In the power industry, high-power Diesel Generator (DG) sets often utilize high power V-engine cylinder configurations to enhance power output within a compact design, ensuring smoother operation and reduced vibration. In this V-engine configurations, the exhaust gas mass flow rate is significantly higher compared to inline engines of similar displacement, due to the greater number of cylinders operating in a compact space, which leads to a higher volume of exhaust gases expelled in a shorter duration. This necessitates the use of a dual Exhaust After Treatment System (EATS) to effectively manage NOx emissions. High-power gensets typically emit NOx levels around 9 g/kWh, presenting significant challenges for developers in adhering to stringent emission standards. To address these challenges and meet CPCB IV+ emission norms, we propose a dual urea dosing system integrated with a novel control strategy aimed at optimizing the treatment of exhaust gases. This paper introduces a dual

K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, S K, Nejanthen, A, Ravikumar, S, Mahendra Boopathi, YS, Ananthkumar

Smart Boosting: A Control Strategy for Optimized Energy Management with Boost Converter in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2025-01-8580

04/01/2025

In hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), optimizing energy management and reducing system losses are critical for enhancing overall efficiency and performance. This paper presents a novel control strategy for the boost converter in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), aimed at minimizing energy losses and optimizing performance by modulating to a higher boost converter voltage only when necessary. Traditional approaches to boost converter control often lead to unnecessary energy consumption by maintaining higher voltage levels even when not required. In contrast, the proposed strategy dynamically adjusts the converter's operation based on real-time vehicle demands, such as driver input, Engine Start-Stop (ESS) events, Active Electric Motor Damping (AEMD), entry and exit transitions for Engine Fuel Cut-Off (DFCO), Noise-Vibration-Harshness (NVH) events like lash-zone crossing and other specific operational conditions. The control strategy leverages predictive algorithms and real-time monitoring

Basutkar, Ameya, Huo, Shichao, Sullivan, Claire, Berger, Daniel, Tischendorf, Christoph

Study on Emergency Obstacle Avoidance Lateral Stability Control of Tractor Semitrailer Vehicles

2025-01-8296

04/01/2025

As a crucial component of highway freight systems, tractor semitrailer vehicles play a key role in the transportation industry. However, their complex vehicle structure can lead to significant lateral instability during emergency obstacle avoidance, posing challenges to the vehicle's dynamic stability and safety. To enhance the emergency obstacle avoidance lateral stability of tractor semitrailer vehicles, a direct yaw moment lateral stability control strategy based on differential driving/braking is proposed. First, a 3-degree-of-freedom ideal linear dynamic model of the tractor-semitrailer is established, and its accuracy is validated. Then, a lateral stability control strategy for emergency obstacle avoidance is proposed. The upper-layer controller employs an improved feedforward differential model-free adaptive control (IMFAC) method to track the target yaw rate and vehicle sideslip angle, while the lower-layer controller focuses on optimizing tire load rate. Additionally, a drive

Guo, Shaozhong, Dou, Jingyang

An AI Solution for Steering Adaptive Control Systems

TBMG-52641

03/01/2025

Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) are used around the world to conduct difficult environmental, remote, oceanic, defense and rescue missions in often unpredictable and harsh conditions. A new study led by Flinders University and French researchers has now used a novel bio-inspired computing artificial intelligence solution to improve the potential of UUVs and other adaptive control systems to operate more reliability in rough seas and other unpredictable conditions.

Active Unmatched Disturbance Rejection Quasi-Sliding Observer for Electronic Throttle Valve System Based on Backstepping Control

03-18-02-0011

02/10/2025

This study addresses the control problem of the electronic throttle valve (ETV) system in the presence of unmatched perturbations. Most previous works have ignored the effect of actuating motor inductance, which results in an approximated model with a matched perturbation structure. However, if this assumption is not permitted, the ETV model turns into an exact model with unmatched perturbation and the control task becomes more challenging. In this article, a backstepping control design based on a quasi-sliding mode disturbance observer (BS-QSMDO) has been proposed to effectively reject the unmatched perturbation in the ETV system. A rigorous stability analysis has been conducted to prove the ultimate boundedness for disturbance estimation error and tracking error. The key to this proposed observer-based control design is to obtain a robust and chattering-free controller based on a quasi-sliding mode methodology. The proposed quasi-sliding mode observer works to estimate the unmatched

Hameed, Akram Hashim, Al-Samarraie, Shibly Ahmed, Humaidi, Amjad Jaleel

Feedforward Control of Clamping Force in Electronic Mechanical Brake System Based on Inertia Identification and Load Torque Observation

2025-01-7051

01/31/2025

The braking system is an essential element for ensuring the safe operation of vehicles. This research investigates the influence of electronic mechanical brakes on the control performance of permanent magnet synchronous motors, with a particular focus on variations in the load torque and inertial load. This study addresses challenges such as delayed responses in the clamping force and diminished control accuracy. To mitigate these issues, a Luenberger load torque observer is utilized for the real-time identification of load torque. The identified load torque is subsequently converted into a compensation current, which is integrated into the current loop as a feed-forward compensation signal to enhance the control performance. Additionally, to reduce the impact of variations in inertial load on the overall control system, this study employs a model reference adaptive algorithm for the online identification of rotational inertia, with the identification results being fed back to the load

