Browse Topic: Vehicle charging

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IoT-Enabled Cloud-Integrated Smart Parking System with Real-Time Monitoring and AI-Based Space Optimization for Next-Gen Mobility2026-28-0113To be published on 02/12/2026
This study presents the design and implementation of an advanced IoT-enabled, cloud-integrated smart parking system, engineered to address the critical challenges of urban parking management and next-generation mobility. The proposed architecture utilizes a distributed network of ultrasonic and infrared occupancy sensors, each interfaced with a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, to enable precise, real-time monitoring of individual parking spaces. Sensor data is transmitted via secure MQTT protocol to a centralized cloud platform (AWS IoT Core), where it is aggregated, timestamped, and stored in a NoSQL database for scalable, low-latency access. A key innovation of this system is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based space optimization algorithms, leveraging historical occupancy patterns and predictive analytics (using LSTM neural networks) to dynamically allocate parking spaces and forecast demand. The cloud platform exposes RESTful APIs, facilitating seamless
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, S, Balakrishnan, Dhayaneethi, Sivaji, Boobalan, Saravanan, Abdul Rahim, Mohamed Arshad, S, Manikandan, R, Jamuna, L, Rishi Kannan
Artificial Intelligence and Cloud Synergy for Scalable Battery Management Systems2026-28-0119To be published on 02/12/2026
Due to a rapid transformation of EV and the battery storage system, the battery management system (BMS) is essential to ensure an optimal performance of the piles of Battery storage. A BMS monitors and controls parameters such as voltage, current and temperature. A traditional BMS has a minimum support of analytics and its limited to local processing. But when the battery information’s are uploaded to the internet, it's easier to manage maintenance and track battery’s performance from anywhere in the world. This IoT /Cloud based system easy and made earlier thereby giving a system alarm before the issue turns big. Management of a lot number of batteries at once saves a lot of money at places like EV charging station and Energy Storage System (BESS). Software updates to the system can also be sent remotely. Also, a BMS connected to cloud can also be used to support weaker grids in an instant if it needs the reactive power support. Cloud integration of BMS with the grid network will help
R, Rajarajeswari, N, Kalaiarasi, Francis, Elgin Calister
Reduction of Inductive Losses in Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging through Resonant Coupling2026-28-0123To be published on 02/12/2026
The growing awareness about sustainability and environmental concerns are accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles. They play a promising role due to their potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality and lessen reliance on fossil fuels. However, one of the primary concerns for potential buyers is the charging process and infrastructure. Traditional wired charging systems for electric vehicles face limitations such as user inconvenience, wear and tear of connectors and challenges in automation. As a solution, wireless electric vehicle charging has emerged, offering a more user-friendly, automated and contactless method of charging by eliminating the need for physical connectors. Wireless charging can be implemented through various approaches, primarily including inductive and resonant methods. Inductive charging suffers from relatively low efficiency due to higher energy losses during transmission. On the other hand, resonant coupling
Shaik, Amjad, Gudipati, Ravi Sai Hemanth, B, Vikranth Reddy, Anudeep, D B S S, Varshith, Dasari
Decentralized Payment Infrastructure for Electric Vehicle Charging via Blockchain and Smart Contracts2026-28-0126To be published on 02/12/2026
As electric vehicles adoption becomes more common, power grid operators are facing new challenges in managing the unpredictable and varying energy demands in the existing electrical infrastructure. Moreover, the cost of Electric vehicle is high when compared to fuel vehicle also it has limited access to charging infrastructure along with the driving range that act as a key barrier preventing the drivers from making shift to EVs. When the EV usage integrates with blockchain, it mitigates the limitation in charging station infrastructure along with the former problem discussed. The lack of trust exists between EV owners and charging station providers can be solved through secure and transparent payment processing possible by blockchain based smart contract. Building charging station on blockchain will ease the automated payment through the use of smart contract and create more efficient EV charging network. Also, the blockchain-based charging system would enable EV owners know if they
Govindasamy, Dhivya, R, Rajarajeswari
Dual use of Electric Vehicle infrastructure for Enhancing Grid Resilience and Urban Sustainability2026-28-0114To be published on 02/12/2026
The rapid global adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has led to a surge in the deployment of EV charging stations. Beyond their primary role of vehicle charging, these stations hold potential as dynamic, grid-connected assets for sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11). When integrated with renewable energy sources such as wind or solar, EV charging stations can function as decentralized power units, supplying energy to the grid during times of need. This dual functionality allows them to act as flexible loads that mitigate voltage fluctuations during grid faults, facilitating access to reliable energy (SDG 7). Utilizing existing EV infrastructure in this way reduces the need for additional grid-support devices and supports resource efficiency (SDG 13) promoting a low-carbon energy transition. However, their ability to support the grid is limited when fully committed to meeting charging demands, especially during grid faults. To address this challenge, a novel coordinated operation
R, Uthra, Rangarajan, Ravi, D, Suchitra, D, Anitha
A Nature-Inspired Optimization Approach for Vienna Rectifier Control in EV Fast Charging Applications: Performance Comparison with NPC and Swiss Topologies2026-28-0112To be published on 02/12/2026
The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), particularly those utilizing High Voltage battery systems, demands fast-charging infrastructure that ensures high efficiency and power quality. This study proposes a Golden Jackal Optimization (GJO)-based control strategy for a Vienna rectifier used exclusively in a High Voltage EV fast-charging system. Unlike conventional systems that incorporate an additional DC-DC converter stage, the proposed architecture utilizes only the Vienna rectifier for AC-DC conversion, thereby reducing system complexity and improving overall reliability. The GJO algorithm, inspired by the cooperative hunting behavior of golden jackals, is employed to optimize the switching control parameters of the Vienna rectifier, enhancing system performance in terms of efficiency, power factor correction (PFC), and total harmonic distortion (THD). A detailed comparative analysis is performed between the Vienna rectifier, Swiss rectifier, and Neutral-Point Clamped (NPC
