Browse Topic: Vehicle charging

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Method of Estimating Electric Vehicle Charge Time Based on Neural Networks2026-01-0382To be published on 04/07/2026
Accurate prediction of electric vehicle charging time is critically hindered by dynamic, non-linear factors including battery aging which is indicated by the State of Health (SOH), substantial power diversion to thermal management systems in extreme temperatures, fluctuating user-defined accessory loads, and hardware limitations of the charging infrastructure. Traditional estimation methods, reliant on static models or predefined calibrations, fail to adapt to these real-world variables, leading to inaccurate predictions and user dissatisfaction. This paper presents a novel data-driven estimation framework utilizing a tailored feedforward neural network architecture specifically designed for this complex task. The model processes a sensitive set of inputs—including initial State of Charge (SOC), SOH, battery temperature, charging station power level and user-selected target SOC—to effectively capture the intricate, non-linear interdependencies governing the charging process. The
Xie, Zhentao, shojaei, Sina, Weslati, Feisel
Embedded Real-Time Control of a Distributed Trailer Propulsion System with Regenerative Braking for Net Neutral Load Towing2026-01-0065To be published on 04/07/2026
Towing significantly degrades vehicle efficiency, reducing battery-electric vehicle (BEV) range by up to 50% and increasing internal-combustion engine (ICE) fuel consumption by ~30%. To address this challenge, this paper presents a real-time embedded control architecture for a distributed trailer propulsion system that actively regulates drawbar force to achieve net neutral load towing while enabling regenerative braking. Unlike prior e-trailer concepts, this platform demonstrates a cost-effective, fully networked, model-based control implementation using commercial off-the-shelf components. The control system integrates dual Raspberry Pi controllers running ROS 2: one samples a hitch-mounted load cell at 100 Hz and the other processes OBD-II/CAN messages. Controllers designed in MATLAB/Simulink are deployed to a 5 kWh LiFePO₄ pack and a 5 kW traction motor, utilising embedded Linux for real-time scheduling and onboard data logging. Two operating modes are implemented: (i) PI
Joshi, Gaurav, Adelman, Ian, Liu, Jun, Donnaway, Ruthie
Methodology to Quantify the Petroleum Equivalent Fuel Economy Impact of BEV Thermal System Energy Consumption2026-01-0132To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper will present research and 1D modeling results to support a proposed methodology to determine a fleet ambient weighted average Petroleum Equivalent Fuel Economy (PEFE) for the energy consumed by the thermal system of a BEV, including a proposal of how factor in the thermal system PEFE result into an OEM’s overall CAFE determination on an incentivized (not punitive) basis, within the existing regulatory framework. The topic is particularly important because EPA and NHTSA final rules issued in early 2024 eliminated A/C Efficiency Credits for BEVs that are currently in place for all classes of light duty vehicles. However, without some sort of regulatory incentivization, market forces will dictate thermal comfort system solutions that consume more energy – and with that more negative secondary effects such as higher greenhouse gas emissions and vehicle mass - than would otherwise be the case. Eliminating incentivization for BEVs is particularly concerning because the thermal
Taylor, Dwayne
Behavioral Determinants of Electric Vehicle Battery Degradation: Evidence from Large-Scale Real-world Operations2026-01-0458To be published on 04/07/2026
Electric vehicles (EVs) are central to sustainable transport, yet battery service life remains a limiting factor for cost and adoption. Distinct from traditional laboratory-based simulations that often fail to capture the complexity of field conditions, this study investigates how EV user behavior—including driving style and charging demands—influences capacity using large-scale, real-world operational data from daily EV usage. A data-driven framework is developed to quantify driving and charging behaviors through multidimensional feature extraction at the vehicle level and estimate battery State-of-Health (SOH) trajectories, enabling direct linkage between individual behavior patterns and degradation outcomes. Results reveal substantial heterogeneity in aging rates explicitly driven by diverse user behaviors: under identical urban conditions, vehicles with a radical driving style exhibit approximately 81% faster SOH decline per 20,000 km than those with a moderate style ; regarding
Liu, Tianyi, Jing, Hao, Zhu, Jiankuan, Chen, Yongjian, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn), Qian, Xiaodong
Dual-loop voltage control of electric vehicle DWPT systems based on robust right coprime factorization and deep Q-networks2026-01-0208To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper proposes an adaptive robust voltage-control framework for dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) systems, explicitly targeting the problem of voltage stabilization under time-varying and uncertain load resistance typical in vehicular charging scenarios. The proposed architecture adopts a dual-loop structure: an inner loop that enforces provable stability via operator-theoretic robust right coprime factorization, and an outer loop that provides high-precision tracking through a data-driven deep reinforcement learning policy. In the inner-loop design, the receiver-side BUCK converter within an LCC-S DWPT topology is modeled in operator form and decomposed into right coprime factors. A controlled operator representation that accounts for unknown disturbances is formulated, and nonlinear control operators are synthesized based on the Bézout identity together with Lipschitz-type conditions. This design ensures bounded-input–bounded-output (BIBO) stability of the inner closed loop
Chen PhD, Jingjun, Zhang PhD, Yizhe, Dai, Yunlong, Wang PhD, Xingyu, Wu, Guangqiang
Quantifying the Impact of Towing on BEV Energy Use: Instrumented On Road Testing and Chassis Dynamometer Reproduction2026-01-0431To be published on 04/07/2026
Electrification is rapidly entering all vehicle classes, including light- and heavy-duty trucks designed for heavy towing capabilities. Still, the quantitative impact of towing on battery-electric vehicle (BEV) energy use and range remains under-characterized. We conducted controlled towing tests with a Ford F-150 Lightning using two trailers of different sizes and varying payloads to isolate aerodynamic and mass effects across the vehicle’s rated towing capacity. The vehicle was instrumented at the CAN bus level to capture motor power, torque, speed, and other related internal signals. On-road testing consisted of repeated back-and-forth passes on level, straight road segments at set speeds focusing on highway operation, where aerodynamic drag is stronger and real-world towing use cases occur. From these data, we extracted road load equations and dynamometer coefficients for each trailer combination, then reproduced equivalent conditions on a four-wheel drive chassis dynamometer
Timermans Ladero, Inigo
Thermal Management of Battery Modules under Fast Charging2026-01-0399To be published on 04/07/2026
Battery modules operate under diverse and complex conditions, such as driving cycles and fast charging. In these scenarios, effective thermal management is critical to ensuring safety and extending the battery's lifespan. Fast-charging scenarios present a particular challenge due to the complex current control strategies that strongly influence cell temperature distribution, making thermal uniformity a key concern. This study presents a coupled electrochemical-thermal simulation framework based on the DCiR (direct current internal resistance) model to examine heat generation and temperature responses during fast charging. The model incorporates heat conduction pathways and the structural layout of the module, enabling the evaluation of thermal mismatch risks and the optimization of module design and charging strategies. The findings offer practical insights for battery thermal management and the development of advanced fast-charging strategies.
