Browse Topic: Electronic control systems

Items (4,024)
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) combine combustion and electric propulsion means to achieve key objectives, such as: reducing fuel consumption, minimizing pollutant emissions, and enhancing the overall energy efficiency of the Powertrain System. The series hybrid electric vehicles, in special, have a topology compound by four Subsystems, which are: Traction, Storage, Energy Generation, and Energy Management. The Energy Generation Subsystem is responsible for the power supply of the electric traction motors and batteries, depending on the control strategy promoted by the Energy Management Subsystem. The Energy Generation Subsystem is essentially made by an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and a Generator. Effective control of the power output from the Energy Generation Subsystem necessitates precise regulation of the engine speed. Thus, it is necessary to control the engine speed because this is directly related to the power demand of the consumers of other subsystem components. This
Júnior, João Marcos Hilário Barcelosde Sousa Oliveira, Alessandro BorgesTeixeira, Evandro Leonardo SilvaPereira, Bruno LuizPinheiro, Leandro Soaresdos Santos Ribeiro, Eduardodos Santos de Oliveira, Jordano
In the context of advancing automotive electronic systems, ensuring functional safety as per ISO 26262 standards has become of primary importance. This paper presents the development of an AUTOSAR-compliant Software Component (SWC) applied to ISO 26262 applications. Using MATLAB/Simulink, we design and simulate a SWC that operates within the AUTOSAR architecture, focusing on fault detection and activation of safety mechanisms. The SWC is built to monitor specific system parameters and operational anomalies. Upon detecting a fault, it triggers predefined safety mechanisms to mitigate risks and ensure system integrity. The simulation focus on capability to accurately identify faults and execute safety measures effectively, thus demonstrating a practical approach to enhance automotive system safety implementation and its reuse. This paper not only highlights the importance of ISO 26262 in the automotive industry but also illustrates the feasibility of developing and integrating safety
Santiago, Frederico Victor Scoralickdos Santos Machado, ClebersonImbasciati, HenriqueCosta, Silvio Romero Alves
The advancement of the automotive industry towards automation has fostered a growing integration between this field and automation. Future projects aim for the complete automation of the act of driving, enabling the vehicle to operate independently after the driver inputs the desired destination. In this context, the use of simulation systems becomes essential for the development and testing of control systems. This work proposes the control of an autonomous vehicle through fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic allows for the development of sophisticated control systems in simple, easily maintainable, and low-cost controllers, proving particularly useful when the mathematical model is subject to uncertainties. To achieve this goal, the PDCA method was adopted to guide the stages of defining the problem, implementation, and evaluation of the proposed model. The code implementation was done in Python and validated using different looping scenarios. Three linguistic variables were used, one with three
Branco, César Tadeu Nasser MedeirosSantos, Rafael Celestino
The exponential growth of the agribusiness market in Brazil combined with the high receptivity among farmers of new technological solutions has driven the study and implementation of high technology in the field. This work aimed to apply servo-assisted driving technology to enable autonomous mobility in an off-road sugarcane truck responsible for harvesting sugarcane. The technology consists of a conventional hydraulic steering with a motor, ECU and torque and angle sensors responsible for reading input data converted from GPS signals and previously recorded tracking lines. The motor responsible for replacing 100% of the physical force generated by the driver acts in accordance with the required torque demand, and the sensors combined with the ECU correct the course to meet the follow-up line through external communication ports. The accuracy of the system depends exclusively on the accuracy of the GPS signal, in this case reaching 2,5 cm, which is considered extremely high accuracy
Oliveira Santos Neto, AntídioLara, VanderleiSilva, EvertonDestro, DanielMoura, MárcioBorges, FelipeHaegele, Timo
With the technology of electronic chassis control systems of automobile is widely used, the functional interaction between brake system and the other electronic systems may lead to brake boost degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to find out brake boost degradation events in the quite large number of driving scenarios. To solve the difficulty of thoroughly and quickly searching for brake boost degradation conditions in the large number of driving scenarios, based on Mechatronic-Hardware-In-the-Loop (M-HIL) technology, this paper constructs an electrical chassis system M-HIL bench to verify the function and performance of the electronic brake control system under actual chassis system conditions. To search and locate the brake boost degradation conditions rapidly and enhance the searching efficiency of levels boundary of affecting factors for brake boost degradation, firstly, based on pair-wise coverage combinatorial testing, brake boost degradation occurrence rate is estimated and
