Browse Topic: Power electronics

Items (425)
Heavy-duty vehicles, particularly those towing higher weights, require a continuous/secondary braking system. While conventional vehicles employ Retarder or Engine brake systems, electric vehicles utilize recuperation for continuous braking. In a state where HV Battery is at 100% of SOC, recuperated energy from vehicle operation is passed on to HPR and it converts electrical energy into waste heat energy. This study focuses on identification of routes which are critical for High Power Brake Resistors (HPRs), by analyzing the elevation data of existing charging stations, the route’s slope distribution, and the vehicle’s battery SOC. This research ultimately suggests a method to identify HPR critical vehicle operational routes which can be useful for energy efficient route planning algorithms, leading to significant cost savings for customers and contributing to environmental sustainability
Thakur, ShivamSalunke, OmkarAmbuskar, MandarPandey, Lokesh
ABSTRACT Current standard military vehicle thermal management systems are based on single phase air/liquid cooling. To meet increasingly stringent demands for high power electronics thermal control, two-phase cooling solutions show great potential and can satisfy the need for compact and high heat flux heat acquisition, transport and dissipation under vibration and shock conditions. One novel two-phase cooling technology that has been developed in this work is a new Heat Pipe Loop (HPL), which exploits the advantages of both heat pipes and loop heat pipes while eliminating their shortcomings. Similar to heat pipes and loop heat pipes, the HPL operates on evaporation and condensation of a working fluid and uses capillary forces in the wick for the fluid circulation. Unlike in a heat pipe, the liquid and vapor in the HPL flow in separate passages made from smooth wall tubing. This results in a low pressure drop and consequently great heat transfer capacity and distance over which the
Tang, XudongZuo, JonGoryca, Mary
ABSTRACT A method for the evaluation of military hybrid electric vehicle thermal management systems has been developed. The approach allows for the generation of a set of evaluation metrics for determination of the effectiveness of existing systems and the means to assess alternative concepts and advanced approaches. Further, through the use of a set of deterministic performance metrics the methodology allows for evaluation of performance margins for adverse boundary conditions and system operations. The thermal management systems of military hybrid electric vehicles can face challenging performance goals under the burden of unfavorable operating conditions. The cooling requirements of engines, motors, and power electronics impose specific requirements on thermal management system performance in terms of threshold temperatures and heat rejection capability. In addition, vehicle packaging concerns impose restrictions in terms of both volumetric occupancy and system weight
Jones, StanleyMendoza, JohnFrazier, GeorgeKhalil, Ghassan
ABSTRACT Based on the foundation of thermal management system developed by Rocky Research and working closely with TARDEC personnel, this paper addresses design, development, and testing of two delivered environmental control prototypes to TARDEC. The delivered prototypes are electrically driven vapor compression systems enhanced with Rocky Research vector drive for speed control, use of Pulsing Thermal Expansion Valve (PTXV) for precise refrigerant control, and power electronic package capable of running efficiently from both AC and DC power sources seamlessly. These prototypes were fully tested at different ambient temperature conditions at Rocky Research environmental chamber and their performance were logged and documented. The cooling capacity was measured to be in range of 6,000 to 12,000 Btu/hr and the Coefficient of Performance (COP) was measured to be above 1.5 at high ambient temperature conditions. This reflects close to 50% improvement in efficiency, when compared to
Khalili, KavehSpangler, ChrisSchultz, Andrew
ABSTRACT The need for improved electrical power conversion systems and components is being driven by requirements for higher efficiency, performance, and improved survivability and lethality capabilities on current and future Army platform power system. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has demonstrated a 1200 V, 400 A silicon carbide (SiC) power module based on a standard commercial design. This module uses large area SiC MOS-FETs and diodes and has been evaluated under varying temperatures, loads, and switching frequencies. Throughout the operating range, the module has demonstrated improved efficiency and thermal performance, and higher frequency operation, when compared with similarly rated silicon insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules
Geil, Bruce R.Tipton, Charles W.Urciuoli, Damian P.