Xiao, Fangzhi, CHEN, Guijie, ma, Shihu, Hu, Xiao, SONG, Shujun, Wakale, Anil Bhaurao
ZSI Impedance Source inverter integrated XFC ( Extreme fast charging ) for Electric Vehicle2026-01-0438To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents the application of an inverter named Improved Enhanced-Boost Quasi-Z-Source Inverter in AC-connected extreme fast charging (XFC) stations for electric vehicles (EVs), with the goal of reducing conversion stages and enhancing system efficiency. Currently, XFC stations are a focus of development due to their potential to match the refueling time of traditional fuel stations. AC-connected systems offer greater reliability for XFCs compared to DC-connected systems as they tend to have better fault tolerance and are less sensitive to power fluctuations. However, this increased reliability comes at the cost of greater complexity due to the need for multiple conversion stages—such as AC to DC and DC to the required voltage—making the overall system more intricate and potentially less efficient than DC-connected counterparts. The Improved Enhanced-Boost Quasi-Z-Source Inverter addresses this challenge by consolidating the DC-DC and DC-AC conversion stages into a single
SAILESH, DILEEP, Sanaboyina, Prudhvi, Chhagar, Rohnitsingh, Satyanarayan, Swapna
Planning Charging Infrastructure for Electric Freight Corridors2026-01-0469To be published on 04/07/2026
With the rapid development of electric vehicles, electric freight transportation is gradually increasing. However, the construction of charging infrastructure on expressways has lagged far behind, becoming a key bottleneck in the development of new energy freight transportation. This paper proposes an optimization system for the layout of charging stations in the rest areas of the Beijing–Hong Kong–Macao Expressway, based on freight logistics information. The system combines the Flow Capturing Location-Allocation Model (FCLM) with an improved genetic algorithm to dynamically analyze traffic flow, service area distribution, and charging demand, thereby achieving an optimized layout of charging stations. By simulating traffic flow variations under different scenarios, the study analyzes the spatiotemporal distribution of charging demand and optimizes the selection of charging station sites and charger allocation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed optimization method
Guo, Haifeng, Zhang, Jingzhong, Lian, Jintao
Physical Test Validated Multi-level Power Electronics for Next-generation Electrified Vehicles Charging & Efficiency Improvement2026-01-0435To be published on 04/07/2026
Improving the energy efficiency of electrified vehicles remains a central objective in modern electric powertrains. Multi-level converters (MLCs) are widely recognised for lowering conversion losses relative to two-level inverters and improving total harmonic distortion (THD) in the sinusoidal supply to motors with a consequent reduction in motor losses. Despite this, sustained production-oriented validation at the integrated system level remains limited. This work introduces a multi-level converter architecture of the Battery Integrated Modular Multi-Level Converter (BIMMC) topology using Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) architecture. It offers improvements in all key metrics of performance, cost, package size, mass and robustness compared to the current state-of-the-art two-level inverter system with distributed functions for charging available in the market today. The overall solution is highly functionally integrated. It supports four major functions required in electric vehicles without
Bao, Ran, Kalaiselvan, Prashanth, Rener, Kristof, Hallam, Philip, Shi PhD, Kai, Yue, William, Ma, He, Grimshaw, Andrew, Patel, Simon
Electrochemical-Thermal Simulation for Evaluating Indirect and Immersion Cooling in High-Power EV Charging2026-01-0403To be published on 04/07/2026
With the rapid advancement of electric vehicle (EV) fast-charging technology, battery thermal management faces increasingly critical challenges due to elevated heat generation and stringent safety requirements. Immersion cooling has emerged as a promising solution because of its superior heat dissipation and uniform temperature distribution compared to conventional indirect cooling methods. This study develops an electro-thermal coupled simulation framework for evaluating indirect and immersion cooling performance under high-power charging conditions. A pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) electrochemical battery model of an electric vehicle was developed in GT-Suite and validated against vehicle on-board charging data. In parallel, an immersion cooling system model was developed and validated using battery bench test results. This model was subsequently integrated into the vehicle model to allow comparisons with a conventional indirect cooling system under high-power DC fast-charging scenario
Guo, Yuyang, Rockstroh, Toby, Haenel, Patrick, Oezdag, Erdal, Bodemann, Basil, Toghyani PhD, Somayeh
An Adaptive Brake Force Allocation Strategy for Rear-Wheel Driven EVs2026-01-0636To be published on 04/07/2026
Due to changed requirements compared to conventional propulsion concepts, electromobility demands new and innovative strategies for energy-efficient vehicle motion control. For example, the challenge in purely rear-wheel drive (RWD) electric vehicles (EVs) is to achieve a maximum of regenerative braking power in order to increase energy recovery and to ensure, that this does not impair the braking stability. Within this conflict between energy efficiency and braking dynamics, it is necessary to design an intelligent strategy to optimise recuperation. This paper presents such a strategy, which improves an existing approach formerly presented by the authors, but specifically optimises it to overcome weaknesses. The previous approach had two major limitations: First, the efficiency map of the in-wheel machines (IWMs) was not considered. Second, there was no possibility of switching flexibly between different brake force distributions to guarantee both, maximized recovery potential and
Mitsching, Thomas, Heydrich, Marius, Ivanov, Valentin
Backlash Evasion Strategy for Enhancing Vehicle Cornering Performance2026-01-0640To be published on 04/07/2026
This study presents a torque distribution control strategy for EVs with e4WD powertrain to overcome the trade-off between ensuring vehicle acceleration and deceleration responsiveness and mitigating backlash shock in the driving system. The deterioration of the drivability which occurs from the intrinsic hardware characteristics of the drivetrain is prevented by designing a response-priority drive mode in which neither front or rear motor torque is allowed to change its sign. Instead, in such drive mode, the front motor torque is only allowed to perform regenerative braking while the rear motor torque is only allowed to produce positive acceleration torque. In order to avoid sacrificing the maximum acceleration by applying such strategy, the mode transition function is implemented as well. In addition, in order to prevent backlash impact due to drivetrain compliance, variable offset torque based on drivetrain compliance model is evaluated in real time and applied to each motor command