R, Mohammed Abdullah, N, Kalaiarasi
Enhancing Range Prediction Accuracy for the BEV: Bridging the Gap Between Simulation and Real-World Testing2026-26-0521To be published on 01/16/2026
Accurate range estimation in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is essential for optimizing performance, energy efficiency, and customer expectations. This study investigates the discrepancies between physical test data and simulation predictions for the Jeep Wagoneer model. A detailed range delta analysis identifies key contributors to the observed deviations, including regenerative braking inefficiencies, increased propulsion demand, auxiliary loads, and estimated drivetrain losses within the Electric Drive Module (EDM) during traction and regen. Results indicate that the test vehicle exhibits lower regenerative braking efficiency and higher traction and lower regen consumption than predicted by simulations, primarily due to EDM inefficiencies and friction brake usage during regeneration. The study underscores the importance of refining simulation methodologies by integrating real-world, test based EDM loss maps to improve accuracy and better align predictive models with actual vehicle
Mahajan, Prasad, Kesarkar, Sidhesh, Ali, Shoaib
Smart Charge Port Housing with Integrated Single Shaft Self-Locking Mechanism for Electric Vehicles2026-26-0593To be published on 01/16/2026
This research presents the development of an advanced Smart Charge Port Housing system for electric vehicles that incorporates intelligent actuation and an integrated single shaft self-locking mechanism. Conventional charge port systems rely on communication with the vehicle’s Body Control Module or Vehicle Control Unit, limiting functionality when the vehicle is in an ignition-off state. The proposed Charge Port Housing addresses this limitation through a microcontroller-based rotary actuator capable of autonomous decision-making, storing the last known position of the lid and executing operations independently of the vehicle’s electronic control architecture. The actuator operates via wired input signals and supports seamless communication over the Local Interconnect Network protocol during ignition-on state. A key innovation lies in the mechanical design: a single shaft self-locking mechanism that combines actuation and locking into a compact, unified assembly, eliminating the need
Mohunta, Sanjay, Khadake, Sagar
Optimization of Inverter Control Strategies for Improved Powertrain Efficiency Using E-Motor Emulation Platforms2026-26-0509To be published on 01/16/2026
The traction inverter is a critical component in electric vehicles (EVs), functioning as the heart and brain of the electric powertrain. It controls the power conversion between the high-voltage battery and the electric motor, enabling efficient propulsion and regenerative braking. As EV adoption grows, especially in emerging markets like India, the need for robust and scalable inverter testing solutions becomes paramount. Traditional testing methods involving real batteries and e-motors pose several challenges in the Indian context, including high safety risks, infrastructure limitations, high battery costs, and limited availability of prototype-grade components. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to inverter validation using the AVL Inverter TS™ system— an advanced Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHiL) test system based on e-motor emulation technology.. It enables safe, efficient, and reliable testing without the need for actual batteries or mechanical loads. The system
Mehrotra, Soumya, Chhabra, Rishabh
Simulation Research on Torque Vectoring, Braking, Chassis control Strategies for Electric & hybrid Vehicles using System Simulation2026-26-0423To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids alleviate the energy crisis but pose a unique challenge for vehicle dynamics. Though significant developments in motor control strategy and energy density management are evolving, we face significant challenges in Torque Management with several ADAS features being integral part of the EV's/xHEV's. It demands high-fidelity physical and control model exchanges between electric-chassis, ride-handling, tire modelling, Steering Assist, powertrain and validate using 0D-1D platform. This paper explicates a unified strategy for improving overall vehicle performance by intelligently distributing and coordinating drive torque to enhance traction, stability, and drivability across diverse operating conditions through the co-simulation. Co-Simulation platform includes physical models in AMESIM, and control strategies integrated in MATLAB/Simulink. The platform features comprehensive representations of digital vehicle that requires detailed modelling of
Eruva, Patrickxavier, Sarapalli Ramachandran, Raghuveeran, Chougule, Sourabh, Natanamani-Pillai, Siva Subramanian, Scheider, Clement, Leclerc, Cedric, Natarajasundaram, Balasubramanian
To study and compare communication protocol for fast charging in electric two-wheeler with respect to CCS 2.0: An Indian Perspective2026-26-0198To be published on 01/16/2026
India, as the world’s largest two-wheeler market, is witnessing an aggressive transition towards electric mobility, driven by urban air quality concerns, fuel cost sensitivity, and government incentives. Among the critical enablers of this shift is the availability of robust and efficient fast charging infrastructure tailored to electric two-wheelers. This paper proposes a systematic testing framework for fast charging of electric two-wheelers, addressing key parameters such as battery thermal management, charging communication protocols, safety interlocks, and State of Charge (SOC) estimation accuracy. The study evaluates current and emerging standards, including AIS-156, IS 17017, and IEC 61851, and identifies gaps specific to two-wheeler applications such as compact form factor constraints, lower energy storage, and high operational turnover in fleet usage. A special focus is placed on interoperability, user safety, and infrastructure scalability for dense urban environments. The
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
Intelligent Sequential Charging Control via Fleet-Managed Cloud System2026-26-0207To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric Vehicles (EV) are increasingly becoming more and more popular in the markets, especially in the commercial vehicle segments. Amidst this, the need to find new elegant methods to perform charging of EV battery becomes extremely crucial. In areas with high demand and limited power capacity, performing charging for multiple vehicles necessitates efficient usage of charging infrastructure, which can’t be guaranteed by the traditional charging methods. Sequential charging is a new state of art technique for managing the charging of multiple EV’s simultaneously connected to a single charging station. Rather than dividing the available power equally among all connected vehicles or charging them one at a time, this technique dynamically allocates power based on various factors such as charging priority, vehicle needs and available infrastructure capacity. Currently, sequential Charging can only be implemented by a particular set of chargers that are interconnected via backend and
De, Abir, Bhattacharya, Ullash, Parihar, Aakash
