Browse Topic: Power electronics

Items (439)
The popular methods to generate PWM (Pulse width modulation) are triangle comparison method and space vector method. The work evaluates the performance of continuous and discontinuous space vector pulse width modulation techniques based on the switching losses and harmonic distortion. The flexibility in the placement of null vectors and active vectors gives generality in SVPWM (Space Vector PWM) techniques. Continuous SVPWM employs the conventional switching sequences which are equally divided the null vectors and active vectors. Discontinuous PWM are derived based on the different combinations of null and active switching vectors. The discontinuous PWM techniques clamps each phase for either 300 or 600 in each half cycle. Majority of the discontinuous SVPWM uses any one of the null vectors and effectively to reduce the average switching loss in a cycle and the total harmonic distortion.The study brings out the optimum SVPWM sequences for the control of PMSM(PERMENANT MAGNET
Nair, Meenu DivakaranDurai, Saranya
In electric vehicles development, manufacturing variations pose big challenge in designing various mechanical components as these variations directly impact various customer perceivable performance outputs. If the manufacturing variations can be included in design phase itself, overall robustness of the design can be enhanced. This paper delineates machine learning based methods to include manufacturing variations in designing drive units for electric vehicles. In an electric vehicle, the drive unit transfers power or torque from a battery through an inverter to wheels. The drive units are subjected to different types of loads under various vehicle maneuvers. To evaluate the drive unit system virtually, system level simulations are performed. Traditionally, nominal values of the several inputs such as bearing parameters, gear parameters and clearances etc. are used. However, the drive unit must be designed in such a way that outputs meet target considering all the variations of inputs
Penumatsa, Venkata Ramana RajuKatha, VenkateswarBlack, DerrickJain, SachinMaddipati, Seshagiri
Heavy-duty vehicles, particularly those towing higher weights, require a continuous/secondary braking system. While conventional vehicles employ Retarder or Engine brake systems, electric vehicles utilize recuperation for continuous braking. In a state where HV Battery is at 100% of SOC, recuperated energy from vehicle operation is passed on to HPR and it converts electrical energy into waste heat energy. This study focuses on identification of routes which are critical for High Power Brake Resistors (HPRs), by analyzing the elevation data of existing charging stations, the route’s slope distribution, and the vehicle’s battery SOC. This research ultimately suggests a method to identify HPR critical vehicle operational routes which can be useful for energy efficient route planning algorithms, leading to significant cost savings for customers and contributing to environmental sustainability.
Thakur, ShivamSalunke, OmkarAmbuskar, MandarPandey, Lokesh
A temperature dependent cohesive zone model considering the thermo-mechanical fatigue loadings are used to simulate and predict the failure process of solder joint interface in power electronics modules. Cohesive Zone Models (CZMs) are gaining popularity for modeling the fracture and fatigue behavior in various class of materials such as metals, polymers, ceramics, and their composite materials. Unlike the traditional fracture mechanics which considers concept of infinitesimal crack, CZMs assume a fracture process zone in which external energy is distributed in vicinity to propagating crack. In order to predict the fatigue-fracture process under thermo-mechanical cyclic loading, a damage accumulation variable is utilized. The calculation of damage is performed using a progressive mechanism, and the cohesive zone model is updated to reflect the present level of damage. The existing cohesive forces are influenced by both the current damage status and the extent of separation
Singh, Praveen KumarSahu, AbhishekChirravuri, BhaskaraMiller, Ronald
The automotive industry relies heavily on software to enhance safety, performance, and user experience. The increasing complexity of automotive software demands rigorous testing methodologies. Ensuring the quality and reliability of this software is critical. In this paper, an innovative approach to software validation and verification using a Hybrid Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) test system has been proposed. This methodology integrates diverse hardware and software tools to establish a flexible and efficient testing environment. HIL environment can evaluate Device Under Test (DUT) with minimal alterations. This comprehensive solution includes the development of test strategies, plant model simulation, and compliance assurance, all in accordance with automotive standards such as ASPICE, ISO26262. Introduction of a Personality module for Automotive ECU (DUT), enables testing of multiple products using the same HIL setup. This is achieved by loading a DUT-specific signal mapping
Yadav, VikaskumarBhade, Nilesh