Oh, JIWON, Lee, Ho Wook
Study on performance parameters of retarder in mountain condition of hybrid electric vehicle2026-01-0617To be published on 04/07/2026
In mountain driving scenarios, the continuous braking demands of vehicles pose significant challenges to the performance and reliability of braking systems. Traditional fuel-powered vehicles primarily rely on friction brakes for deceleration, which face issues such as high thermal fade risks and severe brake wear. While pure electric vehicles can utilize motor energy recovery to provide braking force and recover energy, their braking capacity is limited by the maximum regenerative torque of the motor. Moreover, when the battery State of Charge (SOC) is high, the energy recovery function may be restricted or disabled to protect the battery, leading to a sharp reduction or complete loss of braking torque—a safety hazard. Range-extended hybrid vehicles combine the advantages of both engine and electric drive systems. During long downhill operations, their motors can also serve as priority decelerators for efficient energy recovery. However, similar to pure electric vehicles, their motor
duan, xianqi, Tan, Gangfeng, Li, LiuYuanHeng, Tian, Tian, Yang, Yong
Characterizing Regenerative Braking of Tesla Model 3 Using Dynamometer Testing2026-01-0453To be published on 04/07/2026
Regenerative braking has a strong influence on the energy efficiency and drivability of battery-electric vehicles. This study establishes an empirical baseline analysis under controlled conditions of the regenerative braking behavior of the 2020 Tesla Model 3 to support the interpretation of on-road performance and serve as a reference for subsequent testing and analysis. The tests were performed on a four-wheel-drive chassis dynamometer at Argonne National Laboratory, combining Multi Cycle Testing (MCT) to simulate real world driving patterns (city, highway) with coast-down tests to isolate periods where the motor is operating in regen mode and compare the behavior across different parameters. Vehicle data was collected from the vehicle using taps in the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus as well as a high-resolution power analyzer. The vehicle displayed the highest efficiency during simulated city driving conditions (3.62 miles/kWh followed by highway (3.40 miles/kWh) and aggressive
Pierce, Benjamin Branch, Di Russo, Miriam, Das, DEBASHIS, Zhan, Lu
Protection of Megawatt-Scale DC Charging Infrastructure for Heavy Duty Vehicles: A Review of Current Technologies and Future Roadmap2026-01-0400To be published on 04/07/2026
Abstract Direct Current (DC) fast charging enables the direct delivery of megawatt (MW) scale power to the large battery systems of heavy-duty electric vehicles (EVs), such as trucks, buses, and construction machinery. This contrasts with Alternating Current (AC) charging, which is constrained by the limited capacity of onboard chargers. The feasibility of ultra-fast DC charging has been driven by advancements in semiconductor technology offering higher voltage and current handling capabilities as well as improvements in battery energy density. Ongoing research indicates continued growth in both semiconductor power handling and battery storage capacity, further strengthening the case for ultra-fast DC charging. Key benefits include significantly higher charging efficiency, drastically reduced charging times, and lower driver fatigue. However, unlike AC systems, DC charging infrastructure presents unique protection challenges. These challenges arise from the rapid rise of DC fault
Rahman, Md Rakib-Ur, Dobrzynski, Daniel
Predictive Battery Preconditioning Strategy Considering Charging Time, Battery Degradation, and Energy Consumption2026-01-0126To be published on 04/07/2026
During fast charging, battery temperature plays a critical role in determining charging time, battery degradation, and auxiliary energy consumption. If the battery is not within the optimal temperature range at the start of charging, performance can deteriorate significantly. To enable optimal performance, the battery must be thermally preconditioned before arriving at the charging station. This work presents an optimal battery preconditioning strategy that considers charging time, battery degradation, and energy consumption. The approach utilizes route-based velocity prediction and optimizes the battery thermal management strategy on the way to the charging station using nonlinear programming. The optimization is based on precomputed maps that represent charging time, degradation, and energy consumption as functions of battery temperature and state of charge at the start of charging. These maps are generated through fast charging simulations using a validated high-fidelity simulation
Acker, Lukas, Hofmann, Peter, Konrad, Johannes
IoT-Enabled Cloud-Integrated Smart Parking System with Real-Time Monitoring and AI-Based Space Optimization for Next-Gen Mobility2026-28-01132/12/2026
This study presents the design and implementation of an advanced IoT-enabled, cloud-integrated smart parking system, engineered to address the critical challenges of urban parking management and next-generation mobility. The proposed architecture utilizes a distributed network of ultrasonic and infrared occupancy sensors, each interfaced with a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, to enable precise, real-time monitoring of individual parking spaces. Sensor data is transmitted via secure MQTT protocol to a centralized cloud platform (AWS IoT Core), where it is aggregated, timestamped, and stored in a NoSQL database for scalable, low-latency access. A key innovation of this system is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based space optimization algorithms, leveraging historical occupancy patterns and predictive analytics (using LSTM neural networks) to dynamically allocate parking spaces and forecast demand. The cloud platform exposes RESTful APIs, facilitating seamless
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, S, Balakrishnan, Dhayaneethi, Sivaji, Boobalan, Saravanan, Abdul Rahim, Mohamed Arshad, S, Manikandan, R, Jamuna, L, Rishi Kannan
Decentralized Payment Infrastructure for Electric Vehicle Charging via Blockchain and Smart Contracts2026-28-01262/12/2026
As electric vehicles adoption becomes more common, power grid operators are facing new challenges in managing the unpredictable and varying energy demands in the existing electrical infrastructure. Moreover, the cost of Electric vehicle is high when compared to fuel vehicle it has limited access to charging infrastructure along with the driving range that act as a key barrier preventing the drivers from making shift to EVs. When the EV usage integrates with blockchain, it mitigates the limitation in charging station infrastructure along with the former problem discussed. The lack of trust exists between EV owners and charging station providers can be solved through secure and transparent payment processing possible by blockchain based smart contract. Building charging station on blockchain will ease the automated payment through the use of smart contract and create more efficient EV charging network. Also, the blockchain-based charging system would enable EV owners know if they are
