Browse Topic: Off-board vehicle charging systems
The intent of this document is to develop a recommended practice for PEV chargers, whether onboard or off-board the vehicle, that will enable equipment manufacturers, vehicle manufacturers, electric utilities, and others to make reasonable design decisions regarding power quality. The three main purposes are as follows: 1 To identify those parameters of a PEV battery charger that must be controlled in order to preserve the quality of the AC service. 2 To identify those characteristics of the AC service that may significantly impact the performance of the charger. 3 To identify values for power quality, susceptibility, and power control parameters that are based on current U.S. and international standards. These values should be technically feasible and cost effective to implement into PEV battery chargers. SAE J2894/2 will describe the test methods for the parameters/requirements in this document.
As the United States Army explores electrified tactical vehicles, wireless power transfer (WPT) has emerged as a promising recharging method. WPT allows multiple vehicles to recharge while in proximity of a charging station based on a mobile platform. This study examines the requirements of WPT by analyzing geo-location data from over 400 tactical vehicles at the National Training Center. The data was extracted, cleaned, and analyzed to identify periods when vehicles were close enough for effective WPT. The analysis quantifies the amount of time vehicles spend in proximity and their average distance apart, both while stationary and moving, to establish initial WPT requirements. These results were combined with energy consumption rates to estimate the power throughput of a WPT system. Vehicles were found to be stationary and close to other vehicles for most of the day, making WPT a practical solution in those situations. Although the analysis found that WPT is feasible during convoys
This document covers the general physical, electrical, functional, testing, and performance requirements for conductive power transfer to an electric vehicle using a coupler capable of, but not limited to, transferring three-phase AC power. It defines a conductive power transfer method including the digital communication system. It also covers the functional and dimensional requirements for the electric vehicle inlet, supply equipment connector, and mating housings and contacts. Moveable charging equipment such as a service truck with charging facilities are within scope. Charging while moving (or in-route-charging) is not in scope.
The SAE J2954 standard establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines three charging levels up to 11 kVA and in future revisions up to 22 kVA. A standard for WPT based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. This is meant to be used in conjunction with communications standard SAE J2847/6 and use cases J2836/6 and ground assembly WPT Certification UL 2750. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged conductively by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. This standard addresses stationary light-duty
To shape future mobility MAHLE has committed itself to foster wireless charging for electrical vehicles. The standardized wireless power transfer of 11 kW at a voltage level of 800 V significantly improves the end user experience for charging an electric vehicle without the need to handle a connector and cable anymore. Combined with automated parking and autonomous driving systems, the challenge to charge fleets without user interaction is solved. Wireless charging is based on inductive power transfer. In the ground assembly’s (GA) power transfer coil, a magnetic field is generated which induces a voltage in the vehicle assembly (VA) power transfer coil. To transfer the power from grid to battery with a high efficiency up to 92% the power transfer coils are compensated with resonant circuits. In this paper the Differential-Inductive-Positioning-System (DIPS) to align a vehicle on the GA for parking will be presented. This system utilizes five standardized magnetic fields which are
Volkswagen announced recently that its three-year-old Innovation Hub in Knoxville, Tenn., is making major gains in lightweighting, EV wireless charging and sustainable interior materials. Volkswagen's Innovation Hub specializes in applied materials science and frequently collaborates with neighbors the University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Lab. “We are accelerating innovation with electric vehicles and contributing more to sustainable transportation in America by focusing our efforts on some of the most transformative automotive research being done in the country,” said Pablo Di SI, president and CEO of Volkswagen Group of America, in a release. He said that the research partnerships are a “unique blend of world-class academic research and Volkswagen's leading industry capabilities.”
This SAE Information Report, SAE J2836-2, establishes use cases and general information for communication between plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and the DC off-board charger. Where relevant, this document notes, but does not formally specify, interactions between the vehicle and vehicle operator. This applies to the off-board DC charger for conductive charging, which supplies DC current to the vehicle battery of the electric vehicle through a SAE J1772 hybrid coupler or SAE J1772 AC Level 2-type coupler on DC power lines, using the AC power lines or the pilot line for power line communication (PLC), or dedicated communication lines that are further described in SAE J2847-2. The specification supports DC energy transfer via forward power flow (FPF) from grid-to-vehicle. The relationship of this document to the others that address PEV communications is further explained in Section 5.