Balancing low conductivity, corrosion resistance and optimum heat transfer in next-generation EV coolants while meeting new EV safety regulations. Managing the heating and cooling of electric vehicle propulsion systems may seem to be an easy task compared with combustion engines. After all, ICEs run much hotter-the thermal optimum for a gasoline engine is around 212 F (100 C). By comparison, EV batteries normally generate (as a function of current during charge/discharge cycles) a relatively cool 59-86 F (15-30 C). And while motors and power electronics operate hotter, typically 140-176 F (60-80 C), they still run cooler than ICEs. But among the myriad complexities of EV thermal management are batteries' dislike for temperature extremes, new cell chemistries, heat-generating high-voltage electrical architectures and 800V fast charging. All are putting greater focus on maintaining stable EV battery thermal performance and safety. Experts note that compatibility among the cell chemistry
Brooke, Lindsay
During a recent Bosch tech showcase, we spoke with Joe Dear, engineering manager for electric propulsion systems at Linamar. The Guelph, Ontario-based parts manufacturer is no stranger to building unsung components for the auto industry, including gears, camshafts, connecting rods, and cylinder heads. The Linamar team was demonstrating a modified Ram 2500, a collaboration between Bosch and Linamar, that was outfitted with a prototype electric powertrain and new e-axles: a rigid axle on the rear (with a Bosch motor and inverter) and a steering axle up front.
Blanco, Sebastian
The ongoing energy transition will have a profound impact on future mobility, with electrification playing a key role. Battery electric vehicles (EVs) are the dominant technology, relying on the conversion of alternating current (AC) from the grid to direct current (DC) to charge the traction battery. This process involves power electronic components such as rectifiers and DC/DC converters operating at high switching frequencies in the kHz range. Fast switching is essential to minimise losses and improve efficiency, but it might also generate electro-magnetic interferences (EMI). Hence, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing is essential to ensure reliable system operations and to meet international standards. During DC charging, the AC/DC conversion takes place off-board in the charging station, allowing for better cooling and larger components, resulting in increased power transfer, currently up to 350 kW. The EMC requirements for this charging method are outlined in IEC 61851
Supa Stölben, Inti RunaBeltle, MichaelTenbohlen, Stefan
The study demonstrates the possibility and in particular the method to derive the efficiency of the entire fuel cell power system by measuring specific data of the recirculation path of the anode circuit of a fuel cell system. The results demonstrate the capabilities of the existing test rig and enable investigations on the suitability of auxiliary components. This study focuses on the hydrogen recirculation path equipped with multiple sensors and a needle valve to enable the required operating conditions of the fuel cell. Running a startup load profile without reaching the equilibrium state at all steps, the dynamic of the system and the requirements to the sensor parameters, such as sampling rate and precision, was seen. Additionally, it became obvious that the recirculation pump used is oversized, but a load point shift compensated this artifact. In detail, the stoichiometry and the efficiency of the entire system was evaluated. It was seen that the hydrogen concentration is
Allmendinger, FrankMartin, BenediktSchmidtmann, Marlen
In this study, a bipolar nanosecond pulse all-solid-state power supply was developed including Lenz capacitance (LC) resonant circuit and full-bridge inverter circuit to provide plasma ignition mode for internal combustion engines. The power supply converts the direct current (DC) voltage into voltage pulses using the inverter circuit with insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), and subsequently amplifies the voltage through a pulse transformer. In the magnetic compression circuit, two capacitors were utilized to store energy simultaneously and approximately double the voltage. By exploiting the hysteresis characteristics of the magnetic switch, a nanosecond pulse output was achieved. An enhanced full-bridge inverter snubber circuit was proposed, which can effectively absorb surge voltage, with a voltage impact reduction on the primary winding of the pulse transformer to less than 1%. The newly developed bipolar nanosecond pulse power supply achieved a good performance with bipolar
Sun, AoHu, YongRong, WeixinYu, WenbinZhao, Feiyang
SAE J3072 establishes requirements for a grid support inverter system function that is integrated into a plug-in electric vehicle (PEV), which connects in parallel with an electric power system (EPS) by way of conductively coupled, electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). This standard also defines the communication between the PEV and the EVSE required for the PEV onboard inverter function to be configured and authorized by the EVSE for discharging at a site. The requirements herein are intended to be used in conjunction with IEEE 1547-2018 and IEEE 1547.1-2020 or later versions.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Future electric vehicles will be more efficient, more powerful, and will be able to hold more energy in their batteries than today’s EVs. Those big “mores” require countless small improvements beyond the headline component — batteries. One of the richest target areas is power-electronics technology and components used throughout the EV ecosystem. A new generation of power electronics will be found in tomorrow’s EVs, charging stations, and related infrastructure components.
