Browse Topic: Fast charging
ABSTRACT This paper presents a fast and safe quasi-optimal multistage constant current (MCC) charge pattern optimization strategy for Li-ion batteries. It is based on an integrated electro-thermal model that combines an electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) battery model with a thermal battery model. The EEC model is used to predict the battery’s terminal voltage continuously as charging progresses, while its temperature rise is also estimated continuously by employing the thermal model. This integrated electro-thermal battery model is utilized to search for an optimal MCC charge pattern that charges the battery in minimum time, while simultaneously limiting its temperature rise to a user-specified level. The search for the optimal charge pattern is carried out on a stage-by-stage basis by using a single-variable optimal search strategy that can be easily implemented on a battery management system. The paper also includes some simulation results obtained from an integrated electro
ABSTRACT Rechargeable batteries needed for military applications face critical challenges including performance at extreme temperatures, compatibility with military logistical processes, phasing out of legacy battery technologies, and poor compatibility of COTS lithium-ion batteries with specialized military operational requirements and legacy platforms. To meet these challenges, CAMX Power has developed and is commercializing a lithium-ion battery technology, trademarked CELX-RC®, with high power and rapid charging capability, long life, exceptional performance and charge acceptance capability at extreme low temperatures (e.g., -60 ºC), excellent safety, capability for discharge and storage at 0V, and ability to be implemented in batteries without management systems. This paper describes CELX-RC technology and its implementation in prototype batteries. Citation: D. Ofer, J. Bernier, E. Siegal, M. Rutberg, S. Dalton-Castor, “Robust, Versatile and Safe Lithium-Ion Batteries for Military
As the world looks to net-zero emissions goals, hybrid electric vehicles may play an increasingly important role. For passenger electric vehicles (EVs) that predominantly make short journeys but occasionally need to make longer trips, electrofuel range extension may be more cost effective than either hydrogen or rapid charging. Micro gas turbines and catalytic combustion show significant potential to deliver low-cost, low-maintenance, lightweight engines with virtually no emissions, and hydrocarbon consuming solid oxide fuel cells show even greater potential in these areas. Aditioanlly, sodium-ion batteries for EVs, dispatachable vehicle-to-grid power and buffering, and variable intermittent renewable energy could also play key roles. The Role of Hybrid Vehicles in a Net-zero Transport System explores the costs, considerations, and challenges facing these technologies. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio
Sodium (Na), which is over 500 times more abundant than lithium (Li), has recently garnered significant attention for its potential in sodium-ion battery technologies. However, existing sodium-ion batteries face fundamental limitations, including lower power output, constrained storage properties, and longer charging times, necessitating the development of next-generation energy storage materials
On the path to decarbonizing road transport, electric commercial vehicles will play a significant role. The first applications were directed to the smaller trucks for distribution traffic with relatively moderate driving and range requirements. Meanwhile, the first generation of a complete portfolio of truck sizes has been developed and is available on the market. In these early applications, many compromises were made to overcome component availability, but today, the supply chain has evolved to address the specific needs of electric trucks. With that, optimization toward higher performance and lower costs is moving to the next level. For long-haul trucks, efficiency is a driving factor for the total cost of ownership (TCO) due to the importance of the energy costs [1]. Besides the propulsion system, other related systems must be optimized for higher efficiency. This includes thermal management since the thermal management components consume energy and have a direct impact on the
The pace of innovations in battery development is revolutionizing the landscape and opportunities for energy storage applications leading to a stronger market segmentation enabling a better suitability to fulfill specific application requirements. For automotive applications, several approaches to increase energy densities, to improve fast charging performance, and to reduce cost on a pack level are considered. Among them, a promising example is the direct integration of battery cells into the battery pack (Cell-to-pack; CTP) or vehicle (Cell-to-chassis, CTC) to increase energy densities and to reduce costs, as already commercialized by Tesla, CATL and others. On cell level, a segmentation between high-performance and low-cost applications is realized in the technology developments. Hereby, a diversification of the cell manufacturer’s product portfolio can be observed. As a strong demand for NMC and LFP-based battery cells is leading to fluctuating raw material prices (especially for