Wan, Xiaobo, Shang, Ruipeng, Li, Yingchun

Height Control Method for Air Suspension Systems Based on Model-Free Adaptive Control and Improved Genetic Algorithm

15-18-02-0009

01/17/2025

This article presents a height control method for air suspension systems, which are influenced by strong nonlinearity and multiple coupling factors, based on model-free adaptive control (MFAC) using full-form dynamic linearization (FFDL). To address the impact of different damping coefficients of the shock absorber on the height control effect, an improved genetic algorithm is employed to globally optimize the relevant parameters involved in the design of the control law, thereby enhancing the height control performance. The precision of modeling the air suspension system has a direct impact on the simulation of both static and dynamic vehicle models, as well as the accuracy of height control. In this article, an equivalent thermodynamic model of the air suspension system is established based on the principle of energy conservation for height control research. Considering the nonlinearity of the air suspension system and the need to make additional assumptions before modeling, a MFAC

Yao, Jiyang, Wu, Guangqiang, Wu, Jian, Yang, Yuchen, Yan, Xudong

Energy Saving by Deploying Adaptive Thermal Comfort in E-Mobile Heat Pump System

2024-28-0086

09/19/2024

One of the challenges of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is to provide thermal comfort for the occupants while minimizing the energy consumption and the impact on the driving range. Conventional heating systems, such as Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) heaters, consume a large amount of battery power and reduce the efficiency of the EVs. Heat Pumps (HPs) are an alternative heating system that can divert heat from the ambient air and transfer it to the cabin. HPs can achieve higher Coefficient of Performance (COP) than PTC heaters and save energy. However, for Indian sub-continent conditions HPs have some drawbacks, such as low heating capacity at low ambient temperatures, and variable performance depending on the operating conditions. Therefore, it is important to design and control the HP system optimally. This study employs 1D Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) modelling and simulation techniques to analyse the performance of heat pump systems within the confined environment of an EV

Jaiswara, Prashant, Shah, Geet, M, Chandru, vangala, Sai Krishna, Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Kulkarni, Shridhar

Mechanical and Hybrid Automotive Adaptive Driver Controls

J1903_202408 (Current)

08/27/2024

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform procedures for assuring the manufactured quality, installed utility, and service performance of manual automotive adaptive products, other than those provided by the OEM, intended to provide driving capability for persons with physical disabilities. These devices function as adaptive appliances to compensate for lost or reduced performance in the drivers’ arms or legs, or both. Some of the devices are designed to transfer foot functions to the hands, hand functions to the feet, or functions from one side of the body to the other. This document applies only to primary controls as defined in 3.4.1 and in the Foreword. In particular, this document is specifically concerned with those mechanical and hybrid products that are intended by the manufacturer of the adaptive product to: Be installed within the occupant space of the vehicle Be operated by a vehicle driver with a physical disability Be added to, or substituted for, the OEM vehicle

Adaptive Devices Standards Committee

Adaptive Integral Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) Design for Vehicle Steer-by-Wire System

10-08-03-0021

06/14/2024

This article considers the application of a robust control technique for vehicle steer-by-wire (VSbW) system subjected to variations in parameters based on adaptive integral sliding mode control (AISMC). The AISMC has been designed to control the VSbW system to cope with the uncertainties in system parameters. The proposed adaptive control scheme provides the solution for perturbation boundedness, as there is no need to have a prior knowledge of perturbation bound in the uncertainty. In addition, the proposed adaptive control design can avoid overestimation of sliding gain under unknown prior knowledge of perturbations. Moreover, the inclusion of integral sliding mode control (ISMC) leads to elimination of the reaching phase in trajectory solution of controlled system. Computer simulations have been used to verify the effectiveness of proposed AISMC to show the superiority of the proposed control technique; in this regard, a comparison between AISMC and other control methods from the

Abbas, Saad Jabbar, Husain, Suha S., Al-Wais, Saba, Humaidi, Amjad Jaleel

Semi-Adaptive Vibration Controller for Generating the Target Acceleration of the Subsystem in a Prototype Car

2024-01-2920

06/12/2024

This research aims to develop an inverse controller to track target vibration signals for the application to car subsystem evaluations. In recent times, perceptive assessments of car vibration have been technically significant, particularly parts interacting with passengers in the car such as steering wheels and seats. Conventional vibration test methods make it hard to track the target vibration signals in an accurate manner without compensating for the influence of the transfer function. Hence, this paper researched the vibration tracking system based on inverse system identification and digital signal processing technologies. Specifically, the controller employed a semi-active algorithm referring to both the offline modeling of the inverse system and the adaptive control. The semi-active controller could reconstruct the target vibration signal in a more efficient and safer way. The proposed methodology was first confirmed through computation simulations using Simulink. The

Jung, GyuYeol, Lee, Sang Kwon, An, Kanghyun, Jang, Sunyoung, Shin, Taejin, Kwak, Wooseong, Kim, Howuk