We propose a novel Split Ring Resonator (SRR) metamaterial capable of achieving a total (or complete) bandgap in the material’s band structure, thereby reflecting airborne and structure-borne noise in a targeted frequency range. Electric Vehicles (EVs) experience tonal excitation arising from switching frequencies associated with motors and inverters, which can significantly affect occupant perception of vehicle quality. Recently proposed metamaterial designs reflect airborne noise and structure-borne transverse waves over a band of frequencies, but do not address structure-borne longitudinal waves in the same band. To achieve isolation of acoustic, transverse, and longitudinal elastic waves associated with tonal frequencies, we propose a metamaterial super cell with transverse and longitudinal resonant frequencies falling in a total bandgap. We calculate the resonant frequencies and corresponding mode shapes using finite element (FE) modal analysis. We obtain the unit cell band
Gunreddy, Prathik ReddyLeamy, Michael
Accelerated adoption of electric propulsion system in mobility industry has stressed the time and iterations of product development cycle which was traditionally known to go over multiple iterations and phases. Current market demands a timely introduction of compelling products that brings high value to end user. Further, a growing emphasis over reducing mineral content using sustainable options and process, adds further complexity to multi-objective-optimization of electric drive systems. At BorgWarner our engineers use Digital-Twins, physics-based models which closely represent BorgWarner products in greater dept (physics) thus allowing an improved assessment of product design (components and systems) to target application at very early stage in product development. The spring success with Digital-Twin, BorgWarner furthered enhanced the model through introducing Artificial Intelligent (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies in both modelling and virtual sensing. This paper will
David, PascalOueslati, SkanderBourniche, EricNanjundaswamy, Harsha
General Motors (GM) is working towards a future world of zero crashes, zero emissions and zero congestion. It’s “Ultium” platform has revolutionized electric vehicle drive units to provide versatile yet thrilling driving experience to the customers. Three variants of traction power inverter modules (TPIMs) including a dual channel inverter configuration are designed in collaboration with LG Magna e-Powertrain (LGM). These TPIMs are integrated with other power electronics components inside Integrated power electronics (IPE) to eliminate redundant high voltage connections and increase power density. The developed power module from LGM has used state-of-the art sintering technology and double-sided cooled structure to achieve industry leading performance and reliability. All the components are engineered with high level of integration skills to utilize across TPIM variants. Each component in the design is rigorously analyzed and tested from component to system levels to ensure high
Nassiri Bavili, ArashBasher, KorobiChung, SungAlam, KhorshedLee, Jung-GiChoi, Hong GooKo, Jin-youngAnwar, Mohammad
When designing an electric vehicle (EV) traction system, overcoming the issues arising from the variations in the battery voltage due to the state of charge (SoC) is critical, which otherwise can lead to a deterioration of the powertrain energy efficiency and overall drive performance. However, systems are typically documented under fixed voltage and temperature conditions, potentially lacking comprehensive specifications that account for these variations across the entire range of the vehicle operating regions. To tackle this challenge, this paper seeks to adjust an optimal DC-link voltage across the complete range of drive operating conditions by integrating a DC-DC converter into the powertrain, thereby enhancing powertrain efficiency. This involves conducting a comprehensive analysis of power losses in the power electronics of a connected converter-inverter system considering the temperature variations, along with machine losses, accounting for variable DC-link voltages. The
Amirpour, SepidehThiringer, TorbjörnXu, Yu