ABSTRACT AVL is developing a family of modular Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) based on the current gasoline range extender engine/generator developed by AVL for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. These military specific variants will utilize the same basic architecture as the gasoline version while incorporating semi-direct fuel injection that is compatible with diesel fuel as well as kerosene based fuels such as F-44, JP-5, JP-8, Jet-A, etc. A systems engineering approach to the engine, generator, and power electronics modules enables a wide range of power outputs and packaging options to be easily developed from the base unit
Brakora, TonyHennessy, ChrisHunter, Gary
ABSTRACT Electrical power system upgrades needed to fulfill mission objectives for next generation vehicles will require technology advances such as greater power density, increased functionality, and higher operating temperature. To meet these requirements, electrical power demands will exceed the capabilities of currently available low voltage power systems. High Voltage DC (HVDC) systems, e.g., 270 – 800 VDC, are being considered to meet next generation vehicle requirements, but these electrical power systems have the potential for extremely large fault currents in case of electrical equipment failure. Improved battery safety and intelligent Solid State Circuit Breakers (SSCB) and Solid State Power Controllers (SSPC) are needed to improve mission effectiveness, reliability, and personnel safety of next generation military and commercial ground, air, and sea vehicle electrical power systems. In this paper we present three enabling technologies developed by Creare: (1) an intelligent
Pilvelait, BruceCameron, BenRentel, CarlosFogg, DavidFinger, Bill
ABSTRACT This paper describes ongoing work to develop and validate an improved waveguide model in order to support analysis of shielding effectiveness at frequencies from 8 GHz to 25 GHz. Waveguides may be used in the coolant loop for liquid-cooled, high-voltage power electronics to maintain the shielding effectiveness of the enclosure surrounding the power electronics. Different formulas for shielding effectiveness are reviewed and their applicability and limitations examined. The improved model is then used to predict the shielding effectiveness of an air-filled waveguide with a hexagonal or “honeycomb” insert installed. The results obtained are then compared with results obtained by modeling and simulation using FEKO
Faust, Scott W.
ABSTRACT Military ground vehicles need greater electrical power generation to address continually increasing power demands due to various loads, e.g. advanced communications equipment, jamming equipment, electronic armor, and electronic weapons system. More electrical power is also required for electrification of auxiliary systems (steering, cooling fans, HVAC, and pumps) to improve system efficiency - currently driven mechanically. Electrical equipment can be powered from the 600 volt DC bus power supply or from the conventional 28 volt DC bus depending on size, cost, weight, cooling, performance, and cooling impact. Appropriate power electronics converters (dc to dc, ac to dc, dc to ac) are used to manipulate the DC source to drive equipment on the Stryker APOP electrical system. These devices are highly efficient and should lead to the reduction of parasitic losses. With the above in perspective, the US Army RDECOM-TARDEC, GVPM (Ground Vehicle Power and Mobility) has been pursuing
Masrur, M. AbulBoice, Kevin J.Rizzo, Denise M.Monroe, John W.Tylenda, Joshua S.McGrew, Dean Z.
ABSTRACT In this paper, the authors present a line of newly developed high performance SiC power modules, HT-2000, for military systems and applications. The HT-2000 series of modules are rated to 1200V, are operational to greater than 100A, can perform at temperatures in excess of 250 °C, and can be constructed with SiC MOSFETs, JFETs, or BJTs. The newly developed module implements a novel ultra-low parasitic packaging approach that enables high switching frequencies in excess of 100 kHz, and weighs in at just over 100 grams (offering >4× mass reduction in comparison with industry standard power brick packaging technology). The paper discusses testing results of these modules in actual system applications, including: (a) complete static characterization vs. temperature, and (b) switching performance
Schupbach, R. M.McPherson, B.McNutt, T.Lostetter, A. B.Kajs, John P.Castagno, Scott G
ABSTRACT High power/performance electronic modules are challenging the ability of air cooling to successfully remove the generated heat. Single phase liquid cooling is a proven approach for effective cooling of large amounts of heat, and has been deployed on defense platforms. Determining the thermal performance of liquid cooled cold plates can be done with basic spreadsheet calculations. These calculations can be sufficiently accurate for first order thermal analyses of design options, which enables rapid trade-off studies. To demonstrate this, a sample spreadsheet is introduced and compared to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses, as well as empirical results
Straznicky, Ivan
ABSTRACT The open-cell metal foams have an internal structure is a web of connected ligaments. Foams are made from pure or alloys of aluminum, nickel, steel, magnesium, titanium and copper. In addition to being light weight, the foams exhibit excellent stiffness-to-weight ratios. Some foams can be resilient materials in harsh environments and have high impact resistance. The foams have high conductivities and large surface area per unit volume. All of these attributes make metal foam an attractive core for heat exchange. For example, cooling of power electronics and for thermal management of ground vehicles can employ metal-foam designs. Numerical simulation of convection heat transfer due to airflow inside commercial aluminum foam is conducted in a commercial numerical package. For validation, actual air temperatures were locally measured inside heated commercial aluminum foam, and cooled by forced air flow using a specially-developed technique. Good agreement between the modeling and
Dukhan, NihadSULEIMAN, AHMED S.AL-RAMMAHI, MUNTADHER A.
