, Takumi, Une, Naoto, Mukhtar, Ghazian, Horibe, Naoto, Kawanabe, Hiroshi, Koda, Kazuyuki, Hiraoka, Kenji
Impact of Water Injection on Emission Formation in an HVO-Fuelled NRMM Engine2025-32-006711/3/2025
Water injection in diesel engines is a well-known method of lowering combustion temperatures and thus reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. In this study, the influence of water injection in hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) operation on NOx formation, particulate emissions and ignition delay is analyzed in comparison to diesel operation on a John Deere JD4045 tractor engine. Both the fuel (HVO) and the water injection system were designed as ‘drop-in’ solutions that enable rapid implementation to reduce emissions, even in existing vehicle fleets. The standard engine control unit of the JD4045 engine was therefore used for the tests. A single water nozzle was installed downstream the charge air cooler to integrate a water injection system. The three operating points of interest were: (1) low speed and high load without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), (2) high EGR rates at low speed and medium load and (3) the engine's ‘sweet spot’ regarding the emission-tradeoff at high speed and high load. The focus of the study is on the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) and particulate matter (PM), analyzing the particle mass and particle size distribution as well as ignition and combustion behavior. The effects of varying the mass flow of the injected water and the charge air temperature were investigated at all operating points. A comparative analysis between diesel and HVO operation shows the differences in emission behavior and the effects of water injection. The results provide insight into the potential of retrofit water injection to reduce NOₓ emissions by up to 40 %, especially in combination with the renewable fuel HVO. However, a slight increase in particulate emissions was observed, which requires further analysis of particulate mass and size distribution to analyze possible trade-offs. These findings might contribute to the promotion of sustainable and low-emission solutions for NRMM applications in the existing and upcoming fleet.
Fuhrmeister, Jonas, Mayer, Sebastian, Günthner, Michael
Hydrogen-Assisted Renewable Fuels RME and HVO in the Compression-Ignition Engine2025-32-004811/3/2025
The article presents the research results on performance, thermodynamic parameters, and toxic exhaust emissions from the combustion in a compression-ignition engine fueled optionally by the hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) or the rapeseed methyl ester (RME), both with hydrogen addition. Furthermore, regular diesel fuel was used to obtain the reference data for making comparisons between HVO, RME, and diesel fuel. Hydrogen was injected into the intake manifold of a compression-ignition (CI) engine. Typically, diesel fuel combustion in a CI engine initiates through its self-ignition, usually simultaneously occurring at many points across the engine cylinder. Hydrogen, as a very chemically reactive substance, can promote pre-ignition reactions and accelerate flame kernel formation, shortening the ignition lag. This is crucial for the smooth running of the compression-ignition engine. Hydrogen was added at amounts not exceeding 7% by volume (35% energy content) referred to air sucked into the engine cylinder. As observed, a slightly positive trend in NOx vs. hydrogen addition was observed. It was also found that hydrogen added in small amounts does not form the so-called knock originating from hydrogen rapid combustion, regardless of the diesel knock.
Szwaja, Stanislaw, Juknelevicius, Romualdas, Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Rimkus, Alfredas, Szymanek, Arkadiusz
Impacts of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil as Renewable Diesel Fuel on Engine Performance and Emissions in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine03-18-06-00359/8/2025
As the pressure increases to move to renewable carbon-neutral fuel sources, especially in heavy-duty diesel engine applications, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) has shown to be an attractive alternative fuel to fossil diesel. Therefore, this study investigated the impacts of HVO used as a drop-in fuel on performance and emissions of a nonroad heavy-duty diesel engine by running back-to-back D2 ISO 8178 cycles with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and HVO. The measurement results showed that brake specific fuel consumption with respect to mass reduced by 1.1%–3.6% switching from ULSD to HVO due to greater heating values of HVO, which is supported by 0.7%–3.5% lower CO2 emissions recorded with HVO. Conversely, brake specific fuel consumption with respect to volume increased by 0.3%–2.9% with HVO because of its smaller density. Combustion analysis revealed that combustion of both fuels is comparable at high loads while HVO ignites earlier at low power. Thus, lesser reductions in NOx emissions (0%–6%) were observed at high loads, which can be attributed to lower combustion temperatures of HVO. On the other hand, higher cetane number of HVO at low loads resulted in notable reductions in NOx (36%–39%). Advanced start of HVO combustion at low power caused an increase in PM, soot, and smoke. At high to mid loads, PM, soot, and smoke decreased by 18%–55% because HVO is fully paraffinic, has higher H/C ratio compared to ULSD, and contains no sulfur or other mineral impurities. With greater reduction at low loads, HC and CO were lower for HVO due to its non-aromatic content, high cetane number, lower distillation curve, lower density, and smaller viscosity. Overall, it is concluded that HVO can play an important role as a sustainable fuel source for transportation and power production in the coming decades.
Duva, Berk Can, Abat, Bryan, Engelhardt, Jens
Experimental Assessment of ‘Drop-In’ and ‘Optimized’ HVO Usage in a 6.6l Diesel Engine for Low-Emissions Marine Applications2025-24-00739/7/2025
All mobility sectors are facing the challenge to contribute actively to the reduction of environmental pollution and of the impact on climate change driven by Greenhouse Gas effect. One of the most active sectors in the research of environment-friendly propulsion propositions is the recreational and light-commercial boating. Presently, many of the boats operating in this sector are propelled by internal combustion engines derived from road applications. In this work, the effects of replacing conventional fossil-derived B7 diesel with Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) were experimentally investigated in a modern Medium-Duty Engine, using the advanced biofuel initially as drop-in replacement, and then repeating the testing after the recalibration of the engine combustion set points. Comparing the results of the replacement of diesel with HVO showed appreciable benefits in terms of NOx, Particulate Matter (PM), mass fuel consumption and Well-to-Wake (WtW) CO2 thanks to the inner properties of the aromatic-free, hydrogen-rich renewable fuel, in both drop-in and modified engine tests. Additionally, this specific engine-fuel combination gained in emissions without decreasing the engine power and limiting the increase of the volumetric fuel economy.
Cosseddu, Cinzia, Spedicato, Tonio, Pennazio, Davide, Vassallo, Alberto, Fittavolini, Corrado
Cummins powers up the S17 genset25TOFHP08_088/1/2025
Cummins has expanded its Centum diesel generator series that elevates sustained performance while maximizing power density. The latest addition to the company's portfolio is a 17-liter engine platform that can provide up to one megawatt of power. “The S17 is engineered to redefine what you expect from an emergency standby package,” said Emily Scheuerell, Cummins power generation global engineering leader. According to Cummins, the S17 was a clean-sheet design that supports HVO (hydrotreated vegetable oil) fuel flexibility and complies with EPA Tier 2, UL2200 and CSA 22.2 emissions standards.