Govindasamy, Dhivya, R, Rajarajeswari
Electric Vehicle Charging through Resonant Coupling Wireless Power Transfer2026-28-01232/12/2026
The growing awareness about sustainability and environmental concerns are accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles. They play a promising role due to their potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality and lessen reliance on fossil fuels. However, one of the primary concerns for potential buyers is the charging process and infrastructure. Traditional wired charging systems for electric vehicles face limitations such as user inconvenience, wear and tear of connectors and challenges in automation. A wireless electric vehicle charging offers more user-friendly, automated and contactless method by eliminating the need for physical connectors. However, wireless inductive charging suffers from relatively low efficiency due to higher energy losses. Whereas resonant coupling significantly improves efficiency by using electromagnetic resonance to transfer power more effectively over short distances. This paper mainly focuses on design and implementation
Shaik, Amjad, Gudipati, Ravi Sai Hemanth, B, Vikranth Reddy, Anudeep, D B S S, Varshith, Dasari
Artificial Intelligence and Cloud Synergy for Scalable Battery Management Systems2026-28-01192/12/2026
Due to the rapid transformation of EVs and the battery storage system, the battery management system (BMS) is essential to ensure optimal performance of the battery storage piles. A BMS monitors and controls parameters such as SOC, voltage, current, and temperature. A traditional BMS has a minimum support of analytics, and it’s limited to local processing. However, when the battery information is uploaded to the internet, it becomes easier to manage maintenance and track the battery’s performance from anywhere in the world. This Cloud-based system is easy and made earlier, thereby giving a system alarm before the issue becomes big. Managing many batteries at once saves a significant amount of money in places like EV charging stations and Energy Storage Systems (BESS). Software updates to the system can also be sent remotely. Also, a BMS connected to the cloud can be used to support weaker grids in an instant if it needs the reactive power support. Cloud integration of BMS with the grid
R, Rajarajeswari, N, Kalaiarasi, Francis, Elgin Calister
Dual use Electric Vehicle Infrastructure for Enhancing Grid Resilience and Urban Sustainability2026-28-01142/12/2026
The growing global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has resulted in a spike in the number of EV charging stations. As EVs have become more and more popular worldwide, a large number of EV charging stations are opening up to accommodate their demands. During grid failures, an EV charging station can also serve as a flexible load connected to the grid to balance out voltage fluctuations. An EV charging station when powered using a separate source, such as solar or wind, can function as a powerhouse, bringing electricity to the grid when it's needed. Therefore, instead of installing more equipment to sustain voltage, the current EV charging station can be efficiently used to meet the grid's needs during failures. These stations have the potential to be dynamic, grid-connected assets for sustainable cities and communities in addition to their core function of vehicle charging (SDG 11). Because of their dual purpose, they can serve as adaptable loads that reduce voltage variations during
R, Uthra, Rangarajan, Ravi, D, Suchitra, D, Anitha
A Nature-Inspired Optimization Approach for Vienna Rectifier Control in EV Fast Charging Applications2026-28-01122/12/2026
The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), particularly those utilizing High-Voltage battery systems, demands fast-charging infrastructure that ensures high efficiency and power quality. The proposed GJO algorithm is employed to optimize the control and switching parameters of the Vienna rectifier, thereby improving harmonic performance and conversion efficiency without altering the converter hardware. This paper focuses solely on control optimization of the Vienna rectifier topology and does not include DC–DC isolation or galvanic separation. Filter components are modeled with equivalent series resistance (ESR) to account for incremental losses. Simulation results demonstrate that the Golden Jackal optimization (GJO) based control reduces input current THD to 2.09%, has a power factor of 0.998, and achieves an efficiency of 98.53%, representing a fractional but consistent improvement over conventional control methods such as SSA, ALO, and PSO. These findings highlight the
R, Mohammed Abdullah, N, Kalaiarasi
PRODUCT BRIEFS26AUTP02_172/1/2026
Simulation Research on Torque Vectoring, Braking, Chassis Control Strategies for Electric & Hybrid Vehicles using System Simulation2026-26-04231/16/2026
Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids alleviate the energy crisis but pose a unique challenge for vehicle dynamics. Though significant developments in motor control strategy and energy density management are evolving, we face significant challenges in torque management, with several ADAS features being an integral part of the EVs/xHEVs. It demands high-fidelity physical and control model exchanges between electric chassis, ride-handling, tire modelling, steering assist, powertrain, and validation using a 0D–1D platform. This paper explicates a unified strategy for improving overall vehicle performance by intelligently distributing and coordinating drive torque to enhance traction, stability, and drivability across diverse operating conditions through co-simulation. The co-simulation platform includes physical models in AMESIM, and control strategies integrated in MATLAB/Simulink. The platform features comprehensive representations of digital vehicles that require detailed modelling of
Eruva, Patrickxavier, Sarapalli Ramachandran, Raghuveeran, Chougule, Sourabh, Natanamani-Pillai, Siva Subramanian, Scheider, Clement, Leclerc, Cedric, Natarajasundaram, Balasubramanian
Enhancing Range Prediction Accuracy for the BEV: Bridging the Gap between Simulation and Real-World Testing2026-26-05211/16/2026
Accurate range estimation in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is essential for optimizing performance, energy efficiency, and customer expectations. This study investigates the discrepancies between physical test data and simulation predictions for the BEV model. A detailed range delta analysis identifies key contributors to the observed deviations, including regenerative braking inefficiencies, increased propulsion demand, auxiliary loads, and estimated drivetrain losses within the Electric Drive Module (EDM) during traction and regen. Results indicate that the test vehicle exhibits lower regenerative braking efficiency, higher traction forces and lower regen energy than predicted by simulations, primarily due to EDM inefficiencies and friction brake usage during regeneration. The study underscores the importance of refining simulation methodologies by integrating real-world, test based EDM loss maps to improve accuracy and better align predictive models with actual vehicle