ABSTRACT Lower cost aluminum silicon carbide (Al-SiC) metal matrix composite (MMC) produced by stir-casting is emerging as an important material in cost effectively improving the reliability of high power electronic devices; e.g. electronic (IGBT) baseplates, thermal spreaders & stiffeners for flip-chip microelectronics, and heat slugs or MCPCB base layers for high brightness LEDs. This paper will review the properties and competitive cost of these new Al-SiC materials as well as the ability to tailor the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the Al-SiC to minimize thermal fatigue on solder joints and reduce component distortion. The impact on the final component cost through the use of conventional forming techniques such as (a) rolling sheet followed by stamping, and, (b) die casting, will be described, as will be the opportunity of eliminating a thermal interface material (TIM) layer by integrating the thermal spreader with the heat sink for high power microelectronic packages
Drake, AllenSchuster, DavidSkibo, Michael
ABSTRACT This paper reviews advances in application of Silicon Carbide power switch packages as applied to a high power DC/DC Converter prototype. Test data from ongoing testing is presented. In addition the reasons for the ongoing desire to replace silicon in high power electronics devices, and the commercial status of Silicon Carbide devices are briefly presented. SiC power density and efficiency is briefly compared with comparable silicon systems for present-day switch devices
DeBlanc, BrianFriedrich, JensLeslie, EdwardPeschke, Kay
ABSTRACT Situations exist that require the ability to preposition a basic level of energy infrastructure. Exploring and developing the arctic’s oil potential, providing power to areas damaged by natural or man-made disasters, and deploying forward operating bases are some examples. This project will develop and create a proof-of-concept electric power prepositioning system using small autonomous swarm robots each containing a power electronic building block. Given a high-level power delivery requirement, the robots will self-organize and physically link with each other to connect power sources to storage and end loads. Each robot mobile agent will need to determine both its positioning and energy conversion strategy that will deliver energy generated at one voltage and frequency to an end load requiring a different voltage and frequency. Although small-scale robots will be used to develop the negotiation strategies, scalability to existing, large-scale robotic vehicles will be
Weaver, Wayne W.Mahmoudian, NinaParker, Gordon G.
ABSTRACT The paper presents the EMX Hybrid Electric Cross Drive transmission developed by Kinetics Drive Solutions to satisfy RCV as well as conventional tracked vehicle requirements. Key design characteristics are modularity to enable performance customization, scalability to suit various vehicle weight classes, and flexibility to adapt to latest advancements in electric motor/inverter technology and autonomous control. EMX1000 prototypes have been built and are currently undergoing testing on dyno as well as in vehicle. Future development includes refining the prototype design and scaling the design for a heavier weight class. Citation: Caldarella F., Johnson A., Wright G., Scheper R., “Development of a Modular and Scalable Hybrid Electric Cross Drive Transmission,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022
Caldarella, FrancoJohnson, AndrewWright, GrantScheper, Ron
ABSTRACT Adequate heat dissipation and temperature control for power electronics are critical requirements for vehicle electrification systems, to enable greater power density, reduce size and weight, and improve system performance and reliability. Substantial improvements in heat removal with an advanced thermal management system can impact power semiconductor device operation, module and system power density, and system reliability. This presentation describes development, testing, and implementation of an innovative two-phase, mechanically-pumped fluid cooling system for power electronic systems which uses a common fluid available in military logistics chains. Attributes of this Vaporizable Dielectric Fluid (VDF) cooling system concept are listed, in comparison to traditional air- and water-glycol cooling systems, with major advantages for overall performance improvement of the power electronic systems for hybrid drivetrains. This system concept has been developed and recently
Saums, David L.
