Browse Topic: Off-board vehicle charging systems

Items (52)
Abstract Optimization of a microgrid interacting with mobile power transfer systems is a multiobjective problem that grows to be computationally expensive as components and fidelity are added to the simulation. In previous work [17] we proposed an optimization strategy relying on evolutionary computing. With an evolutionary computing approach, seeking a well-distributed set of solutions on the entire optimal frontier necessitates a large population and frequent evaluation of the aforementioned simulation. With these challenges, and inspiration from Roy et al. [14] distributed pool architecture, we propose an architecture for distributed pool evolutionary computing that differs from the Roy et al. design. We use this strategy with a microgrid and mobile power transfer system simulation to optimize for cost and relaibility. We find that the distributed approach achieves increased performance in raw system execution time, and in some cases converges faster than a non distributed version
Dunn, Andrew G.Mange, Jeremy B.Skowronska, Annette G.Gorsich, David J.Pandey, VijitashwaMourelatos, Zissimos P.
ABSTRACT As the U.S. Army develops its 30-year science and technology strategy for ground systems, these systems are seen more as mobile power generation systems than just semi-autonomous mobile protection systems. As ground systems continue to have greater levels of electrification, they are perceived as key to providing power not only to the propulsion and mobility systems, but to protection systems, communications, information systems and a complex, ever-increasing suite of auxiliary power systems which are not limited to the vehicle platform itself, but to external systems and platforms. All power systems can be connected wirelessly, or through a microgrid. Therefore, optimizing the overall ground system along with an external suite of loads and sources through a power grid, as a system of systems, becomes crucial in vehicle design. This optimization problem for performance and reliability is complex when considering the outside grid and a mix of other sources and loads with
Skowronska, Annette G.Gorsich, DavidMange, JeremyDunn, AndrewPandey, VijitashwaMourelatos, Zissimos P.
This document covers the general physical, electrical, functional, testing, and performance requirements for conductive power transfer to an electric vehicle using a coupler capable of, but not limited to, transferring three-phase AC power. It defines a conductive power transfer method including the digital communication system. It also covers the functional and dimensional requirements for the electric vehicle inlet, supply equipment connector, and mating housings and contacts. Moveable charging equipment such as a service truck with charging facilities are within scope. Charging while moving (or in-route-charging) is not in scope
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
The SAE J2954 standard establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines three charging levels up to 11 kVA and in future revisions up to 22 kVA. A standard for WPT based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. This is meant to be used in conjunction with communications standard SAE J2847/6 and use cases J2836/6 and ground assembly WPT Certification UL 2750. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged conductively by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. This standard addresses stationary light-duty
Hybrid - EV Committee
To shape future mobility MAHLE has committed itself to foster wireless charging for electrical vehicles. The standardized wireless power transfer of 11 kW at a voltage level of 800 V significantly improves the end user experience for charging an electric vehicle without the need to handle a connector and cable anymore. Combined with automated parking and autonomous driving systems, the challenge to charge fleets without user interaction is solved. Wireless charging is based on inductive power transfer. In the ground assembly’s (GA) power transfer coil, a magnetic field is generated which induces a voltage in the vehicle assembly (VA) power transfer coil. To transfer the power from grid to battery with a high efficiency up to 92% the power transfer coils are compensated with resonant circuits. In this paper the Differential-Inductive-Positioning-System (DIPS) to align a vehicle on the GA for parking will be presented. This system utilizes five standardized magnetic fields which are
Boettigheimer, MikeGrabherr, Philip
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is set to become an alternative to conductive charging and promises highly efficient charging of electric and plug-in-hybrid vehicles based on the previous publications of the SAE J2954 standards. However, a single common methodology for alignment of the Vehicle Assembly (VA) to the Ground Assembly (GA) for wireless charging public infrastructure was not included in the first two versions of the SAE J2954 standard. Two methodologies for alignment are evaluated in this technical paper for a future SAE J2954 standard: Differential Inductive Positioning System (DIPS) using an auxiliary magnetic field to align; and Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) Ranging using Radio Frequency triangulation to align. Data and comparison of the two alignment methodologies are shown in conjunction with analysis and input from the SAE J2954 WPT Taskforce. The objective is to show the benefits and shortcomings of each technology based on testing and to indicate a harmonized decision for one
Schneider, JesseSealy, KyBoettigheimer, MikeLaemmle, TimoTeerlinck, IvoHollenbach, MaximilianRappholz, BastianWendt, AndreasJoos, Simon
