Browse Topic: Electronic control systems

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Identifying and mitigating resonance effects in HV Powernets2026-01-0742To be published on 07/01/2026
HV Power nets of electric vehicles consists of various HV components such as batteries, inverters, auxiliaries and cables. During in-vehicle testing, multiple failures of an auxiliary inverter were observed, caused by resonance issues within the component filter. Initial investigations revealed that these resonances, absent during manufacturer testbench evaluations, were influenced by the vehicle power net and its impedance characteristics. To better understand the underlying causes and identify preventative measures, extensive simulations were performed. The results demonstrate a diminishing influence of the power net capacitance when significantly larger than the component capacitance. Also they highlight the critical impact of cable inductance on the component resonance frequency when comparable to the component’s inductance. A simplified electrical equivalent circuit was used to derive an equation predicting the resonance frequency as a function of the component’s capacitance
Schmiel, Fabian, Aurand PhD, Tobias, Koehnlechner, Benjamin, Zimmer PhD, Markus
Production-Ready Automated ECU Calibration using Residual Reinforcement Learning2026-01-0780To be published on 07/01/2026
Electronic Control Units (ECUs) have played a pivotal role in transforming motorcars of yore into the modern vehicles we see on our roads today. They actively regulate the actuation of individual components and thus determine the characteristics of the whole system. In this, the behavior of the control functions heavily depends on their calibration parameters which engineers traditionally design by hand. This is taking place in an environment of rising customer expectations and steadily shorter product development cycles. At the same time, legislative requirements are increasing while emission standards are getting stricter. Considering the number of vehicle variants on top of all that, the conventional method is losing its practical and financial viability. Prior work has already demonstrated that optimal control functions can be automatically developed with reinforcement learning (RL); since the resulting functions are represented by artificial neural networks, they lack
Kampmeier, Andreas, Badalian, Kevin, Koch, Lucas, Lee, Sung-Yong, Andert, Jakob
First Time Quality as an Indicator for Quantifying the Impact of Software Updates in Automotive Production2026-01-0786To be published on 07/01/2026
Vehicle software updates are released more frequently and in increasingly shorter cycles, which places growing pressure on vehicle quality and final assembly line stability. In production environments, software related issues do not remain limited to the digital domain, since errors introduced by software updates can interrupt flashing and commissioning processes, slow down assembly, and increase rework, thereby directly affecting production throughput. Electronic control units (ECUs) are particularly sensitive to software updates because they are flashed and commissioned during vehicle production under strict timing constraints, and changes to flashing sequences, memory structures, configuration parameters, or function definitions can negatively influence commissioning behavior. This paper shows that the impact of software updates on vehicle production can be quantified in a data-driven manner using First Time Quality (FTQ) as an impact measure. FTQ refers to the percentage of ECUs
El Asad, Aiman, Köhler, Katja, Hahn, Michael, Reuss, Hans-Christian
Stochastic Gradient Pulse Adaptation for Onboard Pulse Charging in Grid-Friendly DC Fast Charging of Battery Electric Vehicles2026-01-0734To be published on 07/01/2026
The increasing deployment of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), particularly in commercial and heavy-duty applications, is driving demand for higher DC fast-charging power while placing growing pressure on battery lifetime and local grid capacity. In today’s multi-battery-pack vehicles, a common practical solution is the use of multi-step or multi-constant CC-CV charging, where charging current is reduced in stages to accommodate pack-to-pack differences in state of charge, state of health, and ageing behavior. While effective from a safety standpoint, this approach often leads to conservative charging profiles, longer charging times, and inefficient use of available grid power, especially at higher charging rates. This paper presents an onboard pulse-charging concept for electric powertrains that addresses these limitations through a combination of vehicle-side power electronics and an adaptive control strategy referred to as Stochastic Gradient Pulse Adaptation (SGPA). Instead of
Prakashkumar, Balagopal, mannar lng, Vignesh
Integrated DC Boost Charger in Post-800V Architecture with Open-End Winding Machine – Magnetic-Domain Modelling and Torque Analysis2026-01-0739To be published on 07/01/2026
Next-generation powertrain architectures proposed within EU Horizon projects adopt operating voltages above 800 V, providing improvements in efficiency as well as reductions in copper usage and system weight. However, post-800 V vehicles must remain backward compatible with existing 400 V and 800 V charging infrastructure, which requires the installation of an additional onboard DC boost charging unit on the vehicle. This paper proposes an integrated DC boost charging solution that reutilizes the open-end winding electric machine and the traction inverter of the electric powertrain, enabling backward compatibility while further reducing system cost and weight. In charging mode, the electric machine is repurposed as a passive inductive component, imposing a strict requirement of stationary operation with zero torque generation, which fundamentally differs from the driving mode characterized by rotor rotation and electromagnetic torque production. Consequently, conventional electric