ABSTRACT Silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductor devices offer several advantages to power converter design when compared with silicon (Si). An increase in power density can be achieved with SiC thanks to the reduced conduction and switching losses and to the ability to withstand higher temperatures [1]. The main system level benefits of using SiC devices on mobile hybrid power systems include large reductions in the size, weight, and cooling of the power conditioning. In this paper, the authors describe the Wide-bandgap-enabled Advanced Versatile Energy System (WAVES) with a focus on the design and testing of a SiC prototype of a WAVES power inverter. The prototype is a 10 kW three-phase AC/DC inverter that is air-cooled, IP-67 rated, bi-directional, operates down to a power factor of 0.4, and designed to have overload capability up to 350% for up to 250µs of nominal rating. Because the inverter is bidirectional, it may be used as an AC input to DC output battery charger or as a DC input
Lentijo, SantiagoStone, PhilipPorter, JoePeterson, Chris
ABSTRACT Problem: The traditional four (4) methods for improving reliability; 1) High design safety margin, 2) Reduction in component count or system architectural complexity, 3) Redundancy, and 4) Back-up capability, are often ignored or perceived as being excessively costly in weight, space claim as well as money. Solution 1: Discussed here are the practical and very cost effective methods for achieving improved reliability by Functional Interface Stress Hardening (FISHtm or FISHingtm). The Author has been able to apply FISH to eliminate 70-92% of unscheduled equipment downtime, within 30-60 days, for more than 30 of the Fortune 500 and many other large companies which utilize automation controls, computers, power electronics and hydraulic control systems. Solution 2: From Structured Innovation the 33 DFR Methods & R-TRIZ Tool can be used to grow or improve reliability, via rapid innovation. The R-TRIZ tool) is provided so that users can instantly select the best 2, 3 or 4 of these
Cooper, Howard C
ABSTRACT Future Military ground vehicle power trains can benefit from a hybrid-electric drive approach, particularly in packaging flexibility where drive train components can be modular and conveniently distributed. Small component size and operation with high-temperature liquid coolant are essential factors in the flexible packaging concept. This paper describes the development of one component, a 220 kW traction motor drive for a hybrid-electric power train. Challenging requirements for the motor-drive include power densities of at least 25 kW/liter and 15 kW/kg at 105°C coolant temperature. To achieve these densities, power modules capable of high-temperature operation were developed using SiC normally-off JFETs. This paper will discuss the unique custom packaging of the SiC JFET devices, as well as the arrangement of key components/packaging and thermal management issues
Wagner, EdwardHall, WilliamMahoney, Dennis
ABSTRACT The series Hybrid-Electric Drive (HED) architecture brings a significant range of potential benefits to military ground platforms. Electric-drive wheeled vehicles can feature electric traction motors in a conventional driveline, but also offer potential for motor incorporation into the axle or the wheel hub. The implementation of in-wheel hub drives presents challenges both in their design and to the overall vehicle system. However, by overcoming these challenges, the vehicle designer is rewarded with greatly increased freedom in vehicle hull and suspension design and numerous other benefits arising from the elimination of much of the mechanical driveline and the provision of individual wheel control. Many hub drive development programs of the previous two decades that have produced demonstrator vehicles have been typified by a large wheel rim size in order to accommodate a traction motor of sufficient power to achieve both peak output torque requirements and peak rotational
Mackey, J.Goldsack, S.Dick, S.
ABSTRACT This paper highlights a range of available Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) and power-electronic controller designs for power generation and hybrid vehicle applications ranging from 35 – 160kW. It addresses the potential for improved integrated system efficiency over traditional alternator-based system solutions. Robustness of ISG-based systems is evaluated in the paper, particularly when integrated into military vehicles and placed in demanding environments. A range of product realizations is presented, from low-cost solutions intended for higher volume production, to high performance solutions employing state of the art technology. Experience in transitioning from high performance to production-ready realizations is included in support of this evaluation. ISG generators range up to 160 kW also providing considerable power at idling speed, and crank start capability at low voltage and low temperatures. Their slim design allows for flexible mounting conditions. A family of
Johnson, S. ArnieLarson, JodyEhrhart, PeterSteffen, Jens
ABSTRACT Several power converters are presently under development for the US Army TARDEC using all Silicon Carbide (SiC) devices for the power switches. Power modules have recently become available which incorporate multiple SiC devices for both the active and passive switches. Modules fabricated by 2 different vendors (Powerex and MS Kennedy) in a standard half H-Bridge configuration using the same type and number of devices internally (Cree 1200 Volt/20 A DMOSFETs and 1200 Volt/10A SBD) have been obtained and tested. This paper will summarize the main test results including the comparison of the conduction losses, switching losses, switching capability, thermal characteristics, gate drive approach, and physical characteristics (mass/dimensions). As expected, most of the characteristics were very similar between the 2 modules and had reasonable scaling from the individual device characteristics. The differences in the internal connections for the modules result in some differences