Adoption of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) or battery electric vehicles (BEV) in heavy-duty (HD) commercial freight transportation is hampered by difficult technoeconomic obstacles. To enable widespread deployment of electrified powertrains, fleet and operational logistics need high uptime and parity with diesel system productivity/total cost of ownership (TCO), while meeting safety compliance. Due to a mix of comparatively high powerplant and energy storage costs, high energy costs (more so for FCEV), greater weight (more so for BEV), slow refueling / recharging durations, and limited supporting infrastructure, FCEV and BEV powertrains have not seen significant uptake in the HD freight transport market. The use of dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) systems, consisting of inductive electrical coils on the vehicle and power source transmitting coils embedded in the roadways, may address several of these challenges. An appropriately designed BEV, will absorb energy at highway
Sujan, VivekGaligekere, Veda Prakash
The aerospace industry is noticing significant shift towards More Electric Aircraft (MEA). The advancement of electrical technology the systems are being transformed towards electric compared to the conventional pneumatic or hydraulic systems. This has led to an increased demand in electrical power from 150 Kilo Watts in the conventional airplane to 1 Mega Watts in More Electric Aircraft. More electric systems, call for increased electrical wiring harness to connect various systems in the aircraft. These harnesses consist of power and data cables. Wireless communication technology is being matured for data communication, leading to reduction of wire harness for data. As of now, the length of wires in large commercial aircraft is over 100miles and it may not be surprising if the electrification of aircraft drive this too much longer. In this paper, a comparative study of various wireless power transfer techniques for DC voltage configuration and the corresponding challenges in an
C S, AdisheshaThirunarayana, Ashok KumarShreshthi, MahadevannaBarik, Mridul SankarBanerjee, Kumardeb
Electrification of road transport is a critical step towards establishment of a sustainable transport ecosystem. However, a major hindrance to electric mobility is the high cost and weight of the battery pack. Downsizing the battery pack will not only address these issues, but will also reduce embedded emissions due to battery manufacturing. One approach towards reducing battery pack size and still offering the user of electric vehicles similar mobility experiences as in case of conventional vehicles is to set up extensive network of charging or battery swapping stations. Another approach is to provide the vehicle with required energy while it is on the move. However, conventional systems such as overhead line or conducting rails have several disadvantages in the urban environment. One solution that has come up in this regard in recent times is the concept of Electric Roads System (ERS), which involves dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) to the vehicles from power transmitters
Sardar, ArghyaPrasad, Mukti
Electric vehicles play a huge part in today’s transportation system and their increased use would rid us the downfalls of conventional vehicles. A part integral to this overhaul of EVs is the implementation of wireless charging station. It is necessary to set up a wide range of charging networks in a user-friendly environment in order to facilitate the adoption of electric transportation. As a result, the main goal of this work is to present a viable substitute solution that uses Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology to charge electric vehicles (EVs) without any plug-in issues. This work proposes on a static wireless power transfer technology for Electric Vehicles. A high-efficiency wireless power transfer system for electric vehicles is virtually designed using matlab with a maximum power point tracking for solar panel, DC-DC and AC-DC converter. A scaled down version of the prototype for the same is built with more environmental friendly solar power supplied wireless charging and
R, RajarajeswariV, PraveenaD, Suchitra
Volkswagen announced recently that its three-year-old Innovation Hub in Knoxville, Tenn., is making major gains in lightweighting, EV wireless charging and sustainable interior materials. Volkswagen's Innovation Hub specializes in applied materials science and frequently collaborates with neighbors the University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Lab. “We are accelerating innovation with electric vehicles and contributing more to sustainable transportation in America by focusing our efforts on some of the most transformative automotive research being done in the country,” said Pablo Di SI, president and CEO of Volkswagen Group of America, in a release. He said that the research partnerships are a “unique blend of world-class academic research and Volkswagen's leading industry capabilities
Clonts, Chris
This study assesses the capabilities of dynamic wireless power transfer with respect to range extension and payload capacity of heavy-duty trucks. Currently, a strong push towards tailpipe CO2 emissions abatement in the heavy-duty transport sector by policymakers is driving the development of battery electric trucks. Yet, battery-electric heavy-duty trucks require large battery packs which may reduce the payload capacity and increase dwell time at charging stations, negatively affecting their acceptance among fleet operators. By investigating various levels of development of wireless charging technology and exploring various deployment scenarios for an electrified highway lane, the potential for a more efficient and environmentally friendly battery sizing was explored. Furthermore, the additional energy provided by the eRoad can be beneficially exploited by commercial fleet operators to extend the range of electric trucks, reduce the purchase cost by adopting rightsized battery packs
Costantino, TrentalessandroMiretti, FedericoSpessa, Ezio
