Browse Topic: Wireless charging

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Dynamic Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles2026-01-07487/1/2026
This paper investigates the electromagnetic and circuit-level performance of an inductive power transfer (IPT) system for dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs). Key design parameters affecting power transfer efficiency (PTE) are examined through a simplified Series–Series (SS) compensated IPT model using a Double-D coil geometry with shielded ferrite backing, developed in MATLAB. The framework evaluates the effects of air gap, lateral misalignment, load resistance, and operating frequency on overall system efficiency. Results show that PTE is highly sensitive to spatial alignment, with significant efficiency losses at air gaps greater than 10 cm and misalignments beyond 15 cm. A combined 3D surface plot confirms the compounded nonlinear influence of both parameters. Load resistance analysis identifies an optimal range of approximately 10–15 Ω, while frequency analysis indicates peak performance near 85 kHz, consistent with standard guidelines. These findings validate trends reported in previous literature and highlight the importance of early-stage IPT system evaluation for dynamic wireless charging applications.
Abdelrahman, Marwan, Sodre, Jose Ricardo
Use Cases for Wireless Charging Communication for Plug-in Electric VehiclesJ2836/6_202606 (Current)6/24/2026
This SAE Information Report SAE J2836/6 establishes use cases for communication between plug-in electric vehicles and the EVSE for wireless energy transfer as specified in SAE J2954. It addresses the requirements for communications between the on-board charging system and the wireless EV supply equipment (WEVSE) in support of detection of the WEVSE, the charging process, and monitoring of the charging process. Since the communication to the charging infrastructure and the power grid for smart charging will also be communicated by the WEVSE to the EV over the wireless interface, these requirements are also covered. However, the processes and procedures are expected to be identical to those specified for V2G communications specified in SAE J2836/1. Where relevant, the specification notes interactions that may be required between the vehicle and vehicle operator, but does not formally specify them. Similarly, communications between the on-board charging sub-system and the on-board vehicle electronics is not formally specified in this document. This document will be published as a set of steps. The intent of step 1 was to record as much information on “what we think works” and publish. The intent of step 2 is to provide refinement and missing pieces to step 1, with a an eye to early testing. This version is step 2, with the aim of providing a communication protocol for home chargers.
Hybrid - EV Committee
WITHDRAWAL NOTICE2026-01-0208.014/7/2026
Electric Vehicle Charging through Resonant Coupling Wireless Power Transfer2026-28-01232/12/2026
The growing awareness about sustainability and environmental concerns are accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles. They play a promising role due to their potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality and lessen reliance on fossil fuels. However, one of the primary concerns for potential buyers is the charging process and infrastructure. Traditional wired charging systems for electric vehicles face limitations such as user inconvenience, wear and tear of connectors and challenges in automation. A wireless electric vehicle charging offers more user-friendly, automated and contactless method by eliminating the need for physical connectors. However, wireless inductive charging suffers from relatively low efficiency due to higher energy losses. Whereas resonant coupling significantly improves efficiency by using electromagnetic resonance to transfer power more effectively over short distances. This paper mainly focuses on design and implementation of a resonant coupling system using series capacitance for achieving resonance, instead of a traditional frequency oscillator. This approach simplifies the circuitry and has shown promising results in maintaining high efficiency. Investigations have been carried out by aligning the transmitter and receiver coils at different distances and load conditions. In the proposal model, resonant wireless power transfer precisely tunes the transmitter and receiver coils to resonate at a shared frequency of 60 kHz, minimising inductive losses and achieving efficiencies of up to 89.74%. The findings showed the potential for resonant wireless power transfer systems to support the next generation of electric vehicle infrastructure. This paper also presents a review on various wireless electric vehicle charging approaches.
Shaik, Amjad, Gudipati, Ravi Sai Hemanth, B, Vikranth Reddy, Anudeep, D B S S, Varshith, Dasari
A Comprehensive Study: The Potential of Wireless Charging in Future E Mobility2026-26-01951/16/2026
Electric mobility is no longer a distant vision, it is a global imperative in the journey of fight against the climate change and the urban pollution. Yet, despite of explosive growth in the electric vehicle adoptions, a major bottleneck remains which is efficient and convenient charging. The current reliance on physical plug in charging station creates inconvenient, time consuming experience and also faces significant technical and economic challenges those threaten to stall the smooth clean transportation revolution. Without innovation in how we recharge our vehicle the promise of electric mobility appears under threat which is undermined by less efficient, less compatible, and infrastructure hurdles. Wireless charging technology stand out as the game changing breakthrough poised to tackle these all critical problems head on. By enabling the effortless, cable-free charging system across the wide spectrum of electric vehicles, from the personal cars to the public transport fleets and to the micro mobility devices, it offers a more convenient & efficient future in which powering up is as seamless as driving. Still the key challenges such as energy transfer efficiency, infrastructure investments, safety, and interoperability standards must be overcome before this technology can fulfil its transformative potential. The paper embarks on a compelling journey which start with the foundational history of wireless power & navigating through global market dynamics and emerging trends and culminating in a forensic level analysis of ten main wireless EV charging technologies. Each technology is deeply evaluated against the regressive critical criteria which including efficiency, safety, cost and scalability. Ahead a weighted multi criteria hypothesis analysis is done that predicts their future viability and application. This deep, comparative framework demystifies complex trade off and offers clear & actionable guidance for industry leaders, engineers and policymakers. The paper not only highlighting the transformative potential of wireless charging but also providing strategic insights that can reshape our urban mobility and fleet operations. As EV ecosystems evolves toward intelligence, automation and more sustainability, this research becomes indispensable not just for understanding the present but for architecting a smarter, cleaner and electrified future of transportation.
Jain, Gaurav, Premlal, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Development of Advanced Thermoplastic Elastomeric Mat and Its Study on Thermal Performance of Wireless Charger System2026-26-02831/16/2026
This study aimed to develop a thermally conductive TPE mat and assess its performance in comparison to an existing antiskid rubber mat, specifically evaluating its impact on wireless charger efficiency. Moreover, morphological and thermal analyses were conducted to establish a correlation between the material behaviours of the new and current thermally conductive antiskid mats. The process of developing the thermally conductive TPE involved utilizing a two-roll mill followed by compression moulding to achieve a 2D sheet shape. Notably, the thermally conductive mat demonstrated a consistent enhancement in charging efficiency over the conventional antiskid mat. To examine the thermal characteristics, thermal characterization techniques including DSC and TGA were employed for both the existing and newly developed mats. FTIR spectroscopy was also utilized to confirm the presence of organic functional groups within the mat. The morphological analysis of the fillers used to enhance thermal conductivity was conducted through SEM. The resulting insights contributed to understanding the structural changes that contributed to the improved thermal performance. Subsequently, the developed thermally conductive mat sheet was evaluated in the context of wireless charger performance. The findings and implications of these evaluations were thoroughly discussed. In summary, this research successfully developed a thermally conductive TPE mat and highlighted its superior performance in terms of wireless charging efficiency compared to the traditional antiskid mat. Thermal and morphological analyses provided deeper insights into the material properties, while the evaluation of the mat's impact on wireless charger performance demonstrated its practical significance.