With the increasing demand for efficient & clean transport solutions, applications such as road transport vehicles, aerospace and marine are seeing a rise in electrification at a significant rate. Irrespective of industries, the main source of power that enables electrification in mobility applications like electric vehicles (EV), electric ships and electrical vertical take-off & landing (e-VTOL) is primarily a battery making it fundamentally a DC system. Fast charging solutions for EVs & e-VTOLs are also found to be DC in nature because of several advantages like ease of integration, higher efficiency, etc. Likewise, the key drivers of the electric grid are resulting in an energy transition towards renewable sources, that are also essentially DC in nature. Overall, these different business trends with their drivers appear to be converging towards DC power systems, making it pertinent. However, DC circuit protection poses serious challenges compared to AC due to the absence of natural
Milind, T. R.Thomas, AmalRastogi, SarthakK, Satyadeep
The EPB (Electric Parking Brake) system is divided into two parts based on VDA305-100 recommendation (German Association of the Automotive Industry, VDA). One part of the EPB system contains the parking brake actuator, caliper, and actuation logic (parking brake controller, PBC). The second part of the EPB system is called to the HOST which contains the EPB power electronics, necessary peripherals and controls the functions that the driver can experience. According to VDA305-100, the PBC is responsible for recognition of a fault in the parking brake actuator based on the measured values transmitted from the HOST such as EPB motor voltage and current. Due to mechanical fault injection limitations, failsafe tests require physically electrical emulation caused by parking brake actuator faults to verify the parking brake actuator fault detection and management algorithm. This paper introduces EPB motor load emulation techniques in which EPB HILS (Hardware in the Loop Simulation) test
Son, ChanghyunYu, Hyunuk
Battery electric vehicles are quickly gaining momentum to improve vehicle fuel efficiency and emission reduction. However, they must be designed to provide adequate range on a single charge combined with good acceleration performance, top speed, gradeability, and fast charging times. The paper presents a model for sizing the power train of an electric vehicle, including the power electronic converter, electric motor, and battery pack. A major assumption is that an optimal wheel slip rate can be achieved by modern vehicles using slip control systems. MATLAB/Simulink was used to model the vehicle powertrain. Simulations were conducted based on different speed and acceleration profiles. The purpose of the study focused on the motor and power electronics sizing requirements to achieve optimal range and performance.
Fardoun, AbbasSingh, Sanjay
Inverter is the power electronics component that drives the electrical motor of the electrical driven compressor (EDC) and communicates with the car network. The main function of the inverter is to convert the direct current (DC) voltage of the car battery into alternating current (AC) voltage, which is used to drive the three-phase electric motor. In recent days, inverters are present in all automotive products due to electrification. Inverter contains a printed circuit board (PCB) and electronic components, which are mounted inside a mechanical housing and enclosed by a protective cover. The performance of the electrical drive depends upon the functioning of the inverter. There is a strong demand from the customer to withstand the harsh environmental and testing conditions during its lifetime such as leakage, dust, vibration, thermal tests etc. The failure of the inverter leads to malfunction of the product, hence proper sealing and validation is necessary for inverters to protect
Duraipandi, Arumuga PandianLeon, RenanRibot, HerveRaja, Antony VinothFarooqui, AltafhussainChandrasekaran, Vinoth-Roy
The hybrid system's thermal strategy is centered around controlling the cooling of the motor, inverter, DCDC and evaporator. In this electric drive circuit system, the water temperature sensor is positioned at the radiator outlet rather than within it. Consequently, when determining the required air volume for radiator cooling and water demand for sub-components of the electric drive circuit, an estimation of the inlet water temperature becomes necessary. This estimation relies on a heat transfer formula that converts heat released by circuit sub-components into their contribution to temperature rise within the circuit plus the outlet temperature from the previous round through the radiator to determine inlet water temperature. The inverter's heat transfer power depends on voltage and current levels. Adjusting motor torque leads to rapid changes in current flow while maintaining a low speed for optimal flow rate through the electric drive pump. As a result, there should be a