This document covers the general physical, electrical, functional, testing, and performance requirements for conductive power transfer, primarily for vehicles using a conductive ACD connection capable of transferring DC power. It defines conductive power transfer methods, including the infrastructure electrical contact interface, the vehicle connection interface, the electrical characteristics of the DC supply, and the communication system. It also covers the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle connection interface and supply equipment interface. New editions of the documents shall be backwards compatible with the older editions. There are also sub-documents which are identified by a SAE J3105/1, SAE J3105/2, and SAE J3105/3. These will be specific requirements for a specific interface defined in the sub-document. SAE J3105: Main document, including most requirements. ○ SAE J3105/1: Infrastructure-Mounted Cross Rail Connection ○ SAE J3105/2: Vehicle-Mounted
Hybrid - EV Committee
The use of wireless power transfer systems, consisting of inductive electrical coils on the vehicle and the power source may be designed for dynamic operations where the vehicle will absorb energy at highway speeds from transmitting coils in the road. This has the potential to reduce the onboard energy storage requirements for vehicles while enabling significantly longer missions. This paper presents an approach to architecting a dynamic wireless power transfer corridor for heavy duty battery electric commercial freight vehicles. By considering the interplay of roadway power capacity, roadway and vehicle coil coverage, seasonal road traffic loading, freight vehicle class and weight, vehicle mobility energy requirements, on-board battery chemistry, non-electrified roadway vehicle range requirements, grid capacity, substation locations, and variations in electricity costs, we minimize the vehicle TCO by architecting the electrified roadway and the vehicle battery simultaneously. The idea
Sujan, Vivek AnandSiekmann, AdamTennille, SarahTsybina, Eve
This SAE Information Report contains definitions for HEV, PHEV, and EV terminology. It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other HEV, PHEV, and EV documents, specifications, standards, or recommended practices
Hybrid - EV Committee
The SAE J2954 standard establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines various charging levels that are based on the levels defined for SAE J1772 conductive AC charge levels 1, 2, and 3, with some variations. A standard for WPT based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged conductively by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. SAE J2954 addresses unidirectional charging, from grid to vehicle; bidirectional energy transfer may be evaluated for a future standard
Hybrid - EV Committee
This document covers the general physical, electrical, functional, testing, and performance requirements for conductive power transfer to an electric vehicle using a coupler capable of, but not limited to, transferring three-phase AC power. It defines a conductive power transfer method including the digital communication system. It also covers the functional and dimensional requirements for the electric vehicle inlet, supply equipment connector, and mating housings and contacts. Moveable charging equipment such as a service truck with charging facilities are within scope. Charging while moving (or in-route-charging) is not in scope
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
Although wireless charging pads already exist for smartphones, they only work if the phone is sitting still. For cars, that would be just as inconvenient as the current practice of plugging them in for an hour or two at charging stations
The electric-field coupled power transfer (ECPT) system with a coupling capacitor double-resonance circuit is proposed for electric vehicle (EV) charging. The article analyzes the plate capacitors between the EV and ground copperplate and introduces the coupling capacitor double-resonance circuit. The two-port network impedance matching of two topologies coupling capacitor double resonance is simulated, and then double side L impedance matching network and coupling capacitor double resonance with Series-Series (S-S) topology are proposed to solve the transmission efficiency decrease led by plate capacitances’ fluctuation. A prototype of the ECPT system is designed and built to prove the validity of the proposed methods. It is shown that the ECPT system realized higher than 60 W of electrical power, which is dynamic wireless transferred through the tire steel belt and the ground copperplate with at least 88% efficiency when the tires are rolling
Chen, XinChen, Zhen
This SAE Information Report contains definitions for HEV, PHEV, and EV terminology. It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other HEV, PHEV, and EV documents, specifications, standards, or recommended practices
Hybrid - EV Committee
This SAE J3072 Standard establishes requirements for a grid support inverter system function which is integrated into a plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) which connects in parallel with an electric power system (EPS) by way of conductively coupled, electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). This standard also defines the communication between the PEV and the EVSE required for the PEV onboard inverter function to be configured and authorized by the EVSE for discharging at a site. The requirements herein are intended to be used in conjunction with IEEE 1547 and IEEE 1547.1. This standard shall also support interactive inverters which conform to the requirements of IEEE 1547-2003 and IEEE 1547.1-2005, recognizing that many utility jurisdictions may not authorize interconnection
Hybrid - EV Committee
SAE International on October 22, 2020 announced publication of the first global standard that specifies, in a single document, both the electric vehicle (EV) and EV supply equipment (EVSE) ground system requirements for wireless charging of electric vehicles. The new standard, SAE J2954, helps pave the way for charging without the need for plugging in — widely considered to be a key enabler for accelerating the adoption of EVs and autonomous vehicles