Wolfe, Matt
Experimental Quantitative Analysis of Spray Velocity Field Characteristics of Four Compression-Ignition Engine Oxygenated Alternative Fuels03-18-03-00215/10/2025
As the suitable substitutes for diesel in compression-ignition (CI) piston engines, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEs), and bio-aviation fuel (BAF), among other oxygenated alternative fuels have been widely recognized due to higher cetane values. To explore the in-cylinder fuel spray dynamics and subsequent fuel–air entrainment of these fuels, experimental studies on near-field and full-field spray characteristics were carried out by the diffuser back-illumination imaging (DBI) method within a constant-volume chamber. The local velocity was inferred by momentum flux conservation and Gaussian radial profile assumption, and the dimensionless Jet number was introduced to qualify the strength of interaction within two-phase flow. It was found that the initial spray transitions from a “needle” to a larger spray head structure as injection pressure rises, especially with PODE3-5 exhibiting a stable “mushroom” structure due to its higher surface tension. Superior axial penetration and velocity are achieved by PODE3-5 due to higher density (ρ = 1), resulting in the smallest spray cone angle. The largest Jet numbers for PODE3-5 at the center axis signify stronger friction between the fuel and gas, while the weaker droplet fragmentation and atomization were indicated by the lower Jet numbers at the spray periphery. BAF was characterized by the maximum cone angles and highest radial spray velocities near the nozzle due to the cavitation effect caused by the maximum saturated vapor pressure (ρ = 1), which promoted radial spray development. HVO exhibited smaller near-nozzle cone angles resulting from its higher viscosity (ρ = −0.6), though comparable cone angles to BAF were achieved in downstream regions owing to the second-highest saturated vapor pressure. Finally, a more accurate modified empirical spray penetration model is derived by incorporating fuel density.
Chen, Houchang, Jiang, Junxin, Hu, Yong, Yu, Wenbin, Zhao, Feiyang
Development of Dehydrated Kusum Oil as a Potential Bio-Lubricant2025-01-83124/1/2025
Depletion of petroleum crude oil and its environmental impacts challenge future generations. Vegetable oils provide a sustainable alternative with benefits like anti-wear properties, biodegradability, and renewability. Kusum oil's ability to lower carbon emissions significantly and promote sustainable industrial practices highlights its potential as a viable green alternative. This research paper presents a comprehensive and comparative analysis of a sustainable, environmentally friendly bio-lubricant and nonedible vegetable oil like Kusum oil. Bio-lubricant is produced by transesterification followed by epoxidation, which is known as epoxidized kusum oil lubricant or dehydrated kusum oil (DKO). The process of epoxidation significantly enhances the properties of Kusum oil, making it a promising alternative to conventional lubricants. It is compared with a widely used conventional mineral oil lubricant like SAE10W40. DKO exhibits comparable density, viscosity index, pour point, and flash point with SAE10W40 and found satisfactory. Subsequently, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and GC (Gas Chromatography) are also used to characterize the chemical composition of DKO, and the results are comparable with SAE10W40. By introducing epoxy groups into the unsaturated fatty acids of Kusum oil, epoxidation increases the oil's oxidative stability, making it more resistant to degradation at high temperatures, which is verified with the Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). It reveals that the bio-lubricant is thermally stable up to 250°C, with significant decomposition occurring between 250°C and 450°C. The epoxidized kusum oil with 0.2wt. % MWCNT significantly improves its anti-wear characteristics, leading to a reduction in wear volume when compared to both SAE10W40. This highlights its promise as a viable and eco-friendly substitute lubricant for mechanical uses. This comparison underscores the importance of epoxidized kusum oil bio-lubricant, and it provides a new direction for similar research and development in lubricants, aiming to balance performance with environmental responsibility.
Prabhakaran, J, Pali, Harveer Singh, Singh, Nishant K.
Experimental Investigation and Operating Characteristics of LHR Engine Using Pongamia Pinnata and Azadirachta Indica Biodiesel Blend with Industrial Waste Additive2025-28-00392/7/2025
The huge energy demand and environmental anxiety have focused the interest on alternative fuels to the diesel engine. This suggested the worldwide search for renewable, less pollutant and agricultural-based alternative fuel. Also, attention is given to increasing the efficiency of a conventional diesel engine when running on alternative fuels. Non-edible oil derived from Pongamia pinnata and Azadirachta indica seed oil blends as an alternative fuel have been considered for this study. Using Copper oxide (5% w/w), the two oils were transesterified for 6 hours at a temperature of 75 °C and a methanol to oil ratio of 20:1. The biodiesel samples that were produced underwent FTIR and GC-MS analysis. The results indicated that the FAME conversion for the biodiesel derived from Azadirachta indica and Pongamia pinnata was 99.19% and 97.93%, respectively. Diesel engine combustion components, viz., the piston crown and liner, were coated with Aluminium titanate thermal barrier material. The objective of this study is to replace 10% of diesel fuel by volume with the direct blending of esterified vegetable oils in diesel engine operation. The concept of low heat rejection could improve the decrease in engine performance due to blending. The single-cylinder coated engine characteristics were examined for diesel-biofuel blends, and these results were compared to those of conventional diesel engine fuel operations. The studies study better performance and emission for the coated engine than the conventional engine in both diesel and vegetable oil blends. A significant reduction in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions was observed for both coated and uncoated engines, but NO emission was increased up to 9% for the coated engine.
R, Suresh, R, Ashwin, Uppuluri, Kiranbabu, T, MohanRaj
Preparation and Evaluation of Lubricating Properties of Neem Seed Oil under the Influence of an Anti-Wear Additive as Sustainable Alternative to Commercial Engine Oil2025-28-01162/7/2025
The search for environmentally friendly and sustainable lubricants for automotive and industrial applications has led to extensive research on bio lubricants as a viable alternative to conventional engine oils and mineral oils. The biodegradable and ecofriendly nature of vegetable oil, makes it an excellent replacement for the depleting mineral oils. Still, a good number of modifications must be brought in, to overcome the drawbacks of vegetable oils. In this work, the preparation and evaluation of lubricating properties like tribological, rheological, thermal etc. of Neem seed oil (NSO) with and without additives were carried out and effectively compared with the lubricating properties of synthetic oil, Polyalphaolefin 6 (PAO 6) and with a commercial engine oil, SAE20W40. The copper oxide nanoparticles were dispersed in neem seed oil as additive in various proportions (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 wt.%) to enhance the tribological properties. The tribological analysis were carried out to evaluate the friction and wear performance of neem seed oil using the four-ball tester. The neem seed oil with 0.2wt% copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles has attained an improvement of 13.8% in its friction coefficient and a reduction in wear scar diameter of base oil by 20% and seemed to be better than synthetic oil and comparable to SAE20W40. The viscosity was evaluated using redwood viscometer and seemed better than synthetic oil. The properties like flash point, fire point and pour point were also investigated in this study. These results showed that the addition of copper oxide nanoparticles significantly improved the lubricating properties of neem seed oil and the formulated lubricant is comparable to the properties of SAE20W40 and can be considered as an alternative in automotive applications with proper modifications.