Naikwadi, Amol Tarachand, Mali, Manoj, Patil, Bhushan, Tata, Srikanth
Wireless Charger Packaging in Peculiar Rear Door Trim Profile2026-26-02701/16/2026
A mobile wireless charger is a device that charge a smartphone or other compatible gadgets without the need for physical cables. Principle of wireless mobile charger system based on inductive coupling phenomena. The main objective of this paper aims to address the challenge of packaging wireless mobile charger in peculiar door trim profile keeping overall functionality and aesthetic appearance of door trim intact. This paper deals with integration of a wireless charging system within the door trim of a vehicle to provide convenience and advanced functionality. The objective is to pack a wireless charger in door trim meeting the ergonomic target and equilibrium state stability while maintaining sleek and minimalist design of the door trim. The study focuses on innovative packaging solutions related to space optimization in door despite multiple challenges involved. Major challenge lies in packing the unit amidst complex mechanisms such as window regulators, speakers, structural reinforcements while managing the thermal heat generation with proper dissipation techniques The main objective of this paper is to address the following: An innovative approach to the design of Wireless charger for Door trim Meeting stable equilibrium state. Focusing on enhancing aesthetics. Low weight impact, robust design, and assembly, Managing Wireless charger quality quality as per regular standard.
Palyal, Nikita, D, Gowtham, Bhaskararao, Pathivada, Kumarasamy, Raj Ganesh, Bornare, Harshad
Resilient Design Strategies for Wireless Charger ECUs: A Proactive Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment Framework for Ensuring Cybersecurity in EV Charging Ecosystems2026-26-01731/16/2026
The proliferation of wireless charging technology in electric vehicles (EVs) introduces novel cybersecurity challenges that require comprehensive threat analysis and resilient design strategies. This paper presents a proactive framework for assessing and mitigating cybersecurity risks in wireless charger Electronic Control Units (ECUs), addressing the unique vulnerabilities inherent in electromagnetic power transfer systems. Through systematic threat modeling, vulnerability assessment, and the development of defense-in-depth strategies, this research establishes design principles for creating robust wireless charging ecosystems resistant to cyber threats. The proposed framework integrates hardware security modules, encrypted communication protocols, and adaptive threat detection mechanisms to ensure operational integrity while maintaining charging efficiency. Experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed security measures in preventing unauthorized access, data manipulation, and service disruption attacks while preserving system performance.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B, Gadekar, Pundlik
Researchers Develop Ultrasound-Based Wireless Charging Technology for Implantable Medical DevicesTBMG-5399410/1/2025
A research team led by Prof. Jinho Chang from the department of electrical engineering and computer science at DGIST has developed an ultrasound-based wireless charging technology capable of rapidly and efficiently charging the batteries of implantable medical devices. The technology has achieved world-class energy efficiency, fully charging a commercial battery within two hours, even inside the human body.
Analysis of Geo-Location Data of Tactical Vehicles to Derive Wireless Recharging Requirements2025-01-83414/1/2025
As the United States Army explores electrified tactical vehicles, wireless power transfer (WPT) has emerged as a promising recharging method. WPT allows multiple vehicles to recharge while in proximity of a charging station based on a mobile platform. This study examines the requirements of WPT by analyzing geo-location data from over 400 tactical vehicles at the National Training Center. The data was extracted, cleaned, and analyzed to identify periods when vehicles were close enough for effective WPT. The analysis quantifies the amount of time vehicles spend in proximity and their average distance apart, both while stationary and moving, to establish initial WPT requirements. These results were combined with energy consumption rates to estimate the power throughput of a WPT system. Vehicles were found to be stationary and close to other vehicles for most of the day, making WPT a practical solution in those situations. Although the analysis found that WPT is feasible during convoys, the required power throughput is larger and fewer vehicles can be recharged, making it more challenging than when the vehicles are stationary. The study also approximated the fuel consumption for the WPT if powered by a diesel genset; while less efficient than a wired system, it still reduces fuel consumption compared to conventional vehicles. This paper demonstrates then discusses the trade-off between the benefits of WPT with the cost of developing such a system.
Mittal, Vikram, El Ouadi, Ameir
Prediction of Gear Defect Based on WPT & CEEMDAN & SVD2025-01-70481/31/2025
After the defected gears are determined, a novel method, combined with wavelet packet decomposition, complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise and singular value decomposition, is put forward. It is utilized to exclude disturbance of irrelevant signals that generated by the defect gears. Firstly, wavelet packet decomposition is used to extract the defect signals and retain original features. The processed signal is called S1 and the irrelevant frequency bands could be filtered out. Secondly, complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise decomposes S1 into a series of intrinsic modal functions. The correlations between S1 and intrinsic modal functions are analyzed. The intrinsic modal functions that are highly correlated with S1 are screened out and reconstructed into a new signal, called S2. The disturbance of irrelevant signals could be further filtered out, but some of them still disturb the judgement. Thirdly, singular value decomposition decomposes S2 into several singular values. The large singular values are choose to represent S2 and the disturbance of irrelevant signals could be reduced to the minimum. After applying above processes, the disturbance of irrelevant signals is nearly eliminated. The defect feature of gears can be easily and accurately judged. Finally, the judgement is proved to be true. This method provides a novel idea for gear defect analysis.
Gu, Junqing, Zuo, Yueyun, Zhang, Ni, Deng, Feng, Wu, Xiaolong
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Scaling Wireless EV Charging with SAE J29541348410/30/2024
How close is the EV industry to commercializing wireless charging? The answer lies in the SAE J2954 standard which establishes an industry-wide specification that defines the acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. For the latest insight, we sat down with Jesse Schneider, CEO/CTO, ZEV Station, and Chair, SAE Wireless Charging Taskforce for SAE J2954, and Ky Sealy, Engineering Fellow, WiTricity, and Subteam Lead of Wireless Charging Alignment for SAE J2954, to discuss the recent developments and the next generation of wireless power transfer. For more on the evolution of wireless charging adoption from ZEV Station and WiTricity, check out Episode 166 and Episode 114 in our back catalog. And if developing industry standards interests you, consider joining an SAE Committee. For more information, please email Standards Specialist, Dante Rahdar, at dante.rahdar@sae.org. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred podcasting platform. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Follow host Grayson Brulte on LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram.