This document details one of the connections of the SAE J3105 document. The connections are referenced in the scope of the main document SAE J3105. SAE J3105/2 details the vehicle-mounted pantograph, or the bus-up connection. All the common requirements are defined in the main document; the current document provides the details of the connection. This document covers the connection interface relevant requirements for an electric vehicle power transfer system using a conductive automated charging device based on a conventional rail vehicle pantograph design. To allow interoperability for on-road vehicles (in particular, buses and coaches), one configuration is described in this document. Other configurations may be used for non-standard applications (for example, mining trucks or port vehicles).
This document details one of the connections of the SAE J3105 document. The connections are referenced in the scope of the main document SAE J3105. SAE J3105/1 details the infrastructure-mounted pantograph, or cross-rail connection. All the common requirements are defined in the main document; the current document provides the details of the connection. This document covers the connection interface relevant requirements for an electric vehicle power transfer system using a conductive automated connection device (ACD) based on a cross-rail design. To allow interoperability for on-road vehicles (in particular, buses and coaches), one configuration is described in this document. Other configurations may be used for non-standard applications (for example, mining trucks or port vehicles).
This document covers the general physical, electrical, functional, testing, and performance requirements for conductive power transfer, primarily for vehicles using a conductive ACD connection capable of transferring DC power. It defines conductive power transfer methods, including the infrastructure electrical contact interface, the vehicle connection interface, the electrical characteristics of the DC supply, and the communication system. It also covers the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle connection interface and supply equipment interface. New editions of the documents shall be backwards compatible with the older editions. There are also sub-documents which are identified by a SAE J3105/1, SAE J3105/2, and SAE J3105/3. These will be specific requirements for a specific interface defined in the sub-document. SAE J3105: Main document, including most requirements. ○ SAE J3105/1: Infrastructure-Mounted Cross Rail Connection ○ SAE J3105/2: Vehicle-Mounted
The published SAE J2954 standard established an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) for light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. This SAE Information Report, SAE J2954/2, defines new power transfer levels in the higher power ranges needed for heavy-duty electric vehicles. This document addresses the requirements based on these charge levels and different vehicle applications as a first step in the process of completing a standard that the industry can use, both for private (fleet) and public wireless power transfer, including for charging electric vehicle batteries. This document is the first step in a process towards HD static and dynamic WPT. This document lacks specific requirements and solutions, for which field data is needed. This document is not intended to be a guideline to enable manufacturers to design systems with minimal
This SAE Information Report contains definitions for HEV, PHEV, and EV terminology. It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other HEV, PHEV, and EV documents, specifications, standards, or recommended practices.
This SAE Information Report J2931/6 establishes the requirements for physical and data link layer communications between Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) and the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE).
The SAE J2954 standard establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines various charging levels that are based on the levels defined for SAE J1772 conductive AC charge levels 1, 2, and 3, with some variations. A standard for WPT based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged conductively by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. SAE J2954 addresses unidirectional charging, from grid to vehicle; bidirectional energy transfer may be evaluated for a future standard
This document covers the general physical, electrical, functional, testing, and performance requirements for conductive power transfer to an electric vehicle using a coupler capable of, but not limited to, transferring three-phase AC power. It defines a conductive power transfer method including the digital communication system. It also covers the functional and dimensional requirements for the electric vehicle inlet, supply equipment connector, and mating housings and contacts. Moveable charging equipment such as a service truck with charging facilities are within scope. Charging while moving (or in-route-charging) is not in scope.
Although wireless charging pads already exist for smartphones, they only work if the phone is sitting still. For cars, that would be just as inconvenient as the current practice of plugging them in for an hour or two at charging stations.
This document facilitates clear and consistent comparisons of realistic charging capabilities of passenger vehicles via commercially available DC EVSE. Common test procedures and metrics are established for both vehicles and EVSEs operating without limitations in nominal conditions. This document does not attempt to address performance variations of EV-EVSE interactions outside of nominal conditions such as extreme temperatures, variable SOCs, and so on.