Guo, XiaotongLi, LunChen, ZhichengZhang, LiliangYan, LupingWang, WeiZh, Bing
Heavy-duty vehicles, particularly those towing higher weights, require a continuous/secondary braking system. While conventional vehicles employ Retarder or Engine brake systems, electric vehicles utilize recuperation for continuous braking. In a state where HV Battery is at 100% of SOC, recuperated energy from vehicle operation is passed on to HPR and it converts electrical energy into waste heat energy. This study focuses on identification of routes which are critical for High Power Brake Resistors (HPRs), by analyzing the elevation data of existing charging stations, the route’s slope distribution, and the vehicle’s battery SOC. This research ultimately suggests a method to identify HPR critical vehicle operational routes which can be useful for energy efficient route planning algorithms, leading to significant cost savings for customers and contributing to environmental sustainability
Thakur, ShivamSalunke, OmkarAmbuskar, MandarPandey, Lokesh
The automotive industry relies heavily on software to enhance safety, performance, and user experience. The increasing complexity of automotive software demands rigorous testing methodologies. Ensuring the quality and reliability of this software is critical. In this paper, an innovative approach to software validation and verification using a Hybrid Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) test system has been proposed. This methodology integrates diverse hardware and software tools to establish a flexible and efficient testing environment. HIL environment can evaluate Device Under Test (DUT) with minimal alterations. This comprehensive solution includes the development of test strategies, plant model simulation, and compliance assurance, all in accordance with automotive standards such as ASPICE, ISO26262. Introduction of a Personality module for Automotive ECU (DUT), enables testing of multiple products using the same HIL setup. This is achieved by loading a DUT-specific signal mapping
Yadav, VikaskumarBhade, Nilesh
A temperature dependent cohesive zone model considering the thermo-mechanical fatigue loadings are used to simulate and predict the failure process of solder joint interface in power electronics modules. Cohesive Zone Models (CZMs) are gaining popularity for modeling the fracture and fatigue behavior in various class of materials such as metals, polymers, ceramics, and their composite materials. Unlike the traditional fracture mechanics which considers concept of infinitesimal crack, CZMs assume a fracture process zone in which external energy is distributed in vicinity to propagating crack. In order to predict the fatigue-fracture process under thermo-mechanical cyclic loading, a damage accumulation variable is utilized. The calculation of damage is performed using a progressive mechanism, and the cohesive zone model is updated to reflect the present level of damage. The existing cohesive forces are influenced by both the current damage status and the extent of separation
Singh, Praveen KumarSahu, AbhishekChirravuri, BhaskaraMiller, Ronald
Emergence of Software Defined Vehicles (SDVs) presents a paradigm shift in the automotive domain. In this paper, we explore the application of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) for comprehensive system simulation within the SDV architecture. The key challenge for developing a system model for SDV using traditional methods is the document centric approach combined with the complexity of SDV. This MBSE approach can help to reduce the complexity involved in Software-Defined Vehicle Architecture making it more flexible, consistent, and scalable. The proposed approach facilitates the definition and analysis of functional, logical, and physical architecture enabling efficient feature and resource allocation and verification of system behaviour. It also enables iterative component analysis based on performance parameters and component interaction analysis (using sequence diagrams
Navas, AkhilPaul, Annie
Recently, there has been a growing emphasis on Thermal Management Systems (TMS) for Lithium-ion battery packs due to safety concerns related to fire risks when temperatures exceed operating limits. Elevated temperatures accelerate electrochemical reactions, leading to cell degradation and reduced electronic system performance. These conditions can cause localized hotspots and hinder heat dissipation, increasing the risk of thermal runaway due to high temperatures, flammable gases, and heat-producing reactions. To tackle these issues, many automotive manufacturers employ indirect liquid cooling techniques to maintain battery pack and electronic system temperatures within safe limits. Engineered nanofluids, particularly those containing multi-nanoparticles dispersed in water and ethylene glycol, are being explored to enhance electrical safety in case of accidental exposure to electrical systems in EVs. This paper focuses on the experimental characterization of nanofluid containing
Nahalde, SujayHonrao, GauravMore, Hemant