DC fast charging (DCFC) also referred to as L3 charging, is the fastest charging technology to replenish the drivable range of an electric vehicle. DCFC provides the convenience of faster charging time compared to L1 and L2 at the expense of potentially increased battery health degradation. It is known to accelerate battery capacity fade leading to reduced range and lifetime of the EV battery. While there are active efforts and several means to reduce the downsides of DCFC at cell chemistry level, this trade-off is still an important consideration for most battery cells in automotive propulsion applications. Since DCFC is a customer driven technology, informing drivers of the trade-off of each DCFC event can potentially result in better outcomes for the EV battery life. Traditionally, the driver is advised to limit DCFC events without providing quantifiable metrics to inform their decisions during EV charging. A recommendation system for DCFC based on battery health optimization is
Lithium-ion batteries are the ubiquitous energy storage device of choice in portable electronics and more recently, in electric vehicles. However, there are numerous lithium-ion battery chemistries and in particular, several cathode materials that have been commercialized over the last two decades. In recent time several automakers have followed trend by announcing their own plans to move their EV production to LFP, due to its high intrinsic safety, fast charging, and long cycle life and cobalt free batteries as well as avoiding other supply chain constrained metals like nickel. Accurate estimation of the state-of-charge (SOC) is crucial for efficient and safe battery applications. However, existing SOC estimation methods (coulomb count, SOC-OCV methods) fail to provide accurate SOC estimation for LFP batteries that have a flat voltage-SOC relationship, and these present model-based methods can be ascribed to their inability to simultaneously accommodate the differences in voltage
Fast charging of traction batteries in passenger cars enables comfortable travel with electric vehicles, even over longer distances, without having to oversize the installed batteries for everyday use. As an enabling technology for fast charging, Kautex presents the implementation of 2-phase immersion cooling, where the traction battery serves as an evaporator in a refrigeration process. The 2-phase immersion cooling enables very high heat transfer rates of 3400 W/m^2*K and at the same time maximizes temperature homogeneity within the battery pack at optimal battery operating temperature. Thus, heat loads at charging rates of more than 6C can be safely and permanently managed by the battery thermal system. The cooling performance of 2-phase immersion cooling can also successfully suppress thermal propagation inside a thermoplastic battery housing. While the introduced 2-phase immersion cooling can dissipate the heat to the environment for temperatures up to 30 °C, the thermal cycle is
Engineers have made progress toward lithium-metal batteries that charge as fast as an hour. This fast charging is thanks to lithium metal crystals that can be seeded and grown — quickly and uniformly — on a surprising surface. This new approach, led by University of California San Diego engineers, enables charging of lithium-metal batteries in about an hour, a speed that is competitive against today’s lithium-ion batteries
Range anxiety and lack of adequate access to fast charging are proving to be important impediments to electric vehicle (EV) adoption. While many techniques to fast charging EV batteries (model-based & model-free) have been developed, they have focused on a single Lithium-ion cell. Extensions to battery packs are scarce, often considering simplified architectures (e.g., series-connected) for ease of modeling. Computational considerations have also restricted fast-charging simulations to small battery packs, e.g., four cells (for both series and parallel connected cells). Hence, in this paper, we pursue a model-free approach based on reinforcement learning (RL) to fast charge a large battery pack (comprising 444 cells). Each cell is characterized by an equivalent circuit model coupled with a second-order lumped thermal model to simulate the battery behavior. After training the underlying RL, the developed model will be straightforward to implement with low computational complexity. In
Battery technology company Nyobolt and UK-based design and engineering consultancy Callum are collaborating on a demonstration of new lithium-ion battery tech that would permit the full charge of a vehicle in about six minutes. The project uses a 2-seat sportscar based on the Lotus Elise. The Elise was designed in the early 1990s by Julian Thomson, who also designed the project vehicle. The concept was developed and executed by Callum. Thompson now is the design director at General Motors Advanced Design Europe, based in the U.K
In an announcement that could change the balance of power in the still-formative EV charging-station race, seven global automakers said they will work together to create an expansive DC-fast-charging network that would mean high-powered charging at far more locations in North America. Stating a goal of installing at least 30,000 high-powered DC charging points in urban and highway locations were General Motors, Stellantis, Honda, BMW Group, Hyundai, Kia and Mercedes-Benz Group. The group did not say when the full number of chargers would be operational, but did say the first stations should open in the summer of 2024 in the United States