Wang, Haoran, Kallur-Krishnamoorthy, Rajesh, Neuhaus, Christoph, Andert, Jakob
Design and Prototyping of a winding reconfiguration system for electric traction applications2026-01-0730To be published on 07/01/2026
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) place high demands on electric drives across a wide operating range: high efficiency in customer-related driving scenarios and maximum performance in dynamic driving modes. A promising solution to this challenge is the dynamic reconfiguration of the electric machine winding configuration between series and parallel mode, enabling optimal electromagnetic properties of the drive for different operating points. This paper presents the design and prototyping of an electronic winding reconfiguration system for high-performance traction applications. Unlike mechanical switching concepts, which have long transition times and cannot switch under load, the proposed system enables fast and safe load transitions between the winding configurations. The study describes the topology and hardware of the switching unit, including the integration of power semiconductors, the required connection assemblies, cooling concept and the control of the power electronics. A
Oestreicher, Raphael, Schneider, Jörg, von Ohlen, David, Fuchs, Patrick, Kulzer, André Casal
Enhancing Efficiency in Megawatt-Scale EV Charging via Adaptive Multi-Agent Control of DC/DC Converters2026-01-0769To be published on 07/01/2026
The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) demands high-power charging solutions that are efficient, scalable, and reliable. This work introduces a comprehensive simulation framework for megawatt-scale charging systems, focusing on the integration and control of multiple DC/DC converters. With the primary objective of maximizing overall system efficiency during megawatt-scale charging operations. The study addresses key challenges in multi-converter operation, including load distribution, synchronization, and system efficiency. A multi-agent adaptive control strategy was implemented to dynamically optimize operating points and allocate charging currents across converters in real time so that each participating converter operates at its optimal operating point where the maximum efficiency is delivered. This multi-agent adaptive control strategy allocates not only the individual optimal operating points of the multiple DC/DC converters but rather determines the optimal number of
Salah, Alia, Abu Mohareb, Omar
Passive Thermal Management of Battery Disconnect Units for Fast-Charging Electric Vehicles: A Comparative Study of Phase Change Material Heat Transfer Configurations2026-01-0759To be published on 07/01/2026
Reducing charging time remains a critical challenge for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Limited charging infrastructure availability, combined with the long duration required for battery recharging, significantly affects user acceptance. As a result, fast-charging technologies are increasingly being introduced in both newly designed EV platforms and existing vehicles through retrofitting solutions. Despite their benefits, fast-charging systems impose substantial thermal loads on vehicle components, charging stations, and associated power electronics. Excessive heat generation can compromise performance, reliability, and safety, making effective thermal management a key design concern. Within the high-voltage architecture, the Battery Disconnect Unit (BDU) plays a vital role by monitoring and controlling the connection of the battery to the powertrain and charging system. Traditionally, BDUs are designed for conventional charging power levels; however, higher
Salameh, Georges, Goumy, Guillaume, Frecinaux, Anthony, Ratajczack lng, Christelle, Palluel PhD, Marlène, Noiseau lng, Pascal, LARDEUX, Sébastien
Improving reliability of an automotive power electronic unit using Locally Resonant Metamaterials2026-01-0701To be published on 06/20/2026
The shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles necessitates addressing new challenges posed by novel components, materials, manufacturing processes and different operating regimes. This includes assessing new types of excitations and damages from a reliability perspective. This paper investigates a solution to enhance the reliability of the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) within a Power Electronic Unit (PEU). PCBs are critical electronic and mechanical supports for functional components (e.g. diodes, transistors, resistors) in numerous applications. Controlling critical vibration levels is crucial to prevent electronic component breakage and subsequent PEU functionality loss. Existing solutions often focus on improving sensor-PCB bonding, surface treatments, or stiffening components’ support structures. The proposed approach, instead, exploits Locally Resonant Metamaterials (LRMs) to reduce the vibrational load experienced by the PCB. LRMs are created by adding resonating elements
Tincani, Sara, Claeys, Claus, Deckers, Elke, Pandiya, Nimish, Dindorf, Christian
Passenger Car Powertrain for Voltages above 800V2026-37-0020To be published on 06/09/2026
The EU-funded innovation project High-Voltage fast-charging Efficient electric vehicle Powertrains (HiVEP) develops new technologies for mass-market electric vehicles (EVs) by advancing architectures operating above 800 V. These architectures integrate silicon carbide (SiC)-based power electronics, rare-earth-free electric machines with active winding reconfiguration, high C-rate batteries, and optimised thermal management systems. HiVEP aims to deliver sub-10-minute fast charging, reduce energy consumption by at least 25%, extend range by 20%, and cut system costs by up to 20% in volume production. This article expands on the project objectives, methodological approach and expected key innovations as well as technical, environmental, and societal impacts. The discussion situates HiVEP within the European research and innovation landscape, emphasising its role in accelerating adoption of sustainable mobility solutions.