In the rapidly evolving field of automotive engineering, the drive for innovation is relentless. One critical component of modern vehicles is the automotive ECU. Ensuring the reliability and performance of ECU is paramount, and this has led to the integration of advanced testing methodologies such as Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing. In conjunction with HIL, the adoption of Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Testing (CT) processes has revolutionized how automotive ECU are developed and validated. This paper explores the integration of CI and CT in HIL testing for automotive ECU, highlighting the benefits, challenges, and best practices. Continuous Integration and Continuous Test (CI/CT) are essential practices in software development. Continuous Integration process involves regularly integrating code changes into the main branch, ensuring that it does not interfere with the work of other developers. The CI/CT server automatically build and test code whenever a new commit is
Hande, Sheetal VikramMandava, Balaji Bharath
This paper examines the effectiveness of optimizing energy management in hybrid electric vehicles by integrating adaptive machine learning algorithms with the energy management electronic control unit (ECU). Existing traditional rule-based energy management and control strategies of power distribution between internal combustion and battery struggle to adapt to dynamic driving conditions, such as rapid acceleration, frequent stop-and-go traffic, and varying terrain. These scenarios often result in sub-optimal energy utilization and performance, as the fixed rules struggle to account for the immediate demands and inefficiencies that arise in such conditions. In conditions like that, rapid acceleration demands a sudden increase in power, which can lead to inefficient fuel consumption if not managed properly, while frequent stop-and-go traffic conditions can cause the battery to drain and lead to increased fuel consumption. Varying terrain can also lead to improper power distribution
Bhargav, Matavalam
Balancing low conductivity, corrosion resistance and optimum heat transfer in next-generation EV coolants while meeting new EV safety regulations. Managing the heating and cooling of electric vehicle propulsion systems may seem to be an easy task compared with combustion engines. After all, ICEs run much hotter-the thermal optimum for a gasoline engine is around 212 F (100 C). By comparison, EV batteries normally generate (as a function of current during charge/discharge cycles) a relatively cool 59-86 F (15-30 C). And while motors and power electronics operate hotter, typically 140-176 F (60-80 C), they still run cooler than ICEs. But among the myriad complexities of EV thermal management are batteries' dislike for temperature extremes, new cell chemistries, heat-generating high-voltage electrical architectures and 800V fast charging. All are putting greater focus on maintaining stable EV battery thermal performance and safety. Experts note that compatibility among the cell chemistry
Brooke, Lindsay
The aerospace and defense industries demand the highest levels of reliability, durability, and performance from their electronic systems. Central to achieving these standards are laminate materials, which form the backbone of printed circuit boards (PCBs) and flexible circuits used in a multitude of applications, from avionics to missile guidance systems. Building these systems, which are typically implemented in environments that experience both temperature extremes and wide variations of temperature over time, requires robust materials that can stand up to punishing environmental conditions. Laminates and films for circuit boards and flexible circuits are a vital component of this protective material profile
ABSTRACT This work investigates non-traditional operating modes of a diesel engine that allow the tailoring of acoustic, smoke and thermal signatures for unique unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) military applications. A production, air-cooled single-cylinder diesel engine having a mechanical fuel injection system has been retrofit with a flexible common-rail injection and electronic control system. The experimental domain explores the effects of the injection timing and pressure on the engine’s acoustic, smoke and heat signatures through analysis of the in-cylinder combustion processes. Surface maps of loudness, exhaust temperature and exhaust smoke density over the range of fuel injection strategies are presented, illustrating the degree to which each signature may be controlled. Trade-offs between the signature modes are presented and discussed. The results demonstrate the possibility of providing military UGVs the capability to tailor their acoustic, infrared and smoke signatures
Jansons, MarcisKhaira, SukhbirBryzik, Walter
ABSTRACT Adequate heat dissipation and temperature control for power electronics are critical requirements for vehicle electrification systems, to enable greater power density, reduce size and weight, and improve system performance and reliability. Substantial improvements in heat removal with an advanced thermal management system can impact power semiconductor device operation, module and system power density, and system reliability. This presentation describes development, testing, and implementation of an innovative two-phase, mechanically-pumped fluid cooling system for power electronic systems which uses a common fluid available in military logistics chains. Attributes of this Vaporizable Dielectric Fluid (VDF) cooling system concept are listed, in comparison to traditional air- and water-glycol cooling systems, with major advantages for overall performance improvement of the power electronic systems for hybrid drivetrains. This system concept has been developed and recently
Saums, David L.