This SAE Information Report contains definitions for HEV, PHEV, and EV terminology. It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other HEV, PHEV, and EV documents, specifications, standards, or recommended practices.
This SAE Information Report SAE J2836/6 establishes use cases for communication between plug-in electric vehicles and the EVSE for wireless energy transfer as specified in SAE J2954. It addresses the requirements for communications between the on-board charging system and the wireless EV supply equipment (WEVSE) in support of detection of the WEVSE, the charging process, and monitoring of the charging process. Since the communication to the charging infrastructure and the power grid for smart charging will also be communicated by the WEVSE to the EV over the wireless interface, these requirements are also covered. However, the processes and procedures are expected to be identical to those specified for V2G communications specified in SAE J2836/1. Where relevant, the specification notes interactions that may be required between the vehicle and vehicle operator, but does not formally specify them. Similarly, communications between the on-board charging sub-system and the on-board vehicle
This SAE J3072 Standard establishes requirements for a grid support inverter system function which is integrated into a plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) which connects in parallel with an electric power system (EPS) by way of conductively coupled, electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). This standard also defines the communication between the PEV and the EVSE required for the PEV onboard inverter function to be configured and authorized by the EVSE for discharging at a site. The requirements herein are intended to be used in conjunction with IEEE 1547 and IEEE 1547.1. This standard shall also support interactive inverters which conform to the requirements of IEEE 1547-2003 and IEEE 1547.1-2005, recognizing that many utility jurisdictions may not authorize interconnection.
SAE International on October 22, 2020 announced publication of the first global standard that specifies, in a single document, both the electric vehicle (EV) and EV supply equipment (EVSE) ground system requirements for wireless charging of electric vehicles. The new standard, SAE J2954, helps pave the way for charging without the need for plugging in — widely considered to be a key enabler for accelerating the adoption of EVs and autonomous vehicles.
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to describe the application of single-phase DC to AC inverters, and bidirectional inverter/chargers, which supply power to ac loads in Class heavy duty on-highway trucks (10K GVW). The document identifies appropriate operating performance requirements and adds some insight into inverter selection. This document applies to factory and after-market installed DC-to-AC inverter systems (Including inverter chargers) providing up 3000 W of 120 VAC line-voltage power as a convenience for operator and passenger use. Such inverters are intended to power user loads not essential to vehicle Operation or safety (e.g., HVAC, TV, microwave ovens, battery chargers for mobile phones or laptop computers, audio equipment, etc.). Systems incorporate the inverter itself as well as the input, output, control, and signal wiring associated with the inverter. Requirements are given for the performance, safety, reliability, and environmental compatibility of the system
The SAE J2954 standard establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines various charging levels that are based on the levels defined for SAE J1772 conductive AC charge levels 1, 2, and 3, with some variations. A standard for WPT based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged conductively by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. SAE J2954 addresses unidirectional charging, from grid to vehicle; bidirectional energy transfer may be evaluated for a future standard
SAE J2847/6 establishes minimum requirements for communication between an electric vehicle and an inductive battery charging system for wireless power transfer (WPT). Where relevant, this document notes—but does not formally specify—interactions between the vehicle and vehicle operator. This document leverages the work of the SAE J2954 Alignment and Controls Sub-Team in the Wireless Power Transfer and Alignment Task Force by extending a JSON-based message set (protocol) originally developed to bench test wireless energy transfer interoperability between unmatched Ground Assembly (GA) and Vehicle Assembly (VA) systems (i.e., components manufactured by different companies). SAE J2847/6 furthers that work by adding messages sufficient to indicate that proper coil alignment has been achieved, initialize the sub-systems for wireless charging, ramp-up to full power, perform active wireless power transfer, and terminate the WPT session. Guidance for an engineering implementation of the JSON
During the charging Electric Vehicle (EV), power transfer occurs in the power electronics of an EV powertrain. Understanding how the Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) occurs would be beneficial for achieving convenient charging method. This paper focuses on improving WPT system pad compatibility, power transfer efficiency, EMI reduction, and Foreign Object Detection (FOD). The choice of convertible WPT pad for circular and DD type coil, improvement of pad compatibility is analyzed in this paper. In addition, several control methods of increasing WPT system efficiency are proposed. Firstly, the effect of Full Bridge - Half Bridge (FB-HB) is introduced, and the influence of a Bridgeless control scheme is discussed. A new, ferrite pad structure is applied to WPT system in order to achieve EMI reduction. Lastly, a new strategy of Foreign Object Detection (FOD) is suggested for WPT system using phase difference and frequency variation detection.