Adaptive Model Predictive Control for Articulated Steering Vehicles

2024-01-5042

04/12/2024

Vehicles equipped with articulated steering systems have advantages such as low energy consumption, simple structure, and excellent maneuverability. However, due to the specific characteristics of the system, these vehicles often face challenges in terms of lateral stability. Addressing this issue, this paper leverages the precise and independently controllable wheel torques of a hub motor-driven vehicle. First, an equivalent double-slider model is selected as the dynamic control model, and the control object is rationalized. Subsequently, based on the model predictive control method and considering control accuracy and robustness, a weight-variable adaptive model predictive control approach is proposed. This method addresses the optimization challenges of multiple systems, constraints, and objectives, achieving adaptive control of stability, maneuverability, tire slip ratio, and articulation angle along with individual wheel torques during the entire steering process of the vehicle

Huang, Bin, Ma, Minrui, Ma, Liutao, Cui, Kangyu, Wei, Xiaoxu

Robust Adaptive Control for Dual Fuel Injection Systems in Gasoline Engines

2024-01-2841

04/09/2024

The paper presents a robust adaptive control technique for precise regulation of a port fuel injection + direct injection (PFI+DI) system, a dual fuel injection configuration adopted in modern gasoline engines to boost performance, fuel efficiency, and emission reduction. Addressing parametric uncertainties on the actuators, inherent in complex fuel injection systems, the proposed approach utilizes an indirect model reference adaptive control scheme. To accommodate the increased control complexity in PFI+DI and the presence of additional uncertainties, a nonlinear plant model is employed, incorporating dynamics of the exhaust burned gas fraction. The primary objective is to optimize engine performance while minimizing fuel consumption and emissions in the presence of uncertainties. Stability and tracking performance of the adaptive controller are evaluated to ensure safe and reliable system operation under various conditions. Simulation studies demonstrate the reliability and

Chang, Insu, Kang, Jun-Mo

Integrated Road Information Perception Framework for Road Type Recognition and Adaptive Evenness Assessment

2024-01-2041

04/09/2024

With the rapid advancement in intelligent vehicle technologies, comprehensive environmental perception has become crucial for achieving higher levels of autonomous driving. Among various perception tasks, monitoring road types and evenness is particularly significant. Different road categories imply varied surface adhesion coefficients, and the evenness of the road reflects distinct physical properties of the road surface. This paper introduces a two-stage road perception framework. Initially, the framework undergoes pre-training on a large annotated drivable area dataset, acquiring a set of pre-trained parameters with robust generalization capabilities, thereby endowing the model with the ability to locate road areas in complex regions. Subsequently, guided by a mask attention mechanism, the model undergoes fine-tuning on a smaller dataset annotated with road type regions using a weighted joint loss function, effectively addressing issues of class imbalance and limited labeled samples

Wei, Kai, Yu, Liangyao, xu, Feng

Adaptive Steering System for Improved User Experience

2024-26-0023

01/16/2024

The steering system of an automobile serves as the initial point of contact for the driver and is a crucial determinant in the purchasing choice of the vehicle. The present steering system is equipped with a singular Electric Power Assisted Steering (EPAS) map, resulting in a consistent steering sensation during maneuvers conducted at both low and high velocities. Certain vehicles are equipped with a steering system that includes fixed driving modes that require manual intervention. This paper presents a proposed Machine Learning based Adaptive Steering System that aims to address the requirements and limitations of fixed mode steering systems. The system is designed to automatically transition between comfort and sports modes, providing users with the desired soft or hard steering feel. The system utilizes vehicle response to driver input in order to identify driving patterns, subsequently adjusting steering assist and torque automatically. The system consists of driving pattern

Deore, Dhruv, Iqbal, Shoaib, Bhambri, Mihir, Sheth, Malav, Salunkhe, Swapnil

Online Identification of Vehicle Driving Conditions Using Machine-Learned Clusters

2023-01-1607

10/31/2023

Modern electrified vehicles rely on drivers to manually adjust control parameters to modify the vehicle's powertrain, such as regenerative braking strength selection or drive mode selection. However, this reliance on infrequent driver input may lead to a mismatch between the selected powertrain control modifiers and the true driving environment. It is therefore advantageous for an electric vehicle's powertrain controller to make online identifications of the current driving conditions. This paper proposes an online driving condition identification scheme that labels drive cycle intervals collected in real-time based on a clustering model, with the objective of informing adaptive powertrain control strategies. HDBSCAN and K-means clustering models are fitted to a data set of drive cycle intervals representing a full range of characteristic driving conditions. The cluster centroids are recorded and used in a vehicle controller to assign driving condition identification labels to the most

Marrone, John Francis, Kwok, Ian, Fraser, Roydon

Renewal Fuzzy Logic Energy Management System

2023-01-1687

10/31/2023

This work proposes a unique control method consisting of ameliorated with reinforcement learning renewal module. The combined fuzzy logic and reinforcement learning regime is utilized to promote robust energy management control in complex working conditions. The coupled optimization proposition tackles unforeseen disturbance by two-pronged approach, with fuzzy logic analyzing backbone power contribution schemes while reinforcement learning takes responsibility for improving a higher efficiency strategy. The vehicle dynamic parameters and energy map are co-modeled through learning extrapolation function. Fuzzy rule undergoes efficient feedback revival via modulating factors driven from multi-objective RL reward computation. Meanwhile, reinforcement learning system leverages adaptive fuzzy representation that generalizes coordination potential vectors, effectively extends exploration quality compared to vanilla learning strategy. To this end, this work effectively considers traction