A Comprehensive Study: The Potential of Wireless Charging in Future E Mobility.2026-26-0195To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric mobility is no longer a distant vision, it is a global imperative in the journey of fight against the climate change and the urban pollution. Yet, despite of explosive growth in the electric vehicle adoptions, a major bottleneck remains which is efficient and convenient charging. The current reliance on physical plug in charging station creates inconvenient, time consuming experience and also faces significant technical and economic challenges those threaten to stall the smooth clean transportation revolution. Without innovation in how we recharge our vehicle the promise of electric mobility appears under threat which is undermined by less efficient, less compatible, and infrastructure hurdles. Wireless charging technology stand out as the game changing breakthrough poised to tackle these all critical problems head on. By enabling the effortless, cable-free charging system across the wide spectrum of electric vehicles, from the personal cars to the public transport fleets and
Jain, Gaurav, Premlal, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Battery Thermal Management Approach for Two-Wheeler Electric Vehicles – An Indian Case Study2026-26-0151To be published on 01/16/2026
India's electric 2-wheeler (E2W) market has witnessed fast growth, driven by lucrative government policies. Two-wheeler market captures 73% volume of total Indian automotive market, representing the largest segment (Greaves Electric Mobility Limited report 2024). Consequently, all manufacturers of 2-wheelers are developing new electric vehicles (EV) tailored for the Indian market. However, the Indian EV market has witnessed multiple fire accidents in recent years, raising safety concerns among consumers and industry stakeholders. These incidents highlight key weakness in battery thermal management systems (BTMS), particularly during charging. Most existing E2W BTMS relies on passive air cooling, which has been associated with fire incidents due to its inefficiency in heat dissipation, particularly charging in India's high-temperature environment. Therefore, it is imperative to build thermally viable and economical BTMS for the growing E2W vehicles with fast charging capability. The
Raut PhD, Ankit, Hiremath, Vinodkumar S, Emran, Ashraf, Garg, Shivam, Berry, Sushil
Simulation of EV range Estimation for different payload of vehicle.2026-26-0389To be published on 01/16/2026
The electrification of transportation is reshaping the automotive and logistics industries, with electric vehicles (EVs) playing an increasingly central role in passenger mobility and commercial operations. As EV adoption grows, the need for accurate range estimation becomes critical, particularly under varying operational conditions such as increased payload. A key business challenge lies in the significant variability of EV range due to changes in vehicle load, which can affect performance, operational efficiency, and cost-effectiveness—especially for fleet-based services. This study focuses on addressing the technical gap in predicting EV range with respect to different payload conditions. Traditional range estimation methods often fail to account for real-world variables like additional cargo weight, leading to suboptimal route planning, increased energy consumption, and unanticipated charging requirements. Payload-induced range degradation can result in up to some deviation in
Khatal, Swaraj, Gupta, Anjali, Krishna, Thallapaka
State of Health Estimation in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Methods, Comparisons, and Future Directions2026-26-0208To be published on 01/16/2026
As the world is moving towards electric vehicles , we are observing a wide use of Lithium-Ion batteries in modern transportation. Lithium-Ion Batteries offer several advantages over conventional battery systems, including higher energy density that is energy stored per unit mass, longer Cycle Life, faster Charging rates, low Self-Discharge, lighter weight, and ease of maintenance as the memory effect present in other batteries is absent . Of course, challenges remain, e.g. accurate battery State of Health (SOH) estimation which stays as an indispensable parameter for safety and useability. Inaccurate SOH estimation can lead to unexpected vehicle behavior and a degraded end-user experience, especially due to incorrect "distance to empty" predictions. Also, different battery chemistries present various challenges, creating need of tailored models. In this paper, different SOH estimation techniques are reviewed and compared in detail . The SOH estimation approaches are broadly classified
Patel, Parvez, Bhagat, Ayush
Wireless Mobile charger Packaging in Pecuilar Rear Door Trim Profile.2026-26-0270To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract A mobile wireless charger is a device that charge a smartphone or other compatible gadgets without the need for physical cables. Principle of wireless mobile charger system based on inductive coupling phenomena. The main objective of this paper aims to address the challenge of packaging wireless mobile charger in peculiar door trim profile keeping overall functionality and aesthetic appearance of door trim intact. This paper deals with integration of a wireless charging system within the door trim of a vehicle to provide convenience and advanced functionality. The objective is to pack a wireless charger in door trim meeting the ergonomic target and equilibrium state stability while maintaining sleek and minimalist design of the door trim. The study focuses on innovative packaging solutions related to space optimization in door despite multiple challenges involved. Major challenge lies in packing the unit amidst complex mechanisms such as window regulators, speakers, structural
Palyal, Nikita, D, Gowtham, Bhaskararao, Pathivada, Kumarasamy, Raj Ganesh, Bornare, Harshad
Predictive SoC Management for Enhanced Recuperation Efficiency in Electric Vehicles2026-26-0154To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years, the automotive industry has been looking into alternatives for conventional vehicles to promote a sustainable transportation future having a lesser carbon footprint. Electric Vehicles (EV) are a promising choice as they produce zero tail pipe emissions. However, even with the demand for EVs increasing, the charging infrastructure is still a concern, which leads to range anxiety. This necessitates the judicious use of battery charge and reduce the energy wastage occurring at any point. In EVs, regenerative braking is an additional option which helps in recuperating the battery energy during vehicle deceleration. The amount of energy recuperated mainly depends on the current State of Charge (SoC) of the battery and the battery temperature. Typically, the amount of recuperable energy reduces as the current SoC moves closer to 100%. Once this limit is reached, the excess energy available for recuperation is discharged through the brake resistor/pads. This paper proposes a
Barik, Madhusmita, S, Sethuraman, Aruljothi, Sathishkumar
Regenerative braking control strategy for electric commercial bus under Indian road condition using artificial neural network2026-26-0645To be published on 01/16/2026
