Browse Topic: Vehicle charging

Items (974)
ABSTRACT Low charge times are very desirable for battery electric vehicles. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA) chemistry is used in vehicles like the Tesla Model S for their energy density and also used in several consumer applications. Investigators used state of art NCA cells to conduct research into the tradeoffs between charge time, life and safety. Eight different charge profiles were compared. These included the standard CC-CV strategy and the state of the art Tesla Model S profile. Impact of temperature is also embedded in the selection of charge profiles. A non-dimensional charge metric is proposed as a composite of the impacts of charge time, effective charge stored, aging, overcharge sensitivity and lithium plating sensitivity. This metric is computed for all tested charge profiles and the best candidates are identified. Citation: Bapiraju Surampudi PhD, Ian Smith, Terry Alger PhD, “Some Insights in Fast Charge Methods for NCA Cells,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle
Surampudi, BapirajuSmith, IanAlger, Terry
ABSTRACT The roll-up roll-away Tactical Vehicle-to-Grid / Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2G/V2V) system provides a plug-and-play, very fast forming, smart, aggregated, and efficient power solution for an emerging (including austere) contingency base that is ready to generate up to 240kW of 208 VAC 3-phase power in less than 20 minutes. The system is designed to provide grid services (peak shaving, Volt/VAR control, power regulation, and current source mode) beneficial to emerging and mature grids (CONUS or OCONUS). The system uses vehicle Transmission-Integrated Generators (TIGs) to produce 600VDC power for use by vehicle hotel-loads (electrification) and off-board loads (tents/shelters, communications centers, or other electrical loads). Each vehicle is equipped with a Vehicle Communication Module (VCM), which provided the communication capability prior to initiation of transfer of up to 100kW of power via the J1772 SAE Combo Connector between vehicles (V2V) and/or for export power off-vehicle
Hancock, JanieKolhoff, Steven W.McGrew, Dean Z.Masrur, M. AbulSkowronska, Annette G.Vandiver, JamesGatherer, JimPalmer, JasonWood, RobertCurtiss, PeterDorflinger, Max
ABSTRACT An experimental testing program has been developed that looks to optimize the battery recharging algorithms to improve battery lifetime and state of charge knowledge. The first phase of the testing targeted lead acid battery performance characterization as a function of controlled environmental temperatures. Subsequent testing includes performance testing under alternator recharging using default and proposed charging algorithms. A new experimental apparatus has been developed to integrate battery testing with alternator charging to simulate in-vehicle operations under controlled environmental conditions. Results are presented for the baseline performance testing, a model is presented for the characterization of battery parameters and a description of the test apparatus and approach employed for the integrated alternator testing is included
Jones, StanleyMendoza, JohnWang, DanielDing, YiZanardelli, Sonya
ABSTRACT TIAX is developing laminated prismatic lithium-ion (Li-ion) cell technology capable of rapid charging at low temperature (to -50 °C) to replace current lead-acid vehicle batteries. The novel cells are based on TIAX’s high energy, high power CAM-7 cathode material, high rate capability lithium titanate (LTO) anode material, and novel electrolyte formulation, and target cell-level energy content greater than 90 Wh/kg and 250 Wh/l. CAM-7 cathode material promises significant boost in power and run time of Li-Ion batteries for a wide range of DoD applications, and is now being commercialized by a separate company, CAMX Power, which is scaling up production in a 50 metric ton per year plant installed in Massachusetts
Ofer, DavidDalton-Castor, SharonNation, LeahPullen, AdrianRempel, JaneBarnett, BrianSriramulu, Suresh
ABSTRACT Microgrids have garnered attention as they facilitate the integration of distributed renewable and non-renewable energy resources and allow flexibility to connect to the grid whenever required. When power is required for temporary missions or an emergency search and rescue mission, a vehicle-borne microgrid can supply critical power needs. In this paper, a vehicle-borne mobile microgrid consisting of a diesel generator, a battery storage system and solar panels mounted on the vehicle exterior is considered, and an operational control that minimizes the total fuel consumption and the battery degradation is formulated based on model predictive control. A simulation study is carried out considering a forward operating base mission scenario where the microgrid supplies the charging power to unmanned ground and aerial vehicles deployed in the mission. The result shows that the proposed approach is robust against uncertainties associated with renewable generation and the charging