Ouyang, Qianyu

Adaptive Control Architecture for Unmanned Surface Vessels

TBMG-48730

08/01/2023

Aurora Flight Sciences, a Boeing Company Manassas, VA 703-369-3633

Adaptive Headlamp and Side Mirror Using Linear Regression Based on Raspberry Pi3

SAE-PP-0035007/31/2023

The greatest number of fatal traffic accidents occurs on curved roads at nighttime. In most cases, the late recognition of objects in the traffic zone plays an important role. This highlights to the importance of the role of automobile forward lighting systems. This paper developed a proto-type auto adjustable headlamp and mirror tilt to improve cost and reliability. Also, an adaptive mirror is implemented to remove the blind spots while taking turns. The methodology used here adaptive headlamps and mirrors are developed using Raspberry Pi3 as hardware and Python is used as programming language. Machine learning algorithm “Linear regression” is used for computing the output. Machine Learning Linear regression is considered here as it simple and efficient algorithm in terms of implementation and memory usage. Easily available components like Raspberry Pi3, LDR Sensor, ADXL Gyroscope are used and the design is developed to provide the steering mechanism for the headlamps and mirror which

Ekatpure, Rahul

Adaptive Actuator Delay Compensation for a Vehicle Lateral Control System

2023-01-0677

04/11/2023

Steering actuator lag is detrimental to the performance of lateral control systems and often leads to oscillation, reduced stability margins, and in some cases, instability. If the actuator lag is significant, compensation is required to maintain stability and meet performance specifications. Many recent works use a high-level approach to compensate for delay by utilizing model-based methods such as model predictive control (MPC). While these methods are effective when accurate models of both the vehicle and the actuator are available, they are susceptible to model errors. This work presents a low-level, adaptive control architecture to compensate for unknown or varying steering delay and dynamics. Using an inner-loop controller to regulate steer angle commands, oscillation can be reduced, and stability margins can be maintained without the need for an accurate vehicle model. The Smith Predictor (SP) control scheme is implemented in the inner-loop to mitigate the effects of the

Kennedy, William Thomas, Bevly, David M.

Enabling Robust Communication Among Military Ground Vehicles Using Multi-Connectivity

2023-01-0110

04/11/2023

Vehicles-to-Everything or V2X communications provide attractive advantages in achieving reliable and high-performance connectivity amongst ground and aerial military vehicles. The 5G New Radio (NR) based cellular-V2X (C-V2X) technology, can support wide coverage areas with higher data rates and lower latencies needed for demanding military applications ranging from real-time sensing to navigation of autonomous military ground vehicles. Millimeter wave technology (mmWave) is critical to meet such throughput and latency requirements. However, mmWave links have a low transmission range and are often subject to blockages due to factors like weather, terrain, etc. that make them unreliable. Multi-connectivity with packet duplication can be used to enhance the reliability and latency by transmitting concurrently over independent links between a mobile device and multiple base stations. We propose and evaluate a novel method based on new radio dual connectivity (NR-DC) and packet duplication

Mishra, Prabodh Kumar, Kar, Snigdhaswin, Lin, Chun-Chih, Wang, Kuang-Ching, Guo, Linke

Adaptive Path Tracking Controller for Intelligent Driving Vehicles for Large Curvature Paths

12-06-02-0013

12/02/2022

In this article, we use MPC algorithm to design an adaptive path tracking controller based on the vehicle coordinate system, which is effectively applicable to path tracking scenarios with different vehicle speeds and large path curvatures. To reduce the lateral position error and heading angle error, a fitting function learned through a large number of simulations is used to adaptively adjust the prediction horizon parameter and a compensation strategy of steering angle increment designed based on fuzzy control algorithm is used to reduce the influence of model mismatch and low modeling accuracy on the path tracking control effect, then the front wheel steering angle is calculated and output to the vehicle model for path tracking. In this article, multi-scenario simulations are conducted in Simulink and CarSim environments to verify the performance of the proposed controller. The result shows that the adaptive path tracking controller proposed in this article achieves a more

Liu, Jie, Yang, Can

Experimental Analysis of Welding Quality with Tungsten Material by Resistance Welding Process (Projection Welding)

SAE-PP-0029208/10/2022

This paper explains about the key performance of specific material Tungsten electrode combination with Copper alloy to have a improved quality in Projection spot welding process, This copper alloy is specific combination than the regular Copper alloys, it will improve the conductivity, also the current flow is higher than the specification, it gives improved welding quality, the wear out of the materials is reducing trend so the life time of electrode is increased. The strength of the welded steel was found to increase in push of load test, The wear behavior of the copper alloy and tungsten composite revealed long time usage it gives more lifetime.