Jing, JunchaoWang, ZhentaoLiu, YiqiangHuang, WeishanDai, Zhengxing
Wound rotor synchronous machines (WRSM) without rare-earth magnets are becoming more popular for traction applications, but their potential in drive performance has not yet been fully explored. This paper presents a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) scheme optimization procedure to minimize motor and inverter losses. It leverages different PWM schemes with different PWM switching strategies and switching frequencies. First, a generic PWM-induced motor loss calculation tool developed by BorgWarner is introduced. This tool iteratively calculates motor losses with PWM inputs across the entire operating map, significantly improving motor loss prediction accuracy. The inverter losses are then calculated analytically using motor and wide-bandgap (WBG) switching device characteristics. By quantifying these various scenarios, the optimal PWM scheme for achieving the best system efficiency across the entire operating map is obtained. The PWM-induced motor loss characteristics, the system loss
Ma, CongTyckowski, Joseph
A need to develop a cooling method with high cooling performance like jet impingement is increased as high power of an inverter is required. Jet Impingement on the dimpled plate would increase thermal performance than that of flat plate. Many previous researchers have dealt with the multi jet impingement on flat plate and some results of the study on dimpled plate evaluate the effect on heat transfer coefficients on several limited cases, making it difficult to apply them to inverter designs. Therefore, in this paper, heat transfer performance, pressure drop, and robustness at micro-scale of jet impingement on the dimpled plate were investigated in detail and the correlations of each performance were proposed. Finally, the optimal design was presented. The cooling performance was influenced by the jet array and the effect of depth and width of the dimples. The former can be expressed in terms of the Reynolds number, the ratio of height to nozzle diameter(H/D), the ratio of pitch to
LEE, HyeseungYang, IlsukJeong, HojinPark, Minkyu
The inverter of the electrical driven compressor (EDC) is subjected to high thermal loads which are resulting from external temperature exposure and from compressor solicitations from the vehicle thermal loop (refrigerant nature, flow rate, compression rate, initial temperature). An incorrect thermal management of the inverter might lead to a significant decrease of efficiency which degrades the performance, product lifetime (electronics components failure) and even worse, might lead to a hazardous thermal event (HTE). The need of the automotive market to drastically decrease project development time, requires decreasing design and simulation activities lead time without degrading the design robustness, which is one additional complexity and challenge for the R&D team. Analytical calculations are performed to understand the significant impact of the main physical parameters (refrigerant temperature, material properties, electronics component power dissipation, …) on the initial design
Banumurthy, HariharanRibot, HerveLeon, RenanFrancois, NicolasSattouf, MousaMarouf, Ayyoub
To meet the ever-increasing demands of the engineering industry, novel approaches to design optimization are essential, especially in fast-paced production environments. Conventional CAD and simulation tools often struggle to keep up with the complexity and speed required for designing critical components. In this context, leveraging Deep Learning technologies presents a promising solution by integrating knowledge from simulations and designs to drastically accelerate product development. With the drive for Electrification, conventional power electronics and systems are becoming more energy dense and hence requires compact and efficient thermal management solutions. Higher energy density is attributed to high power electrical components fitted in packs with shrinking characteristic dimensions and hence needs more efficient and compact thermal management solutions. Conventional engineering design approaches have limitations to push the boundaries of efficiency and power density of air
Lombardi, AlessandroZampieri, LucaAgrawal, MonikaSinghal, MohitVon Tschammer, Thomas