Hineman, Marcie
Automotive Engineering: September 202424AUTP099/5/2024
BMW, Classiq find better architectures through quantum computing Everything from electric motors to robot arms can be looked at through the lens of a powerful algorithm. Blazer EV is a steel-intensive showcase GM elevates the ferrous state-of-art with new body and battery structures. Steel targets EV structures, battery boxes The industry fires back at aluminum's growing 'gigacasting' threat. Editorial No, really, what's an SDV? Supplier Eye A new reckoning Altair honors innovations in automotive lightweighting and sustainability GM EVs will soon provide V2H backup power during blackouts Supplier technologies could deep-freeze the steering wheel Mazda Motorsports keeps the MX-5 cool with a new differential plate 2025 Lucid Air review: unnecessarily fast, astonishingly efficient Refreshed 2025 Cadillac Escalade features 55-inch dash display Product Briefs Spotlight: Testing Tools and Sensors Q&A VW engineering chief on wireless charging at DC speeds
Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in/Electric Vehicles and Alignment MethodologyJ2954_202408 (Current)8/13/2024
The SAE J2954 standard establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines three charging levels up to 11 kVA and in future revisions up to 22 kVA. A standard for WPT based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. This is meant to be used in conjunction with communications standard SAE J2847/6 and use cases J2836/6 and ground assembly WPT Certification UL 2750. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged conductively by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. This standard addresses stationary light-duty applications (charging while vehicle is not in motion); heavy-duty applications are considered in SAE J2954/2 and dynamic applications are to be specified in SAE J2954/3. In this version, only above-ground (surface-mounted) installations are covered; flush-mounted installations have been discussed and are planned to be specified in the next revision. SAE J2954 contains requirements for safety, performance, and interoperability. It also contains recommended methods for evaluating electromagnetic emissions, but the requirements and test procedures are controlled by regulatory bodies. Development of the interoperability requirements in this standard employed a performance-based evaluation of candidate designs using a standardized Test Station and procedures, resulting in defining reference devices that are used to determine acceptable performance of products. While this version of SAE J2954 explicitly specifies unidirectional WPT in the forward direction (from grid to vehicle), the next revision of this document is planned to also address testing and communication requirements for bidirectional transfer. V2G WPT may be integrated into future product applications for overnight fleet or home-based charging systems that aim to support regional smart grid interactions. That is, requirements for also transferring energy in the reverse direction using the vehicle high voltage energy storage to provide power to loads on the infrastructure side. The specific requirements for connecting back to the grid, to other vehicles, or to external devices are covered in other SAE standards. SAE J2954 will provide grid-equivalent voltage and current by sourcing it from the vehicle battery system. Until the time SAE J2954 explicitly covers bidirectional energy transfer as a standard, some sections of this current version are directly applicable to evaluate certain aspects in the development of bidirectional systems. Bidirectional V2G, WPT is to be used in conjunction per standards SAE J3072 and SAE J2836/3 (and applicable IEEE and UL standards).
Hybrid - EV Committee
Standardized Differential Inductive Positioning System for Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles2024-01-29877/2/2024
To shape future mobility MAHLE has committed itself to foster wireless charging for electrical vehicles. The standardized wireless power transfer of 11 kW at a voltage level of 800 V significantly improves the end user experience for charging an electric vehicle without the need to handle a connector and cable anymore. Combined with automated parking and autonomous driving systems, the challenge to charge fleets without user interaction is solved. Wireless charging is based on inductive power transfer. In the ground assembly’s (GA) power transfer coil, a magnetic field is generated which induces a voltage in the vehicle assembly (VA) power transfer coil. To transfer the power from grid to battery with a high efficiency up to 92% the power transfer coils are compensated with resonant circuits. In this paper the Differential-Inductive-Positioning-System (DIPS) to align a vehicle on the GA for parking will be presented. This system utilizes five standardized magnetic fields which are generated within the GA. On the VA induced voltages by the standardized magnetic fields are measured with two crossed coils. A dedicated coil in the GA provides the (magnetic) field for the steering and braking information. The stop signal for the vehicle is provided by an array of four coils in the GA. Additionally to private garages, the DIPS is designed for multi-GA parking spots as well. The special differential signal processing makes the procedure extremely robust against metallic foreign objects. The high accuracy of the DIPS allows the driver to align the vehicle at the first attempt. The automized pairing process enables a charging process without interaction of the driver.
Boettigheimer, Mike, Grabherr, Philip
Improved Ultrasound Wireless Charging for Implantable Biomedical DevicesTBMG-510487/1/2024
Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology Daegu, Republic of Korea
Optimization of Dynamic Wireless Charging Systems and Economic Feasibility Assessment of Electrified Roads14-14-01-00016/12/2024
Dynamic wireless charging (DWC) systems can make up electrified roads (eRoads) on which electricity from the grid is supplied to electric vehicles (EVs) wirelessly while the EVs travel along the roads. Electrification of roads contributes to decarbonizing the transport sector and offers a strong solution to high battery cost, range anxiety, and long charging times of EVs. However, the DWC eRoads infrastructure is costly. This article presents a model to minimize the infrastructure cost so that the deployment of eRoads can be economically more feasible. The investment for eRoad infrastructure consists of the costs of various components including inverters, road-embedded power transmitter devices, controllers, and grid connections. These costs depend on the traffic flow of EVs. The configuration and deployment strategy of the proposed eRoads in Southeastern Canada are designed with optimized charging power and DWC coverage ratio to attain the best cost-effectiveness. Well-designed intermittent or partial DWC systems are shown to be an effective approach to reducing the overall investment. The economic feasibility of the DWC eRoads is assessed using a levelized cost metric. The results show that the DWC technology is economically viable, particularly for long-haul truck transport. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate which parameters have a more significant impact on the economic viability of the DWC eRoads.
Qiu, Kuanrong, Ribberink, Hajo, Entchev, Evgueniy
On-Skin Wearable Bioelectronic Device Uses Breathable, Stretchable MaterialTBMG-509166/1/2024
A team of researchers at the University of Missouri have made a significant breakthrough in their ongoing development of an on-skin wearable bioelectronic device. Zheng Yan’s lab, which specializes in soft bioelectronics, recently added an important component to the team’s existing ultrasoft, breathable and stretchable material. The key feature: wireless charging — without batteries — through a magnetic connection.
Validation and Comparison of Alignment Methodologies for the SAE Wireless Power Transfer, J2954 Standard2024-01-20274/9/2024
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is set to become an alternative to conductive charging and promises highly efficient charging of electric and plug-in-hybrid vehicles based on the previous publications of the SAE J2954 standards. However, a single common methodology for alignment of the Vehicle Assembly (VA) to the Ground Assembly (GA) for wireless charging public infrastructure was not included in the first two versions of the SAE J2954 standard. Two methodologies for alignment are evaluated in this technical paper for a future SAE J2954 standard: Differential Inductive Positioning System (DIPS) using an auxiliary magnetic field to align; and Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) Ranging using Radio Frequency triangulation to align. Data and comparison of the two alignment methodologies are shown in conjunction with analysis and input from the SAE J2954 WPT Taskforce. The objective is to show the benefits and shortcomings of each technology based on testing and to indicate a harmonized decision for one methodology to be published in the next version of the SAE J2954 standard. This test report documents the results of two SAE J2954 Alignment Witness Tests of the Differential Inductive Positioning System (DIPS) performed in Stuttgart, Germany in September 2023 and Ultra-Wide Band Ranging Positioning System (UWB) performed in Switzerland in October 2023.