The main objective of this research is to create a more efficient regenerative braking control strategy for electric commercial buses operating under Indian road conditions. The strategy uses Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to optimize the regenerative braking process. Regenerative braking helps to recover energy that would otherwise be lost during braking and convert it back into usable power for the vehicle. The challenge is to design a system that works effectively on the diverse and often challenging road conditions found in India, such as varying gradients, traffic patterns, and road surface types. This study begins by collecting data (which includes vehicle speed, road gradient, traffic condition, etc.) from real-world driving conditions and aims to train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) using a large set of driving data collected under various conditions to predict the most efficient regenerative braking settings for different driving scenarios. While the results are
Saurabh, Saurabh, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Patil, Nikhil, Gadve, Dhananjay, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya
High-Efficiency SiC-Based PSFB DC-DC Converter Using Peak Current Control with Digital Slope Compensation for LV Battery Charging In EV Applications2026-26-0422To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a high-efficiency Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge (PSFB) DC-DC converter utilizing Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs for low-voltage (LV) battery charging in electric vehicle (EV) applications. The converter operates with Peak Current Mode Control (PCMC), enhanced by a digitally implemented slope compensation technique to ensure control loop stability, counter subharmonic oscillations and accurate current regulation across a wide load range. The use of SiC devices enables high switching frequencies operation with reduced conduction losses, contributing to improved efficiency and power density of converter. The hardware design utilizes a planar transformer with shim inductance to enable Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) of the primary switches, thereby reducing switching losses and mitigating transformer flux imbalance. The secondary stage employs diode rectification, while the overall PCB layout is optimized to minimize parasitics and
Kumar, Mayank, Deosarkar, Pankaj, Tayade, Nikhil, Inamdar, Sumer
High-Performance Computing for Software-Defined EV Powertrains: Design and Real-Time Validation with NXP S32E278 Domain Controller2026-26-0684To be published on 01/16/2026
Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) are redefining the automotive landscape by decoupling hardware from software and enabling dynamic, over-the-air updates, advanced control strategies, and real-time decision-making. To support this transformation, EV powertrain systems require high-performance computing (HPC) platforms capable of real-time control, data processing, and cross-domain communication. This paper introduces a fully SDV-compatible EV powertrain architecture built around the NXP S32E278 domain controller, which integrates a multi-core, lockstep-enabled processor specifically designed for zonal control and automotive functional safety. To meet the bandwidth and latency demands of modern SDV applications, the system replaces conventional CAN-based communication with automotive Ethernet, enabling gigabit data transfer, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN), and low-latency coordination across software-defined control domains. The S32E executes critical functions such as field-oriented
Pawar, Ganesh, Inamdar, Sumer Deepak, Kumar, Mayank, Deosarkar, Pankaj, Tayade, Nikhil, Kanse, Dattatray, Chopade, Vipul
Optimizing Busbar Design by Investigating Critical Parameters and Their Influence on Electrical and Thermal Behaviors for Reliable Electric Vehicle Battery Packs.2026-26-0474To be published on 01/16/2026
With the rise of EVs, researchers are focusing on optimizing busbar design to meet the demands of high energy density, fast charging, and compact battery packs. The busbar design starts with selecting the cross-sectional area based on current-carrying capacity and material type. The width matches or exceeds the battery cell terminal size, while the length is optimized based on space constraints. The research also highlights the risk of busbars to oxidation and corrosion, which increases resistance and decreases thermal conductivity for which Plating and coating techniques are applied to improve surface hardness, durability, and thermal conductivity while minimizing heat loss. Using simulations and experimental validation, the study examines three key design parameters: weld diameter, electrical resistance, and contact resistance. A detailed analysis investigates how weld diameter influences electrical resistance and temperature rise, as well as the impact of contact resistance between
Nogdhe, Yogesh, Singh, Shobit Kumar, Paul, Jibin, Mishra, Mukesh, Menon, Praveen
Digital Twin-Enhanced Chassis Dynamometer for EV Drivetrain Testing2026-26-0363To be published on 01/16/2026
Accurate prediction of drivetrain performance and energy efficiency in electric vehicles (EVs) remains a challenge due to the limitations of conventional chassis dynamometer testing, which often overlooks dynamic vehicle-roller interactions, suspension responses, and regenerative braking effects. This paper presents a novel digital twin-enabled testing framework using a compact, two-roller chassis dynamometer integrated with real-time multibody dynamics and electromechanical co-simulation. The physical test bench is coupled with a virtual model of the EV, including suspension geometry, rear-to-front axle load distribution, tire–roller contact mechanics, and motor-inverter dynamics. By enabling bi-directional data exchange between the physical and virtual domains, the system emulates real-world load shifts, torque demand variations, and energy recovery under standardized drive cycles. This integrated approach enhances simulation fidelity, supports certification-compliant testing, and
Kumar, Akhilesh, V, Yashvati
Modeling and Analysis of Transient Behavior of Surge Protective Devices in Electric Vehicle Charging Systems2026-26-0178To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper introduces a modeling and experimentation methodology for transient analysis of surge protective devices (SPDs) for electric vehicle (EV) application. The suggested SPD topology is to shield the EV power electronics from surge events generated by the grid during charging, with implementation on the grid-EV interface. A new surge protection circuit is designed to suppress transient over voltages and allow real-time monitoring of surge conditions. The SPD is evaluated in SPICE simulator in the time domain, including its nonlinear spark over characteristics as well as resistive, inductive, and capacitive effects. The equivalent circuit is developed and evaluated by simulation under typical surge conditions. The outcomes prove the topology to be effective in clamping voltage, reducing energy transfer to the EV side, and achieving surge event detection. The contribution of this work lies in the establishment of dependable and smart surge protection systems for secure and
CHANCHAL, Kumar Prem Chandra, Kulkarni, Swanand, Rajaram Joshi, Sanjay, Patil, Sagar