Schernus, Christof, Nada, Shady, Neuhaus, Christoph, Ewald, Jens, Swierc, Daniel, Kallur-Krishnamoorthy, Rajesh, Vasiliadis, Harilaos
CLASS B DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK INTERFACEJ1850_199507 (Historical)5/23/2026
This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for a Class B Data Communication Network Interface applicable to all On- and Off-Road Land-Based Vehicles. It defines a minimum set of data communication requirements such that the resulting network is cost effective for simple applications and flexible enough to use in complex applications. Taken in total, the requirements contained in this document specify a data communications network that satisfies the needs of automotive manufacturers. This specification describes two specific implementations of the network, based on media/Physical Layer differences. One Physical Layer is optimized for a data rate of 10.4 Kbps while the other Physical Layer is optimized for a data rate of 41.6 Kbps (see Appendix A for a checklist of application-specific features). The Physical Layer parameters are specified as they would be detected on the network media, not within any particular module or integrated circuit implementation. Although devices may be
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
DIAGNOSTIC CONNECTORJ1962_199802 (Current)5/23/2026
The SAE J1962 diagnostic connector consists of two mating connectors, the vehicle connector (see Figure 1) and the test equipment connector (see Figure 2). This document: a Defines the functional requirements for the vehicle connector. These functional requirements are separated into four principal areas: connector location/access, connector design, connector terminal assignments, and connector electrical interface requirements. b Defines the functional requirements for the test equipment connector. These functional requirements are separated into three principal areas: connector design, connector terminal assignments, and connector electrical interface requirements. The scope of this document does not include the needs of long-term retention, such as in-flight recorder type applications. To ensure long-term retention, additional steps outside of the scope of this document must be taken.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Class B Data Communications Network InterfaceJ1850_200105 (Historical)5/23/2026
This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for a Class B Data Communication Network Interface applicable to all On- and Off-Road Land-Based Vehicles. It defines a minimum set of data communication requirements such that the resulting network is cost effective for simple applications and flexible enough to use in complex applications. Taken in total, the requirements contained in this document specify a data communications network that satisfies the needs of automotive manufacturers. This specification describes two specific implementations of the network, based on media/Physical Layer differences. One Physical Layer is optimized for a data rate of 10.4 Kbps while the other Physical Layer is optimized for a data rate of 41.6 Kbps (see Appendix A for a checklist of application-specific features). The Physical Layer parameters are specified as they would be detected on the network media, not within any particular module or integrated circuit implementation. Although devices may be
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
Recommended Practice for Pass-Thru Vehicle ProgrammingJ2534/1_200411 (Historical)5/23/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice provides the framework to allow reprogramming software applications from all vehicle manufacturers the flexibility to work with multiple vehicle data link interface tools from multiple tool suppliers. This system enables each vehicle manufacturer to control the programming sequence for electronic control units (ECUs) in their vehicles, but allows a single set of programming hardware and vehicle interface to be used to program modules for all vehicle manufacturers. This document does not limit the hardware possibilities for the connection between the PC used for the software application and the tool (e.g., RS-232, RS-485, USB, Ethernet…). Tool suppliers are free to choose the hardware interface appropriate for their tool. The goal of this document is to ensure that reprogramming software from any vehicle manufacturer is compatible with hardware supplied by any tool manufacturer. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Electromagnetic Immunity - Off-Vehicle Source (Reverberation Chamber Method) - Part 16 - Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic FieldsJ551/16_201205 (Historical)5/23/2026
Vehicle electrical/electronic systems may be affected when immersed in an electromagnetic field generated by sources such as radio and TV broadcast stations, radar and communication sites, mobile transmitters, cellular phones, etc. This part of SAE J551 specifies off-vehicle radiated source test methods and procedures for testing passenger cars and commercial vehicles within a Reverberation Chamber. The method is used to evaluate the immunity of vehicle mounted electronic devices in the frequency range of 80 MHz to 2 GHz, with possible extensions 20 MHz to 10 GHz, depending upon chamber size and construction. Three methods for calibrating and applying electromagnetic fields are described in the document: 1) Mode Tuned Reverberation Chamber method, 2) Mode Stir (Standard) Reverberation Chamber method and 3) Mode Stir (Hybrid) Reverberation Chamber method. Optional pulse modulation testing at HIRF (High Intensity Radiated Fields) test levels, based upon currently known environmental