Menon, Krishnaprasad S, R, Ambigai
An Integrated Material Science Approach to Evaluate the Viability of Ethoxy Ethane and Rubber Seed (Heavea Brasiliensis) Biodiesel as Sustainable Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines2025-28-01302/7/2025
The primary issues in using pure vegetable oils for internal combustion engines are their high soot output and reduced thermal efficiency. Therefore in the present investigation, a Heavea Brasiliensis biodiesel (HBB) is used as a carbon source of fuel and ethoxy ethane as a combustion accelerator on a compression ignition (CI) engine. In this investigation, an only one cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled DI diesel engine with a rated output of 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm was utilized. Whereas heavea brasiliensis biodiesel was delivered straightly into the cylinder at almost close to the end of compression stroke and ethoxy ethane was sprayed instantly in the intake manifold in the event of intake stroke. At various loads, the parameter of ethoxy ethane volume rate were optimised. To minimise exhaust emissions, an air plasma spray technology was employed to cover the engine combustion chamber with a thermal barrier coating. Because of its adaptability for high-temperature applications, YSZ (Yttria-stabilized zirconia) was chosen as the coating material. The brake thermal efficiency for a neat HBB is 29.8% and it reached a peak value of 30.5% for ethoxy ethane injection of volume flow rate as 13 cc/min. Also there is a reduction in emissions at all loads except oxides of nitrogen. Smoke emission decreases after ethoxy ethane injection from 6.4 to 5.2 BSN. For HBB, HBB plus ethoxy ethane, and diesel, the HC emission at maximum load is 51 ppm, 47 ppm, and 44 ppm respectively.
Sagaya Raj, Gnana, Natarajan, Manikandan, Pasupuleti, Thejasree
Assessing the Engine Performance of Rubber Seed Oil Biodiesel Blends in Compression Ignition2024-01-522812/10/2024
This study investigates the efficiency of a compression ignition (CI) engine powered by biodiesel derived from rubber seed oil (RSO) and its various blends. This research aims to assess the feasibility of using RSO biodiesel as a substitute fuel in CI engines to reduce harmful emissions and the depletion of fossil fuels. Initially, the process of obtaining rubber seed oil was preceded by transesterification. After transesterification, the same was blended in different proportions with conventional diesel in B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100. Results show that brake thermal efficiency (BTE) decreased with rising concentration of biodiesel, particularly at higher blends. B100 had a 20-25% lower BTE in every load condition than conventional diesel. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) generally decreased with increasing biodiesel content, particularly at lower loads applied to the engine. B100 portrayed a perceptible improvement of 25.6% in BSFC compared diesel at 1 kg load. This suggests that higher biodiesel blends may reduce thermal efficiency. However, they could provide better fuel economy, particularly at partial loading.
Jayabal, Ravikumar, Lionus Leo, G. M., Madhu, S.
Assessment of Emission Reductions in a Diesel Engine using Graphene Oxide Nanoparticle-Muskmelon Waste Seed Biodiesel Blends2024-01-524012/10/2024
This research investigates the potential of muskmelon waste seed biodiesel (MWSB) enhanced with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The study focuses on transesterifying waste seed oil from muskmelon fruits to produce biodiesel suitable for common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engines. The addition of GO nanoparticles serves as a combustion enhancer, aiming to improve engine performance and reduce emissions. The test fuels included pure diesel, MWSB, and MWSB blends with 10 ppm and 20 ppm of GO nanoparticles. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in emissions when GO nanoparticles were added to the MWSB. Specifically, the MWSB+GO20 ppm blend achieved reductions in smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 16.66%, 26.19%, and 45.33%, respectively, compared to diesel at maximum brake power (5.5 kW). However, this blend also resulted in a 7.4% increase in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions at maximum brake power. The study highlights the role of GO's extensive surface area and oxygenated functional groups in enhancing combustion efficiency, which contributes to the reduction of incomplete combustion byproducts such as CO and HC. Despite the increase in NOx emissions, the overall findings suggest that incorporating GO nanoparticles into MWSB can significantly reduce harmful emissions, offering a promising alternative for diesel engines. This work opens up intriguing possibilities for the use of GO nanoparticles in enhancing biodiesel mixtures, potentially leading to more sustainable and environmentally friendly fuel options for diesel engines.
Jayabal, Ravikumar, Madhu, S.
Performance and Emissions of a Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Engine Using Diesel and HVO as Pilot Fuels2024-01-428611/5/2024
A comprehensive experimental study of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel and hydrogen-hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) dual-fuel operations was conducted in a single-cylinder diesel engine (bore 85.0 mm, stroke 96.9 mm, and compression ratio 14.3) equipped with a common rail fuel injection system and a supercharger. The hydrogen flow rate was manipulated by varying the hydrogen excess air ratio from 2.5 to 4.0 in 0.5 increments. Hydrogen was introduced into the intake pipe using a gas injector. Diesel fuel and HVO were injected as pilot fuels at a fixed injection pressure of 80 MPa. The quantity of pilot fuel was set to 3, 6, and 13 mm3/cycle. The intake and exhaust pressures were set in the range of 100–220 kPa in 20 kPa increments. The engine was operated at a constant speed of 1,800 rpm under all conditions. The pilot injection timing was varied such that the ignition timing was constant at the TDC under all conditions. The results demonstrated that smoke was lower when HVO was used as the pilot fuel than when diesel fuel was used, and that knocking occurred at lower excess air ratios of hydrogen when diesel fuel was used as the pilot fuel than when HVO was used. This is owing to the longer ignition delay of diesel fuel compared to that of HVO. The wider distribution of diesel fuel compared to that of HVO accelerates the chemical reactions in the premixed mixture, leading to autoignition. In addition, misfiring occurred when diesel fuel was used under low boost pressure operating conditions. This was attributed to differences in the ignition properties of the pilot fuel. These results demonstrate that HVO can be operated over a wider load range and at a wider hydrogen excess air ratio than diesel fuel operation.