The powertrain electrification is currently not only taking place in public road mobility vehicles, but is also making its way to the racetrack, where it’s driving innovation for developments that will later be used in series production vehicles. The current development focus for electric vehicles is the balance between driving power, range and weight, which is given even greater weighting in racing. To redefine the current limits, IAV developed a complete e-powertrain for a racing MX motorcycle and integrated it into a real drivable demonstrator bike. The unique selling point is the innovative direct phase-change cooling (PCC) of the three-phase e-motor and its power electronics, which enables significantly increased continuous power (Pe = 40 kW from 7,000 rpm to 9,000 rpm) without thermal power reduction. The drive unit is powered by a replaceable Lithium-Ion round cell battery (Ubat,max = 370V) with an energy storage capacity of Ebat = 5 kWh. The battery system is completely
Arnold, ThomasKrause, MatthiasBöhme, JanLeesch, MirkoPalazzolo, DavidGentgen, Holger
With the advent of wide band gap semiconductor devices like SiC based MOSFETs/Diodes, there is a growing demand for utilizing electrical power instead of the conventional fuel-based power generation in both automotive and aerospace industry. In automotive/aerospace industry the focus on electrification has resulted in a need for sub-systems like inverters, power distribution units, motor controllers, DC-DC converters that actively utilize SiC based power electronics devices. To address the growing power density requirements for electronics in next generation product families, more efficient & reliable thermal management solution plays a critical role. The effective thermal management of the power electronics is also critical aspect to ensure overall system reliability. The conventional thermal management system (TMS) optimization targets heat sink/ cold plate design parameters like fin spacing, thickness, height etc. or sizing of the required cooling pump/fan. This paper focuses on
Bhardwaj, DivyanshuPatil, SachinDatta, SauradeepPawar, SunnyDougherty, Derek
This paper gives insights in the theoretical measurement uncertainty of E-Drive rotor position dependent results, like Id and Iq calculations, done by a modern propulsion power analyzer (PA). The calculation of Id and Iqis fundamental to perform control optimization and application tasks for an E-Drive system. To optimize the E-Drive system application towards e.g., best efficiency, best performance, or improved NVH the importance of the testing toolchain is described: a power analyzer delivering the required results, an automation system, and a Design of Experiment tool to set improved target values. Consequently, inverters applications featuring field-oriented control (FOC) with permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) are updated with a chosen control strategy. For achieving a certain behavior of an E-Drive, different degrees of freedom in the Inverter Control Unit are available; Lookup tables Id and Iq represent two fundamental application labels to be considered. Since the
Platzer, ThomasFechter, MichaelKammerstetter, HeribertKolb, Philipp
This research paper focuses on the modelling and analysis of a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) specifically designed for electric vehicles (EVs) with a particular emphasis on the flywheel rotor system associated with active magnetic bearings. The methodology used simulation approaches to investigate the dynamics of the flywheel system. The objective of this study is to explore the effects of implementing the flywheel energy storage system on the performance of the EV. The paper presents a comprehensive model of the flywheel energy storage system, considering the mechanical and electrical aspects. The mechanical model accounts for the dynamic behaviors of the flywheel, including parameters such as rotational speed, inertia, and friction. The electrical model describes the interaction between the flywheel and the power electronics, such as the converter and motor/generator. To evaluate the benefits of the flywheel energy storage system, simulations are conducted. Simulation studies
Akhtar, Juned
The automotive industry has seen accelerating demand for electrified transportation. While the complexity of conventional ICE vehicles has increased, the powertrain still largely consists of a mechanical system. In contrast, vehicle architectures in electrified transportation are a complex integration of power electronics, batteries, control units, and software. This shift in system architecture impacts the entire organization during new product development, with increased focus on high power electronic components, energy management strategies, and complex algorithm development. Additionally, product development impact extends beyond the vehicle and impacts charging networks, electrical infrastructure, and communication protocols. The complex interaction between systems has a significant impact on vehicle safety, development timeline, scope, and cost. A systems engineering approach, with emphasis on requirements definition and traceability, helps ensure decomposition of top level