Paudel, SarojZhang, JiangfengAyalew, BeshahCastanier, MatthewSkowronska, Annette
ABSTRACT This paper presents a quantitative analysis and comparison of fuel economy and performance of a series hybrid electric HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) military vehicle with a conventional HMMWV of equivalent size. Hybrid vehicle powertrains show improved fuel economy gains due to optimized engine operation and regenerative braking. In this paper, a methodology is presented by which the fuel economy gains due to optimized engine are isolated from the fuel economy gains due to regenerative braking. Validated vehicle models as well as data collected on test tracks are used in the quantitative analysis. The regenerative braking of the hybrid HMMWV is analyzed in terms of efficiency from the kinetic energy at the wheels to the portion of regenerative power which is retrievable by the battery. The engine operation of both the series hybrid and conventional HMMWV are analyzed using a 2-D bin analysis methodology. Finally, the vehicle model is used to make
Nedungadi, AshokMasrur, AbulKhalil, Gus
ABSTRACT Main Battle Tanks (MBTs) remain a key component of most modern militaries. While the best way to ‘kill a tank’ is via the employment of another tank, matching enemy armor formations one-for one is not always possible. Light infantry lack organic armor and their shoulder launched anti-tank capabilities do not defeat the latest generation of MBTs. To compensate for this capability gap, the U.S. Army has employed precision guided anti-tank munitions, such as the “Javelin.” However, these are expensive to produce in quantity and require risking the forward presence of dismounted Soldiers to employ. Mine fields offer another option but are immobile once employed. The ‘Guillotine’ Attack System proposes to change the equation by pairing an AI enabled, adaptive unmanned delivery system with a shaped charge payload. Guillotine can loiter for hours, reposition itself to hunt for targets, and- when ready- deliver a precision shaped charge strike from the air. Citation: “The ‘Guillotine
Dooley, MatthewLacaze, Alberto
ABSTRACT Charging an autonomous electric vehicle can be a challenge using the traditional cable and connector approach. This paper explores various methods for the charging of batteries used in autonomous electric vehicles. One such method, an alternative to the traditional “contact” approach, utilizes a non-contacting power transfer technology that is based on magnetic induction and resonance principles. The paper examines various methods for the application of battery energy replenishment. A proposed charging station with design objectives is discussed, along with how well each of the battery energy replenishment methods would meet the proposed autonomous electric vehicle charging station requirements. Citation: Oly Jeon-Chapman, Ron Fiorello and Ronnie L. Wright, Ph.D., “Wireless Charging for Autonomous Electric Vehicles”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2021
Jeon-Chapman, OlyFiorello, RonWright, Ronnie L.
ABSTRACT As the U.S. Army develops its 30-year science and technology strategy for ground systems, these systems are seen more as mobile power generation systems than just semi-autonomous mobile protection systems. As ground systems continue to have greater levels of electrification, they are perceived as key to providing power not only to the propulsion and mobility systems, but to protection systems, communications, information systems and a complex, ever-increasing suite of auxiliary power systems which are not limited to the vehicle platform itself, but to external systems and platforms. All power systems can be connected wirelessly, or through a microgrid. Therefore, optimizing the overall ground system along with an external suite of loads and sources through a power grid, as a system of systems, becomes crucial in vehicle design. This optimization problem for performance and reliability is complex when considering the outside grid and a mix of other sources and loads with
Skowronska, Annette G.Gorsich, DavidMange, JeremyDunn, AndrewPandey, VijitashwaMourelatos, Zissimos P.