Mukhtar, Ghazian Amin, Tange, Kota, Nakatani, Satoshi, Horibe, Naoto, Kawanabe, Hiroshi, Morita, Gin, Hiraoka, Kenji, Koda, Kazuyuki
Emission Characteristics of TCR Diesel Fuels in Comparison to Diesel Fuels Derived from other Sources2024-01-428911/5/2024
In this work we demonstrate the influence of different refined TCR refining diesel fuels on emission, power and efficiency in comparison to reference Diesel fuel (homologation fuel for Euro 6 emission testing), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and a blend of poly(oxymethylene)dimethyl ether (OME3) with reference Diesel. The emission characteristics of such TCR fuels used in a production type Diesel engine with modern common rail system has up to now not been tested. The comparison was performed at an engine test bench equipped with a Hatz 4H50 TIC direct injection common rail Diesel engine. For different engine operation points exhaust gas emissions and particulate matters were measured and the results analyzed.
Seeger, Jan, Taschek, Marco
Fuel Quality Assessment of Green Diesel Produced from Waste Cooking Oil2024-01-429311/5/2024
Waste cooking oil can be converted into fuel for internal combustion (IC) engine applications by transesterification or pyrolysis. Transesterification results in the production of fatty acid methyl esters called biodiesel. The variability in biodiesel composition and properties from diesel fuel leads to engine re-calibration that requires significant time and effort. Diesel-like hydrocarbons can be produced by catalytic pyrolysis of used cooking oil. Such fuel can be used as a drop-in fuel in IC engine applications. Hydrogen at high pressures and a catalyst generally promote deoxygenation during pyrolysis. Recently, novel heterogenous acid catalysts such as Ni-impregnated activated carbon (AC) and Ag-Co-impregnated AC catalysts were developed to produce deoxygenated fuel by pyrolysis at atmospheric pressure without using hydrogen. Homogenous base catalysts such as sodium hydroxide can also be used in pyrolysis to produce diesel-like fuel. The present work compares the suitability of pyrolysis oils produced from waste cooking oil using these catalysts with those produced without a catalyst. The reaction temperature was optimized for the yield and quality of the fuel. The composition of the diesel-like fuel thus produced is measured using GC-MS. Physicochemical properties such as cetane index, viscosity, density, flash point, and caloric value were measured following the ASTM standard test procedure. The results show that the reaction temperature significantly influences the kinematic viscosity of the pyrolysis oil. It is found that compared to the pyrolysis oil produced without a catalyst, the oil produced using acid catalysts had a higher calorific value. The increase in calorific value is because of the deoxygenation reactions promoted by the catalysts. The pyrolysis oils had physicochemical properties in the range of petroleum diesel. The present study shows that pyrolysis of used cooking oil without hydrogen using acid and base catalysts can produce high-quality diesel-like fuel for IC engine applications.
Chellachamy, Adhikesavan, Krishnasamy, Anand
Operation of a Compression-Ignition Kerosene Aviation Engine with Sustainable Aviation Fuel: An Experimental Study2024-01-600510/28/2024
The aviation industry is undergoing environmental scrutiny due to its significant greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are a vital solution for reducing carbon emissions and pollutants, aligning with global efforts for carbon-neutral aviation growth. SAFs can be produced via multiple production routes from different feedstock, resulting in significantly different physical and chemical fuel properties. Their suitability in a compression-ignition (CI) aircraft engine was evaluated through test bench investigations at TU Wien - Institute of Powertrain and Automotive Technology in partnership with Austro Engine. ASTM D7566-certified fuels like Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO), Fischer–Tropsch–Kerosene (FTK) or Alcohol to Jet (AtJ), but also an oxygen containing biodiesel have been tested extensively. Gaseous emissions, soot emissions, indication measurement data, efficiencies, and the like were acquired and comprehensively analyzed for engine operation with different fuels and fuel blends. Operation with all investigated fuels could be demonstrated successfully at three representative operating points with the original engine setup. At constant boundary conditions, neither maximum permitted in-cylinder pressure, pressure gradient, or exhaust gas temperature were exceeded (nevertheless, an adaption of the injection strategy is recommended). Ignition delay and combustion duration—dependent on fuel properties—greatly influence the formation of incomplete combustion products like HC and CO as well as NOx and soot emissions. Especially the extremely low cetane number of AtJ leads to a substantial increase in premixed combustion, which significantly influences NOx and soot emissions, depending on operating conditions. A low aromatic content (as found in HVO) is beneficial for reducing HC, CO, and soot due to the absence of ring-like molecule structures. Also, a reduced adiabatic flame temperature contributes to a decreased NOx concentration. The high oxygen content of the biodiesel is known to be beneficial for reducing HC, CO, and soot, while it contributes to increased NOx emissions. At comparable air/fuel ratios within a specific operating point, all tested fuels and fuel blends exhibit comparable CO2 emissions.
Kleissner, Florian, Hofmann, Peter
Impact of Biobutanol Addition into Waste Seed Oils on the Performance, Combustion, and Emissions of Compression Ignition Engine2024-01-509410/15/2024
Seeds from various fruits are not utilized properly and thrown into the ground. These can be utilized by extracting oil from them for the use of fuel to compression ignition engines. Also, the vegetables cut waste and fruits waste are also not utilized and disposed as garbage. These wastes can be converted into biobutanol and can be used as fuel for compression ignition engines. This study is to replace diesel fuel by blending biobutanol with castor oil, amla seed oil, and jamun seed oil without and with modification of engine operating parameters. The steps of this study are: preparation of various proportions of biobutanol and castor oil (from 0 to 5% in increments of 1%), amla seed oil (0–100% in increments of 5%), and jamun seed oil (0–100% in increments of 5%) and the essential properties are tested. By the comparison of properties of the blends with diesel fuel, suitable blends are chosen from the prepared blends (one blend from each seed oil and biobutanol). The chosen blends are 45ASO55BB, 65JSO35BB, and 20BB80D-10CO with respect to properties comparison of diesel engine fuel. The chosen blends are tested for performance in compression ignition engine without modification of parameters under various brake power conditions. Follow-up tests were performed by modifying engine parameters with three blends containing higher volume of biobutanol and the seed oil for performance. The test results depicted that the thermal efficiency, pressure of the cylinder, and net heat release rate of the engine are found competent with respect to diesel when fueled with the blends. Out of the chosen three fuels, the blend 20BB80D-10CO was found to be comparatively better, producing similar maximum power, 1.4% low NOX, 2.6% BTE, and 4.3% high fuel consumption while compared to diesel. This study reduces 50% of diesel fuel utilization and significant utilization of waste fruits, vegetable, and seeds that are unutilized.