Enhancing Cybersecurity Protocols for secure communication between electric vehicles (EV) and the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE)2026-26-0202To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper discusses the cybersecurity precautions needed for EV and charger communication protocols to enable safe and reliable communication and charging. The Indian government's initiatives, such as the FAME program, aimed at accelerating electric vehicle (EV) adoption to combat pollution and global warming increased the establishment of DC fast charging infrastructure as well as the implementation of various communication protocols (GB/T, DC001, CHAdeMO, and CCS). The study describes the hazards encountered during EV charging, as well as the vulnerability and risk of hacking by cyber attackers. The paper exhibits the emulation of the charging setup, as well as the mitigation process required during it for a safe communication between EV and EV charger.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Patil, Urmila
Dynamic Voltage EV System (DVEVS): Achieving Enhanced Electric Vehicle Efficiency and Performance through switchable Series-Parallel Battery Configuration2026-26-0203To be published on 01/16/2026
The study here investigates on the Electric vehicles (EVs), which are often segmented by range or performance, typically offered as distinct entities. Powertrain design also tends to be either settled or performance focused. A significant challenge in the automotive world is the charging time of EVs, a key performance indicator impacting customer convenience. Battery technology is evolving, allowing for potential architectural changes in battery modules over time. Issues such as cell balancing lead to energy wastage in batteries, and thermal management is critical as increased current causes higher I2R power losses and heat generation. Battery weight negatively affects EV efficiency and range. Adapting to new battery cell technologies and architectures can be costly. Addressing these challenges, this paper presents on Dynamic Voltage EV System (DVEVS) as a solution to enhance EV efficiency by dynamically adjusting battery voltage based on driving conditions. Such as Utilizing a smart
Amberkar S, Sunil, Raool, Anuj Rajesh, M G, Shivanag, Rajapuram, Bheema Reddy
High Voltage Safety for Electric Vehicles from Standards Perspectives2026-26-0188To be published on 01/16/2026
With rise of EV adoption globally, electrical system of EV's are continuously moving towards higher voltage for enabling fast charging capabilities and addressing efficiency. High Voltage electrical safety is a crucial part of safety standards for Electric Vehicles. There are several challenges, when any electrical system operating in High voltage region. This is posing risk for user, it means from design stage these systems should be designed in such a way for safeguarding user. These electric safety concepts are already mapped through different safety standards. In this paper, this high voltage safety related test and functional & constructional requirements will be explored through different EV standards and finally a comparatively analysis carried out.
Bhateshvar, Yogesh Krishan, Mulay, Abhijit B, Santosh Jambhale, Medha, Patil, Sanjay
Comparative Analysis of Charger Identification Methods in Electric Truck Routing Algorithms2026-26-0206To be published on 01/16/2026
Optimizing Vehicle Routing is a key application for determining the most effective sequence of locations in electric trucks. This optimization not only enhances operational efficiency but also minimizes energy consumption and reduces overall costs. A critical aspect of Optimal Vehicle Routing is identifying charging stations along the route, particularly for electric vehicles with specific range requirements. The availability of these charging stations are crucial for maintaining the continuity of operations and preventing delays. This paper explores multiple methods for charger identification, simulating and comparing their effectiveness. The primary parameter for comparison is the execution time of the algorithm, which directly impacts the feasibility of real-time applications in logistics. The results of this study provide insights into the efficiency of different charger identification methods within the Optimal Vehicle Routing framework. By analysing execution times, the paper
Bhat, Adithya, Prasad P, Shilpa, Kolakar, Rakshita, Myers, Michael, Klein, Fischer, Shrivastava, Himanshu
Innovative Preconditioning Solutions for Efficient High-Current Battery Charging2026-26-0167To be published on 01/16/2026
In high-performance charging systems, managing higher currents is crucial for efficient battery charging. However, elevated battery and charging gun pin temperatures pose significant challenges, limiting the duration and effectiveness of high-current charging. Our advanced control system addresses these barriers by optimizing charging time while maintaining optimal temperature ranges for both the battery and charging gun. This is achieved through innovative preconditioning solutions that incorporate both active and passive cooling configurations. Our system features a unique preconditioning approach with dedicated cooling circuits for the charging socket and battery. The passive liquid cooling system ensures effective temperature management without additional energy consumption, while the active liquid cooling system provides enhanced cooling capabilities for more demanding scenarios. By integrating these cooling configurations, our control system significantly reduces charging time
Badgujar, Pankaj Ravindra, Bhosale, Subhash, Dave, Rajeev
Development of Advanced Thermoplastic Elastomeric Mat and Its Study on Thermal Performance of Wireless Charging System2026-26-0283To be published on 01/16/2026
This study aimed to develop a thermally conductive TPE mat and assess its performance in comparison to an existing antiskid rubber mat, specifically evaluating its impact on wireless charger efficiency. Moreover, morphological and thermal analyses were conducted to establish a correlation between the material behaviours of the new and current thermally conductive antiskid mats. The process of developing the thermally conductive TPE involved utilizing a two-roll mill followed by compression moulding to achieve a 2D sheet shape. Notably, the thermally conductive mat demonstrated a consistent enhancement in charging efficiency over the conventional antiskid mat. To examine the thermal characteristics, thermal characterization techniques including DSC and TGA were employed for both the existing and newly developed mats. FTIR spectroscopy was also utilized to confirm the presence of organic functional groups within the mat. The morphological analysis of the fillers used to enhance thermal
Naikwadi, Amol Tarachand, Mali, Manoj, Patil, Bhushan, Tata, Srikanth
Preventing thermal run-away using shape memory alloy2026-26-0009To be published on 01/16/2026