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to describe the application of single-phase DC to AC inverters, and bidirectional inverter/chargers, which supply power to ac loads in Class heavy duty on-highway trucks (10K GVW). The document identifies appropriate operating performance requirements and adds some insight into inverter selection. This document applies to factory and after-market installed DC-to-AC inverter systems (Including inverter chargers) providing up 3000 W of 120 VAC line-voltage power as a convenience for operator and passenger use. Such inverters are intended to power user loads not essential to vehicle Operation or safety (e.g., HVAC, TV, microwave ovens, battery chargers for mobile phones or laptop computers, audio equipment, etc.). Systems incorporate the inverter itself as well as the input, output, control, and signal wiring associated with the inverter. Requirements are given for the performance, safety, reliability, and environmental compatibility of the system
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
The SAE J2954 standard establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines various charging levels that are based on the levels defined for SAE J1772 conductive AC charge levels 1, 2, and 3, with some variations. A standard for WPT based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged conductively by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. SAE J2954 addresses unidirectional charging, from grid to vehicle; bidirectional energy transfer may be evaluated for a future standard
Hybrid - EV Committee
Power pad designing, misalignment reduction, safety, automation, living object detection (LOD), and foreign object debris (FOD) detection are the key challenges in the commercialization of the high voltage wireless charging of Electric Vehicles (EV). The interruption from unwanted and sensitive foreign objects such as metal objects and living objects over the charging pads is an immense challenge for the static wireless charging of EV. In this manuscript, the problem of interference due to foreign objects and living objects has been analyzed, and an innovative laser- and sensor-based FOD detection method is proposed and verified by developing a prototype setup. Modeling and analysis of the effects of foreign objects have been performed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in Ansys Maxwell® environment. The analysis compares the consequence of the presence of foreign objects on the wireless charging power pad. The proposed method utilizes laser light and sensor for the detection and two
Ahmad, AqueelAlam, Mohammad SaadRafat, YasserShariff, Samir M.Al-Saidan, Ibrahim S.Chabaan, Rakan C.
The development of vehicles faces changes in many future flows. The vehicle’s power transfer systems are being changed from conventional types to Hybrid, Electric and Hydrogen vehicles. At this moment, the technology of EPS (Electric Power Steering) system has been expanding from a simple torque assist system to LKAS(Lane Keeping Assist System), PAP(Park Assist Pilot), ALCAS(Active Lane Change System), ADAS(Advanced Driver Assistance System). A good test bench is necessary for the evaluation of both hardware and control logics of EPS in these complexities of development process. Simultaneous Rig and HILS tests can be performed to check that the steering hardware system can perform to the concept of the development vehicle and develop EPS control logic performances. The hardware performance of the steering system might be evaluated based on measured friction and stiffness, taking into account various driving conditions. And the control logic of the EPS can be evaluated based on the
Kim, ChangsuLee, ByungrimPark, Youngdae
During the charging Electric Vehicle (EV), power transfer occurs in the power electronics of an EV powertrain. Understanding how the Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) occurs would be beneficial for achieving convenient charging method. This paper focuses on improving WPT system pad compatibility, power transfer efficiency, EMI reduction, and Foreign Object Detection (FOD). The choice of convertible WPT pad for circular and DD type coil, improvement of pad compatibility is analyzed in this paper. In addition, several control methods of increasing WPT system efficiency are proposed. Firstly, the effect of Full Bridge - Half Bridge (FB-HB) is introduced, and the influence of a Bridgeless control scheme is discussed. A new, ferrite pad structure is applied to WPT system in order to achieve EMI reduction. Lastly, a new strategy of Foreign Object Detection (FOD) is suggested for WPT system using phase difference and frequency variation detection
Cha, JaeEunLee, Woo YoungChoe, Gyu-YeongKim, Young JinJoo, Jung HongJung, Jin Hwan
This document covers the general physical, electrical, functional, testing, and performance requirements for conductive power transfer, primarily for vehicles using a conductive ACD connection capable of transferring DC power. It defines conductive power transfer methods, including the infrastructure electrical contact interface, the vehicle connection interface, the electrical characteristics of the DC supply, and the communication system. It also covers the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle connection interface and supply equipment interface. There are also sub-documents which are identified by a SAE J3105/1, SAE J3105/2, and SAE J3105/3. These will be specific requirements for a specific interface defined in the sub-document. SAE J3105: Main document, including most requirements. ○ SAE J3105/1: Infrastructure-Mounted Cross Rail Connection ○ SAE J3105/2: Vehicle-Mounted Pantograph Connection ○ SAE J3105/3: Enclosed Pin and Socket Connection
Hybrid - EV Committee
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