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Serial Data Communication InterfaceJ2610_202101 (Historical)5/23/2026
The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to specify the requirements necessary to fully define the Serial Data Communication Interface (SCI) used in the reprogramming of emission-related powertrain Electronic Control Units (ECU) in Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) vehicles. It is intended to satisfy new regulations proposed by the federal U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California Air Resource Board (CARB) regulatory agencies regarding “pass-thru programming” of all On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) compliant emission-related powertrain devices. These requirements are necessary to provide independent automotive service organizations and after-market scan tool suppliers the ability to reprogram emission-related powertrain ECUs for all manufacturers of automotive vehicles. Specifically, this document details the SCI physical layer and SCI data link layer requirements necessary to establish communications between a diagnostic tester and an ECU. It further specifies additional
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
SAE J1850 Verification Test ProceduresJ1699/1_200606 (Current)5/23/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice recommends test methods, test procedures, and specific test parameters to help verify that vehicles and test tools can communicate using the SAE J1850. This document only verifies the portion of SAE J1850 that is used for OBD-II communications. The term “test tool” is synonymous with OBD-II Scan tool.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
SAE J1850 Verification Test ProceduresJ1699/1_202107 (Current)5/23/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice recommends test methods, test procedures, and specific test parameters to help verify that vehicles and test tools can communicate using the SAE J1850. This document only verifies the portion of SAE J1850 that is used for OBD-II communications. The term “test tool” is synonymous with OBD-II Scan tool.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Recommended Practice for Pass-Thru Vehicle ProgrammingJ2534/1_201510 (Historical)5/23/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice describes a standardized interface that connects between a standard personal computer (PC) and vehicle. The purpose of this interface is to enable the reprogramming of emission-related control modules, in 2004 and later model year vehicles. The interface shall consist of the necessary hardware and/or software to support the requirements defined in this document. It is expected that vehicle manufacturers will provide the software application that will control the Pass-Thru Interface, to perform the actual reprogramming. The goal of this document is to ensure that reprogramming software from any vehicle manufacturer is compatible with interface supplied by any tool manufacturer. A common interface for all vehicle manufacturers reduces the tool costs for aftermarket garages, while allowing each vehicle manufacturer to control the programming sequence for the electronic control units (ECUs) in their vehicles. Aftermarket garages will be able to obtain a
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Diagnostic Connector Equivalent to ISO/DIS 15031-3: December 14, 2001J1962_201207 (Historical)5/23/2026
This document supersedes SAE J1962 200204, and is technically equivalent to ISO/DIS 15031-3: December 14, 2001. This document is intended to satisfy the requirements of an OBD connector as required by U.S. On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) regulations. The diagnostic connection specified in this document consists of two mating connectors, the vehicle connector and the external test equipment connector. This document specifies: a The functional requirements for the vehicle connector. These functional requirements are separated into four principal areas: connector location/access, connector design, connector contact allocation, and electrical requirements for connector and related electrical circuits, b The functional requirements for the external test equipment connector. These functional requirements are separated into three principal areas: connector design, connector contact allocation, and electrical requirements for connector and related electrical circuits.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Serial Data Communication InterfaceJ2610_201501 (Current)5/23/2026
The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to specify the requirements necessary to fully define the Serial Data Communication Interface (SCI) used in the reprogramming of emission-related powertrain Electronic Control Units (ECU) in Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) vehicles. It is intended to satisfy new regulations proposed by the federal U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California Air Resource Board (CARB) regulatory agencies regarding “pass-thru programming” of all On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) compliant emission-related powertrain devices. These requirements are necessary to provide independent automotive service organizations and after-market scan tool suppliers the ability to reprogram emission-related powertrain ECUs for all manufacturers of automotive vehicles. Specifically, this document details the SCI physical layer and SCI data link layer requirements necessary to establish communications between a diagnostic tester and an ECU. It further specifies additional