Schneider, Jesse, Sealy, Ky, Boettigheimer, Mike, Laemmle, Timo, Teerlinck, Ivo, Hollenbach, Maximilian, Rappholz, Bastian, Wendt, Andreas, Joos, Simon
Analysis of Leakage Magnetic Field and Reducing Method in Bi-Directional Wireless Charging System of Electric Vehicle2024-01-20294/9/2024
This paper analyzes the leakage magnetic field generated by the Bi-Directional wireless charging system of Electric Vehicle(EV) and confirms the effect of the shielding coil in the Bi-Directional wireless charging system. In particular, in EV using the Inductive Power Transfer(IPT) method, the effective shielding coil position is proposed by analyzing the contribution of the leakage magnetic field of the Ground Assembly(GA) coil and the Vehicle Assembly(VA) coil according to the power transfer direction. Simulations were conducted using the WPT3/Z2 model of the standard SAE J2954, and it was confirmed that the GA coil contributed more to the leakage magnetic field due to the relatively large size compared to the VA coil regardless of power transfer direction. The same tendency was confirmed not only in alignment condition but also in misalignment condition, and it was also confirmed that the same tendency appeared in the situation where a larger current flows in the VA coil by inversely transferring power. As a result, it was concluded that the shielding coil should be located near the GA coil, which contributes greatly to the leakage magnetic field, and the simulation confirmed the effect of reducing the leakage magnetic field by about 66%.
Son, Seokhyeon, Han, Seunghyun, Jun, Changhan, Shin, Dongil, Woo, Semin, Park, Myungjoon, Park, Junho, Shin, Juhyun, Kwon, Daehyun
Assessing Powertrain Technology Performance and Cost Signposts for Electrified Heavy Duty Commercial Freight Vehicles2024-01-20324/9/2024
Adoption of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) or battery electric vehicles (BEV) in heavy-duty (HD) commercial freight transportation is hampered by difficult technoeconomic obstacles. To enable widespread deployment of electrified powertrains, fleet and operational logistics need high uptime and parity with diesel system productivity/total cost of ownership (TCO), while meeting safety compliance. Due to a mix of comparatively high powerplant and energy storage costs, high energy costs (more so for FCEV), greater weight (more so for BEV), slow refueling / recharging durations, and limited supporting infrastructure, FCEV and BEV powertrains have not seen significant uptake in the HD freight transport market. The use of dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) systems, consisting of inductive electrical coils on the vehicle and power source transmitting coils embedded in the roadways, may address several of these challenges. An appropriately designed BEV, will absorb energy at highway speeds from these transmitting coils in the road, providing electrical energy to sustain its mission. This has the potential to reduce the onboard energy storage requirements for BEV while enabling significantly longer missions. While still contingent on considerable infrastructure development, this technology has the potential to disrupt the zero emission HD freight transport system by not only lowering the overall total cost of ownership and increasing asset uptime, but also reducing the use of rare earth minerals required to support the deployment of these vehicle systems. This paper presents a study of four use cases (Drayage, Short Haul, Regional Haul, and Long Haul) of HD vehicles comparing the diesel incumbent powertrain against FCEV, BEV with depot charging, and BEV with DWPT charging. By considering the interplay of several technoeconomic factors associated with each of these powertrain options and further considering real world vehicle weight and road variations, a systematic study is conducted to show critical signposts for both single and multi-parameter technology viability. This study also assesses the sensitivity of each factor to the overall TCO changes thus identifying critical areas of further research and development. Finally, by considering the four use cases together a preliminary strategy to introduce DWPT in freight roadway networks is stipulated. Future works will address the specific characteristics and develop this strategy more holistically based on freight volume, road conditions, and other key development factors.
Sujan, Vivek, Galigekere, Veda Prakash
Wireless Power Transfer in Aircraft Systems2024-01-19273/5/2024
The aerospace industry is noticing significant shift towards More Electric Aircraft (MEA). The advancement of electrical technology the systems are being transformed towards electric compared to the conventional pneumatic or hydraulic systems. This has led to an increased demand in electrical power from 150 Kilo Watts in the conventional airplane to 1 Mega Watts in More Electric Aircraft. More electric systems, call for increased electrical wiring harness to connect various systems in the aircraft. These harnesses consist of power and data cables. Wireless communication technology is being matured for data communication, leading to reduction of wire harness for data. As of now, the length of wires in large commercial aircraft is over 100miles and it may not be surprising if the electrification of aircraft drive this too much longer. In this paper, a comparative study of various wireless power transfer techniques for DC voltage configuration and the corresponding challenges in an aircraft environment are presented. Challenges in meeting the certification standards as per the RTCA DO-160 for EMI/EMC and power quality are discussed. From various Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) techniques, the technology, architecture suitable for aerospace application is discussed. The models and simulation results are presented. Possibility of deploying WPT alongside WAIC strategy is proposed. The performance of the proposed current control methodology is presented. Potential for future research is laid out based on the study of various technologies.
C S, Adishesha, Thirunarayana, Ashok Kumar, Shreshthi, Mahadevanna, Barik, Mridul Sankar, Banerjee, Kumardeb
A Traffic Microsimulation Based Study of an Electric Road System with Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer2024-26-01021/16/2024
Electrification of road transport is a critical step towards establishment of a sustainable transport ecosystem. However, a major hindrance to electric mobility is the high cost and weight of the battery pack. Downsizing the battery pack will not only address these issues, but will also reduce embedded emissions due to battery manufacturing. One approach towards reducing battery pack size and still offering the user of electric vehicles similar mobility experiences as in case of conventional vehicles is to set up extensive network of charging or battery swapping stations. Another approach is to provide the vehicle with required energy while it is on the move. However, conventional systems such as overhead line or conducting rails have several disadvantages in the urban environment. One solution that has come up in this regard in recent times is the concept of Electric Roads System (ERS), which involves dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) to the vehicles from power transmitters embedded in the road they are driving on. The vehicles using ERS can have a downsized battery pack to enable it run on segments without ERS. Major advantage of the ERS are reductions in the cost of the battery pack and charging time. The vehicles also have reduced energy consumption due to reduction in mass. In this paper, an ERS is simulated using traffic microsimulation tool Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) with heterogenous traffic. Effect of vehicle speed on charging of battery is considered. Based on the simulation results, impacts of such a system on the traffic flow and the electric power supply system are studied. The variation of the state of charge of the battery pack of the vehicles is also studied.