Title: Preventing thermal run-away using shape memory alloy Rini Reginald, Ashish Chauhan, Saswat Rout, Venkatesh Muthukrishnan Mercedes-Benz Research and Development, India Key words: Thermal Runaway, Active and Passive Safety, Shape Memory Alloy, Nitinol, Literature Survey, Structural Simulation Abstract The present disclosure pertains to advancements in battery modules for electric vehicles (EVs). Addressing the critical issue of thermal runaway in high-voltage battery packs, this invention introduces a novel battery module designed to enhance safety of the vehicle. The battery module comprises a plurality of battery cells housed within an enclosure, electrically connected to the vehicle's circuit via busbars and innovative connectors made of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA). These connectors are engineered to transition between two states: a first state where they facilitate electrical coupling and a second state where they isolate the battery cells upon detecting temperatures exceeding a
Reginald, Rini, Rout, Saswat, VENKATESH, Muthukrishnan, Chauhan, Ashish Jitendra, Selvaraj, Elayanila
Securing the Future of Electric Vehicle Charging: Identifying and Mitigating Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities2026-26-0614To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper examines the key security vulnerabilities present in modern EV charging infrastructure, with a focus on the potential threats to payment systems, communication protocols, physical security, and data privacy. In particular, it looks at the vulnerabilities associated with unencrypted communication, the risks of unauthorized access to charging stations, and the potential for denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. As the global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) accelerates, the importance of a secure and reliable EV charging infrastructure becomes paramount. However, the expansion of charging stations and the growing integration of smart technologies introduce significant cybersecurity risks that must be addressed to ensure the safety, privacy, and reliability of the network. In addition to discussing emerging risks in relation to new technologies, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems, and outlining the necessity of industry-wide collaboration and the development of standardized
Aggarwal, Akshit, Gupta, Saurabh, Sirohi, Kapil, Arisetty, Venkatesh, Chatterjee, Avik
Cybersecurity threats for connected passenger EV Buses of state transport units in India.2026-26-0610To be published on 01/16/2026
There are several chances to enhance fleet management, passenger safety, and operational efficiency by integrating connected technology into electric passenger buses, especially in Indian state transport agencies. But this connectivity also brings with it a fresh set of cybersecurity threats that might jeopardize these cars' dependability and security. With an emphasis on India's state-run bus fleets, this study examines the cybersecurity risks unique to connected electric vehicles (EVs) utilized for public transportation. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and fleet management communication systems are examined for key vulnerabilities. Potential attack vectors are highlighted, including data interception, GPS spoofing, unauthorized access, and cyberattacks on charging stations. We also look at how these cybersecurity threats affect public safety, operational disruptions, and passenger privacy. This paper also assesses the difficulties Indian state transport
Mokhare, Devendra Ashok
Totem-Pole PFC and LLC resonant converter based 6.6kW On-Board Charger for LEV Applications2026-26-0160To be published on 01/16/2026
As light electric vehicles (LEVs) gain popularity, the development of efficient and compact on-board chargers (OBCs) has become a critical area of focus in power electronics. Conventional AC-DC topologies often face challenges, including high inrush currents during startup, which can stress components and affect system reliability. Furthermore, DC-DC converters often have a limited soft-switching range under light load conditions, leading to increased switching losses and reduced efficiency. This paper proposes a novel 6.6 kW on-board charger architecture comprising a bridgeless totem-pole power factor correction (PFC) stage and an isolated LLC resonant DC-DC converter. The main contribution lies in the specific focus on enhancing startup behavior and switching performance. In PFC converters, limiting inrush current during startup is crucial, especially with fast-switching wide-bandgap devices like SiC or GaN. Conventional soft-start techniques fall short in of ensuring smooth voltage
Patil, Amruta, Bagade, Aniket
Resilient Design Strategies for Wireless Charger ECUs: A Proactive Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment Framework for Ensuring Cybersecurity in EV Charging Ecosystems2026-26-0173To be published on 01/16/2026
The goal of Automotive cybersecurity is safety, reliability, confidentiality and authenticity. As the automotive industry grows smarter, so too do the cybersecurity protocols used to protect vehicles from malicious actors. Automotive cybersecurity secures communication networks, electronic systems, software and data collected by the new wave of intelligent cars The paper describes the cyber security threats its analysis ion wireless charging
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B, Gadekar, Pundlik
Testing Framework and Safety Evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Charging Systems in Electric Mobility2026-26-0176To be published on 01/16/2026
As the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) accelerates, innovative charging strategies like Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) charging are gaining attention for their potential to offer emergency energy support and decentralized charging options. Particularly in countries like India, where the charging infrastructure is still maturing, V2V charging can play a vital role in extending operational range and enhancing user convenience in fleet and remote applications. This paper proposes a structured testing framework to evaluate the functionality, safety, communication protocols, and energy transfer efficiency of V2V systems. Emphasis is placed on real-time testing using HIL simulations, thermal behavior under load transfer, fault detection, and protection mechanisms. The framework supports OEMs and integrators in validating reliable, scalable V2V solutions aligned with future EV interoperability standards.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
State of the Art and Perspectives of V2G and Plug & Charge in the Electric Mobility Ecosystem2025-36-017512/18/2025
The advancement of electric mobility has driven the development of technologies aimed at enabling smart, secure, and interoperable electric vehicle (EV) charging. In this context, this paper presents a technical and market analysis of the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Plug & Charge (PnC) functionalities, focusing on their architectures, applicable technical standards, communication protocols, levels of commercial maturity, and emerging applications. The discussion begins with a review of the main national and international standards relevant to charging infrastructure, with emphasis on IEC 61851, IEC 62196, and ISO 15118 series, which address the technical requirements of equipment, connectors, and vehicle-to-grid communication. The operation of V2G is then discussed as a technology that enables bidirectional energy flow between the EV and the power grid, with a focus on topological configurations, pilot project applications, and regulatory and economic challenges that currently limit its
Marques, Felipe L. R., Arioli, Vitor T., Bernardo, Rodrigo, Nakandakare, Cleber A., Pizzini, Luiz R., Nicola, Eduardo V.