ABSTRACT The need for improved electrical power conversion systems and components is being driven by requirements for higher efficiency, performance, and improved survivability and lethality capabilities on current and future Army platform power system. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has demonstrated a 1200 V, 400 A silicon carbide (SiC) power module based on a standard commercial design. This module uses large area SiC MOS-FETs and diodes and has been evaluated under varying temperatures, loads, and switching frequencies. Throughout the operating range, the module has demonstrated improved efficiency and thermal performance, and higher frequency operation, when compared with similarly rated silicon insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules
Geil, Bruce R.Tipton, Charles W.Urciuoli, Damian P.
ABSTRACT A methodology for rapid development of purpose-built, heavy-fueled engines is being created. The methodology leverages best-in-class computational tools, component supplier expertise, user-programmable ECUs, and rapid prototyping to quickly provide custom engines for demanding military applications. . First-tier automotive suppliers are being used extensively on non-complex standard components to reduce the development time. Our design methodology aggressively eliminates unnecessary components and incorporates various other weight-saving features to minimize system weight. The anticipated total development time to a working prototype is less than 15 months for this first iteration of the methodology, and will be further reduced for any subsequent design iterations
Sykes, David M.Ratowski, Jeffrey
ABSTRACT This paper will discuss trends in compatibility issues between radio systems and Tactical Vehicle on-board systems which have been identified as potential interference sources and discuss electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) between co-located radio systems. All Tactical vehicles have electronic systems which come as part of the base vehicle, such as lights, air-conditioners, wind shield wipers, etc. all of which have the potential to disrupt communications. To further complicate the radio frequency environment today’s tactical vehicles are being outfitted with new sophisticated technology such as programmable communications systems, sensor systems and remote weapon stations. The new systems are complex and are subject to emitting and absorbing electromagnetic radiation which can severely degrade radio system performance and cause inadvertent electromagnetic fratricide
Busayadilok, TanyaBohn, Frank A.
ABSTRACT Current standard military vehicle thermal management systems are based on single phase air/liquid cooling. To meet increasingly stringent demands for high power electronics thermal control, two-phase cooling solutions show great potential and can satisfy the need for compact and high heat flux heat acquisition, transport and dissipation under vibration and shock conditions. One novel two-phase cooling technology that has been developed in this work is a new Heat Pipe Loop (HPL), which exploits the advantages of both heat pipes and loop heat pipes while eliminating their shortcomings. Similar to heat pipes and loop heat pipes, the HPL operates on evaporation and condensation of a working fluid and uses capillary forces in the wick for the fluid circulation. Unlike in a heat pipe, the liquid and vapor in the HPL flow in separate passages made from smooth wall tubing. This results in a low pressure drop and consequently great heat transfer capacity and distance over which the
Tang, XudongZuo, JonGoryca, Mary
ABSTRACT Modern vehicular systems are comprised of numerous electronics control units (ECUs) that consist of thousands of microelectronics components. Individual ECU systems are reliant upon “trust” in the supply chain for defense. This paper describes an approach utilizing historically offensive-based cybersecurity technology, side-channels, to quantify and qualify malicious ECU states in a bus-agnostic, logically-decoupled method of assurance and verification. Providing a measure of supply chain assurance to end-users. Citation: Yale Empie, Matthew Bayer, “Assurance and Verification of Vehicular Microelectronic Systems (AV2MS): Supply Chain Assurance through Utilization of Side Channel Radio Frequency Emissions for Improved Ground Vehicle Cybersecurity,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022
Empie, YaleBayer, Matthew
ABSTRACT Modern ground vehicles rely on Controller Area Network (CAN) bus for communication between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) as a vital component to connect sensors and actuators together in a mission-critical distributed real-time vehicle control system. CAN is well-suited to this task and over the more than three decades since its inception it has become a proven and ubiquitous technology. But its age means that it was not designed for modern security threats of local and remote attacks and special techniques must be deployed to protect CAN. This paper provides a simple taxonomy of attacks on CAN, including how an attack accesses a CAN bus, and discusses four techniques used to defend against these attacks. Citation: K Tindell, “Defending In-vehicle CAN Buses From Attacks,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022