Sardar, Arghya, Prasad, Mukti
Static Inductive Wireless Charging Station for Electric Vehicle2023-28-010211/10/2023
Electric vehicles play a huge part in today’s transportation system and their increased use would rid us the downfalls of conventional vehicles. A part integral to this overhaul of EVs is the implementation of wireless charging station. It is necessary to set up a wide range of charging networks in a user-friendly environment in order to facilitate the adoption of electric transportation. As a result, the main goal of this work is to present a viable substitute solution that uses Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology to charge electric vehicles (EVs) without any plug-in issues. This work proposes on a static wireless power transfer technology for Electric Vehicles. A high-efficiency wireless power transfer system for electric vehicles is virtually designed using matlab with a maximum power point tracking for solar panel, DC-DC and AC-DC converter. A scaled down version of the prototype for the same is built with more environmental friendly solar power supplied wireless charging and tested to verify the feasibility and the proposed design. This work highlights the potential of WPT as a solution to the challenges of EV charging infrastructure. The use of solar energy makes the charging process more sustainable, and the evaluation of transformer structures provides insights into how to optimize the charging process for future EV development. This charging station is designed for fast charging and to reduce carbon footprint. Ultimately, the work contributes to the goal of creating a cleaner, more sustainable transportation system
R, Rajarajeswari, V, Praveena, D, Suchitra
Communication Between Plug-in Vehicles and CustomersJ2847/5_202310 (Historical)10/6/2023
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes the communication for the variety of potential functions for plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) customers. This includes features for use case items in SAE J2836/3 that may be PEV/customer optional equipment, such as AC vehicle-to-load (V2L) and AC vehicle-to-vehicle systems. These systems conform to SAE J1772 with variations required to identify to the PEV bidirectional onboard charger (OBC) the mode of operation changes and output requirements. SAE has published multiple documents relating to PEV and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interfaces. The various document series are listed below, with a brief explanation of each. Figure 1 shows the sequencing of these documents and their primary function (e.g., the SAE J2836 and SAE J2847/1 documents start with smart charging, SAE J2836 and SAE J2847/2 then adds DC charging, etc.). The intent is to have subsequent slash sheets complement each other as more functions and features are included. The /6 series of documents add wireless charging items not already included in the proceeding slash sheets. These are all then included in Interoperability in SAE J2953 and security in SAE J2931/7. SAE J3072 then includes the PEV to grid requirements for V2G power and communication to match the SAE J2836/3 use cases.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Volkswagen and partners pushing materials, EV charging innovations in Tennessee23AUTP10_0610/1/2023
Volkswagen announced recently that its three-year-old Innovation Hub in Knoxville, Tenn., is making major gains in lightweighting, EV wireless charging and sustainable interior materials. Volkswagen's Innovation Hub specializes in applied materials science and frequently collaborates with neighbors the University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Lab. “We are accelerating innovation with electric vehicles and contributing more to sustainable transportation in America by focusing our efforts on some of the most transformative automotive research being done in the country,” said Pablo Di SI, president and CEO of Volkswagen Group of America, in a release. He said that the research partnerships are a “unique blend of world-class academic research and Volkswagen's leading industry capabilities.”
Clonts, Chris
Improving the Feasibility of Electrified Heavy-Duty Truck Fleets with Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer2023-24-01618/28/2023
This study assesses the capabilities of dynamic wireless power transfer with respect to range extension and payload capacity of heavy-duty trucks. Currently, a strong push towards tailpipe CO2 emissions abatement in the heavy-duty transport sector by policymakers is driving the development of battery electric trucks. Yet, battery-electric heavy-duty trucks require large battery packs which may reduce the payload capacity and increase dwell time at charging stations, negatively affecting their acceptance among fleet operators. By investigating various levels of development of wireless charging technology and exploring various deployment scenarios for an electrified highway lane, the potential for a more efficient and environmentally friendly battery sizing was explored. Furthermore, the additional energy provided by the eRoad can be beneficially exploited by commercial fleet operators to extend the range of electric trucks, reduce the purchase cost by adopting rightsized battery packs and reduce dwell time. This could lead to reducing both economic and environmental costs of the fleet. In particular, a use case was developed to be representative of a long-haul delivery mission. To this end, the long-haul mission defined by the European heavy-duty CO2 regulation was modified to include the eRoad segment. The study considers a 6x2 rigid truck belonging to group 9 as defined by the EU regulation. Different payloads were also considered to reflect the inherent variability in freight activity. A parametric study was conducted by changing the travel speed during dynamic charging events and the eRoad segment’s length, which reflects current and future technology development and costs. The study was carried out by first investigating the effect of each parameter individually and then simultaneously, with the aim of optimizing the range extension or battery right-sizing as well as the delivery time of goods.
Costantino, Trentalessandro, Miretti, Federico, Spessa, Ezio
Designing Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer Corridors for Heavy Duty Battery Electric Commercial Freight Vehicles2023-01-07034/11/2023
The use of wireless power transfer systems, consisting of inductive electrical coils on the vehicle and the power source may be designed for dynamic operations where the vehicle will absorb energy at highway speeds from transmitting coils in the road. This has the potential to reduce the onboard energy storage requirements for vehicles while enabling significantly longer missions. This paper presents an approach to architecting a dynamic wireless power transfer corridor for heavy duty battery electric commercial freight vehicles. By considering the interplay of roadway power capacity, roadway and vehicle coil coverage, seasonal road traffic loading, freight vehicle class and weight, vehicle mobility energy requirements, on-board battery chemistry, non-electrified roadway vehicle range requirements, grid capacity, substation locations, and variations in electricity costs, we minimize the vehicle TCO by architecting the electrified roadway and the vehicle battery simultaneously. The idea optimizes battery size and chemistry so that the depth of discharge between recharge events and expected life are balanced, thus fully utilizing the energy available throughout the course of the battery system's life. The approach is illustrated by applying it to the I-75 freight corridor, where the framework developed may be expanded and applied to a larger interstate system, expanded regional corridor, or other transportation network.
Sujan, Vivek Anand, Siekmann, Adam, Tennille, Sarah, Tsybina, Eve
Wireless Power Transfer for Heavy-Duty Electric VehiclesJ2954/2_202212 (Current)12/16/2022
The published SAE J2954 standard established an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) for light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. This SAE Information Report, SAE J2954/2, defines new power transfer levels in the higher power ranges needed for heavy-duty electric vehicles. This document addresses the requirements based on these charge levels and different vehicle applications as a first step in the process of completing a standard that the industry can use, both for private (fleet) and public wireless power transfer, including for charging electric vehicle batteries. This document is the first step in a process towards HD static and dynamic WPT. This document lacks specific requirements and solutions, for which field data is needed. This document is not intended to be a guideline to enable manufacturers to design systems with minimal assistance; the goal is to inform readers about many of the things to consider in addressing this market and is an outline for the SAE J2954/2 committee for continued work. Based on data, there will be much more detail in the next version of this document. This document represents experience from the SAE J2954 light-duty standard along with active participation of industry providers developing and deploying non-standardized HD wireless power transfer systems with the goal of creating standardized systems in the future. SAE J2954/2 addresses unidirectional power transfer, from grid to vehicle; bidirectional transfer may be evaluated for a future document. This document is intended to be used in stationary applications (power transfer while vehicle is not in motion) and some dynamic applications. SAE J2954/2 covers requirements for safety, performance, and interoperability. Further development of detailed requirements will be based on performance-based evaluations of candidate designs, including evaluations against electrical safety and human safety standards. SAE J2954/2 also covers recommended methods for evaluating electromagnetic emissions, but the requirements and test procedures are controlled by regulatory bodies.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in/Electric Vehicles and Alignment MethodologyJ2954_202208 (Historical)8/26/2022
The SAE J2954 standard establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines various charging levels that are based on the levels defined for SAE J1772 conductive AC charge levels 1, 2, and 3, with some variations. A standard for WPT based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged conductively by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. SAE J2954 addresses unidirectional charging, from grid to vehicle; bidirectional energy transfer may be evaluated for a future standard. This standard is intended to be used in stationary applications (charging while vehicle is not in motion); dynamic applications may be considered in the future. In this version, only above-ground (surface mounted) installations are covered; flush mounted installations have been discussed but are not yet ready for inclusion. SAE J2954 contains requirements for safety, performance, and interoperability. It also contains recommended methods for evaluating electromagnetic emissions, but the requirements and test procedures are controlled by regulatory bodies. Development of the interoperability requirements in this standard employed a performance-based evaluation of candidate designs using a standardized Test Station and procedures, resulting in defining reference devices which are used to determine acceptable performance of products.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Wireless road charging for EVs to debut mid-decade22TOFHP08_108/1/2022
Roadway-embedded wireless charging for electric vehicles is coming to a stretch of urban highway in Detroit, marking a pilot-program first on a U.S. public road. “Our electric vehicle receiver units are modular and compatible with passenger vehicles and with light-, medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles,” said Oren Ezer, CEO of Electreon, based in Tel Aviv, Israel. Michigan is expected to operate the first electrified roadway in early 2025. Electreon's patented wireless in-road EV charging technology already is in use with various European demonstration projects, including a 0.7-mile (1.05-km) intercity toll road in Italy and a 1-mi (1.65-km) public road in Sweden. Sweden's policymakers aim to have 1,243 miles (2,000 km) of electrified roadway in operation by 2030. Detroit's electrified roadway will be near Michigan Central, a mobility-innovation district under development by Ford.