Narasipuram, Rajanand PatnaikKarkhanis, Varad AbhimanyuEllinger, MichaelK M, SaranathAlagarsamy, GuruprasathJadhav, Ravindra
The automotive world is moving towards electric powertrain systems. The electric powertrain systems have emerged as a promising alternative to the conventional powertrain system. The performance of electric vehicle is highly dependent on operating temperature of electric and electronic components of the vehicle. All power electronics and electric components in EV generate heat during operation and it must be removed to prevent overheating of components. Higher temperatures raise safety concerns whereas lower temperatures deteriorate the performance of power electronics & electric components. These power electronics & electrical components perform efficiently and safely if operated within certain temperature range. This paper presents an advanced efficient cost-effective thermal technique for small commercial electric vehicle (SCEV) to improve the performance & life of major electric components. It is observed from literature survey that this is a novel technology for small commercial
Chormule, Suhas Rangrao
The objective of this paper is to determine and design an optimized thermal management system for a solar electric four-wheeler while considering system influence. The major systems that will be analyzed and optimized include the HVAC, solar system, and battery. The HVAC system imposes a challenge to the designers to fulfill the passenger’s comfort and to operate it efficiently under a wide range of external loads from solar radiation, ambient temperature & and humidity, human metabolic activity, and other loads like the propulsion system temperature on the cabin. From the literature, it is found that the air conditioning system reduces on average 14% of the total battery capacity whereas the heating system reduces it by 18% [1], which makes the HVAC system design a crucial aspect to consider for the system influence. The battery car voltage changes significantly to meet the power demand and because of this, the battery system produces a large amount of heat while discharging which
Karthikeyan, Vikram RajGumma, Muralidhar
This paper studies and compares the vibration control performance of variable damping electromagnetic damper (VD-EMD) and variable stiffness and damping electromagnetic damper (VSD-EMD), and explores the advantages of VSD-EMD over VD-EMD in terms of controllability and improvement of ride comfort. In VD-EMD, a variable resistor is connected to the DC motor, the equivalent damping is related to resistance but not to frequency, by adjusting the resistance of the variable resistor, the damping of VD-EMD can be changed. In variable stiffness electromagnetic damper (VS-EMD), a branch formed by connecting a variable resistor and an inductor in series is connected to the DC motor, by adjusting the variable resistor, the equivalent stiffness of VS-EMD can be controlled, in addition, the equivalent stiffness also varies with the excitation frequency. The mechanical characteristics of VD-EMD and VS-EMD have been verified. Since shock absorber with multiple variable mechanical characteristics can
Zhan, HaoyuLiu, PengfeiNing, DonghongYu, JianqiangDu, Haiping
System optimization and lifecycle analysis are key to taking heavy rare earths out of next-gen motors for commercial EVs. All components of an electric propulsion system - the motor, battery pack and inverter, in particular - are interrelated and optimized for a system function. Still, there are significant trade-offs in cost and what's best for sustainability when developing today's e-drive systems, according to David Fulton, director of rotating electric machines, PowerDrive Systems at BorgWarner Inc. “The dominant design for motors today is probably the worst for sustainability in terms of KPIs [key performance indicators] as well as highest in cost. But it serves the greater good of the system [by enabling] the lowest cost for the battery pack and inverter,” Fulton said at the 2023 SAE COMVEC conference, during his presentation on next-gen motor technology for commercial vehicles.