A team Led by Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) researcher Yan Wang has developed a solvent-free process to manufacture Li-ion battery electrodes that are greener, cheaper, and charge faster than electrodes currently on the market
Brunswick Corp. made several product announcements at CES 2023 in Las Vegas. The company showcased its electrification efforts for recreational boats under their Mercury Marine brand with the launch of Avator 7.5e electric outboard. “We are excited to formally introduce the Avator 7.5e electric outboard to the world,” said Chris Drees, Mercury Marine president. “As the innovation leader in the marine industry, both in internal combustion products and now electric propulsion, we have the resources and knowledge to make boating more accessible to more people, while building on our commitment to sustainability
Volvo calls its all-new EX90 SUV the safest and most technically adept model in the company's 95-year history, which includes such achievements as the world's first three-point automotive seat belt in 1959. Even before this luxury EV logs its first mile on global roads that take more than 1 million human lives every year, Volvo asserts the EX90 will eliminate up to one in five serious injury accidents, and one in 10 accidents overall. That claim is based not on fuzzy math, said Lotta Jakobsson, a 33-year company veteran and specialist in injury protection, but on Volvo's industry-unique accident database that's been a wellspring of company safety innovations since the 1970s
Optimum venting is a key to maximizing EV battery pack performance and safety. An expert offers five important design considerations. As EV batteries become more sophisticated, the need to protect them from the elements has never been greater. Battery pack engineers understand vehicle applications and by marrying them with proper venting technology, they are helping to advance EV performance and safety. Five important design considerations to help maximize EV battery pack performance
Transportation electrification is much needed as it can help to reduce the consumption of petroleum fuels. At the same time importance of the charging system to energize electric vehicles is also growing. Currently AC level 1 charging (120V, <2KW) and AC level 2 Charging (240V, <10KW) are used to charge the electric vehicle in residential and workplaces. The off-board chargers have significance as they can charge the vehicles in less time like gas/petrol stations. These off-board charging stations are comprised of two power conversion stages. One is for the rectification process along with power factor correction to obtain DC output from the input utility grid and DC/DC stage to get the regulated DC voltage from the rectifier output. One can reduce the charging time by increasing the output charging power at the power conversion stage. Hence, the present work deals with a novel DC-DC converter topology for fast charging applications and the novelty lies in the Electric vehicle charging
With the worldwide trends in mobile electrification, consumers' demand for fast charging of electric vehicles (EVs) continues to grow. However, due to the defects of the current mainstream vehicle-mounted lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lithium plating will occur at the anode during charging at high current rates, reducing battery life and even causing serious safety problems. In this paper, a pseudo two-dimensional (P2D) model integrated with lithium plating and SEI growth reaction is established to simulate the aging behavior of the battery during the cycle aging process. After verifying the model, we set up simulation conditions to quantitatively analyze the relationship between battery operating temperature, charging rate and cycle life, as well as the causes of capacity attenuation under each operating condition. By analyzing the simulation results, we found that lithium deposition can be predicted based on the overpotential, which can provide guidance for healthy and efficient fast
As we move towards greener technologies in the transportation sector, it becomes mandatory to monitor its impact or the utilization of such a technology in the intended manner. Improper usage results in lesser utilization of benefits of such green technologies. One such scenario is the range anxiety; users of parallel hybrid vehicles face a dilemma between charging and refueling the vehicle. If the hybrid vehicle is operated in a gas-powered mode most of the time, the emission levels would be comparable to those of gas-powered vehicles. On the other hand, gas-powered vehicles have no mechanism to completely cut CO2 emissions, unlike hybrids (electric drive). Emission regulatory bodies are facing difficulties in regulating each road vehicle. Therefore, the actual emission levels emitted from the vehicles are higher than the estimate provided by regulations. This paper discusses the possibility of implementing a Carbon Credit Scoring for each class of vehicles. The paper also proposes
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