Buchholz, Kami
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Cutting the Cord on Electric Vehicles132316/20/2022
Just park and charge. No cord required. That's the future according to WiTricity, the global industry leader in wireless charging. Powered by patented magnetic resonance technology, WiTricity is just as fast and efficient as a plug-in charger. With global automakers and Tier 1 suppliers incorporating this technology into their electric vehicle roadmaps, WiTricity is laying the foundation for worldwide standards that support wide-scale adoption. Alex Gruzen, WiTricity CEO, shares his perspective on how ending the hassle of charging will accelerate electric vehicle adoption and how WiTricity is at the forefront of advancements like bi-directional power and the dynamic charging of moving vehicles. It's an exciting discussion on the future of mobility - one that is electric, shared and autonomous. As we look to the future, the evolution of standards related to wireless charging will play a key role in accelerating its adoption. SAE is building expert committees to address this need, including the Hybrid Wireless Charging J2954 Task Force. If you'd like to get involved, please contact us at podcast@sae.org.
Hineman, Marcie
WAVE builds in-road inductive charging for large EVs22TOFHP06_096/1/2022
The largest all-electric transit bus fleet in the U.S. serves as a vivid example of commercial vehicles ditching diesel fill-ups. “WAVE's wireless charging solution is purpose-built for medium-and heavy-duty vehicles, and we remain laser-focused on that sector,” said Michael Masquelier, chief technology officer for Salt Lake City, Utah-based WAVE (Wireless Advanced Vehicle Electrification). Southern California's Antelope Valley Transit Authority (AVTA) opted to transition from diesel-fueled to battery-electric buses in 2014. Today, 48 of the current 54 BYD-built buses are equipped with WAVE's patented wireless charging system. Each BYD bus has two asynchronous three-phase motors. The 40-ft buses are 150 kW; the articulated 60-ft buses are 180 kW.
Buchholz, Kami
Optimization of Electric Vehicle Wireless Power Transmission Efficiency Based on Ant Lion Optimizer2022-01-07893/29/2022
Magnetically coupled resonance wireless power transmission technology (MCR-WPT), as a technological innovation in the electric vehicle industry, is of great significance to promote the development of the electric vehicle industry chain. The current wireless charging technology is affected by the design of the vehicle itself, the distance between the vehicle-mounted part of the wireless charging and the ground is not fixed. And the changeable parking attitude will cause the projection of the transmitting coil and the receiving coil to deviate. Therefore, reasonable matching of transmission frequency, matching impedance and other parameters is of great significance for optimizing power transmission efficiency. This paper establishes a mathematical model of transmission frequency, matching impedance, distance between two coils and wireless power transmission efficiency. Based on the preliminary analysis of 10 experimental data of wireless charging in the laboratory under different coil spacings, the relationship between various parameters and wireless charging efficiency is obtained. In view of the problem of coil offset under actual charging conditions, a nonlinear optimization model for maximizing the efficiency of the MCR-WPT system is proposed. The selected optimization parameters are parameters such as transmission frequency and matching impedance. The goal is to ensure the maximum value of automotive coil offset under high transmission efficiency. In this paper, the optimization model is solved based on the Ant lion optimizer, and the optimal parameter values under the specified working conditions are obtained, and the relative error is less than 3%. When the coil spacing is 10mm, the maximum offset of the coil with a transmission efficiency higher than 80% is 0.3423m, and the RMSE between theoretical and experimental results is less than 0.015. Algorithm optimizes the power transmission efficiency and improved the fault tolerance rate of wireless charging system during parking.
Lu, Xin, Fan, Longyu, Kong, Qingxin, Hu, Zongxian, Qi, Fei, Chen, Long
Charging Room System Provides Electricity Over the AirTBMG-453483/1/2022
Researchers have developed a system to safely deliver electricity over the air, potentially turning entire buildings into wireless charging zones. The technology can deliver 50 watts of power using magnetic fields.
Method Recharges an Electric Car as it DrivesTBMG-4047112/1/2021
Although wireless charging pads already exist for smartphones, they only work if the phone is sitting still. For cars, that would be just as inconvenient as the current practice of plugging them in for an hour or two at charging stations.
Wireless Charging for Autonomous Electric Vehicles2024-01-38828/10/2021
ABSTRACT Charging an autonomous electric vehicle can be a challenge using the traditional cable and connector approach. This paper explores various methods for the charging of batteries used in autonomous electric vehicles. One such method, an alternative to the traditional “contact” approach, utilizes a non-contacting power transfer technology that is based on magnetic induction and resonance principles. The paper examines various methods for the application of battery energy replenishment. A proposed charging station with design objectives is discussed, along with how well each of the battery energy replenishment methods would meet the proposed autonomous electric vehicle charging station requirements. Citation: Oly Jeon-Chapman, Ron Fiorello and Ronnie L. Wright, Ph.D., “Wireless Charging for Autonomous Electric Vehicles”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2021.
Jeon-Chapman, Oly, Fiorello, Ron, Wright, Ronnie L.
Wireless Charging for Lunar RobotsTBMG-391485/1/2021
WiBotic — a maker of wireless charging and fleet energy management solutions for aerial, mobile, marine, and industrial robots — partnered with Astrobotic, Bosch, and the University of Washington to develop and commercialize wireless charging solutions for robots on the Moon.
Use Cases for Wireless Charging Communication for Plug-in Electric VehiclesJ2836/6_202104 (Historical)4/9/2021
This SAE Information Report SAE J2836/6 establishes use cases for communication between plug-in electric vehicles and the EVSE for wireless energy transfer as specified in SAE J2954. It addresses the requirements for communications between the on-board charging system and the wireless EV supply equipment (WEVSE) in support of detection of the WEVSE, the charging process, and monitoring of the charging process. Since the communication to the charging infrastructure and the power grid for smart charging will also be communicated by the WEVSE to the EV over the wireless interface, these requirements are also covered. However, the processes and procedures are expected to be identical to those specified for V2G communications specified in SAE J2836/1. Where relevant, the specification notes interactions that may be required between the vehicle and vehicle operator, but does not formally specify them. Similarly, communications between the on-board charging sub-system and the on-board vehicle electronics is not formally specified in this document. This document will be published as a set of steps. The intent of step 1 was to record as much information on “what we think works” and publish. The intent of step 2 is to provide refinement and missing pieces to step 1, with a an eye to early testing. This version is step 2, with the aim of providing a communication protocol for home chargers.