Prabakaran, B., Yasin, Mohd Hafizil Mat
Miller Cycle and Internal EGR in Diesel Engines Using Alternative Fuels2024-01-30207/2/2024
The Single Cylinder Research Engine (SCRE) at the Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Powertrain Systems is equipped with a variable valve train that allows to switch between regular intake valve lift and early intake valve closing (Miller). On the exhaust side, a secondary exhaust valve lift (SEVL) on each valve is possible with adjustable back pressure and thus the possibility of realizing internal EGR. In combination with alternative fuels, even if they are Drop-In capable as HVO, properties differ and can influence the emission and efficiency behavior. The investigations of this paper are focusing on regenerative Drop-In fuel (HVO), fossil fuel (B7), and an oxygenate (OME), that needs adaptions at the engine control unit, but offers further emission potential. By commissioning a 2-stage boost system, it is possible to fully equalize the air mass in Miller mode compared to the normal valve lift. This enables a comprehensive analysis of the behavior of the fuels under different boundary conditions. In addition to the boost pressure, the exhaust gas pressure and engine speed are varied and analyzed with regards to emissions and efficiency. The SEVL is varied and investigated in terms of emission and efficiency behavior. For the evaluation, a combustion analysis is carried out and analyzed based on cylinder pressure data to work out the causes of the respective effects. One expected effect is a NOx reduction in Miller mode with the same air mass due to reduced effective compression, without significant efficiency losses due to the constant expansion. In the investigations this effect is clearly visible and therefore represents great potential for reducing NOx emissions.
Knost, Friedemar, Beidl, Christian
Experimental Assessment of Drop-In Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) in a Medium-Duty B7 Diesel Engine for Low-Emissions Marine Applications2024-37-00236/12/2024
Nowadays, the push for more ecological low-carbon propulsion systems is high in all mobility sectors, including the recreational or light-commercial boating, where propulsion is usually provided by internal combustion engines derived from road applications. In this work, the effects of replacing conventional fossil-derived B7 diesel with Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) were experimentally investigated in a modern Medium-Duty Diesel Engine, using the advanced biofuel as ‘drop-in’ and testing according to the ISO 8178 marine standard. The compounded results showed significant benefits in terms of NOx, Particulate Matter, mass fuel consumption and especially Well-to-Wake (WtW) CO2 thanks to the inner properties of the aromatic-free, hydrogen-rich renewable fuel, with no impact on the engine power and minimal deterioration of the volumetric fuel economy.
Cosseddu, Cinzia, Spedicato, Tonio, Pennazio, Davide, Vassallo, Alberto, Fittavolini, Corrado
Effects of Renewable Fuels on the Performance and Emissions of a Small Displacement Diesel Engine for Urban Mobility2024-37-00196/12/2024
In the frame of growing concerns over climate change and health, renewable fuels can make an important contribution to decarbonizing the transport sector. The current work presents the results of an investigation into the impact of renewable fuels on the combustion and emissions of a turbocharged compression-ignition internal combustion engine. An experimental study was undertaken and the engine settings were not modified to account for the fuel's chemical and physical properties, to analyze the performance of the fuel as a potential drop-in alternative fuel. Three fuels were tested: mineral diesel, a blend of it with waste cooking oil biodiesel and a hydrogenated diesel. The analysis of the emissions at engine exhaust highlights that hydrogenated fuel is cleaner, reducing CO, total hydrocarbon emissions, particulate matter and NOx.
Chiavola, Ornella, Matijošius, Jonas, Palmieri, Fulvio, Recco, Erasmo
TOC99-06-02-0TOC4/15/2024
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Tobolski, Sue
An Assessment of Performance of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Recycled Waste Engine Oil Waste Cooking Oil and Waste Plastic Oil as Fuel2024-01-26994/9/2024
Using the recycled waste oils are to be focused for the protection of environment by reducing the land pollution and disposal costs. This study is to use the recycled waste engine oil, waste cooking oil and waste plastic oil along with Bio-butanol from the waste cut vegetables and fruits. Initially, properties and solubility were tested for choosing a suitable blend for fueling into diesel engine from various proportions. These three blends from the base of three waste oils are then tested by modifying and standard engine operating parameters for performance. The properties tests results as 18% of waste engine oil (by volume) with bio-butanol, 16% of waste cooking oil (by volume) with bio- butanol and 24% of waste plastic oil (by volume) with bio-butanol are found competent for fueling engine. These blends produces low efficiency in lower brake powers and the emissions of smoke, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are also higher during the operation under standard parameters. To upkeep this parameters such as nozzle pressure, timing of fuel injection and the ration of compression are optimized by orthogonal array method. This method arrived for the optimal levels as 19:1 compression ratio, 210 bar nozzle pressure and 26 degree of timing injection by considering the base as efficiency of the engine. By deployment of these parameters the engine produces similar efficiency, thermal energy release, pressure of cylinder, emissions oxides of nitrogen under higher brake powers. This utilization saves the cost of disposal and the quantity of fossil fuel resources from other countries to India for the use as fuel for compression ignition engines.
B, Prabakaran, Yasin, Mohd Hafizil Mat
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Performance with Biodiesel Formulations2024-01-27114/9/2024
Biodiesel (i.e., mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils and animal fats) is a renewable diesel fuel providing life-cycle greenhouse gas emission reductions relative to petroleum-derived diesel. With the expectation that there would be widespread use of biodiesel as a substitute for ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), there have been many studies looking into the effects of biodiesel on engine and aftertreatment, particularly its compatibility to the current aftertreatment technologies. The objective of this study was to generate experimental data to measure the effectiveness of a current technology diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) to oxidize soy-based biodiesel at various blend levels with ULSD. Biodiesel blends from 0 to 100% were evaluated on an engine using a conventional DOC. In the steady-state performance test where fuel dosing rate was increased at fixed DOC inlet temperature, B20 performed similarly to ULSD at the lowest flow rate or exhaust temperature over 340°C for medium and high flows. B50 blends performed nearly as well under most conditions. Higher blends exhibited reduced thermal efficiency and DOC outlet temperature with increasing dosing rate under most conditions and required exhaust temperatures over 400°C to achieve or nearly achieve performance similar to ULSD. In the steady-state light of test where fuel dosing rate is fixed but exhaust temperature is increased incrementally, B20 generally performed similarly to ULSD at the highest inlet temperature, with only minor deficiencies at lower temperatures. Higher blends exhibited lower thermal efficiency and did not achieve as high DOC outlet temperatures. In the transient light-off test light-off temperature for ULSD was typically less than 225°C, while for B100 it ranged from 290°C to 330°C. Based on the data set, it can be concluded that biodiesel fuels have a higher light-off temperature primarily because of their higher boiling points, with a minor secondary impact of their lower energy content.