Mahajan, Prasad, Kesarkar, Sidhesh, Ali, Shoaib
Using Cross Correlation and Zero Crossing Point Detection Methods for Evaluation of Phase Angle and Subsequently Other Power Parameters for Distorted Three Phase Electrical System2026-26-01491/16/2026
Precise estimation of power metrics like active power, reactive power and apparent power is mandatory for effective control and monitoring of three phase power systems. On the other hand there might be challenges like waveform distortion, noisy signals and unbalanced load circumstances. traditional methods may not always provide accuracy in such an environment thus to address that in this study, we are using cross correlation and zero crossing methods to estimate power parameters of a three phase system. We are using these signal processing techniques to find phase angle, which in turn determines all other power parameters like active power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor. While Cross correlation tracks both the signals at different time lags and evaluate similarity between both the signals, zero crossing point approach identifies some particular locations where signal crosses zero axis. This analysis can be used in various applications such as power parameters monitoring
Panchal, Sanjivani Vishwanath, Roy, Sandipan
Multi-Physics Simulation and Reliability Analysis of Onboard EV Charger2026-26-04991/16/2026
The rapid advancement of electric vehicle (EV) technology has created a demand for reliable and Thermal - efficient electronic components for power electronics and control systems on printed circuit boards (PCBs). The research looks at the overall simulation and study of a PCB for Electric Vehicles, including how it handles heat, stress, and reliability in real working conditions like considering casing (Heat Sink) in which PCB is held, into the simulation. We have used numerical based methods (reliability), Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods to simulate heat performance looking at steady-state and changing load profiles common in EV powertrains. We ran structural and thermal simulations to check the PCB's toughness against heat expansion and shaking loads often seen in cars. We also did a reliability check looking at heat cycling life for PCB components, and possible ways it could break to guess long-term toughness. The results show critical
Kanbarkar, Suraj Omana, Deore, Uday, Patil, Nishikant, Nayak, Shibabrata
Resilient Design Strategies for Wireless Charger ECUs: A Proactive Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment Framework for Ensuring Cybersecurity in EV Charging Ecosystems2026-26-01731/16/2026
The proliferation of wireless charging technology in electric vehicles (EVs) introduces novel cybersecurity challenges that require comprehensive threat analysis and resilient design strategies. This paper presents a proactive framework for assessing and mitigating cybersecurity risks in wireless charger Electronic Control Units (ECUs), addressing the unique vulnerabilities inherent in electromagnetic power transfer systems. Through systematic threat modeling, vulnerability assessment, and the development of defense-in-depth strategies, this research establishes design principles for creating robust wireless charging ecosystems resistant to cyber threats. The proposed framework integrates hardware security modules, encrypted communication protocols, and adaptive threat detection mechanisms to ensure operational integrity while maintaining charging efficiency. Experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed security measures in preventing unauthorized access, data
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B, Gadekar, Pundlik
Predictive SoC Management for Enhanced Recuperation Efficiency in Electric Vehicles2026-26-01541/16/2026
In recent years, the automotive industry has been looking into alternatives for conventional vehicles to promote a sustainable transportation future having a lesser carbon footprint. Electric Vehicles (EV) are a promising choice as they produce zero tail pipe emissions. However, even with the demand for EVs increasing, the charging infrastructure is still a concern, which leads to range anxiety. This necessitates the judicious use of battery charge and reduce the energy wastage occurring at any point. In EVs, regenerative braking is an additional option which helps in recuperating the battery energy during vehicle deceleration. The amount of energy recuperated mainly depends on the current State of Charge (SoC) of the battery and the battery temperature. Typically, the amount of recuperable energy reduces as the current SoC moves closer to 100%. Once this limit is reached, the excess energy available for recuperation is discharged through the brake resistor/pads. This paper proposes a
Barik, Madhusmita, S, Sethuraman, Aruljothi, Sathishkumar
Wireless Charger Packaging in Peculiar Rear Door Trim Profile2026-26-02701/16/2026
A mobile wireless charger is a device that charge a smartphone or other compatible gadgets without the need for physical cables. Principle of wireless mobile charger system based on inductive coupling phenomena. The main objective of this paper aims to address the challenge of packaging wireless mobile charger in peculiar door trim profile keeping overall functionality and aesthetic appearance of door trim intact. This paper deals with integration of a wireless charging system within the door trim of a vehicle to provide convenience and advanced functionality. The objective is to pack a wireless charger in door trim meeting the ergonomic target and equilibrium state stability while maintaining sleek and minimalist design of the door trim. The study focuses on innovative packaging solutions related to space optimization in door despite multiple challenges involved. Major challenge lies in packing the unit amidst complex mechanisms such as window regulators, speakers, structural
Palyal, Nikita, D, Gowtham, Bhaskararao, Pathivada, Kumarasamy, Raj Ganesh, Bornare, Harshad
A Comprehensive Study: The Potential of Wireless Charging in Future E Mobility2026-26-01951/16/2026
Electric mobility is no longer a distant vision, it is a global imperative in the journey of fight against the climate change and the urban pollution. Yet, despite of explosive growth in the electric vehicle adoptions, a major bottleneck remains which is efficient and convenient charging. The current reliance on physical plug in charging station creates inconvenient, time consuming experience and also faces significant technical and economic challenges those threaten to stall the smooth clean transportation revolution. Without innovation in how we recharge our vehicle the promise of electric mobility appears under threat which is undermined by less efficient, less compatible, and infrastructure hurdles. Wireless charging technology stand out as the game changing breakthrough poised to tackle these all critical problems head on. By enabling the effortless, cable-free charging system across the wide spectrum of electric vehicles, from the personal cars to the public transport fleets and