Gehm, Ryan
In the coming years, moving towards a hundred percent electric vehicles will be one of the key areas in the automotive industry. The main advantages of using e-mobility are operational flexibility, lower carbon emission and regenerative energy. Thermal management in an e-vehicle plays a vital role for the reliability of the system and any thermal failure can cost a significant amount of money to a company per vehicle. Inverter assembly is widely used to convert Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC) in the e-mobility platform to operate the motor for vehicle propulsion. It consists of various electronic transmitters, controllers, capacitors, and semi-conductors which will emit an enormous amount of heat during their operation. Since inverters are highly temperature sensitive in nature, it is necessary to improve the temperature distribution in the device. For this reason, adequate cooling system and ventilation is inevitable to keep the components operational. In this study
Govindarasu, AnbarasuT, SukumarSathyamoorthy, GugainamasivayamSubramanian, Vivek
Fuel cells’ soft output characteristics and mismatched voltage levels with subordinate electrical devices necessitate the use of DC/DC converters, which are an important part of the power electronic subsystem of the fuel cell system. The staggered parallel Boost topology is commonly employed in fuel cell DC/DC converters. This paper focuses on the control characteristics of the two-phase interleaved parallel Boost topology in the context of a fuel cell system. Specifically, we derive the small-signal model and output-control transfer function of the topology, and design a controller based on frequency characteristic analysis. Our proposed controller uses a cascaded double-ring structure and supports both constant current and constant voltage switching modes. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed control strategy, we conduct simulation and prototype testing. The simulation and DC/DC converter prototype are configured according to the output characteristics of the fuel cells, and
Ma, TiancaiLiu, QiLinXie, Jiaojiao
In today’s world, due to fast depletion of fossil fuel and the increasing CO2 emission, the need to switch to alternate energy sources are higher. Stringent norms on exhaust emissions in IC Engine vehicles implies, very complex after treatment systems. Already many OEMs have refined their development strategies towards phasing out of IC Engines and bringing in Fuel Cell vehicles, Battery Electric Vehicles and Hydrogen IC Engine vehicles. Focus is on Hydrogen for Long Haul vehicles. In this paper cooling system design is demonstrated for Fuel Cell, Battery and Power Electronics system in a Heavy Duty Fuel Cell Electric Truck. Radiator and Fans are selected based on the overall heat rejection and Coolant inlet temperature requirements of components. Cooling system circuit and pump is decided to meet the coolant flow rate targets. High temperature cooling system and Low temperature cooling system are explained in detail. Thermal simulation is done using simulation software KULI. Test
Kiran, NV, Prasanth
The automotive industry is in its transition from Classical Internal combustion engine to electrification, the number of power electronics components inside a vehicle rising exponentially. New Technologies welcome new challenges, in the context of thermal management considering the power electronics circuit and its design complexity without compromising the reliability and sustainability in performance is a big challenge. Computation of any integrated circuits dissipates heat, need for coolant is must. The focus was to set the perfect design of the flow path, for the coolant based on the target requirements and to influence the different cooling structures inside the flow path on the coolant flow properties, which in turn influences the thermal management of the system. This technical paper provides a comprehensive overview of the cooler design parameters specific to a particular application, however this idea can be used as a reference for other applications also with modification in
Tatti, AmareshMN, Kavitha Preethi
Electric vehicles (EV) have become very significant and potential way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions on a worldwide scale. EV also provides Energy security, as it reduces the dependency on petroleum producing countries of the world. Similar to the conventional Internal Combustion Engine Cars, in Electrical Vehicles also the efficient air conditioning system is very important for providing thermal comfort and for giving safe driving conditions. In Air Conditioning systems for EV, the heating option is available in the form of Electrical heaters and Heat Pump systems. The Heat pumps have become more popular compared to the electrical Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) heaters because of their highly efficient and energy saving designs. However, there are still some issues with using heat pumps. One of such issue is their less Coefficient of performance (COP) at low ambient conditions. Experimental results also show that the driving range decreases by using the electric heating
Dagar, AakashSharma, NishantSuman, SaurabhKushwah, Yogendra Singh
Partial discharge (PD) detection has been always a fundamental tool, potentially, for the design, quality control, commissioning, and reliability monitoring for the of insulation systems. The word “potentially” stems from the objective consideration of the intrinsic limitations suffered by the existing partial discharge, PD, measurement technologies, especially the need of experts to interpret results and the lack of clear correlation between PD-related quantities, and the condition-based maintenance approach. On the whole, a thorough revision of insulation systems design procedures and of the tools to evaluate aging and failure risk is needed, especially in components of electrical assets which are critical in terms of reliability, resilience, and safety. This paper focuses on critical asset components, such as ships, aircrafts, aerospace, and any type of vehicles, where the coming electrification is significantly increasing nominal voltage, power density and efficiency, and where
Montanari, Gian CarloShafiq, Muhammad
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