Lakkireddy, Venkata, Weber, Phillip, McCormick, Robert, Howell, Steve
Innovative Catalysts for Biodiesel Generation from Edible Oils: Paving the Way for Cleaner Automobiles2023-01-51252/23/2024
The study aims to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil and compare the effects of two different catalysts (KOH and CaO) on the transesterification process. Homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts are the two types of catalysts used in the transesterification process to produce biodiesel. In the present investigation, homogeneous catalysts KOH and heterogeneous catalyst CaO are used in the transesterification reaction. Catalysts are used to accelerate the reaction and increase reaction efficiency. The reaction temperature is set at 65°C. A methanol-to-waste cooking oil ratio of 6:1 is used for KOH and 8:1 for CaO. The catalyst amount is maintained at 2% of the weight of palmitic acid relative to the weight of waste cooking oil. The reaction time is 150 minutes for KOH and 240 minutes for CaO catalysts. The blends include B50C (50% biodiesel with CaO as catalyst and 50% conventional diesel fuel), B50K (50% biodiesel with KOH as catalyst and 50% conventional diesel fuel), B100C (100% biodiesel with CaO as catalyst), and B100K (100% biodiesel with KOH as catalyst). The characteristics of the blends are assessed through the measurement of properties like viscosity, density, cetane number, and flash point. Biodiesel produced with heterogeneous catalyst (CaO) has a higher flash point and increased viscosity. It may be related to a less heterogeneous catalyst remaining in biodiesel fuel. The experimental test results indicate that biodiesel produced with heterogeneous catalyst (CaO) showed more power than its counterpart. The GHG emission (CO2) is slightly higher for B50C & B100C. In the case of NOx emissions, it is higher for blends and particularly for B50C & B100C as the flash point is higher leading to increased combustion temperature.
Devan, P.K., Balasubramanian, M., Madhu, S., Prathap, P.
Use of Artificial Neural Network to Develop Surrogates for Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil with Experimental Validation in Ignition Quality Tester04-17-02-00112/1/2024
This article presents surrogate mixtures that simulate the physical and chemical properties in the auto-ignition of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). Experimental investigation was conducted in the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) to validate the auto-ignition properties with respect to those of the target fuel. The surrogate development approach is assisted by artificial neural network (ANN) embedded in MATLAB optimization function. Aspen HYSYS is used to calculate the key physical and chemical properties of hundreds of mixtures of representative components, mainly alkanes—the dominant components of HVO, to train the learning algorithm. Binary and ternary mixtures are developed and validated in the IQT. The target properties include the derived cetane number (DCN), density, viscosity, surface tension, molecular weight, and volatility represented by the distillation curve. The developed surrogates match the target fuel in terms of ignition delay and DCN within 6% error range. This investigation will be of value to developing high-fidelity models to investigate HVO combustion and spray behavior. This will be beneficial to researchers advancing the design and development of compression ignition engines to efficiently operate on renewable fuels such as HVO.
Alkhayat, Samy, Joshi, Gaurav, Henein, Naeim
Investigation of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced with Epoxidized Soybean Oil for Automotive Seat Bases2024-01-50091/22/2024
Bamboo fibers were used as reinforcement in hardened epoxy mixes altered with ethoxylated soybean oil (ESO) to enhance the mechanical and thermal qualities. Compared to a bio-based epoxy mix, the tensile strength and modulus of the laminate with 20% bamboo fiber were higher. During thermogravity analysis (TGA) evaluation, it was discovered that the rate of deterioration peak had been moved to a warmer temperature, indicating improved thermal durability of the aggregate over the base material. The dynamic mechanical evaluation of the bio-based composite anticipated increased storage modulus and greater glass transition temperatures. High fiber–matrix adherence was visible in scanning electron morphology (SEM). Measurements of the interfacial adhesion demonstrate the hydrophilicity of the bio-based reinforced composites. The binding and effective insemination of fibers is responsible for the fiber-reinforced composite’s durability. Higher rigidity and durability were generated because the lignocellulosic biomass adhered well to the low-viscosity resin. Moreover, research on adherence in composite materials reveals that the interfaces of composite materials with bamboo fibers are becoming more hydrophilic. Sufficient mechanical hardness, stiffness, and durability are realized for automobile and industrial purposes.
Meshram, Pawan Devidas, Natrayan, L., Balaji, N., Reddy, Vinay
Unlocking the Potential of Water-Blended Karanji Ester and EGR in CI Engines: A Micro-Explosion Effect Investigation2023-28-007411/10/2023
Biodiesel, which is made from the methyl ester of vegetable oils, is becoming more and more popular as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines because it is good for the environment and can be used as a replacement fuel without making major changes to the engine. Biodiesel offers several key advantages, including its ready availability, environment friendly and its ability to contribute to lower carbondioxide levels in the atmosphere. An exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)-equipped Kirloskar compression ignition engine is used in this research to examine the influence of micro-explosions on the reduction of nitrogen oxides and smoke. The fuel chosen is Karanji oil methyl ester. The experiment involved varying the exhaust gas quantity in increments of 5%, ranging from 5% to 15%, as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is recognized as an effective technique for reducing NOx emissions. Similarly, the study also adjusted the water content, ranging from 5% to 15% in 5% increments. It has been shown that adding water to diesel fuel is an efficient and cheap way to cut down on pollution since it reduces the production of harmful nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke. According to the test results, water mixed diesel fuel and EGR technology achieved a significant decrease in NOx by 66.23 percent and smoke emissions by 50 percent with a 2.5 percent compromise in thermal efficiency.
Sagaya Raj, Gnana, Krupakaran, R L, Natarajan, Manikandan, Pasupuleti, Thejasree, Jeyaseelan, Thangaraja
TOC99-05-05-0TOC10/24/2023
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Tobolski, Sue
A Study of Biodiesel and Biodiesel Petroleum Diesel Blends to Mitigate Filter Blocking2023-32-01319/29/2023
There are many anthropogenic climate change mitigation strategies being adopted worldwide. One of these is the adoption of biodiesel FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester), in transportation. The fuel has been widely promoted as replacement for petroleum diesel because of its potential benefits for life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide reduction and particulate matter improvements. Presently biodiesel may be made from a wide variety of starting materials, including food waste and agricultural materials such as vegetable oils and greases. The number and variety of possible starting materials continues to increase. Though, there is a limiting factor in the use of FAME, and that is cold weather operability. The regional climate can often influence FAME adoption with resultant economic and environmental implications. Often this cold temperature operability manifests itself as in vehicle fuel filter blocking. Several analytical protocols have been produced over the last few years to identify the chemicals in biodiesel that cause this problem. However, the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons compromises many of these methods and others involve derivatization. Here we propose a protocol built around supercritical fluid chromatography mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) that has the flexibility to meet these challenges and allow the analysis of petroleum diesel/FAME blends and afford detection of the suspect compounds causing filter blocking under cold temperature
Barker, James, Reid, Jaqueline, Wilmot, Edward, Carter, Anastarsia, Langley, John, Herniman, Julie
Routes to market for Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils2023-32-01309/29/2023
Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils (HVOs) are a potential replacement and/or blend component for fossil diesel. HVOs provide sustainability and/or carbon credits over fossil diesel. They are paraffinic renewable diesel fuels that can be produced from sustainable raw materials. In addition, to their green credits, they have superior cetane and oxidation stability properties over conventional diesel and fatty acid methyl esters. Their green credentials and advantages have resulted in a growing market share as both a biofuel and biofuel components. HVOs are produced by isomerisation processes of a range of different vegetable oil sources, such as rapeseed, palm and soyabean oil, as well as waste and residual fat fractions. In this paper we investigate the different options for using HVOs. The options of using 100% HVOs (R100) from different production sources and different levels of isomerisation are compared with using HVO as a blend component (RX). The option of co-processing HVO in the refinery instead of simply blending is also considered. The advantages and disadvantages of the different HVO routes to market are discussed. Additive technology can improve the properties of R100 and RX blends. The impact of the use of cold flow additives on the different routes to market of HVOs, with the improved value and opportunities they offer, is considered.