Jain, Gaurav, Premlal, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Smart Charge Port Housing with Integrated Single Shaft Self-Locking Mechanism for Electric Vehicles2026-26-05931/16/2026
The invention tackles the main drawback of traditional electric vehicle charge ports which use Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) communication intensively and tend to have separate actuators to fulfill the locking function and requirements. These existing systems do not only limit autonomous operation of the charging lid in ignition-off condition but they also add mechanical complexity and packaging space, as well. To overcome these limitations, this research work introduces a Smart Charge Port Housing (CPH), which combines a rotary actuator with an onboard microcontroller and single shaft self-locking device, which allows intelligent and autonomous control of the flaps without relying on vehicle wide control networks. The actuator can remember the last position that the charging lid was in so it can be operated even while the VCU is in the inactive state. The integrated self-locking functionality is achieved by using a specially designed hinge shaft that allows a certain free play for
Mohunta, Sanjay, Khadake, Sagar
Battery Thermal Management Approach for Two-Wheeler Electric Vehicles – An Indian Case Study2026-26-01511/16/2026
India's electric 2-wheeler (E2W) market has witnessed fast growth, driven by lucrative government policies. The two-wheeler segment dominates the Indian automotive market, accounting for the largest share of total sales. Consequently, the manufacturers of 2-wheelers are developing new electric vehicles (EV) tailored for the Indian market. However, the Indian EV market has witnessed multiple fire accidents in recent years, raising safety concerns among consumers and industry stakeholders. These incidents highlight key weakness in battery thermal management systems (BTMS), particularly during charging. Most existing E2W BTMS relies on passive (natural) air cooling, which has been associated with fire incidents due to its inefficiency in heat dissipation, particularly during charging in India's high-temperature environment. Therefore, it is imperative to build thermally viable and economical BTMS for the growing E2W vehicles with fast charging capability. FEV is actively developing the
Raut PhD, Ankit, Hiremath, Vinodkumar S, Emran, Ashraf, Garg, Shivam, Berry, Sushil
Optimization of Inverter Control Strategies for Improved Powertrain Efficiency Using E-Motor Emulation Platforms2026-26-05091/16/2026
As the brain and the core of the electric powertrain, the traction inverter is an essential part of electric vehicles (EVs). It controls the power conversion from DC to AC between the electric motor and the high-voltage battery to enable effective propulsion and regenerative braking. Strong and scalable inverter testing solutions are becoming more essential as EV adoption rises, particularly in developing nations like India. In India, traditional testing techniques that use actual batteries and e-motors present several difficulties, such as significant safety hazards, inadequate infrastructure, expensive battery prices, and a shortage of prototype-grade parts. This paper presents a comprehensive approach for traction inverter validation using the AVL Inverter TS™ system incorporating an advanced Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHiL) test system based on e-motor emulation technology. It enables safe, efficient, and reliable testing eradicating the need for actual batteries or mechanical
Mehrotra, Soumya, Chhabra, Rishabh
Simulation of EV Range Estimation for Different Payload of Vehicle2026-26-03891/16/2026
The electrification of transportation is revolutionizing the automotive and logistics sectors, with electric vehicles (EVs) assuming an increasingly pivotal role in both passenger mobility and commercial activities. As the adoption of EVs rises, the necessity for precise range estimation becomes essential, especially under diverse operational circumstances, including vehicle and battery characteristics, driving conditions, environmental influences, vehicle configurations, and user-specific behaviors. Among the varying factors, a key fluctuating one is user behavior—most notably, increased payload, which significantly affects EV range. A key business challenge lies in the significant variability of EV range due to changes in vehicle load, which can affect performance, operational efficiency, and cost-effectiveness—especially for fleet-based services. This research aims to tackle the technical deficiency in forecasting electric vehicle (EV) range under various payload conditions
Khatal, Swaraj, Gupta, Anjali, Krishna, Thallapaka
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Making EVs Powerful Assets to the Grid135511/16/2026
What if EVs were an asset to the power grid instead of a challenge? From off-peak incentives to powering data centers with parked cars, the future of intelligent EV charging is closer than many of us think. ChargeScape, is paving the way with a unified software platform that gives utilities a single, direct connection to tap into EV load flexibility from some of the world's largest automakers. Created as a joint venture between BMW, Ford, Honda, and Nissan, the company builds on more than a decade of innovation and delivers powerful value to not only to utilities, but to OEMs and drivers alike. Listen in as we sit down with Joseph Vellone, CEO, to discuss how ChargeScape is helping utilities, automakers, and EV drivers tap into real-time vehicle data, optimize home charging, and even turn EV batteries into revenue-generating grid assets. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to
Patterson, Lori
Assessment of Cybersecurity Risks in State-Operated Connected Electric Passenger Buses in India2026-26-06101/16/2026
State Transport Units (STUs) are increasingly using electric buses (EVs) as a result of India's quick shift to sustainable mobility. Although there are many operational and environmental benefits to this development, like lower fuel prices, fewer greenhouse gas emissions, and quieter urban transportation, there are also serious cybersecurity dangers. The attack surface for potential cyber threats is expanded by the integration of connected technologies, such as cloud-based fleet management, real-time monitoring, and vehicle telematics. Although these systems make fleet operations smarter and more efficient, they are intrinsically susceptible to remote manipulation, data breaches, and unwanted access. This study looks on cybersecurity flaws unique to connected passenger electric vehicles (EVs) that run on India's public transit system. Electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), telematics control units (TCUs), over-the-air (OTA) update systems, and in-car networks (such as the Controller
Mokhare, Devendra Ashok
Totem-Pole PFC and LLC Resonant Converter based 6.6kW On-Board Charger for LEV Applications2026-26-01601/16/2026