Hybrid - EV Committee
New SAE Wireless Charging Standard is EV Game-ChangerTBMG-384642/1/2021
SAE International on October 22, 2020 announced publication of the first global standard that specifies, in a single document, both the electric vehicle (EV) and EV supply equipment (EVSE) ground system requirements for wireless charging of electric vehicles. The new standard, SAE J2954, helps pave the way for charging without the need for plugging in — widely considered to be a key enabler for accelerating the adoption of EVs and autonomous vehicles.
New SAE Wireless Charging standard is EV game-changer20TOFHP12_0512/1/2020
SAE International on October 22 announced publication of the first global standard that specifies, in a single document, both the electric vehicle and supply equipment (EVSE) ground-system requirements for wireless charging of electric vehicles (EV). The new standard, SAE J2954 (www.sae.org/standards/content/j2954_202010/), helps pave the way for charging without the need for plugging in - widely considered to be a key enabler for accelerating the adoption of EVs and autonomous vehicles. The new standard was more than a decade in the making. SAE kicked off its pioneering pre-competitive research at a time when few contemporary electric cars existed and wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for EVs were an unproven concept. The SAE J2954 Wireless Power Transfer and Alignment Taskforce worked since 2007 to thoroughly vet and test the technology, in partnership with government agencies, regulatory bodies and private-industry groups including the American Association of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI), U.S. Dept. of Energy (DoE), the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA), automotive OEMs, Tier 1 suppliers and many others.
Shuttleworth, Jennifer
Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in/Electric Vehicles and Alignment MethodologyJ2954_202010 (Historical)10/20/2020
The SAE J2954 standard establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines various charging levels that are based on the levels defined for SAE J1772 conductive AC charge levels 1, 2, and 3, with some variations. A standard for WPT based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged conductively by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. SAE J2954 addresses unidirectional charging, from grid to vehicle; bidirectional energy transfer may be evaluated for a future standard. This standard is intended to be used in stationary applications (charging while vehicle is not in motion); dynamic applications may be considered in the future. In this version, only above-ground (surface mounted) installations are covered; flush mounted installations have been discussed but are not yet ready for inclusion. SAE J2954 contains requirements for safety, performance, and interoperability. It also contains recommended methods for evaluating electromagnetic emissions, but the requirements and test procedures are controlled by regulatory bodies. Development of the interoperability requirements in this standard employed a performance-based evaluation of candidate designs using a standardized test station and procedures, resulting in defining reference devices which are used to determine acceptable performance of products.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Foreign Object Debris Detection and Automatic Elimination for Autonomous Electric Vehicles Wireless Charging Application14-09-02-00064/21/2020
Power pad designing, misalignment reduction, safety, automation, living object detection (LOD), and foreign object debris (FOD) detection are the key challenges in the commercialization of the high voltage wireless charging of Electric Vehicles (EV). The interruption from unwanted and sensitive foreign objects such as metal objects and living objects over the charging pads is an immense challenge for the static wireless charging of EV. In this manuscript, the problem of interference due to foreign objects and living objects has been analyzed, and an innovative laser- and sensor-based FOD detection method is proposed and verified by developing a prototype setup. Modeling and analysis of the effects of foreign objects have been performed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in Ansys Maxwell® environment. The analysis compares the consequence of the presence of foreign objects on the wireless charging power pad. The proposed method utilizes laser light and sensor for the detection and two-dimensional signal processing for the elimination of FOD. The proposed method is compatible with all types of static wireless charging systems without interrupting the power transfer and power circuit. The proposed system has been analyzed and compared with the various available FOD detection techniques. The feasibility of the proposed system has been assessed with the help of an on the bench hardware prototype implementation in the lab environment.
Ahmad, Aqueel, Alam, Mohammad Saad, Rafat, Yasser, Shariff, Samir M., Al-Saidan, Ibrahim S., Chabaan, Rakan C.
Research on Electromagnetic Compatibility for Wireless Charging System of Electric Vehicles2019-01-505711/4/2019
Currently, there are no specific standards on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) test for wireless charging system of electric vehicles (EVs). However, the EMC test items have been summarized in some international standards. And the national standard is under developing. In order to support the formulation of corresponding national standards and regulations, promote the rapid development of EVs industry and support the implementation of the national strategy of new energy vehicles (NEVs) and intelligent network vehicle, we carry out the EMC test for wireless charging systems. In this paper, the wireless charging system of EVs is taken as the research object, which can also been called equipment under test (EUT). Firstly, an introduction of the research status was summarized. And then, the influence parameters such as output power and offset are analyzed. Based on the analysis, the EMC test was implemented to evaluate the EMC performance of EUT. Finally, the relevant research results will provide support for the formulation of national standard.
Jiang, Li, Liu, Haiming, Ding, Yifu, Zhang, Xu, Zhang, Yue
Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in/Electric Vehicles and Alignment MethodologyJ2954_201904 (Historical)4/23/2019
The Recommended Practice SAE J2954 establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless charging of light-duty electric and plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines various charging levels that are based on the levels defined for SAE J1772 conductive AC charge levels 1, 2, and 3, with some variations. A standard for wireless power transfer (WPT) based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under Recommended Practice SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. This Recommended Practice is planned to be standardized after the 2018 timeframe after receiving vehicle data. The contents, including frequency, parameters, specifications, procedures, and other contents of this Recommended Practice, are to be re-evaluated at that time to allow for additional developments and future innovations. SAE Recommended Practice SAE J2954 addresses unidirectional charging, from grid to vehicle; bidirectional energy transfer may be evaluated for a future standard. This Recommended Practice is intended to be used in stationary applications (charging while vehicle is not in motion); dynamic applications may be considered in the future. In this version only above-ground (surface mounted) installations are covered; flush mounted installations have been discussed but are not yet ready for inclusion. SAE Recommended Practice J2954 is meant to be used for interoperability, performance and emissions testing, where a single standard coil-set has been chosen for the WPT power class 1, 2 and 3, up to 11 kW per Z-classes (1 through 3) using circular topology. This SAE J2954 Test Station is meant to provide a baseline where compatibility with the content of the Recommended Practices is to be demonstrated. The future standard, will use this performance based SAE J2954 standard Test Station to establish a uniform way to demonstrate design for both the electrified vehicle (VA) and WEVSE (GA) components safety, interoperability, performance, and EM emissions through testing. The goal is to have a common methodology to validate WPT and alignment, production designs between different power classes, and topologies for both the vehicle and infrastructure.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Development of the Wireless Power Transfer Technology for a Sliding Door2019-01-04854/2/2019
The sliding door’s movement is 3-dimensional unlike the conventional door. So the electric power and signal are exchanged via the long ‘Power Cable’. It has a quite complex structure in order to be suitable to connect the vehicle’s body and the sliding door even during it’s moving. As the result, it is more expensive than conventional door’s one and the quality could not be guaranteed easily. In this paper, I have developed new technology which could transfer electric power by ‘wireless transfer’ in order to resolve the problem from using ‘Power cable’. I would propose the proper structure to transfer the electric power at any position of the sliding door without any physical connection. To transfer the electric power which drives the window regulator and the actuators in door, I have applied the ‘inductive coupling’ system. And in order to decide the engineering properties - such as the dimensions of the core, the values of the electric elements and the frequency of the transferred electricity - a myriad of computer analysis and experiments under various conditions would be implemented. Finally, the optimal solution was figured out and it was validated under the real vehicle’s condition. This research would be adopted in various types of the future door system.