Sekar, Raja, Sami, Dr.K.Guru, Rajeswari, Dr. N

A Study on Automatic Emergency Braking Control Algorithm Based on Professional Drivers’ Braking Behavior

12-06-02-0009

07/07/2022

An automatic emergency braking (AEB) adaptive control algorithm based on the emergency braking behavior of professional drivers fitting (PDF) model is proposed, which can simultaneously take into account safety and ride comfort on different friction roads. Three typical AEB control algorithms are selected for comparative analysis, namely, AEB control algorithms based on the safety distance (SD) model, time-to-collision (TTC) model, and PDF model, respectively. The simulation results of the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro-NCAP) test scenarios show that the AEB control algorithm based on the PDF model can ensure both safety and ride comfort. In order to overcome the defect that the original AEB control algorithm based on the PDF model does not consider the variation of road friction, the corresponding optimization and improvement are carried out. The optimized AEB control algorithm based on the PDF model can adapt to different friction roads; therefore, the vehicle safety has

Lai, Fei, Huang, Chaoqun

Data-Driven Near-Optimal On-Line Control for an Electrically Heated Catalyst-Equipped Gasoline Engine

03-16-03-0019

05/31/2022

An integrated electrically heated catalyst (EHC) in the three-way catalyst (TWC) of a gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) is a promising technology to reduce engine cold-start pollutant emissions. Pre-heating the TWC ensures earlier catalyst light-off of a significant portion of the TWC. In such a case, the engine could readily be operated in a fuel-optimal manner since the engine cold-start emission is efficiently treated by the warmed-up EHC-equipped TWC. Pre-heating the EHC is an effective way to reduce cold-start emissions, among other possible EHC strategies. However, it might not always be possible to use pre-heating if the engine-start time is uncertain. In such a case, pre-heating can be started when the engine start is known with greater confidence and post-heating the catalyst could be followed. It would then be natural to turn off the EHC when the payoff for the electrical energy spent is no longer effective in engine cold-start emission reduction. The point in time at

Vilwanathan Velmurugan, Dhinesh, McKelvey, Tomas, Olsson, Jan-Ola

A Comprehensive Rule-Based Control Strategy for Automated Lane Centering System

12-06-01-0004

04/18/2022

To address the comfort and safety concerns related to driving vehicles, the Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) is gaining huge popularity. The general architecture of autonomous vehicles includes perception, planning, control, and actuation. This article aims mainly at the controls aspect of one of the emerging ADAS features Lane Centering System (LCS). Limitations in deploying this feature from a controls point of view include maintaining the lane center with winding curvatures, dealing with the dynamic environment, optimizing controls where the perception of lane boundaries is erroneous, and, finally, concurring with the driver’s preferences. Although some research is available on LCS controls, most works are related only to the lateral controls by actuating steering. To increase the robustness, a comprehensive control strategy that involves lateral control, as well as longitudinal control along with a novel strategy to select the mode of driving, is proposed. A geometric

Waghchoure, Mayur Rajendra, Shukla, Adhip, Veepuri, Sai Kamal Sree, Dorle, Aniruddha

Design of Adaptive Control System for Weight on Bit of Vehicle-Mounted Drilling Rig

02-16-01-0002

04/07/2022

Aiming at the problems of insufficient perception and adaptability of vehicle-mounted drilling rig control system to complex formation and unsatisfactory drilling efficiency, an adaptive drilling weight on bit (WOB) control system of the vehicle-mounted drilling rig is designed in this article. Based on the real-time monitoring of drilling parameters obtained by various sensors, the lithology of drilling formation is identified by particle swarm optimization-support vector machine (PSO-SVM), the corresponding high-efficiency WOB is matched according to the differences in rock properties of different formations, and the valve port size of electrohydraulic proportional overflow valve is controlled by fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative (PID) to adjust the feed force of the feed cylinder so that the WOB of the drilling rig can change adaptively with the formation, and the rock-breaking efficiency of the drilling rig can be improved. Through the joint simulation and comparative analysis

Zhang, Chuan Wei, Li, Cheng, Wang, Jianlong, Lu, Qiang

Development of an Adaptive Efficient Thermal/Electric Skipping Control Strategy Applied to a Parallel Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2022-01-0737

03/29/2022

In recent years automobile manufacturers focused on an increasing degree of electrification of the powertrains with the aim to reduce pollutants and CO2 emissions. Despite more complex design processes and control strategies, these powertrains offer improved fuel exploitation compared to conventional vehicles thanks to intelligent energy management. A simulation study is here presented aiming at developing a new control strategy for a P3 parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. The simulation model is implemented using vehicle modeling and simulation toolboxes in MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed control strategy is based on an alternative utilization of the electric motor and thermal engine to satisfy the vehicle power demand at the wheels (Efficient Thermal/Electric Skipping Strategy - ETESS). The choice between the two units is realized through a comparison between two equivalent fuel rates, one related to the thermal engine and the other related to the electric consumption. An

De Bellis, Vincenzo, Piras, Marco, Malfi, Enrica

Active Control of Camber and Toe Angles to Improve Vehicle Ride Comfort

2022-01-0920

03/29/2022

This paper is part of the European OWHEEL project. It proposes a method to improve the comfort of a vehicle by adaptively controlling the Camber and Toe angles of a rear suspension. The purpose is achieved through two actuators for each wheel, one that allows to change the Camber angle and the other the Toe angle. The control action is dynamically determined based on the error between the reference angle and the actual angles. The reference angles are not fixed over time but dynamically vary during the maneuver. The references vary with the aim of maintaining a Camber angle close to zero and a Toe angle that follows the trajectory of the vehicle during the curve. This improves the contact of the tire with the road. This solution allows the control system to be used flexibly for the different types of maneuvers that the vehicle could perform. An experimentally validated sports vehicle has been used to carry out the simulations. The original rear suspension is a Trailing-arm suspension

Marotta, Raffaele, Strano, Salvatore, Terzo, Mario, Tordela, Ciro, Ivanov, Valentin