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
CLASS B DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORK INTERFACEJ1850_199007 (Historical)5/23/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes the requirements for a Class B Data Communication Network Interface applicable to all on and off-road land based vehicles. This document defines a minimum set of data communication requirements such that the resulting network is cost effective for simple applications and flexible enough to use in complex applications. Although this document addresses all seven layers of the OSI model, it primarily focuses on the Network, Data Link and Physical Layers. Taken in total, the requirements contained in this document specify a data communications network philosophy that satisfies the needs of automotive manufacturers. Although the higher layer OSI requirements are essentially identical for all networks defined by this document (see Section 3.3, Figure 1), differing data rate requirements necessitate the use of different physical layers. Therefore, one physical layer is optimized for a data rate of 10.4 Kbps while the other physical layer is optimized
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
E/E DATA LINK SECURITYJ2186_199610 (Historical)5/23/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a uniform practice for protecting vehicle components from "unauthorized" access through a vehicle data link connector (DLC). The document defines a security system for motor vehicle and tool manufacturers. It will provide flexibility to tailor systems to the security needs of the vehicle manufacturer. The vehicle modules addressed are those that are capable of having solid state memory contents accessed or altered through the data link connector. Improper memory content alteration could potentially damage the electronics or other vehicle modules; risk the vehicle compliance to government legislated requirements; or risk the vehicle manufacturer's security interests. This document does not imply that other security measures are not required nor possible.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
OBD II SCAN TOOLJ1978_199802 (Current)5/23/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice defines the requirements of OBD II Scan Tools, i.e., test equipment that will interface with vehicle modules in support of the OBD II diagnostic requirements. It covers the required capabilities of and conformance criteria for OBD II Scan Tools.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Motorcycle Stop Lamp SwitchJ1167_201401 (Current)5/23/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice defines the test conditions, procedures, and performance specifications for 6- and 12-v stop lamp switches intended for use on motorcycles.
Motorcycle Technical Steering Committee
Class B Data Communications Network InterfaceJ1850_200606 (Historical)5/23/2026
This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for a Class B Data Communication Network Interface applicable to all On- and Off-Road Land-Based Vehicles. It defines a minimum set of data communication requirements such that the resulting network is cost effective for simple applications and flexible enough to use in complex applications. Taken in total, the requirements contained in this document specify a data communications network that satisfies the needs of automotive manufacturers. This specification describes two specific implementations of the network, based on media/Physical Layer differences. One Physical Layer is optimized for a data rate of 10.4 Kbps while the other Physical Layer is optimized for a data rate of 41.6 Kbps (see Appendix A for a checklist of application-specific features). The Physical Layer parameters are specified as they would be detected on the network media, not within any particular module or integrated circuit implementation. Although devices may be
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
Class B Data Communications Network InterfaceJ1850_201510 (Historical)5/23/2026
This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for a Class B Data Communication Network Interface applicable to all On-and OffRoad Land-Based Vehicles. It defines a minimum set of data communication requirements such that the resulting network is cost effective for simple applications and flexible enough to use in complex applications. Taken in total, the requirements contained in this document specify a data communications network that satisfies the needs of automotive manufacturers. This specification describes two specific implementations of the network, based on media/Physical Layer differences. One Physical Layer is optimized for a data rate of 10.4 Kbps while the other Physical Layer is optimized for a data rate of 41.6 Kbps (see Appendix A for a checklist of application-specific features). The Physical Layer parameters are specified as they would be detected on the network media, not within any particular module or integrated circuit implementation. Although devices may be
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity—Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)J551/15_200906 (Current)5/23/2026
This SAE Standard specifies the ESD test methods and procedures necessary to evaluate electronic modules intended for vehicle use. It describes test procedures for evaluating electronic modules in complete vehicles. A procedure for verifying the simulator that is used to generate the electrostatic discharges is given in Appendix A. Functional status classifications for immunity to ESD are given in Appendix B.