Kajs, JohnCastagno, ScottSchupbach, MarceloMitchell, Gavin
ABSTRACT The M109A7 Self-Propelled Howitzer (SPH) developed by BAE Systems is groundbreaking for its utilization of 610 Vdc high-voltage (HV) electrical power generation and distribution. When the vehicle entered development ten years ago, silicon based power conversion devices were a proven and effective technology to provide the demanding power needs of the new military platform. Since then, technological advances in Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductors have shown great promise in providing significant improvements to power density, efficiency, and operating temperature. When GE Aviation developed a prototype Silicon Carbide power converter which debuted at the 2014 GVSET Symposium, both TARDEC and BAE Systems, P&S recognized the benefit to evaluating and demonstrating the technology on the M109A7. In August 2016, the plan came to fruition when the joint TARDEC, BAE Systems P&S, and GE Aviation team successfully completed a series of demonstration tests showing that the technology
Miller, Mark R.Brinton, GordonRoden, GareyHamilton, GeorgeJochum, EricEddins, RichardMilford, ChristineShiver, Richard
During a recent Bosch tech showcase, we spoke with Joe Dear, engineering manager for electric propulsion systems at Linamar. The Guelph, Ontario-based parts manufacturer is no stranger to building unsung components for the auto industry, including gears, camshafts, connecting rods, and cylinder heads. The Linamar team was demonstrating a modified Ram 2500, a collaboration between Bosch and Linamar, that was outfitted with a prototype electric powertrain and new e-axles: a rigid axle on the rear (with a Bosch motor and inverter) and a steering axle up front
Blanco, Sebastian
Active cooling integration into substrates can be utilized to significantly improve power density per unit volume, reduce weight, and improve overall heat dissipation for power semiconductors. The principal limitation for semiconductor device reliability has been identified as device operating temperature for decades. Electronic systems that are required to operate in extreme environmental conditions require direct and highly efficient thermal management materials and solutions. This investigation compares traditional power semiconductor packaging and thermal management incorporating multiple thermal resistances to a novel substrate with integrated active cooling, utilizing proven and established materials introducing active cooling directly under the die
Vethake, ThiloRazavi, RezaHodapp, GuidoDenham, CraigSaums, David
In this paper, the design analysis and development of a 100V, 360A Gallium Nitride (GaN) module is provided. This module has a full-bridge (FB) configuration with four 100V, 90A GaN bare die in parallel per switching position. The design challenges for current distribution on paralleled GaN bare die in a full-bridge module with a small footprint is elaborated with two module designs. To optimize the layout and perform parasitic extraction, Q3D and SIMPLORER tools in ANSYS simulation are utilized. The selected power module design is fabricated. To validate the design and characterization, static and dynamic tests have been performed on this module. The gate driver design details, and power module loss evaluation techniques are discussed. Moreover, the voltage overshoot and resonance are studied and tested using double pulse test (DPT) setup
Alizadeh, RaynaEddins, RichardMahmodicherati, SamShiver, RickMihailovic, ZoranSowul, KevinRamabhadran, RamanujamHaynes, Aric
The study demonstrates the possibility and in particular the method to derive the efficiency of the entire fuel cell power system by measuring specific data of the recirculation path of the anode circuit of a fuel cell system. The results demonstrate the capabilities of the existing test rig and enable investigations on the suitability of auxiliary components. This study focuses on the hydrogen recirculation path equipped with multiple sensors and a needle valve to enable the required operating conditions of the fuel cell. Running a startup load profile without reaching the equilibrium state at all steps, the dynamic of the system and the requirements to the sensor parameters, such as sampling rate and precision, was seen. Additionally, it became obvious that the recirculation pump used is oversized, but a load point shift compensated this artifact. In detail, the stoichiometry and the efficiency of the entire system was evaluated. It was seen that the hydrogen concentration is
Allmendinger, FrankMartin, BenediktSchmidtmann, Marlen
The ongoing energy transition will have a profound impact on future mobility, with electrification playing a key role. Battery electric vehicles (EVs) are the dominant technology, relying on the conversion of alternating current (AC) from the grid to direct current (DC) to charge the traction battery. This process involves power electronic components such as rectifiers and DC/DC converters operating at high switching frequencies in the kHz range. Fast switching is essential to minimise losses and improve efficiency, but it might also generate electro-magnetic interferences (EMI). Hence, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing is essential to ensure reliable system operations and to meet international standards. During DC charging, the AC/DC conversion takes place off-board in the charging station, allowing for better cooling and larger components, resulting in increased power transfer, currently up to 350 kW. The EMC requirements for this charging method are outlined in IEC 61851