Adaptive Control Strategy for Complex Starting Conditions of Vehicles with Dry Dual Clutch Transmission

2022-01-0284

03/29/2022

For vehicles equipped with dry dual clutch transmission, due to the diversity of starting conditions, it is a nontrivial task for control strategy to meet the requirements of all kinds of complex starting conditions, which is easy to cause large starting shock and serious clutch wear. Therefore, it is proposed in this paper an adaptive control strategy for complex starting conditions by adjusting two clutches to participate in the starting process at the same time. On the basis of establishing the transmission system model and clutch model, the starting conditions are identified in terms of starting speed, road adhesion and driver's intention, in which the driver's intention is identified by fuzzy reasoning model. Based on the identification of starting conditions and considering the safety principle, it is selected the appropriate starting gear and clutch combination mode, and adjusted the combination speed of the two clutches to carry out an adaptive control strategy. The Simulink

Guo, Jun, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing

A Model Reference Adaptive Controller for an Electric Motor Thermal Management System in Autonomous Vehicles

14-12-01-0001

02/16/2022

Technological advancements and growth in electric motors and battery packs enable vehicle propulsion electrifications, which minimize the need for fossil fuel consumption. The mobility shift to electric motors creates a demand for an efficient electric motor thermal management system that can accommodate heat dissipation needs with minimum power requirements and noise generation. This study proposes an intelligent hybrid cooling system that includes a gravity-aided passive cooling solution coupled with a smart supplementary liquid cooling system. The active cooling system contains a radiator, heat sink, variable frequency drive, alternating current (AC) fan, direct current (DC) pump, and real-time controller. A complete nonlinear mathematical model is developed using a lumped parameter approach to estimate the optimum fan and pump operations at each control interval. Four different control strategies, including nonlinear model predictive controller, classical proportional-integral (PI

Shoai Naini, Shervin, Miller, Richard Steven, Rizoo, Denise, Wagner, John

Adaptive Hybrid Thermostat Control Strategy for Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2021-01-7024

12/31/2021

For series hybrid electric vehicles (SHEV), rule-based strategies are realistic and powerful in real-time applications. However, the previous rule-based strategy cannot strike a balance between the best fuel economy and the best battery performance while maintaining the advantages of real-time applications. In order to obtain higher efficiency and reduce battery consumption, we have developed an adaptive hybrid thermostat strategy. On the basis of maintaining the load leveling of the thermostat strategy, the threshold-changing mechanism is added to realize the adaptive adjustment of the engine starting power under different SOC conditions, so as to achieve the goal of prolonging the battery life. In addition, the more fuel-efficient emergency handling rules designed to further reduce comprehensive fuel consumption. Finally, the effective battery power obtained through the battery aging model is introduced in the comparison of the test results, which scientifically verifies the

Yang, Qianxue, Tian, Shaopeng, Wang, Zhiyu, Xu, Bingjie

Lateral Control and Test of Driverless Mining Trucks Considering Steering Lag

2021-01-7013

12/15/2021

Lateral control is an important part in the system of driverless mining trucks, which is used to realize accurate tracking of planned path. To solve the problem of poor accuracy of the existing single point preview algorithm, firstly, the lateral error model and the simplified truck dynamics model were built. The established truck dynamics model was verified and compared by simulation. The results show that the truck dynamic model in this paper retains accurate even at higher speed. Secondly, against the time delay of truck steering system, the cascade LQR-PID controller and MPC-MRAC controller are designed. The former resists the disturbance of steering time delay through the inner PID loop, while the latter realizes the adaptive control by establishing the steering model. Then, the dual-shift condition simulation was carried out by co-simulation model, and two controllers were compared and analyzed. The results show that the designed two controllers have good performance in the

Dong, Shuai, Tian, Shaopeng, Yang, Can, Zheng, Qingxing, Mou, Junfa

Path Tracking Control of Vehicles Based on Adaptive Model Prediction Control

2021-01-7034

12/14/2021

In order to improve the path tracking accuracy of driverless vehicles at different speed, a fuzzy adaptive model prediction control method was proposed to adjust constant predictive horizon of MPC. Based on the MPC method of 3-DOF vehicle dynamics model, prediction horizon and weight coefficient of the MPC controller could be varied in real time according to the speed and road curvature. With the desired path as the target, the front wheel angle was changed to achieve path tracking. Simulation analysis was performed under the CarSim/Simulink co-simulation environment. Simulation results show that under the condition of satisfying ride comfort and stability of vehicle, the tracking error of the proposed method in the path tracking control is reduced by 30.0%, 29.9% and 14.6% at 36km/h, 72km/h and 108km/h, respectively, which are helpful to path tracking control.