As light electric vehicles (LEVs) gain popularity, the development of efficient and compact on-board chargers (OBCs) has become a critical area of focus in power electronics. Conventional AC-DC topologies often face challenges, including high inrush currents during startup, which can stress components and affect system reliability. Furthermore, DC-DC converters often have a limited soft-switching range under light load conditions, leading to increased switching losses and reduced efficiency. This paper proposes a novel 6.6 kW on-board charger architecture comprising a bridgeless totem-pole power factor correction (PFC) stage and an isolated LLC resonant DC-DC converter. The main contribution lies in the specific focus on enhancing startup behavior and switching performance. In PFC converters, limiting inrush current during startup is crucial, especially with fast-switching wide-bandgap devices like SiC or GaN. Conventional soft-start techniques fall short in of ensuring smooth voltage
Patil, Amruta, Bagade, Aniket
Development of Advanced Thermoplastic Elastomeric Mat and Its Study on Thermal Performance of Wireless Charger System2026-26-02831/16/2026
This study aimed to develop a thermally conductive TPE mat and assess its performance in comparison to an existing antiskid rubber mat, specifically evaluating its impact on wireless charger efficiency. Moreover, morphological and thermal analyses were conducted to establish a correlation between the material behaviours of the new and current thermally conductive antiskid mats. The process of developing the thermally conductive TPE involved utilizing a two-roll mill followed by compression moulding to achieve a 2D sheet shape. Notably, the thermally conductive mat demonstrated a consistent enhancement in charging efficiency over the conventional antiskid mat. To examine the thermal characteristics, thermal characterization techniques including DSC and TGA were employed for both the existing and newly developed mats. FTIR spectroscopy was also utilized to confirm the presence of organic functional groups within the mat. The morphological analysis of the fillers used to enhance thermal
Naikwadi, Amol Tarachand, Mali, Manoj, Patil, Bhushan, Tata, Srikanth
Dynamic Voltage EV System (DVEVS): Achieving Enhanced Electric Vehicle Efficiency and Performance through a Switchable Series-Parallel Battery Configuration2026-26-02031/16/2026
The electric vehicle (EV) industry is relentlessly pursuing advancements to enhance efficiency, extend driving range and improve overall performance. A notable limitation of conventional EVs is their fixed-voltage battery architecture, which necessitates compromises in powertrain design and can result in suboptimal efficiency under varying driving conditions. The Dynamic Voltage EV System (DVEVS) presents a transformative solution, allowing the battery pack to dynamically reconfigure its cells between series and parallel connections. This review explores the core principles of DVEVS, including battery topology, power-electronics-based switching, and the integration of hybrid energy storage solutions such as electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). We explore the foundational concepts of battery reconfiguration, delve into specific implementation strategies such as power-electronics-based switching and hybrid energy storage systems and address the critical need for adaptive thermal
Amberkar S, Sunil, Raool, Anuj Rajesh, M G, Shivanag, Rajapuram, Bheema Reddy
High-Performance Computing for Software-Defined EV Powertrains: Design and Real-Time Validation with NXP S32G3 Domain Controller2026-26-06841/16/2026
Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) are changing the automotive landscape by separating hardware from software and enabling features like over-the-air updates, advanced control strategies, and real-time decision-making. To support this transformation, EV powertrain systems require high-performance computing (HPC) platforms capable of real-time control, data processing, and cross-domain communication. This paper introduces a fully SDV-compatible EV powertrain architecture designed with NXP S32G3 domain controller. This processor supports multiple core having lockstep. It is designed for zonal control and automotive functional safety. The proposed designed uses the automotive Ethernet as an alternate option for CAN based communication to fulfill the bandwidth and timing requirement of today’s SDV applications. Hence it allows gigabit data transfer, Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) and also provides low latency across SDV control domain. Through secure real time interface with the vehicle’s
Pawar, Ganesh, Inamdar, Sumer Deepak, Kumar, Mayank, Deosarkar, Pankaj, Tayade, Nikhil, Kanse, Dattatray, Chopade, Vipul
Innovative Preconditioning Solutions for Efficient High-Current Battery Charging2026-26-01671/16/2026
In high-performance charging systems, managing higher currents is crucial for efficient battery charging. Elevated battery temperature is the main challenge for limiting the duration and effectiveness of high-current charging. Our proposal of control system addresses these barriers by optimizing charging time by maintaining optimal temperature ranges for the battery. This is achieved through innovative preconditioning solutions that are incorporated with active Battery cooling configurations. Our system features a unique preconditioning approach with dedicated active cooling circuit for the battery which will provide cooling to battery even though cabin HVAC (Heat Ventilation & Air-conditioning unit) is switched off. The active liquid cooling system ensures effective temperature management without additional energy consumption, while the dedicated Battery active liquid cooling system provides enhanced cooling capabilities for more demanding scenarios and preconditioning. By integrating
Badgujar, Pankaj Ravindra, Bhosale, Subhash, Dave, Rajeev
Cybersecurity in Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: A Review of Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Mitigation Strategies2026-26-06141/16/2026
The rapid expansion of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure introduces complex cybersecurity challenges across hardware, software, network, and cloud layers. This review paper synthesizes existing research, standards, and documented incidents to identify critical vulnerabilities and propose layered mitigation strategies. We present a structured threat taxonomy based on the STRIDE model, enriched with real-world attack vectors and mapped to mitigation controls. Our analysis spans physical tampering, insecure firmware updates, protocol-level flaws in OCPP and ISO 15118, and cloud misconfigurations. While prior studies often focus on isolated domains, this work unifies fragmented insights into a cohesive framework. We highlight gaps in current literature, such as inconsistent adoption of secure protocols and limited validation of EVSE identity formats. By aligning threats with industry standards (SAE J3061, NIST CSF, IEC 62443) and scoring risks using CVSS v3.1, we offer a
Aggarwal, Akshit, Gupta, Saurabh, Sirohi, Kapil, Arisetty, Venkatesh, Chatterjee, Avik
State of Health Estimation in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Methods, Comparisons, and Future Directions2026-26-02081/16/2026