Optimal Charging Station Location and Traffic Flow Strategy for Highway Electric Vehicles under Stochastic Conditions2025-99-034412/17/2025
The rapidly growing demand for self-driving travels by electric vehicles (EVs) during holidays has intensified the pressure on the highway network, in which EVs with restricted driving range require frequent recharges for their large-scale travel. Consequently, strategical electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) layout is vital for EV adoption, ensuring travelers can complete their trips. To minimize the indirect environmental impact and delay caused by charging process, this paper proposes a bi-layer optimization model, in which the upper-layer model selects the new station locations under a limited number of constructions and lower layer models the equilibrium traveling flow arising from EVs choosing feasible paths under stochastic demand and charging requirement. An enhanced label-correcting technique combined with the Method of Successive Averages solves this model. Evaluated on a benchmark network, the results show that longer driving range and sufficient EVCS can both shorten
Liu, Guangzeng, Qu, Yunchao, Lv, Ying, Liang, Xiao, Wu, Kan
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Powering the Next Wave of EV Adoption1354712/12/2025
There's no doubt that convenience is the new currency for EV owners. But given the tug-of-war between utilities, data centers, and EV charging infrastructure providers, what does it all mean for consumers and commercial fleets? Listen in as we sit down with Jason Greenblatt, Senior Practice Consultant at Energetics, to explore the latest data, trends, and opportunities driving EV adoption. Discover how home and workplace charging options can transform consumer habits, what's really behind public charging prices, and how smart software and load management can revolutionize EV fleet charging while saving money and stabilizing the power grid. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your
Patterson, Lori
Cellular Energy Architecture to Secure Resilient Energy Supply for Critical Infrastructure2025-01-051611/25/2025
The introduction of renewable energy systems offers the opportunity to achieve energy self-sufficiency or autarky in addition to contributing towards carbon neutrality by reducing the dependency on energy logistics. Amidst growing geo-political conflicts and natural calamities, the scenario of energy shortage or disruption of energy logistics is a major threat, especially for Europe due to the significant reliance on import of primary energy. Achieving autarky, however, requires a distinction between energy consumers that need uninterrupted energy supply and consumers that could potentially be cut-off during energy shortages to avoid prohibitive costs resulting from oversizing the system. Critical infrastructure such as hospitals, communication systems, emergency services and key mobility nodes like fuelling stations and charging points needed to sustain the services provided by them, always need continuous energy supply. The architecture in current tools for optimising the design and
Vijay, Arjun, Thaler, Bernhard, Köcheler, Valentin, Oppl, Thomas, Trapp, Christian
Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management under Extreme Fast Charging with Deep Reinforcement Learning14-14-03-002211/20/2025
The increasing importance of electric vehicles requires addressing challenges related to fast charging, safety, and battery range. Thermal management ensures safety, prolongs battery life, and enables extremely fast charging. In this regard, this article proposes a novel battery thermal management system (BTMS) optimization approach based on a model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) for a battery pack of an electric vehicle under extreme fast-charging conditions considering the detailed dynamics of vehicle-level BTMS. The objective of the proposed approach seeks to minimize the battery degradation and power consumption of the underlying BTMS. In this respect, the dynamic equations of the thermal system model are constructed considering the air-conditioning refrigerant loop and indirect battery liquid cooling loop. Further, the proposed methodology is implemented on a battery pack, and the results are compared with those of model predictive control (MPC) and proportion–integral
Arjmandzadeh, Ziba, Hossein Abbasi, Mohammad, Wang, Hanchen, Zhang, Jiangfeng, Xu, Bin
Research on Methods for Quantitative Assessment of Vehicle Controllability Level2025-99-010111/11/2025
As one of the main indexes of functional safety evaluation, controllability is of critical significance. According to ISO26262 standard, by analyzing the impact of potential faults such as unexpected torque and regenerative braking force loss on vehicle controllability under different working conditions, this paper designs a vehicle controllability test scheme under abnormal motor function under multiple scenarios such as straights, lane changes and curves, and builds a test scheme under abnormal motor function. The mapping relationship between vehicle dynamic state data and controllability level provides a new idea for quantitative analysis of vehicle controllability.
Yang, Xuezhu, He, Lei, Li, Chao, Ren, Zhiqiang
Research on Low-Power Control of Offshore Wind Sail Stabilization Devices Based on Single Pendulum Control Simulation2025-99-013111/11/2025
To tackle persistent operational instability and excessive energy consumption in marine observation platforms under wave-induced disturbances, this paper introduces a novel ultra-low-power stabilization system based on pendulum dynamics. The system employs an innovative mechanical configuration to deliberately decouple the rotation axis from the center of mass, creating controlled dynamic asymmetry. In this behavior, the fixed axis serves as a virtual suspension pivot while the camera payload functions as a concentrated mass block. This configuration generates intrinsic gravitational restoring torque, enabling passive disturbance attenuation. And its passive foundation is synergistically integrated with an actively controlled brushless DC motor system. During platform oscillation, embedded algorithms detect angular motion reversals. In addition, their detection triggers an instantaneous transition from motor drive to regenerative braking mode, and transition facilitates bidirectional
Zhang, Tianlin, Liu, Shixuan, Xu, Yuzhe
Power Electronics: The Backbone of Sustainable Electrification2025-28-022811/06/2025
Power electronics are fundamental to sustainable electrification, enhancing energy, efficiency, integrating renewable energy sources, and reducing carbon emissions. In electric vehicles (EVs), power electronics is crucial for efficient energy conversion, management, and distribution. Key components like inverters, rectifiers, and DC-DC converters optimize power from renewable sources to meet EV system requirements. In EVs, power electronics convert energy from the lithium-ion battery to the electric vehicle motor, with sufficient propulsion and regenerative braking. Inverters is used to transfer DC power from the lithium-ion eEV battery to alternating current for the motor, while DC-DC converters manage voltage levels for various vehicle systems. These components maximize EV energy efficiency, reduce energy losses, and extend driving range. Power electronics also support fast and efficient battery charging, critical for widespread EV adoption. Advanced charging solutions enable rapid