This document details one of the connections of the SAE J3105 document. The connections are referenced in the scope of the main document SAE J3105. SAE J3105/1 details the infrastructure-mounted pantograph, or cross-rail connection. All the common requirements are defined in the main document; the current document provides the details of the connection. This document covers the connection interface relevant requirements for an electric vehicle power transfer system using a conductive ACD based on a cross-rail design. To allow interoperability for on-road vehicles (in particular, buses and coaches), one configuration is described in this document. Other configurations may be used for non-standard applications (for example, mining trucks or port vehicles).
This document details one of the connections of the SAE J3105 document. The connections are referenced in the scope of the main document SAE J3105. SAE J3105/2 details the vehicle-mounted pantograph, or the bus-up connection. All the common requirements are defined in the main document; the current document provides the details of the connection. This document covers the connection interface relevant requirements for an electric vehicle power transfer system using a conductive automated charging device based on a conventional rail vehicle pantograph design. To allow interoperability for on-road vehicles (in particular, buses and coaches), one configuration is described in this document. Other configurations may be used for non-standard applications (for example, mining trucks or port vehicles).
This document details one of the connections of the SAE J3105 document. The connections are referenced in the scope of the main document SAE J3105. SAE J3105/3 details the enclosed pin and sleeve connection. All the common requirements are defined in the main document; the current document provides the details of the connection. This document covers the main safety and interoperability relevant requirements for an electric vehicle power transfer system using a conductive automated charging device based on an enclosed pin and socket design. To allow interoperability for on-road vehicles (in particular, buses and coaches), one configuration is described in this document. Other configurations may be used for non-standard applications (for example, mining trucks or port vehicles).
This document covers the general physical, electrical, functional, testing, and performance requirements for conductive power transfer, primarily for vehicles using a conductive ACD connection capable of transferring DC power. It defines conductive power transfer methods, including the infrastructure electrical contact interface, the vehicle connection interface, the electrical characteristics of the DC supply, and the communication system. It also covers the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle connection interface and supply equipment interface. There are also sub-documents which are identified by a SAE J3105/1, SAE J3105/2, and SAE J3105/3. These will be specific requirements for a specific interface defined in the sub-document. SAE J3105: Main document, including most requirements. ○ SAE J3105/1: Infrastructure-Mounted Cross Rail Connection ○ SAE J3105/2: Vehicle-Mounted Pantograph Connection ○ SAE J3105/3: Enclosed Pin and Socket Connection
SAE publishes On-Route Mechanized Conductive EV Charging Systems Recommended Practices SAE International published SAE J-3105 Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System Using Conductive Automated Connection Devices Recommended Practice in January 2020. The document promotes the safe testing and performance of mechanized conductive power transfer systems. Written for buses and heavy-duty vehicles in general, SAE J-3105 encompasses the general physical, electrical, functional, testing and performance requirements for conductive power transfer primarily for vehicles using a conductive automated-charging-device (ACD) connection capable of transferring DC power. As the EV market expands, the need for the continued standardization of DC power distribution remains, and SAE J-3105 addresses three interfaces required to ensure power delivery is consistent. It defines a conductive power transfer method including the curbside electrical contact interface, the vehicle connection interface, the
The intent of this document is to develop a recommended practice for PEV chargers, whether on-board or off-board the vehicle, that will enable equipment manufacturers, vehicle manufacturers, electric utilities, and others to make reasonable design decisions regarding power quality. The three main purposes are as follows: 1 To identify those parameters of PEV battery charger that must be controlled in order to preserve the quality of the AC service. 2 To identify those characteristics of the AC service that may significantly impact the performance of the charger. 3 To identify values for power quality, susceptibility, and power control parameters which are based on current U.S. and international standards. These values should be technically feasible and cost effective to implement into PEV battery chargers. SAE J2894/2 will describe the test methods for the parameters/requirements in this document.
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