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
OBD-II Scan ToolJ1978_202205 (Historical)5/23/2026
SAE J1978/ISO 15031-4 specifies a complementary set of functions to be provided by an OBD-II scan tool. These functions provide complete, efficient, and safe access to all regulated OBD (on-board diagnostic) services on any vehicle which is compliant with SAE J1978/ISO 15031-4. The SAE J1978 content of this document is intended to satisfy the requirements of an OBD-II scan tool as required by current U.S. on-board diagnostic (OBD) regulations. The ISO 15031-4 content of this document is intended to satisfy the requirements of OBD requirements in countries other than the U.S., and includes functionality not required or not allowed in the U.S. This document specifies: A means of establishing communications between an OBD-equipped vehicle and an OBD-II scan tool. A set of diagnostic services to be provided by an OBD-II scan tool in order to exercise the services defined in SAE J1979/ISO 15031-5. SAE J1978/ISO 15031-4 does not preclude the inclusion of additional capabilities or functions
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Recommended Practice for Pass-Thru Vehicle ProgrammingJ2534/1_200412 (Current)5/23/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice provides the framework to allow reprogramming software applications from all vehicle manufacturers the flexibility to work with multiple vehicle data link interface tools from multiple tool suppliers. This system enables each vehicle manufacturer to control the programming sequence for electronic control units (ECUs) in their vehicles, but allows a single set of programming hardware and vehicle interface to be used to program modules for all vehicle manufacturers. This document does not limit the hardware possibilities for the connection between the PC used for the software application and the tool (e.g., RS-232, RS-485, USB, Ethernet…). Tool suppliers are free to choose the hardware interface appropriate for their tool. The goal of this document is to ensure that reprogramming software from any vehicle manufacturer is compatible with hardware supplied by any tool manufacturer. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
General Motors UART Serial Data CommunicationsJ2740_201905 (Current)5/23/2026
This Technical Information Report defines the General Motors UART Serial Data Communications Bus, commonly referred to as GM UART. This document should be used in conjunction with SAE J2534-2 in order to enhance an SAE J2534 interface to also provide the capability to program ECUs with GM UART. SAE J2534-1 includes requirements for an interface that can be used to program certain emission-related Electronic Control Units (ECUs) as required by U.S. regulations, and SAE J2534-2 defines enhanced functionality required to program additional ECUs not mandated by current U.S. regulations. The purpose of this document is to specify the requirements necessary to implement GM UART in an enhanced SAE J2534 interface intended for use by independent automotive service facilities to program GM UART ECUs in General Motors vehicles.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
E/E Data Link SecurityJ2186_200506 (Current)5/23/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a uniform practice for protecting vehicle components from "unauthorized" access through a vehicle data link connector (DLC). The document defines a security system for motor vehicle and tool manufacturers. It will provide flexibility to tailor systems to the security needs of the vehicle manufacturer. The vehicle modules addressed are those that are capable of having solid state memory contents accessed or altered through the data link connector. Improper memory content alteration could potentially damage the electronics or other vehicle modules; risk the vehicle compliance to government legislated requirements; or risk the vehicle manufacturer's security interests. This document does not imply that other security measures are not required nor possible.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
DIAGNOSTIC CONNECTORJ1962_199406 (Historical)5/23/2026
The SAE J1962 diagnostic connector consists of two mating connectors, the vehicle connector (see Figure 1) and the test equipment connector (see Figure 2). This document: a Defines the functional requirements for the vehicle connector. These functional requirements are separated into three principal areas: connector location/access, connector design, and connector terminal assignments. b Defines the functional requirements for the test equipment connector. These functional requirements are separated into two principal areas: connector design and connector terminal assignments. The scope of this document does not include the needs of long-term retention, such as in-flight recorder type applications. To ensure long-term retention, additional steps outside of the scope of this document must be taken.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
OBD II Scan Tool — Equivalent to ISO/DIS 15031-4:December 14, 2001J1978_200204 (Historical)5/23/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice supersedes SAE J1978 FEB1998, and is technically equivalent to ISO/DIS 15031-4:December 14, 2001. This document is intended to satisfy the requirements of an OBD scan tool as required by U.S. On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) regulations. The document specifies: a A means of establishing communications between an OBD-equipped vehicle and external test equipment, b A set of diagnostic services to be provided by the external test equipment in order to exercise the services defined in SAE J1979, c Conformance criteria for the external test equipment.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