ABSTRACT Electric vehicles (EVs) are growing in popularity in both the defense and commercial sectors, with mandates and directives helping to inspire greater adoption. This increased popularity requires testing of an EV’s connected systems to ensure security against cyberattacks. The research efforts presented in this paper show that the EV battery management system (BMS) and SAE J1772 charging standard are susceptible to cyberattacks. Spoofing attacks on the vehicle’s J1772 charging interface can be used to limit or prevent charging of an EV’s battery. Penetration testing of an EV’s BMS shows how vulnerabilities can be exploited to successfully attack an EV through the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus on the vehicle. This paper also discusses the implications of these attacks from a defense standpoint with high-level protections also discussed
Dodson, AustinSaenz, Patrick
ABSTRACT CAMX Power is developing Li-ion pouch cells and batteries based on its proprietary CAM-7® cathode material and commercially available lithium titanate (LTO) anode material to provide high power, high charging rate capability, long life, safety and configurational flexibility in military vehicle batteries. The CAM-7®/LTO technology can be discharged to 0 V with no loss in performance, has excellent tolerance for cell voltage reversal and cell overcharge as well as having excellent elevated-temperature storage stability, making it ideally suited for batteries that can be logistically managed with little or no maintenance or environmental controls. These same properties make CAM-7®/LTO technology well-suited for implementing in damage-tolerant, minimally managed, batteries that are structurally distributed and integrated in military vehicles
Ofer, DavidKaplan, DanielMenard, MarkYang, CelineDalton-Castor, SharonMcCoy, ChrisBarnett, BrianSriramulu, Suresh
ABSTRACT Abuse response of lithium-ion batteries has been extensively studied over several decades. Most studies on the onset and propagation of battery fires following mechanical deformation are focused on understanding the onset of thermal events following quasi-static loading. Using an array of cylindrical lithium-ion cells as example, we report results from ultra-high strain-rate deformation mechanical events (> 100 /s) that result in electrochemical short-circuits followed by thermal events. We present a methodology that takes stock of gas compositions as a function of state of charge and compute flammability limits. Finally, we discuss implications for flame lengths and propensity for propagation of thermal events. Citation: J. Kim, A. Mallarapu, S. Santhanagopalan, Y. Ding, “Propagation of Fire in Li-Ion Batteries under Ultra-High Strain-Rate Deformation” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022
Kim, JinyongMallarapu, AnudeepSanthanagopalan, ShriramDing, Yi
Abstract Optimization of a microgrid interacting with mobile power transfer systems is a multiobjective problem that grows to be computationally expensive as components and fidelity are added to the simulation. In previous work [17] we proposed an optimization strategy relying on evolutionary computing. With an evolutionary computing approach, seeking a well-distributed set of solutions on the entire optimal frontier necessitates a large population and frequent evaluation of the aforementioned simulation. With these challenges, and inspiration from Roy et al. [14] distributed pool architecture, we propose an architecture for distributed pool evolutionary computing that differs from the Roy et al. design. We use this strategy with a microgrid and mobile power transfer system simulation to optimize for cost and relaibility. We find that the distributed approach achieves increased performance in raw system execution time, and in some cases converges faster than a non distributed version
Dunn, Andrew G.Mange, Jeremy B.Skowronska, Annette G.Gorsich, David J.Pandey, VijitashwaMourelatos, Zissimos P.