Goberdhan, Dhanesh
Impact of Diethyl Ether and Methanol Additives on Combustion Performance and Emission Analysis of Mahua Oil Biodiesel Blends2023-28-00079/14/2023
There are numerous efforts being made to find an alternate fuel to the ones that are being used in modern technologies. The need for an alternative has arisen as a result of the rising price of petroleum products and the escalating demand for energy. In an experimental study, the effects of adding methanol and diethyl ether to mahua biodiesel on the output and emissions of a direct-injection diesel engine were examined [1]. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of a mahua seed oil-based biofuel in a single-cylinder diesel engine. The performance and emissions of the CI engine using Mahua biodiesel are examined in this experimental investigation. The fuels made were virgin diesel (100 percent volume), B5 (95 percent volume, 2.5 percent Mahua oil, 1.25 percent diethyl ether, and 1.25 percent methanol), B10 (90 percent volume, 5% Mahua oil, 3% diethyl ether, and 2% methanol), and B15 (85 percent volume, 10% Mahua oil, 3% diethyl ether, and 2% methanol). Although their characteristics may differ, biodiesel’s common goals are to improve performance, lower emissions, and lower fuel costs. When operating at full load, the B15 Blend’s brake thermal efficiency is almost as high as that of the diesel, and the SFC is 20% lower than it would be with plain diesel. However, B15 blend emissions of HC, NOx, and CO2 are lowered by up to 30%, 10%, and 15%, respectively, but CO emission increased by 22% over clean diesel.
G, Manikandan, Saminathan, Sathiskumar, G, Bharath, S, Narasimmabharathi, S B, Praveen
Renewable Alternatives for Fossil Fuels in Non-Road Mobile Machinery: A Multicriteria Analysis2023-24-00868/28/2023
Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) incorporates a wide variety of machines not intended for the transport of passengers or goods on the road. This includes small gardening equipment, construction, mining, agricultural, and forestry machinery up to locomotives and inland waterway vessels, mostly using an internal combustion engine. NRMM was often overlooked and neglected in the past when considering pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. Due to their high diversity, they are hard to categorize, resulting in a lack of available data. As emissions from road transport are being tackled by regulations, the emissions of NRMM become an increasing part of total transport emissions. An alternative to fossil fuels will be required for the energy supply of NRMM to fully commit to the CO2 reduction goals, and to fulfil the future requirements of legislators and public opinion. This study provides a report on the energy needs of different applications, mainly focusing on the larger machinery, as well as an overview of existing and expected technology. To conduct the analysis, a straddle carrier, excavator, locomotive, and inland water vessel were selected as case studies to cover a broad range of NRMM, ranging from 100kW to 1MW engines within different working environments. The intention is to match these, and similar applications, with the most appropriate currently available as well as future expected technology. A selection is made from the possibilities of different energy carriers, such as battery-electric, hydrogen, methane (LNG + CNG), ammonia, methanol, and HVO, in combination with a suitable energy converter, be it an electric motor, an internal combustion engine, a fuel cell or a hybrid system. A multi-criteria decision approach is used to analyse the performance of each option with the varying requirements of the applications in mind, covering environmental, technical, and economic aspects.
Dejaegere, Quinten, Verhelst, Sebastian
Performance of a Diesel Engine Run with Kerosene–Rapeseed Oil Blends Doped with Ignition Promoters04-17-02-00087/31/2023
The use of straight vegetable oil in diesel engines leads to undesirable consequences due to the peculiar physicochemical properties of vegetable oils. In this regard, the use of pure and unmodified vegetable oils requires their obligatory dilution with petroleum fuels, usually diesel fuel. However, blends of diesel fuel with vegetable oil have a significantly higher density and viscosity than pure diesel fuels. Therefore, in this article, it was proposed to use blends of vegetable oil with aviation kerosene since kerosene has lower density and viscosity compared to diesel fuel. In addition, kerosene is less prone to coking of injectors, has a higher calorific value, and has a lighter hydrocarbon composition, which makes starting the engine easier. Within the framework of the study, engine tests of a full-size four-cylinder diesel engine, MMZ D-245.12.C, were carried out at maximum load in the range of crankshaft speeds from minimum (1000 min−1) to nominal (2400 min−1). Various blends of kerosene with rapeseed oil with an oil content of 10 to 50% by volume have been tested. Ignition promoters were introduced into the fuel blends to improve their combustion. Commercial ethylhexyl nitrate was used as an ignition promoter. In addition, experimental additives were investigated, which are the FAMEs of vegetable oils oxidized to various concentrations of peroxide compounds. It has been shown that blends of kerosene and rapeseed oil doped with ignition promoters can be successfully used in diesel engines. The engine showed the maximum power and the lowest level of smoke emissions when running on a blend of kerosene and rapeseed oil with the addition of oxidized FAME of olive oil with a peroxide content of 1.1 g OOH/100 g.
Cherepanova, Anna, Ukhanov, Denis, Savel’ev, Evgeniy, Sapunov, Valentin
Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems03-17-01-00037/21/2023
Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the surfactant to stabilize the biodiesel-water emulsions containing 6%, 12%, and 18% water. The emulsions reduced the ignition delay and cylinder pressures, with less-intense premixed combustion and a more significant diffusion phase combustion than biodiesel. The emulsions also present a delayed combustion phasing following the injection timing trends. Among the tested emulsions, at 5.08 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), 18% biodiesel-water emulsion resulted in an 18% reduced brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc), 5% increase in bte, 30% and 7% mitigation in NOx and smoke levels, with an increase of 10% and 28% for unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions.
Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh
Shot-to-Shot Deviation of a Common Rail Injection System Operating with Cooking-Oil-Residue Biodiesel03-16-08-00626/28/2023
The shot-to-shot variations in common rail injection systems are primarily caused by pressure wave oscillations in the rail, pipes, and injector body. These oscillations are influenced by fuel physical properties, injector needle movement, and pressure and suction control valve activations. The pressure waves are generated by pump actuation and injector needle movement, and their frequency and amplitude are determined by fluid properties and flow path geometry. These variations can result in cycle-to-cycle engine fluctuations. In multi-injection and split-injection strategies, the pressure oscillation from the first shot can impact the hydraulic characteristics of subsequent shots, resulting in variations in injection rate and amount. This is particularly significant when using alternative fuels such as biodiesel, which aim to reduce emissions while maintaining fuel atomization quality. This study examines the shot-to-shot variations in a second-generation common rail system using cooking-oil-residue biodiesel. The results demonstrate that biodiesel properties impact pressure wave oscillation, shot-to-shot variation, and total injection rate. The study also finds that dwell time has a significant effect on the hydraulic characteristics of the second shot, with minimal influence up to a certain value. However, beyond a certain dwell time value (e.g., 0.8 ms in this study), the impact of dwell time on the pressure fluctuation generated by the second shot is limited. Conducting further research could help deepen our understanding of the influence of shot-to-shot deviations. This could involve exploring biodiesel spray characteristics using techniques such as shadowgraph imaging and studying the effect of these deviations on flame propagation and emission formation. Examining engine performance could also provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of the split-injection strategy and biodiesel blends. Additionally, characterizing biodiesel spray using the double-shot technique to examine spray penetration, cone angle, and/or spray impingement and combustion characteristics could be useful in linking it with the shot-to-shot variation investigated in this study. Such research can contribute to advancing the state-of-the-art knowledge on this topic.
Nguyen, Dat X., Andrea, Cavicchi, Nguyen, Kien T., Nguyen, Vu H., Postrioti, Lucio, Pham, Phuong X.
Experimental Study on Combustion Characteristics and Regulated and Unregulated Emissions of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel13-04-02-00134/24/2023
The demand for fossil fuels can be reduced and environmental harm can be minimized by producing biodiesel from used cooking oil. This article was focused on investigating the combustion characteristics and regulated and unregulated emissions of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with different mixed concentrations of biodiesel and diesel fuel, including pure diesel fuel (B0), B10 (diesel containing 10%vol of biodiesel), B20, and B30. Experiments were conducted with three engine loads, corresponding to brake mean effective pressures (BMEP) of 0.289 MPa, 0.578 MPa, and 0.867 MPa at a constant speed of 1540 rpm. At medium and high loads, the waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB) increased in-cylinder pressure, advanced both the peak heat release rate and heat release center (CA50), shrunk the ignition delay (ID), and extended combustion duration (CD). The high viscosity of B30 blends under low load worsened the spray and led to poor combustion. Under high-load conditions, carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions increased by 14.3% and 3.1%, while carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions decreased by 13.3%, 31.4%, and 30.37%, respectively, for the B30 blend compared to diesel. The emission trends for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), formaldehyde (HCHO), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), ethylene (C2H4), and formic acid (HCOOH) were consistent with increasing volume ratios of WCOB under the three loads. And they had the lowest emissions at 75% load for B30, with reductions of 70.5%, 66.7%, 18.4%, 78.8%, 13.2%, and 84.6%, respectively, compared to diesel. Acetaldehyde (MECHO) emissions increased with increasing WCOB blending volume ratio at 25% load condition and were highest at the B30 blend. The above results show that the B30 blend is the most effective in reducing unregulated emissions under all three load conditions, especially at medium and high loads.
Ji, Hong, Meng, Jian, Li, Zongyu, Wang, Baoli, Meng, Fanyan, Xu, Wenke
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: April 202323TOFHP044/13/2023
Headliners from Las Vegas Big reveals abounded at the triennial CONEXPO trade show. Following are some of the most notable unveilings from the desert. Cat doubles down on diesel with new C13D platform Deere pursues electric construction machines and charging infrastructure JCB debuts clean-sheet hydrogen combustion engine Volvo CE unveils electric asphalt compactor, announces NA arrival of L350H loader Honda reveals next-gen Autonomous Work Vehicle Deere 3D-prints fuel valves for tractors HP's binder jetting technology and GKN's manufacturing expertise helped John Deere realize its first 3D-printed metal part for mass production. Returning to the SAE presidency for 2023 Setting a "prudently aggressive" mindset in advancing SAE's goals in the mobility ecosystem. Editorial Autonomous trucking hits rocky road Danfoss targets excavators with new digital-hydraulics system CrossControl advances virtual fencing and object detection Hydrogen lightens the load for heavy trucks Brunswick launches all-electric marine outboard HD Hyundai envisions future of sustainable energy Medium-duty electric trucks dominate at NTEA show SPOTLIGHT Electronic Components; Fasteners/Adhesives Q&A Kotaro Shiozaki details Kubota Engine's path to carbon neutrality, including HVO, H₂ and hybrids
A Numerical Approach for the Analysis of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil and Dimethoxy Methane Blends as Low-Carbon Alternative Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines2023-01-03384/11/2023
Despite recent advances towards powertrain electrification as a solution to mitigate pollutant emissions from road transport, synthetic fuels (especially e- fuels) still have a major role to play in applications where electrification will not be viable in short-medium term. Among e-fuels, oxymethylene ethers are getting serious interest within the scientific community and industry. Dimethoxy methane (OME1) is the smaller molecule among this group, which is of special interest due to its low soot formation. However, its application is still limited mainly due to its low lower heating value. In contrast, other fuel alternatives like hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) are considered as drop-in solutions thanks to their very similar properties and molecular composition to that of fossil diesel. However, their pollutant emission improvement is limited. This work proposes the combination of OME1 and HVO as an alternative to fossil diesel, to achieve noticeable soot emission reductions while compensating for the different properties of the first fuel. The aim of this work is to provide insight into the combustion characteristics of blends of these two fuels. For this purpose, experimental and numerical studies are combined. In this context, n-dodecane is proposed as a surrogate for HVO simulation based on the high similarities experimentally observed between both fuels. Then, a compact kinetic mechanism is developed and validated, combining individual OME1 and n-dodecane mechanisms. Results confirm that the numerical approach followed was able to capture the experimental behavior of these blends in terms of heat release rate, in-cylinder pressure and soot formation. An increase of the OME1 content in the blend greatly influences the combustion process. The ignition delay, as well as the premixed combustion phase peak, increase with the OME1 percentage in the blend. However, HVO helps on limiting this effect while remarkable soot formation reductions are still achieved thanks to OME1.
Garcia-Oliver, Jose M, Novella, Ricardo, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Micó, Carlos, Bin-Khalid, Usama
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