As the world is moving towards electric vehicles, we are observing a wide use of Lithium-Ion batteries in modern transportation. Lithium-Ion Batteries offer several advantages over conventional battery systems, including higher energy density that is energy stored per unit mass, longer Cycle Life, faster Charging rates, low Self-Discharge, lighter weight, and ease of maintenance as the memory effect present in other batteries is absent. However, despite these advantages, the system faces significant technical challenges arising from inaccurate battery State of Health (SOH) estimation techniques. These inaccuracies can lead to unexpected vehicle failures and a degraded end-user experience, especially due to incorrect “distance to empty” predictions. In this paper, different SOH estimation techniques are reviewed and compared in detail. The SOH estimation approaches are broadly classified into three main categories: Model based estimation techniques, data driven estimation techniques
Patel, Parvez, Bhagat, Ayush
High-Efficiency SiC-Based PSFB DC-DC Converter Using Peak Current Control with Digital Slope Compensation for LV Battery Charging In EV Applications2026-26-04221/16/2026
This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a high-efficiency Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge (PSFB) DC-DC converter utilizing Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs for low-voltage (LV) battery charging in electric vehicle (EV) applications. The converter operates with Peak Current Mode Control (PCMC), enhanced by a digitally implemented slope compensation technique to ensure control loop stability, counter subharmonic oscillations and accurate current regulation across a wide load range. The use of SiC devices enables high switching frequencies operation with reduced conduction losses, contributing to improved efficiency and power density of converter. The hardware design utilizes a planar transformer with shim inductance to enable Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) of the primary switches, thereby reducing switching losses and mitigating transformer flux imbalance. The secondary stage employs diode rectification, while the overall PCB layout is optimized to minimize parasitics and
Kumar, Mayank, Deosarkar, Pankaj, Tayade, Nikhil, Inamdar, Sumer
Challenges in Compliance Testing of Off-Board Electric Vehicle Chargers: Analysis of Typical Failures and Remedial Measures2026-26-05821/16/2026
As India accelerates the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) the development of a scalable, reliable and efficient charging infrastructure becomes critical to ensuring the success of EV adoption. During type testing, the off board AC/DC EV chargers undergo a comprehensive assessment to ensure they meet safety and performance standards required by regulations. The tests examine crucial factors like electrical safety, EMC (electromagnetic compatibility), interoperability, environmental endurance and mechanical strength. This paper provides information of the India mandatory compliance requirements and highlights typical failure modes observed during the validation process of off-board chargers. Emphasis is placed on challenges associated with electrical safety, EMC performance and interoperability. The objective is to support charger manufacturers to identify potential issues during design and development.
Murumkar, Aditya, Mulay, Abhijit B
Testing Framework and Safety Evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Charging Systems in Electric Mobility2026-26-01761/16/2026
This paper presents a comprehensive testing framework and safety evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) charging systems, incorporating advanced theoretical modeling and experimental validation of a modern, integrated 3-in-1 combo unit (PDU, DCDC, OBC). The proliferation of electric vehicles has necessitated the development of resilient and flexible charging solutions, with V2V technology emerging as a critical decentralized infrastructure component. This study establishes a rigorous mathematical framework for power flow analysis, develops novel safety protocols based on IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 functional safety standards, and presents comprehensive experimental validation across 47 test scenarios. The framework encompasses five primary test categories: functional performance validation, power conversion efficiency optimization, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) assessment, thermal management evaluation, and comprehensive fault-injection testing including Byzantine fault scenarios
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B, Nikam, Sandip B.
Optimizing Busbar Design by Investigating Critical Parameters and their Influence on Electrical and Thermal Behaviors for Reliable Electric Vehicle Battery Packs2026-26-04741/16/2026
With the rise of EVs, researchers are focusing on optimizing busbar design to meet the demands of high energy density, fast charging, and compact battery packs. The busbar design starts by selecting the material and the cross-sectional area required based on the rated current requirement. The width matches or may exceed the battery cell terminal size, whereas the length is optimized such that it is packaged within the given space constraints. The research also highlights the risk of busbars to oxidation and corrosion, which increases resistance and decreases conductivity for which plating/coating techniques are applied to improve the surface finish, overall durability, conductivity and in some cases the surface hardness, while minimizing the heat loss. Using simulations and experimental validation, the study examines three key design parameters: the weld diameter for busbar welded joints, electrical resistance, and contact resistance. A detailed analysis investigates how the weld
Nogdhe, Yogesh, Singh, Shobit Kumar, Paul, Jibin, Mishra, Mukesh, Menon, Praveen
To Study and Compare Communication Protocol for Fast Charging in Electric Two-Wheeler with Respect to CCS 2.0: An Indian Perspective2026-26-01981/16/2026
This comprehensive research presents an in-depth analysis of communication protocols essential for implementing fast charging systems in India's rapidly expanding electric two-wheeler and three-wheeler market. As India witnesses unprecedented growth in electric mobility, with two-wheelers representing over 95% of current EV sales, the establishment of standardized, secure, and efficient charging protocols becomes paramount for widespread adoption. This study examines the current landscape of AC charging methodologies, evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of DC fast charging implementation, and provides detailed comparative analysis of existing international standards including IS 17017-25, IS 17017-31, ChaoJi, and CCS 2.0. The research concludes with strategic recommendations for developing cyber-secure, cost-effective charging infrastructure specifically tailored to meet India's unique market requirements and operational constraints.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
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