Tindell, Kenneth
ABSTRACT AVL is developing a family of modular Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) based on the current gasoline range extender engine/generator developed by AVL for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. These military specific variants will utilize the same basic architecture as the gasoline version while incorporating semi-direct fuel injection that is compatible with diesel fuel as well as kerosene based fuels such as F-44, JP-5, JP-8, Jet-A, etc. A systems engineering approach to the engine, generator, and power electronics modules enables a wide range of power outputs and packaging options to be easily developed from the base unit
Brakora, TonyHennessy, ChrisHunter, Gary
ABSTRACT Several power converters are presently under development for the US Army TARDEC using all Silicon Carbide (SiC) devices for the power switches. Power modules have recently become available which incorporate multiple SiC devices for both the active and passive switches. Modules fabricated by 2 different vendors (Powerex and MS Kennedy) in a standard half H-Bridge configuration using the same type and number of devices internally (Cree 1200 Volt/20 A DMOSFETs and 1200 Volt/10A SBD) have been obtained and tested. This paper will summarize the main test results including the comparison of the conduction losses, switching losses, switching capability, thermal characteristics, gate drive approach, and physical characteristics (mass/dimensions). As expected, most of the characteristics were very similar between the 2 modules and had reasonable scaling from the individual device characteristics. The differences in the internal connections for the modules result in some differences
Kajs, JohnCastagno, ScottSchupbach, MarceloMitchell, Gavin
ABSTRACT The series Hybrid-Electric Drive (HED) architecture brings a significant range of potential benefits to military ground platforms. Electric-drive wheeled vehicles can feature electric traction motors in a conventional driveline, but also offer potential for motor incorporation into the axle or the wheel hub. The implementation of in-wheel hub drives presents challenges both in their design and to the overall vehicle system. However, by overcoming these challenges, the vehicle designer is rewarded with greatly increased freedom in vehicle hull and suspension design and numerous other benefits arising from the elimination of much of the mechanical driveline and the provision of individual wheel control. Many hub drive development programs of the previous two decades that have produced demonstrator vehicles have been typified by a large wheel rim size in order to accommodate a traction motor of sufficient power to achieve both peak output torque requirements and peak rotational
Mackey, J.Goldsack, S.Dick, S.
ABSTRACT Lower cost aluminum silicon carbide (Al-SiC) metal matrix composite (MMC) produced by stir-casting is emerging as an important material in cost effectively improving the reliability of high power electronic devices; e.g. electronic (IGBT) baseplates, thermal spreaders & stiffeners for flip-chip microelectronics, and heat slugs or MCPCB base layers for high brightness LEDs. This paper will review the properties and competitive cost of these new Al-SiC materials as well as the ability to tailor the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the Al-SiC to minimize thermal fatigue on solder joints and reduce component distortion. The impact on the final component cost through the use of conventional forming techniques such as (a) rolling sheet followed by stamping, and, (b) die casting, will be described, as will be the opportunity of eliminating a thermal interface material (TIM) layer by integrating the thermal spreader with the heat sink for high power microelectronic packages
Drake, AllenSchuster, DavidSkibo, Michael
ABSTRACT Future wheeled and tracked military vehicles will be equipped with multiple active chassis control systems, as systems currently in widespread use on passenger and commercial vehicles such as brake-based electronic stability control are implemented on military vehicles. It is essential that these systems work in an integrated fashion to avoid negative interactions between systems. The approach currently used to achieve integrated control in the passenger and commercial vehicle segments requires extensive tuning and development of the individual systems through cooperative efforts of the vehicle and active chassis system manufacturers, an approach that would generally not be feasible in the military vehicle segment. This paper presents a simple approach for achieving integrated control of multiple active chassis systems that is tailored to the unique commercial and developmental challenges faced by military vehicles
Schmitt, PeterMakowski, MichaelSeifeldin, Ra’ed
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