GUAN, Shuo, CHEN, Yong

Model Reference Adaptive Control of Semi-active Suspension Model Based on AdaBoost Algorithm for Rollover Prediction

10-06-01-0005

11/09/2021

Due to their large volume structure, when a heavy vehicle encounters sudden road conditions, emergency turns, or lane changes, it is very easy for vehicle rollover accidents to occur; however, well-designed suspension systems can greatly reduce vehicle rollover occurrence. In this article, a novel semi-active suspension adaptive control based on AdaBoost algorithm is proposed to effectively improve the vehicle rollover stability under dangerous working conditions. This research first established a vehicle rollover warning model based on the AdaBoost algorithm. Meanwhile, the approximate skyhook damping suspension model is established as the reference model of the semi-active suspension. Furthermore, the model reference adaptive control (MRAC) system is established based on Lyapunov stability theory, and the adaptive controller is designed. Finally, on the same road condition, the rollover warning control simulations are carried out under the following conditions: the 180-degree step

Tianjun, Zhu, Wan, Hegao, Wang, Zhenfeng, Wei, Ma, Xu, Xuejiao, Zhiliang, Zou, Sanmiao, Du

Intelligent Control System of Magnetic-Impulse Parts Processing in Ship Repair Production

2021-01-5096

10/04/2021

Humanity has been interested in magnetism for over 300 years. Many authors have studied the use of applied magnetism to change the properties of products and expand the use of magnetic processing in ship repair production [1, 2]. Experience shows that magnetic pulse processing (MPP) is a simple and economical way to increase the durability of metal-cutting tools, increase the resource of the most worn parts of machines and mechanisms, and increase the durability of friction units, assembly units, and structures during their repair and manufacture. MPP has a number of advantages: simplicity of electromagnetic energy concentration on the product, its rapid accumulation by the material of the working elements of the part, and the efficiency of improving the operational characteristics (processing time is 0.3 ... 2.0 s with insignificant energy consumption). The indicated advantages of magnetic processing of products in comparison with other methods of hardening have been repeatedly

Vrublevskyi, Roman, Gritsuk, Igor, Bulgakov, Mykola, Ahieiev, Maksym, Bilousov, Ievhen, Smyrnov, Oleh, Saraieva, Iryna, Savchuk, Volodymyr

Energy Method for Controlling a Traction Electric Drive

14-10-02-001505/20/2021

The aim of this study was to develop algorithms for controlling an automobile electric drive based on the equations for the instantaneous balance of the active and reactive power of induction (IM) and synchronous machines (SM). We considered the information properties of the first harmonics of the three-phase voltage between the inverter and electrical machines. Our examination showed that processing the primary data of current and voltage sensors according to the algorithms of the generalized energy flow allows us to obtain complete information on the parameters of the three-phase circuit in the form of generalized state variables. We further investigated the metrological support of a traction electric drive, which makes it possible to complete a wide range of control, diagnostics, protection, and backup tasks. We present energy models of IMs and SMs obtained by summing the instantaneous power of the individual phases into a single energy stream. We show that taking the impact of the

Smolin, Victor, Goun, Valentina

Engine Adaptive Fuel Injection Control Using Model Predictive Self-Tuning Regulator with Adaptive Variable Functioning

03-14-05-004004/13/2021

In this article, a model predictive self-tuning regulator (MP-STR) with adaptive variable functioning (AVF) is designed for fuel injection feedback control. Proper control of wall-wetting effects in transients is a matter of great challenge in port fuel injection spark-ignition (SI) engines. A self-tuning regulator is employed to address both parametric and unstructured uncertainties, but in a predictive practice, in order to achieve optimal behavior, particularly in transient phases. Additionally, it is applied with AVF to maintain the control system work in real time, that is, at low speeds with longer computation time available, the MP-STR is wholly applied, yet at higher speeds with lower computation time in hand, a lighter controller, for instance, an offline adaptive controller including the predictive compensator with offline parameters, coupled with a simple proportional integral (PI) controller, is employed. As will be seen, the control system is fully capable of maintaining

Shamekhi, Amir-Mohammad, Shamekhi, Amir H.

Development of an Injection System for Small Engines with Adaptive Control for Sensorless Lambda Operation

2019-32-0535

01/24/2020

With increasing requirements for small engines in terms of functionalities and emission standards, it is essential to be able to offer an integrated full-featured injection system that will meet future requirements. The system described is particularly suitable for small to medium-sized combustion engines, such as power generators, lawnmowers and small motorcycles, and has a corresponding cost structure, compactness and a high degree of integration. The main subject of the development is an electronic fuel injection system, which can provide information about the current air-fuel mixture through model-based software algorithms and also has an integrated ignition coil. This article describes the procedure and the status of the research results of this development project. The basis of the method as already known from similar approaches of stimulating the running engine by a defined feedforward control of the injection quantity. The engine response is analyzed by the developed algorithm

Ernst, Bernhard, Lajda, Marek

Unsettled Technology Domains in Robotics for Automation in Aerospace Manufacturing

EPR201901012/20/2019

Cost reduction and increasing production rates are driving automation of aerospace manufacturing. Articulated serial robots may replace bespoke gantry automation or human operations. Improved accuracy is key to enabling operations such as machining, additive manufacturing (AM), composite fabrication, drilling, automated program development, and inspection. New accuracy standards are needed to enable process-relevant comparisons between robotic systems. Accuracy can be improved through calibration of kinematic and joint stiffness parameters, joint output encoders, adaptive control that compensates for thermal expansion, and feedforward control that compensates for hysteresis and external loads. The impact of datuming could also be significantly reduced through modeling and optimization. Highly dynamic end effectors compensate high-frequency disturbances using inertial sensors and reaction masses. Global measurement feedback is a high-accuracy turnkey solution, but it is costly and has