Supa Stölben, Inti RunaBeltle, MichaelTenbohlen, Stefan
In this study, a bipolar nanosecond pulse all-solid-state power supply was developed including Lenz capacitance (LC) resonant circuit and full-bridge inverter circuit to provide plasma ignition mode for internal combustion engines. The power supply converts the direct current (DC) voltage into voltage pulses using the inverter circuit with insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), and subsequently amplifies the voltage through a pulse transformer. In the magnetic compression circuit, two capacitors were utilized to store energy simultaneously and approximately double the voltage. By exploiting the hysteresis characteristics of the magnetic switch, a nanosecond pulse output was achieved. An enhanced full-bridge inverter snubber circuit was proposed, which can effectively absorb surge voltage, with a voltage impact reduction on the primary winding of the pulse transformer to less than 1%. The newly developed bipolar nanosecond pulse power supply achieved a good performance with bipolar
Sun, AoHu, YongRong, WeixinYu, WenbinZhao, Feiyang
SAE J3072 establishes requirements for a grid support inverter system function that is integrated into a plug-in electric vehicle (PEV), which connects in parallel with an electric power system (EPS) by way of conductively coupled, electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). This standard also defines the communication between the PEV and the EVSE required for the PEV onboard inverter function to be configured and authorized by the EVSE for discharging at a site. The requirements herein are intended to be used in conjunction with IEEE 1547-2018 and IEEE 1547.1-2020 or later versions
Hybrid - EV Committee
Future electric vehicles will be more efficient, more powerful, and will be able to hold more energy in their batteries than today’s EVs. Those big “mores” require countless small improvements beyond the headline component — batteries. One of the richest target areas is power-electronics technology and components used throughout the EV ecosystem. A new generation of power electronics will be found in tomorrow’s EVs, charging stations, and related infrastructure components
A need to develop a cooling method with high cooling performance like jet impingement is increased as high power of an inverter is required. Jet Impingement on the dimpled plate would increase thermal performance than that of flat plate. Many previous researchers have dealt with the multi jet impingement on flat plate and some results of the study on dimpled plate evaluate the effect on heat transfer coefficients on several limited cases, making it difficult to apply them to inverter designs. Therefore, in this paper, heat transfer performance, pressure drop, and robustness at micro-scale of jet impingement on the dimpled plate were investigated in detail and the correlations of each performance were proposed. Finally, the optimal design was presented. The cooling performance was influenced by the jet array and the effect of depth and width of the dimples. The former can be expressed in terms of the Reynolds number, the ratio of height to nozzle diameter(H/D), the ratio of pitch to
LEE, HyeseungYang, IlsukJeong, HojinPark, Minkyu
The EPB (Electric Parking Brake) system is divided into two parts based on VDA305-100 recommendation (German Association of the Automotive Industry, VDA). One part of the EPB system contains the parking brake actuator, caliper, and actuation logic (parking brake controller, PBC). The second part of the EPB system is called to the HOST which contains the EPB power electronics, necessary peripherals and controls the functions that the driver can experience. According to VDA305-100, the PBC is responsible for recognition of a fault in the parking brake actuator based on the measured values transmitted from the HOST such as EPB motor voltage and current. Due to mechanical fault injection limitations, failsafe tests require physically electrical emulation caused by parking brake actuator faults to verify the parking brake actuator fault detection and management algorithm. This paper introduces EPB motor load emulation techniques in which EPB HILS (Hardware in the Loop Simulation) test
Son, ChanghyunYu, Hyunuk
Accelerated adoption of electric propulsion system in mobility industry has stressed the time and iterations of product development cycle which was traditionally known to go over multiple iterations and phases. Current market demands a timely introduction of compelling products that brings high value to end user. Further, a growing emphasis over reducing mineral content using sustainable options and process, adds further complexity to multi-objective-optimization of electric drive systems. At BorgWarner our engineers use Digital-Twins, physics-based models which closely represent BorgWarner products in greater dept (physics) thus allowing an improved assessment of product design (components and systems) to target application at very early stage in product development. The spring success with Digital-Twin, BorgWarner furthered enhanced the model through introducing Artificial Intelligent (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies in both modelling and virtual sensing. This paper will
David, PascalOueslati, SkanderBourniche, EricNanjundaswamy, Harsha