Pipaliya, Akash Pravinbhai, Hatkar, Chetan
Structural Evaluation and Improvement of Mobile Vehicle Battery Storage Architecture2025-28-025911/06/2025
Environmental concerns are prompting the global mobility sector to transition towards electrification. Increased research and development in the field of electric vehicles have made them an increasingly efficient and compelling option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving the sustainability of freight transport. Electric vehicles require batteries that offer long range, shorter charging times and high energy efficiency. During long-distance travel, for customer convenience, mobile charging stations have become a trending and highly meaningful solution. For such mobile charging stations, it is essential to ensure the durability and safety parameters of the battery and its structure. For this to happen, it is mandatory that the system possess the strength and stiffness behavior to withstand the various dynamic loads arising from the environment and acting on the vehicle and system. Moreover, the system should maintain a weight that is as low as possible so that it is both
Sonare, Pushpesh, Ganeshan, Subramanian, Dattawade, Vishal
Challenges in Transitioning from 400V to 800V Off-Highway Power Electronics2025-28-028111/06/2025
Electrification applications are increasingly moving towards higher voltage systems to enable greater power delivery and faster battery charging. This trend is particularly evident in the shift from 400V to 800V systems, which offers several benefits and poses unique technical challenges. Higher voltage systems reduce current flow, minimizing energy losses, and improving overall efficiency. This is crucial for applications like electric vehicles and off-highway machinery, where efficient power management is essential. One of the primary benefits of increasing the DC link voltage beyond the 400V is the ability to support higher power levels. Additionally, higher voltage systems can reduce the size and weight of power components, contributing to more compact and lightweight designs. However, transitioning to 800V systems introduces several technical challenges in power electronics design. Key components such as power components (IGBT, MOSFET etc.) must be optimized to handle higher
Hatkar, Chetan Manohar, Pipaliya, Akash
Assessment of Electrification Potential for Hand-Held Powertools and Two-Wheelers2025-32-009411/03/2025
The reduction of the CO2 footprint of transport vehicles is a major challenge to minimize the harmful impact of technology on the environment. Beside passenger cars and light and heavy-duty vehicles, this affects also the two-wheeler category and the non-road mobile machinery (NRMM). One promising path for the de-carbonization is the transition from fossil-fuel powered ICE powertrains to electric powertrains. Several examples of electrified powertrains showcase possibilities for small hand-held power-tools or small mopeds and scooters. As the powertrain categories two-wheeler and NRMM are very diversified and consist of various sub-categories and sub-classes with many different applications, the feasibility of electrification for the whole category cannot be judged by few examples. In this publication, a methodology for assessing the electrification potential of hand-held power tools and two-wheelers is shown. The method uses 4 different factors, which determine the feasibility for
Schmidt, Stephan, Schacht, Hans-Juergen, Weller, Konstantin, Absenger, Johann Friedrich
Machine Learning-Enhanced Electrical Circuit Model Parameterization for Battery Cells: Reducing Experimental Workload Through GITT Testing with Altair RapidMiner®2025-32-009711/03/2025
This study addresses the challenge of reducing the experimental workload involved in characterizing battery cell behavior as a function of state of charge and temperature. Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique tests were carried out in a climate chamber across a wide temperature range, from -20 °C to 70 °C, with 10 °C intervals. The voltage and current response data collected from these tests were used to train several machine learning algorithms. The trained models could then be used to predict the cell voltage response every 5 °C from -15 °C to 55 °C. While the models were experimentally validated at 15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C, the predicted voltages across this range contribute to enhancing the characterization process. In particular, the inclusion of these predicted voltage profiles—combined with the experimental data collected every 10 °C from -20 °C to 70 °C—allows for the creation of more accurate lookup tables for the parameters of the equivalent circuit model. These
Giuliano, Luca, Peretto, Lorenzo, Canella, Nicholas, Nefat, Damir
Development of Capacitive Pressure Sensor for Automotives2025-28-038710/30/2025
Measurement plays a crucial role in the precise and accurate management of automotive subsystems to enhance efficiency and performance. Sensors are essential for achieving high levels of accuracy and precision in control applications. Rapid technical advancements have transformed the automobile industry in recent years, and a wide range of novel sensor devices are being released to the market to speed up the development of autonomous vehicle technology. Nonetheless, stricter regulations for reliable pressure sensors in automobiles have resulted from growing legal pressures from regulatory bodies. This work proposes and investigates a tribo electric nano sensor that is affected by a changing parameter of the separation distance between the device's primary electrode and dielectric layers. The system is being modeled using the COMSOL multiphysics of electrostatics and the tribo-electric effect. Open circuit electric potential and short circuit surface charge density are two of the
P, Geetha, K, Neelima, Sudarmani, R, C, Venkataramanan, Satyam, Satyam, Nagarajan, Sudarson
Evaluation of Alternative Cooling Method for High Performance Resistors in Zero-Emission Trucks2025-28-035910/30/2025
High Performance Resistors (HPR), also known as brake resistors are used in zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) to dissipate excess electrical energy produced during regenerative braking, as heat energy. It is necessary to use a suitable cooling technique to release this heat energy into the atmosphere in a regulated manner. Currently in most of the ZEVs, liquid cooled HPR with its dedicated heat exchanger and other auxiliaries such as pump, surge tank, Coolant and coolant lines, is used which increases the cost, packaging space and assembly time. This paper presents air cooling as a substitute heat-exchanging technique for high-performance resistors which eliminates the need of auxiliaries mentioned above, resulting in space optimization and reduction in assembly time. An air cooled HPR, designed for this study consists of a heat exchanger, which accommodates a resistor wire within its tubes. The design was made to fit commercial vehicle use, specific to trucks, due to packaging constraints
Menariya, Pravin Ganesh, Kumar, Vishnu, Arhanth, Mahima, Umesha, Sathwik, Jagadish, Harshitha
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