Muelaner, Jody

Vibration Control of an Active Seat Suspension System Integrated Pregnant Woman Body Model

2019-01-017204/02/2019

Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is effective, popular and cost effective for a lot of scientific and engineering applications. In this paper, PID and fuzzy-self-tuning PID (FSTPID) controllers are applied to improve the performance of an active seat suspension system to enhance the pregnant woman comfort. The equations of motion of thirteen-degrees-of-freedom (13-DOF) active seat suspension system incorporating pregnant woman body model are derived and simulated. PID gains are tuned and estimated using genetic algorithm (GA) to formulate GA PID controller. In FSTPID, fuzzy logic technique is used to tune PID controller gains by selecting appropriate fuzzy rules using Matlab/Simulink software. Both controlled active seat suspension systems are compared with a passive seat suspension. Suspension performance is evaluated under bump and random road excitations in order to verify the success of the proposed controllers. Theoretical results reveal that the proposed

Ali, Shaimaa A., Metered, H., Bassiuny, A. M, Abdel-Ghany, AM

Circuit Models for Robust, Adaptive Neural Control

19AERP02_0802/01/2019

Understanding a nematode's simple circuit could provide a foundation for understanding much more complex behaviors. Air Force Research Laboratory, Arlington, Virginia This project seeks to reproduce the neural circuits used by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans for locomotion. Caenorhabditis elegans is a small (∼1.2 millimeter) nematode found in rotting fruit in many parts of the world. It feeds on bacteria and is neither parasitic nor pathogenic. Although capable of sexual reproduction, most laboratory strains reproduce primarily as self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, with each adult hermaphrodite producing approximately 300 progeny (Figure 1). C. elegans is a very simple organism, with only 959 somatic cells in the adult hermaphrodite. Although the total number of cells is small, they are differentiated into the standard array of tissues: 302 neurons, 95 body muscle cells, 32 gut cells, etc. In addition, the position, morphology, and lineage of each cell are reproducible from animal to

Circuit Models for Robust, Adaptive Neural Control

TBMG-33766

02/01/2019

This project seeks to reproduce the neural circuits used by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans for locomotion. Caenorhabditis elegans is a small (~1.2 millimeter) nematode found in rotting fruit in many parts of the world. It feeds on bacteria and is neither parasitic nor pathogenic. Although capable of sexual reproduction, most laboratory strains reproduce primarily as self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, with each adult hermaphrodite producing approximately 300 progeny (Figure 1).

Electronic Bi-Directional Shift Control Design and Calibration for Farm Vehicle

2017-01-2205

10/08/2017

Agricultural tractors are often subjected to various applications like front end loading work, cultivation work, where frequent forward and reverse gears are needed. Most of Indian agricultural tractors are equipped with mechanical transmission system which demands repeated clutching and de-clutching operation for such applications resulting in increased operator fatigue and lesser productivity. Also need of electronics in Indian agricultural industry for better farm mechanization is growing high. This research work depicts development of electronic bi-directional shifting (power shuttle) control design and calibration for farm vehicle fitted with wet clutch transmission. This research also reduces operator fatigue via frequent directional shift through electronic transmission. The control system is designed without any electronic interfacing with engine and also provides clutch-less gear shifting and auto-launch which offers ease to drive even for novice driver. The power shuttle

M A, Velmurugan, Rajagopal, MahendraMohan

Adaptive Cascade Optimum Braking Control Based on a Novel Mechatronic Booster

2017-01-2514

09/17/2017

BBW (Brake-by-wire) can increase the electric and hybrid vehicles performance and safety. This paper proposes a novel mechatronic booster system, which includes APS (active power source), PFE (pedal feel emulator), ECU (electronic control unit). The system is easily disturbed when the system parameters and the outside conditions change. The system performance is weakened. The cascade control technique can be used to solve the problem. This paper develops an adaptive cascade optimum control (ACOC) algorithm based on the novel mechatronic booster system. The system is divided into main loop and servo loop, both of them are closed-loop system. The servo-loop system can eliminate the disturbance which exists in the servo loop. So the robustness of the cascade control system is improved than which of the general closed-loop control system. Different control object is respectively chosen. The control-oriented mathematical model is designed. Based on the control-oriented model, optimum

Han, Wei, Xiong, Lu, Yu, Zhuoping, Li, Haocheng

Hydraulic Control of Integrated Electronic Hydraulic Brake System Based on LuGre Friction Model

2017-01-2513

09/17/2017

In this paper, an integrated electronic hydraulic brake(I-EHB) system is introduced, which is mainly composed of a motor, a worm gear, a worm, a gear, a rack etc. The friction leads the system to the creeping phenomenon and the dead zone. These phenomenon seriously affect the response speed and the hydraulic pressure control .In order to realize the accurate hydraulic pressure control of I-EHB system, a new friction compensation control method is proposed based on LuGre dynamic friction model. And the theoretical design of adaptive control method is designed based on the feedback of the master cylinder pressure and the operating state of the system. Then the stability of the control method is proved by Lyapunov theorem. A co-simulation model is built with Matlab/Simulink and AMESim, so as to prove the validity of the control method. Related experiments are carried out to track the different target signals, which is step signal, (different amplitude and frequency) sine wave signal and

Li, Haocheng, Yu, Zhuoping, Xiong, Lu, Han, Wei

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