Je, MyoungKwon, Lee, Jae Kyu, Choi, Jae Hong, Yun, Hyung In, Kim, KeunSoo
Validation of Wireless Power Transfer up to 11kW Based on SAE J2954 with Bench and Vehicle Testing2019-01-08684/2/2019
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) promises automated and highly efficient charging of electric and plug-in-hybrid vehicles. As commercial development proceeds forward, the technical challenges of efficiency, interoperability, interference and safety are a primary focus for this industry. The SAE Vehicle Wireless Power and Alignment Taskforce published the Recommended Practice J2954 to help harmonize the first phase of high-power WPT technology development. SAE J2954 uses a performance-based approach to standardizing WPT by specifying ground and vehicle assembly coils to be used in a test stand (per Z-class) to validate performance, interoperability and safety. The main goal of this SAE J2954 bench testing campaign was to prove interoperability between WPT systems utilizing different coil magnetic topologies. This type of testing had not been done before on such a scale with real automaker and supplier systems. Several automakers, suppliers and government employees worked together to create a test plan, perform the testing and analyze the results. To evaluate the interoperability, performance, and electromagnetic emissions of this technology, a bench test program was created, supported by the SAE J2954 WPT and Alignment Taskforce along with the US Department of Energy's Idaho National Lab and TDK North America. The latest tests were conducted between two different power classes (3.7 kW and 11kW) and two different coil magnetic topologies. This report describes the testing program and contains results from the different WPT systems. This testing validates the second stage of SAE J2954 standardization and proves that WPT is not only possible over an air gap with ground clearance of 250mm, but also interoperable across power classes and system designs while achieving high efficiency (many tests were above 90% AC to DC efficiency). In addition, susceptibility of representative medical devices to electromagnetic emissions from WPT systems was assessed. The results of this report are being used as a basis for the future SAE J2954 Standard.
Schneider, Jesse, Carlson, Richard, Sirota, Jonathan, Sutton, Robert, Taha, Eloi, Kesler, Morris, Kamichi, Kensuke, Teerlinck, Ivo, Abeta, Hiroyuki, Minagawa, Yusuke, Yazaki, Satoshi, Yoon, Uooyeol, Kawashima, Kiyotaka, Muskett, Sam, Bohn, Theodore, Mathar, Sebastian, Mikat, Daniel, Guag, Joshua, Seidman, Seth, Reitan, Ron
Wireless Charging for EV/HEV with Prescriptive Analytics, Machine Learning, Cybersecurity and Blockchain Technology: Ongoing and Future Trends2019-01-07904/2/2019
Due to the rapid development in the technological aspect of the autonomous vehicle (AV), there is a compelling need for research in the field vehicle efficiency and emission reduction without affecting the performance, safety and reliability of the vehicle. Electric vehicle (EV) with rechargeable battery has been proved to be a practical solution for the above problem. In order to utilize the maximum capacity of the battery, a proper power management and control mechanism need to be developed such that it does not affect the performance, reliability and safety of vehicle. Different optimization techniques along with deterministic dynamic programming (DDP) approach are used for the power distribution and management control. The battery-operated electric vehicle can be recharged either by plug-in a wired connection or by the inductive mean (i.e. wirelessly) with the help of the electromagnetic field energy. These inductive and wireless charging techniques utilize the principle of electromagnetic induction for transferring the power. The design of the wireless charging system, can be divided into three primary stage such as coil design, compensation topology and power converter with the control mechanism for transferring power efficiently. Different coil structures are proposed for maximizing the magnetic flux therefore helping in transferring the energy effectively. Compensation topology is used for the tuning of the high-frequency AC ranging from a few kHz to MHz between the primary coil and secondary coil. Different advance machine learning techniques are evolved for optimization of the parameters such as state of charge (SoC) and state of health (SoH), temperature, current etc. Based on the data obtained by pre-processing through data analysis techniques and then applying ML technique and prescriptive analytics are applied to estimate the value. In order to provide the secure charging environment, blockchain technology framework is proposed along with appropriate cyber security algorithm where ever required.
Mishra, Vikas, Kodakkadan, Abid Rahman, Koduri, Rajesh, Nandyala, Sivaprasad, Manalikandy, Mithun
Bi-Directional Wireless Power Transfer for Vehicle-to-Grid: Demonstration and Performance Analysis2019-01-08704/2/2019
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology is expected to play a role in addressing the imbalance between periods of peak demand and peak supply on the electricity grid. V2G technology enables two-way power flow between the grid and the high-power, high-capacity propulsion battery in an electrified vehicle. That is, V2G enables a balance between power demand and supply, which is becoming difficult due to the introduction of intermittent sources of renewable energy. The authors have shown through system simulations that bi-directional wireless power transfer (WPT) is possible with a system that meets the emerging SAE J2954 standard. Based on the result, the authors have also demonstrated a bi-directional wireless charging system for V2G applications. In this work an existing SAE J2954 compatible uni-directional system was adapted to enable bi-directional wireless power transfer with minimum impact to system cost, while maintaining full compatibility with the requirements of SAE J2954. Results of system performance over the full range of operating conditions are reported.
Tachikawa, Kosuke, Kesler, Morris, Danilovic, Milisav, Esteban, Bryan, Atasoy, Oguz, Yeung, Kinjeo
A Resonant Capacitive Coupling WPT-Based Method to Power and Monitor Seat Belt Buckle Switch Status in Removable and Interchangeable Seats2019-01-04654/2/2019
In this study, we present an intelligent and wireless subsystem for powering and communicating with three sets of seat belt buckle sensors that are each installed on removable and interchangeable automobile seating. As automobile intelligence systems advance, a logical step is for the driver’s dashboard to display seat belt buckle indicators for rear seating in addition to the front seating. The problem encountered is that removable and interchangeable automobile seating outfitted with wired power and data links are inherently less reliable than rigidly fixed seating, as there is a risk of damage to the detachable power and data connectors throughout end-user seating removal/re-installation cycles. The present study tackles this issue through outfitting three removable and interchangeable rear seat assemblies with resonant capacitive coupling wireless power transfer as to power each rear seat across a variable gap between the interior paneling and that side of the seat closest to the interior paneling. A fundamental design challenge this system presented was the need to develop a rugged method to account for different sizes of seating, and hence to accommodate variable wireless power gaps. This issue was addressed via use of impedance matching technology to present a nearly constant load impedance to the dc-to-radiofrequency power inverter. The wirelessly received power enabled additional electronics added to the rear seat assemblies to wirelessly communicate the seat belt buckle states to a central hub where it was displayed via a custom graphical interface. Our approach involved the visibly imperceptible integration of resonant capacitively-coupled transmitting and receiving antennae behind the interior paneling for the transmitter and underneath the outer fabric of the rear seating. The resulting subsystem demonstrated the ability to power both the seat belt buckle switches and wireless communication over a range of wireless power gaps.
Cuddihy, Mark, Pottle, Brian
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