The hybrid system's thermal strategy is centered around controlling the cooling of the motor, inverter, DCDC and evaporator. In this electric drive circuit system, the water temperature sensor is positioned at the radiator outlet rather than within it. Consequently, when determining the required air volume for radiator cooling and water demand for sub-components of the electric drive circuit, an estimation of the inlet water temperature becomes necessary. This estimation relies on a heat transfer formula that converts heat released by circuit sub-components into their contribution to temperature rise within the circuit plus the outlet temperature from the previous round through the radiator to determine inlet water temperature. The inverter's heat transfer power depends on voltage and current levels. Adjusting motor torque leads to rapid changes in current flow while maintaining a low speed for optimal flow rate through the electric drive pump. As a result, there should be a
Jing, JunchaoWang, ZhentaoLiu, YiqiangHuang, WeishanDai, Zhengxing
We propose a novel Split Ring Resonator (SRR) metamaterial capable of achieving a total (or complete) bandgap in the material’s band structure, thereby reflecting airborne and structure-borne noise in a targeted frequency range. Electric Vehicles (EVs) experience tonal excitation arising from switching frequencies associated with motors and inverters, which can significantly affect occupant perception of vehicle quality. Recently proposed metamaterial designs reflect airborne noise and structure-borne transverse waves over a band of frequencies, but do not address structure-borne longitudinal waves in the same band. To achieve isolation of acoustic, transverse, and longitudinal elastic waves associated with tonal frequencies, we propose a metamaterial super cell with transverse and longitudinal resonant frequencies falling in a total bandgap. We calculate the resonant frequencies and corresponding mode shapes using finite element (FE) modal analysis. We obtain the unit cell band
Gunreddy, Prathik ReddyLeamy, Michael
To meet the ever-increasing demands of the engineering industry, novel approaches to design optimization are essential, especially in fast-paced production environments. Conventional CAD and simulation tools often struggle to keep up with the complexity and speed required for designing critical components. In this context, leveraging Deep Learning technologies presents a promising solution by integrating knowledge from simulations and designs to drastically accelerate product development. With the drive for Electrification, conventional power electronics and systems are becoming more energy dense and hence requires compact and efficient thermal management solutions. Higher energy density is attributed to high power electrical components fitted in packs with shrinking characteristic dimensions and hence needs more efficient and compact thermal management solutions. Conventional engineering design approaches have limitations to push the boundaries of efficiency and power density of air
Lombardi, AlessandroZampieri, LucaAgrawal, MonikaSinghal, MohitVon Tschammer, Thomas
When designing an electric vehicle (EV) traction system, overcoming the issues arising from the variations in the battery voltage due to the state of charge (SoC) is critical, which otherwise can lead to a deterioration of the powertrain energy efficiency and overall drive performance. However, systems are typically documented under fixed voltage and temperature conditions, potentially lacking comprehensive specifications that account for these variations across the entire range of the vehicle operating regions. To tackle this challenge, this paper seeks to adjust an optimal DC-link voltage across the complete range of drive operating conditions by integrating a DC-DC converter into the powertrain, thereby enhancing powertrain efficiency. This involves conducting a comprehensive analysis of power losses in the power electronics of a connected converter-inverter system considering the temperature variations, along with machine losses, accounting for variable DC-link voltages. The
Amirpour, SepidehThiringer, TorbjörnXu, Yu
Inverter is the power electronics component that drives the electrical motor of the electrical driven compressor (EDC) and communicates with the car network. The main function of the inverter is to convert the direct current (DC) voltage of the car battery into alternating current (AC) voltage, which is used to drive the three-phase electric motor. In recent days, inverters are present in all automotive products due to electrification. Inverter contains a printed circuit board (PCB) and electronic components, which are mounted inside a mechanical housing and enclosed by a protective cover. The performance of the electrical drive depends upon the functioning of the inverter. There is a strong demand from the customer to withstand the harsh environmental and testing conditions during its lifetime such as leakage, dust, vibration, thermal tests etc. The failure of the inverter leads to malfunction of the product, hence proper sealing and validation is necessary for inverters to protect
Duraipandi, Arumuga PandianLeon, RenanRibot, HerveRaja, Antony VinothFarooqui, AltafhussainChandrasekaran, Vinoth-Roy
General Motors (GM) is working towards a future world of zero crashes, zero emissions and zero congestion. It’s “Ultium” platform has revolutionized electric vehicle drive units to provide versatile yet thrilling driving experience to the customers. Three variants of traction power inverter modules (TPIMs) including a dual channel inverter configuration are designed in collaboration with LG Magna e-Powertrain (LGM). These TPIMs are integrated with other power electronics components inside Integrated power electronics (IPE) to eliminate redundant high voltage connections and increase power density. The developed power module from LGM has used state-of-the art sintering technology and double-sided cooled structure to achieve industry leading performance and reliability. All the components are engineered with high level of integration skills to utilize across TPIM variants. Each component in the design is rigorously analyzed and tested from component to system levels to ensure high