ABSTRACT This paper presents a fast and safe quasi-optimal multistage constant current (MCC) charge pattern optimization strategy for Li-ion batteries. It is based on an integrated electro-thermal model that combines an electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) battery model with a thermal battery model. The EEC model is used to predict the battery’s terminal voltage continuously as charging progresses, while its temperature rise is also estimated continuously by employing the thermal model. This integrated electro-thermal battery model is utilized to search for an optimal MCC charge pattern that charges the battery in minimum time, while simultaneously limiting its temperature rise to a user-specified level. The search for the optimal charge pattern is carried out on a stage-by-stage basis by using a single-variable optimal search strategy that can be easily implemented on a battery management system. The paper also includes some simulation results obtained from an integrated electro
Das, ManoharJarid, SaadXu, MengWang, Xia
ABSTRACT Rechargeable batteries needed for military applications face critical challenges including performance at extreme temperatures, compatibility with military logistical processes, phasing out of legacy battery technologies, and poor compatibility of COTS lithium-ion batteries with specialized military operational requirements and legacy platforms. To meet these challenges, CAMX Power has developed and is commercializing a lithium-ion battery technology, trademarked CELX-RC®, with high power and rapid charging capability, long life, exceptional performance and charge acceptance capability at extreme low temperatures (e.g., -60 ºC), excellent safety, capability for discharge and storage at 0V, and ability to be implemented in batteries without management systems. This paper describes CELX-RC technology and its implementation in prototype batteries. Citation: D. Ofer, J. Bernier, E. Siegal, M. Rutberg, S. Dalton-Castor, “Robust, Versatile and Safe Lithium-Ion Batteries for Military
Ofer, DavidBernier, JoeSiegal, EdwardRutberg, MichaelDalton-Castor, Sharon
ABSTRACT PPG formulates N-methyl pyrrolidone free (NMP−free) cathodes for Li−ion batteries capable of delivering sufficient power for automotive starting, lighting and ignition (SLI) as well as adequate charge capacity for powering auxiliary electronics. In this paper, NMP−free energy cathodes and power cathodes were formulated using developmental binders, and refinement of carbon/binder ratio and slurry mix procedure. Learnings from the energy and power cathode development were conceptually combined in the formulation of capacity enhanced power cathodes. These cathodes were evaluated electrochemically via power capability and rate capability testing in battery coin cells, as well as in 0.5 Ah multilayer pouch cells. Carbon content was found to be a critical factor in attaining high cold crank performance. This work represents significant steps toward potential commercialization of NMP−free cathode coated foil for Li−ion batteries. Citation: S. Esarey, A. Kizzie, C. Woodley, I. Matts
Esarey, Samuel L.Kizzie, AustinWoodley, ChristopherMatts, IanHellring, StuartZhou, ZhilianTerrago, Gina
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) technology, noted for its absence of moving mechanical parts and silent operation, has attracted significant interest in plane propulsion. However, its low thrust and efficiency remain key challenges hindering broader adoption. This study investigates methods to enhance the propulsion and efficiency of EHD systems, by examining the electrohydrodynamic flow within a wire-cylinder corona structure through both experimental and numerical approaches. A multi-wire-cylinder positive corona discharge experimental platform was established using 3D printing technology, and measurements of flow velocity, voltage, and current at the cathode outlet were conducted. A two-dimensional simulation model for multi-wire-cylinder positive corona discharge was developed using Navier-Stokes equations and FLUENT user-defined functions (UDF), with the simulation results validated against experimental data. The analysis focused on the effects of varying anode diameters and the
Huang, GuozhaoDong, GuangyuZhou, Yanxiong
In recent times there has been an upward trend in “Connected Vehicles”, which has significantly improved not only the driving experience but also the “ownership of the car”. The use of state-of-the-art wireless technologies, such as vehicle-to-everything (V2X) connectivity, is crucial for its dependability and safety. V2X also effectively extends the information flow between the transportation ecosystem pedestrians, public infrastructure (traffic management system) and parking infrastructure, charging and fuel stations, Etc. V2X has a lot of potential to enhance traffic flow, boost traffic safety, and provide drivers and operators with new services. One of the fundamental issues is maintaining trustworthy and quick communication between cars and infrastructure. While establishing stable connectivity, reducing interference, and controlling the fluctuating quality of wireless transmissions, we have to ensure the Security and Privacy of V2I. Since there are multiple and diverse