High-Speed CAN (HSC) for Vehicle Applications at 500 KBPSJ2284/3_201611 (Historical)5/23/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice will define the Physical Layer and portions of the Data Link Layer of the Open Systems Interconnection model (ISO 7498) for a 500 kbps High-Speed CAN (HSC) protocol implementation. Both ECU and media design requirements for networks will be specified. Requirements will primarily address the CAN physical layer implementation. Requirements will focus on a minimum standard level of performance from the HSC implementation. All ECUs and media shall be designed to meet certain component level requirements in order to ensure the HSC implementation system level performance at 500 kbps. The minimum performance level shall be specified by system level performance requirements or characteristics described in detail in Section 5 of this document. This document is designed such that if the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) requirements defined in Section 6 are met, then the system level attributes should be obtainable. This document will address only requirements which may
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
Class B Data Communications Network InterfaceJ1850_202212 (Historical)5/22/2026
This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for a Class B Data Communication Network Interface applicable to all On-and OffRoad Land-Based Vehicles. It defines a minimum set of data communication requirements such that the resulting network is cost effective for simple applications and flexible enough to use in complex applications. Taken in total, the requirements contained in this document specify a data communications network that satisfies the needs of automotive manufacturers. This specification describes two specific implementations of the network, based on media/Physical Layer differences. One Physical Layer is optimized for a data rate of 10.4 Kbps while the other Physical Layer is optimized for a data rate of 41.6 Kbps (see Appendix A for a checklist of application-specific features). The Physical Layer parameters are specified as they would be detected on the network media, not within any particular module or integrated circuit implementation. Although devices may be
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
Honda Diagnostic Serial Data Link Protocol - ABS/VSA SystemJ2809_201710 (Current)5/22/2026
This Technical Information Report defines the proprietary diagnostic communication protocol for ABS or VSA ECU (Electronic Control Unit) implemented on some Honda vehicles. This protocol does not apply to all Honda vehicles. This document should be used in conjunction with SAE J2534-2 in order to fully implement the communication protocol in an enhanced SAE J2534 interface. The purpose of this document is to specify the requirements necessary to implement the communication protocol in an enhanced SAE J2534 interface.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Electromagnetic Immunity - Off-Vehicle Source (Reverberation Chamber Method) - Part 16 - Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic FieldsJ551/16_201710 (Current)5/22/2026
Vehicle electrical/electronic systems may be affected when immersed in an electromagnetic field generated by sources such as radio and TV broadcast stations, radar and communication sites, mobile transmitters, cellular phones, etc. This part of SAE J551 specifies off-vehicle radiated source test methods and procedures for testing passenger cars and commercial vehicles within a Reverberation Chamber. The method is used to evaluate the immunity of vehicle mounted electronic devices in the frequency range of 80 MHz to 2 GHz, with possible extensions 20 MHz to 10 GHz, depending upon chamber size and construction. Three methods for calibrating and applying electromagnetic fields are described in the document: 1) Mode Tuned Reverberation Chamber method, 2) Mode Stir (Standard) Reverberation Chamber method and 3) Mode Stir (Hybrid) Reverberation Chamber method. Optional pulse modulation testing at HIRF (High Intensity Radiated Fields) test levels, based upon currently known environmental
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Recommended Environmental Practices for Electronic Equipment Design in Heavy-Duty Vehicle ApplicationsJ1455_200606 (Historical)5/22/2026
The scope of this recommended practice encompasses the range of environments which influence the performance and reliability of the electronic equipment designed for heavy duty on and off road vehicles, as well as any appropriate stationary applications which also use these vehicle derived components. A few examples of such vehicles are on and off highway trucks, trailers, buses, construction equipment and agricultural equipment including implements.
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
AIRCRAFT CARGO CONVEYOR - BATTERY POWEREDARP1836A (Current)5/22/2026
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) outlines the functional and design requirements for a battery powered, self-propelled belt conveyor for handling baggage and cargo at aircraft bulk cargo holds.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Aircraft Cargo Conveyor - Battery PoweredARP1836B (Current)5/22/2026
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) outlines the functional and design requirements for a battery powered, self-propelled belt conveyor for handling baggage and cargo at aircraft bulk cargo holds. Additional considerations and requirements may legally apply in other countries. As an example, for operation in Europe (E.U. and E.F.T.A.), the applicable EN standards shall be complied with.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Terminology - Motor Vehicle LightingJ387_201404 (Current)5/22/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice provides definitions of common terms used in SAE Documents pertaining to motor vehicle lighting. It covers not only basic lighting terms but also terms which identify major segments of technical reports.