Nassiri Bavili, ArashBasher, KorobiChung, SungAlam, KhorshedLee, Jung-GiChoi, Hong GooKo, Jin-youngAnwar, Mohammad
The inverter of the electrical driven compressor (EDC) is subjected to high thermal loads which are resulting from external temperature exposure and from compressor solicitations from the vehicle thermal loop (refrigerant nature, flow rate, compression rate, initial temperature). An incorrect thermal management of the inverter might lead to a significant decrease of efficiency which degrades the performance, product lifetime (electronics components failure) and even worse, might lead to a hazardous thermal event (HTE). The need of the automotive market to drastically decrease project development time, requires decreasing design and simulation activities lead time without degrading the design robustness, which is one additional complexity and challenge for the R&D team. Analytical calculations are performed to understand the significant impact of the main physical parameters (refrigerant temperature, material properties, electronics component power dissipation, …) on the initial design
Banumurthy, HariharanRibot, HerveLeon, RenanFrancois, NicolasSattouf, MousaMarouf, Ayyoub
Wound rotor synchronous machines (WRSM) without rare-earth magnets are becoming more popular for traction applications, but their potential in drive performance has not yet been fully explored. This paper presents a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) scheme optimization procedure to minimize motor and inverter losses. It leverages different PWM schemes with different PWM switching strategies and switching frequencies. First, a generic PWM-induced motor loss calculation tool developed by BorgWarner is introduced. This tool iteratively calculates motor losses with PWM inputs across the entire operating map, significantly improving motor loss prediction accuracy. The inverter losses are then calculated analytically using motor and wide-bandgap (WBG) switching device characteristics. By quantifying these various scenarios, the optimal PWM scheme for achieving the best system efficiency across the entire operating map is obtained. The PWM-induced motor loss characteristics, the system loss
Ma, CongTyckowski, Joseph
Battery electric vehicles are quickly gaining momentum to improve vehicle fuel efficiency and emission reduction. However, they must be designed to provide adequate range on a single charge combined with good acceleration performance, top speed, gradeability, and fast charging times. The paper presents a model for sizing the power train of an electric vehicle, including the power electronic converter, electric motor, and battery pack. A major assumption is that an optimal wheel slip rate can be achieved by modern vehicles using slip control systems. MATLAB/Simulink was used to model the vehicle powertrain. Simulations were conducted based on different speed and acceleration profiles. The purpose of the study focused on the motor and power electronics sizing requirements to achieve optimal range and performance
Fardoun, AbbasSingh, Sanjay
The powertrain electrification is currently not only taking place in public road mobility vehicles, but is also making its way to the racetrack, where it’s driving innovation for developments that will later be used in series production vehicles. The current development focus for electric vehicles is the balance between driving power, range and weight, which is given even greater weighting in racing. To redefine the current limits, IAV developed a complete e-powertrain for a racing MX motorcycle and integrated it into a real drivable demonstrator bike. The unique selling point is the innovative direct phase-change cooling (PCC) of the three-phase e-motor and its power electronics, which enables significantly increased continuous power (Pe = 40 kW from 7,000 rpm to 9,000 rpm) without thermal power reduction. The drive unit is powered by a replaceable Lithium-Ion round cell battery (Ubat,max = 370V) with an energy storage capacity of Ebat = 5 kWh. The battery system is completely
Arnold, ThomasKrause, MatthiasBöhme, JanLeesch, MirkoPalazzolo, DavidGentgen, Holger
With the increasing demand for efficient & clean transport solutions, applications such as road transport vehicles, aerospace and marine are seeing a rise in electrification at a significant rate. Irrespective of industries, the main source of power that enables electrification in mobility applications like electric vehicles (EV), electric ships and electrical vertical take-off & landing (e-VTOL) is primarily a battery making it fundamentally a DC system. Fast charging solutions for EVs & e-VTOLs are also found to be DC in nature because of several advantages like ease of integration, higher efficiency, etc. Likewise, the key drivers of the electric grid are resulting in an energy transition towards renewable sources, that are also essentially DC in nature. Overall, these different business trends with their drivers appear to be converging towards DC power systems, making it pertinent. However, DC circuit protection poses serious challenges compared to AC due to the absence of natural
Milind, T. R.Thomas, AmalRastogi, SarthakK, Satyadeep
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