Sundar, ShyamPundalik, KrantiveerUnnikrishnan, Ushma
This study provides a detailed energy consumption analysis of two popular micromobility vehicles—an e-scooter and an e-bike—under various conditions, including steady-state and dynamics scenarios. Employing a custom-built data acquisition system, the research tested these vehicles in throttle mode, additionally assessing the e-bike across three pedal-assist levels. The findings reveal that the e-bike operates significantly more efficiently than the e-scooter, with both vehicles demonstrating peak power outputs significantly exceeding their rated values. Furthermore, the study explores how cargo affects the e-bike’s energy use, along with the charging and discharging behaviors of both platforms. Notably, the e-scooter exhibited a considerable battery self-depletion rate, a characteristic not observed on the e-bike
Pamminger, MichaelDuvall, AndrewWallner, Thomas
American drivers have long been accustomed to quickly filling up at a gas station with plenty of fuel available, and electric vehicle drivers want their pit stops to mimic this experience. Driver uncertainty about access to charging during long trips remains a barrier to broader EV adoption, even as the U.S. strives to combat climate change by converting more drivers
Outsized costs for charging infrastructure could slow implementation of battery-electric CVs. The high cost of batteries to electrify on-road commercial vehicles is one thing. But some connected with or studying electrification for the CV sector now are concerned that the cost of installing high-capacity recharging infrastructure for EV versions of trucks, buses and other on-road commercial vehicles is the latest factor with potential to derail the growth of CV electrification. One prominent study from earlier this year pegged the cost to the freight industry and utilities at a resounding near-$1 trillion to fully electrify all commercial vehicles over the course of roughly 20 years. And that cost is for infrastructure only, exclusive of the vehicles themselves, “which can be two to three times as expensive as their diesel-powered equivalents,” the report asserted
Visnic, Bill
Safe and efficient energy storage is important for American prosperity and security. With the adoption of both renewable energy sources and electric vehicles on the rise around the world, it is no surprise that research into a new generation of batteries is a major focus. Researchers have been developing batteries with higher energy storage density, and thus, longer driving range. Other goals include shorter charging times, greater tolerance to low temperatures, and safer operation
This document covers the general physical, electrical, functional, testing, and performance requirements for conductive power transfer to an electric vehicle using a coupler capable of, but not limited to, transferring three-phase AC power. It defines a conductive power transfer method including the digital communication system. It also covers the functional and dimensional requirements for the electric vehicle inlet, supply equipment connector, and mating housings and contacts. Moveable charging equipment such as a service truck with charging facilities are within scope. Charging while moving (or in-route-charging) is not in scope
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
This document covers the general physical, electrical, functional, safety, and performance requirements for conductive power transfer to an electric vehicle using a coupler, which can be hand-mated and is capable of transferring either DC or AC single-phase power using two current-carrying contacts
Hybrid - EV Committee
As the world looks to net-zero emissions goals, hybrid electric vehicles may play an increasingly important role. For passenger electric vehicles (EVs) that predominantly make short journeys but occasionally need to make longer trips, electrofuel range extension may be more cost effective than either hydrogen or rapid charging. Micro gas turbines and catalytic combustion show significant potential to deliver low-cost, low-maintenance, lightweight engines with virtually no emissions, and hydrocarbon consuming solid oxide fuel cells show even greater potential in these areas. Aditioanlly, sodium-ion batteries for EVs, dispatachable vehicle-to-grid power and buffering, and variable intermittent renewable energy could also play key roles. The Role of Hybrid Vehicles in a Net-zero Transport System explores the costs, considerations, and challenges facing these technologies. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio
Muelaner, Jody E.