Lighting Standard Practices Committee
Characterization, Conducted ImmunityJ2628_201806 (Historical)5/22/2026
The methods included in this document are: a Voltage-Temperature Design Margins. b Voltage Interruptions and Transients. c Voltage Dropouts and Dips. d Current Draw Under a Number of Conditions. e Switch Input Noise These methods are best applied during the Development stage but can be used at all stages (e.g., Pre-Qualification, Qualification or Conformity).
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Keyword Protocol 1281J2818_201905 (Current)5/22/2026
This Technical Information Report defines the diagnostic communication protocol Keyword Protocol 1281 (KWP1281). This document should be used in conjunction with SAE J2534-2 in order to fully implement the communication protocol in an SAE J2534 interface. Some Volkswagen of America and Audi of America vehicles are equipped with ECUs, in which a KWP1281 proprietary diagnostic communication protocol is implemented. The purpose of this document is to specify the KWP1281 protocol in enough detail to support the requirements necessary to implement the communication protocol in an SAE J2534 interface device.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurements Procedure for Vehicle Components - Part 27 - Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Fields - Mode Stir Reverberation MethodJ1113/27_201710 (Historical)5/22/2026
Vehicle electrical/electronic systems may be affected when immersed in an electromagnetic field generated by sources such as radio and TV broadcast stations, radar and communication sites, mobile transmitters, cellular phones, etc. The reverberation method is used to evaluate the immunity of electronic devices in the frequency range of 500 MHz to 2.0 GHz, with possible extensions to 200 MHz and 10 GHz, depending upon chamber size and construction. Optional pulse modulation testing at HIRF (High Intensity Radiated Fields) test levels, based upon currently known environmental threats, has been added to this revision of the standard. This document addresses the Mode Stir (Continuous Stirring) Reverberation testing method which has been successfully utilized as a design and production stage development tool for many years. The Mode Tuned (Stepped Tuner) Reverberation testing method is covered in the SAE J1113-28 document.
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Function Performance Status Classification for EMC Immunity TestingJ1812_201809 (Historical)5/22/2026
This SAE Standard provides a general method for defining the acceptable function performance status classification for the functions of automotive electronic devices upon application of the test conditions specified as described in appropriate EMC immunity test standards (for example, SAE J1113 and SAE J551). Testing of devices could be performed either on or off vehicles. Appropriate test signal and methods, Function Performance status, and test signal severity level would have to be specified in the individual cases.
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurements Procedure for Vehicle Components - Part 27: Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Fields - Mode Stir Reverberation MethodJ1113/27_202303 (Historical)5/22/2026
Vehicle electrical/electronic systems may be affected when immersed in an electromagnetic field generated by sources such as radio and TV broadcast stations, radar and communication sites, mobile transmitters, cellular phones, etc. The reverberation method is used to evaluate the immunity of electronic devices in the frequency range of 500 MHz to 2.0 GHz, with possible extensions to 200 MHz and 10 GHz, depending upon chamber size and construction. Optional pulse modulation testing at HIRF (High Intensity Radiated Fields) test levels, based upon currently known environmental threats, has been added to this revision of the standard. This document addresses the Mode Stir (Continuous Stirring) Reverberation testing method which has been successfully utilized as a design and production stage development tool for many years. The Mode Tuned (Stepped Tuner) Reverberation testing method is covered in the SAE J1113-28 document.
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Radiated Emissions (RE) Narrowband Data Analysis—Power Spectral Density (PSD)J2556_200503 (Current)5/22/2026
This SAE Information Report defines a procedure for indicating the severity of narrowband emissions from an electronic system-component.
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Motorcycle Stop Lamp SwitchJ1167_202109 (Historical)5/22/2026
This SAE Standard defines the test conditions, procedures, and performance specifications for 6 V and 12 V stop lamp switches intended for use on motorcycles.
Motorcycle Technical Steering Committee
E/E Data Link SecurityJ2186_201907 (Historical)5/22/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a uniform practice for protecting vehicle components from "unauthorized" access through a vehicle data link connector (DLC). The document defines a security system for motor vehicle and tool manufacturers. It will provide flexibility to tailor systems to the security needs of the vehicle manufacturer. The vehicle modules addressed are those that are capable of having solid state memory contents accessed or altered through the data link connector. Improper memory content alteration could potentially damage the electronics or other vehicle modules; risk the vehicle compliance to government legislated requirements; or risk the vehicle manufacturer's security interests. This document does not imply that other security measures are not required nor possible.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
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