Transportation contributes 27% of the greenhouse gas emissions in the US. Governments worldwide are developing new programs to hasten the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in the transition to zero-emission vehicles. However, the success of EV adoption generally depends on user preferences. This study explores what we can find out about consumer preferences while accounting for unobserved heterogeneity. Consumer choices for EVs, including plug-in EVs (PEVs) and fuel-cell EVs (FCEVs), are analyzed using the California Vehicle Survey (2019) data. Several factors are examined, including the availability of clean source energy (installed solar panels) at home, preferable location for recharging PEVs, past driving experience with EVs, availability of public charging infrastructure, and sociodemographic factors. A mixed multinomial (random parameter) logit model is estimated, exploring the associations between the selected variables and EV consumer preferences while accounting for
Moradloo, NastaranMahdinia, ImanKhattak, Asad
For a three-wheeler, this research studies the aging effects on an LFP battery across a realistic three-wheeler commercial vehicle cycle simulated in GT-SUITE. The study evaluates how thermal management affects battery aging with different battery cooling methods and triggering temperatures for cooling activation. The three-wheeler analysis cycle includes a real-world drive cycle, followed by battery recharging, and then a rest period. This sequence repeats until the battery ages to 80% of its original capacity (end of life). Battery life is determined using various methods of battery cooling and the temperatures that trigger the activation of cooling mechanisms. Different heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) are derived or assumed based on the cooling method used
Chandna, AshishChopra, Ujjwal
Abstract As an important contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, the road freight sector plays a significant role when it comes to reaching global climate goals. Due to the requirements regarding payloads and ranges, the transition towards zero emissions is particularly challenging in this sector. A technical solution that can contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions are electrified semi-trailer systems. These vehicles can be combined with conventional tractor vehicles in order to reduce their fuel consumption and CO2 footprint, as well as with tractor vehicles with alternative powertrains to increase their driving range. In this paper, a simulation study that evaluates the potentials of different configurations for such a system is performed. In the first part the general working principle of an electrified trailer is described. This includes a cloud based predictive energy management system that was used during the simulations. Based on a general vehicle model, the
Knaup, LarsBeidl, Christian
A challenge of public transportation GPS data is the frequent utilization of monitoring systems with low sampling rates, primarily driven by the high costs associated with cellular data transmission of large datasets. Altitude data is often imprecise or not recorded at all in regions without large elevation changes. The low data quality limits the use of the data for further detailed investigations like a realistic energy consumption forecast for assessing the electrical grid load resulting from charging the vehicle fleet. Modern research often reconstructs speed data only, or uses additional GPS loggers, which is associated with increased costs in the vehicle fleet. The importance of precise and high-quality altitude data and specialized expertise in mountainous regions are frequently overlooked. This paper introduces an efficient new route matching method to reconstruct speed and respective road slope data of a GPS signal sampled at low frequency for a public transportation electric
Hitz, ArneKonzept, AnjaReick, BenediktRheinberger, Klaus
While weaponizing automated vehicles (AVs) seems unlikely, cybersecurity breaches may disrupt automated driving systems’ navigation, operation, and safety—especially with the proliferation of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technologies. The design, maintenance, and management of digital infrastructure, including cloud computing, V2X, and communications, can make the difference in whether AVs can operate and gain consumer and regulator confidence more broadly. Effective cybersecurity standards, physical and digital security practices, and well-thought-out design can provide a layered approach to avoiding and mitigating cyber breaches for advanced driver assistance systems and AVs alike. Addressing cybersecurity may be key to unlocking benefits in safety, reduced emissions, operations, and navigation that rely on external communication with the vehicle. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Cybersecurity focuses on considerations regarding cybersecurity and AVs from the
Coyner, KelleyBittner, Jason
The SAE J2954 standard establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines three charging levels up to 11 kVA and in future revisions up to 22 kVA. A standard for WPT based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. This is meant to be used in conjunction with communications standard SAE J2847/6 and use cases J2836/6 and ground assembly WPT Certification UL 2750. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged conductively by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. This standard addresses stationary light-duty
Hybrid - EV Committee
Sodium (Na), which is over 500 times more abundant than lithium (Li), has recently garnered significant attention for its potential in sodium-ion battery technologies. However, existing sodium-ion batteries face fundamental limitations, including lower power output, constrained storage properties, and longer charging times, necessitating the development of next-generation energy storage materials
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