Browse Topic: Avionics

Items (2,251)
The scope of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to discuss factors affecting visibility of aircraft navigation and anticollision lights, enabling those concerned with their use to have a better technical understanding of such factors, and to aid in exercising appropriate judgment in the many possible flight eventualities
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
The development of low-altitude economy driven by aircraft has garnered significant attention from both academia and industry. The hexacopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an important component of low-altitude aircraft. Although it has not been as widely used as the quadcopter UAV, the greater delivery capacity and enhanced fault tolerance sustain its promising development prospects. However, the trajectory tracking control, a fundamental task of hexacopter UAV, remains challenging if the control algorithm is required to work on the dynamics level with theoretical performance guarantees, since its position control has to be realized by its attitude control. This study proposes a novel trajectory tracking control with prescribed performance for the hexacopter UAV that works on the dynamic model. The proposed approach is established by a dual-loop constraint-following control with the state-transformation technique, where equality and inequality constraints are used to describe the
Wang, NingningLi, XiangYin, Hui
This document (AIR6005) provides the framework for the specifications of a WDM OBN within the SAE AS5659 WDM LAN Specification document family, in particular, the Transparent Optical Backbone Network Specification. This framework includes potential requirements, technical background, investigation and context to support the writing of SAE’s WDM LAN specifications documents. The SAE’s AS6005 WDM OBN document describes a transparent optical network which contains optical components and optical interfaces to perform optical transport, optical add/drop, optical amplification, optical routing, and optical switching functions. The conforming optical signal interfaces for the data plane of the WDM OBN are defined. The conforming signal interfaces for the control and management planes of this network are also defined. The control and management plane signals may be either electrical or optical. If successful, a WDM LAN standard is anticipated to include multiple variants that may get created
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Paris, June 18, 1914: Crowds gathered at the “Concours de la Sécurité en Aéroplane” to witness 21-year-old Lawrence Sperry demonstrate his newly invented gyroscopic stabilizer. With his hands in the air, the device flew his Curtiss C-2 flying boat. Only a decade after the Wright brothers’ initial flight, the first n “autopilot” made its public debut. As impressive as this public demonstration was, it was merely a humble, although spectacular moment of foreshadowing. Even today—110 years later—the process of automating aspects of flight has not yet fully concluded, leading to deteriorating insight into the automatic behavior of aircraft systems, and even the waning of human instincts and intuition. Controlling Aircraft—From Humans to Autonomous Systems: Rise of the Machines covers the distancing of humans from their flying machines through more than a century-long process of “assisting” systems introduction, the positive and negative consequences of this process, and mitigation
David, Aharon
Aerospace manufacturers are leveraging multicore processors and modularity to design smarter cockpit displays and avionic computers that are smaller and capable of supporting more applications from a single line replaceable unit (LRU). Some are also starting to embed more of the processing required to enable cockpit display applications within the display itself, rather than having it enabled by an associated LRU. The development of new electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and avionics companies changing their approach to the development of safety critical computers and aircraft networking technologies are some of the aerospace industry factors driving this design trend. In the U.S., the Department of Defense (DoD) embracing the Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) across the purchase of all new aircraft technologies is influencing design changes in cockpit displays and aircraft computers as well
Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is playing a key role in decarbonization of the global energy landscape. Its large-scale continuous use in the space industry provides a foundation for transitioning state-of-the-art capabilities to other sectors. Key advancements in materials, cryogenics, and system optimization are being applied to reduce costs and increase performance for various mobile and stationary use cases. However, some unsettled topics remain to be addressed related to production, liquefaction, storage, distribution, safety, and economics. The optimal solutions to these unsettled topics will vary depending on the region, industry sector, and application. Decarbonizing Mobility with Liquid Hydrogen provides a brief and balanced assessment of the relevant technologies, established practices, system operations, emerging trends, strategic considerations, and economic drivers. Addressing these unsettled topics is tied to the evolving economic strategies of governmental policies, public and
Moran, Matthew
The intent of this AIR is twofold: (1) to present descriptive summary of aircraft nosewheel steering and centering systems, and (2) to provide a discussion of problems encountered and “lessons learned” by various airplane manufacturers and users. This document covers both military aircraft (land-based and ship-based) and commercial aircraft. It is intended that the document be continually updated as new aircraft and/or new “lessons learned” become available
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee
Over the last decade, a government-industry effort to advance the use of modern computer processors and networks in spacecraft avionics systems has quietly been making its own gains in industry adoption and a re-thinking of the way next generation spacecraft electronic systems could be designed in a less costly and more interoperable way. Spacecraft avionics systems are all of the electronic instruments, components, computers and subsystems that control primary spaceflight flight and data communications functionality
A GE Aviation Systems report for a project, conducted under the CLEEN Program to develop the Flight Management System Weather Input Optimizer (FWIO), documents that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provided weather forecast data has a bias of 15 knots and a standard deviation of 13.3 knots for the 40 flights considered for the research. It also had a 0.47 bias in the temperature with a standard deviation of 0.27. The temperature errors are not as significant as the wind. There is a potential opportunity to reduce the operational cost by improving the weather forecast. The flight management system (FMS) currently uses the weather forecast, available before takeoff, to identify an optimized flight path with minimum operational costs depending on the selected speed mode. Such a flight plan could be optimum for a shorter flight because these flight path planning algorithms are very less susceptible to the accuracy of the weather forecast. However, the flight plan
Kushwaha, DineshKottackal, Sebin K
Aviation industry is striving to leverage the technological advancements in connectivity, computation and data analytics. Scalable and robust connectivity enables futuristic applications like smart cabins, prognostic health management (PHM) and AI/ML based analytics for effective decision making leading to flight operational efficiency, optimized maintenance planning and aircraft downtime reduction. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are gaining prominence on the aircraft for providing large scale connectivity solution that are essential for implementing various health monitoring applications like Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), Prognostic Health Management (PHM), etc. and control applications like smart lighting, smart seats, smart lavatory, etc. These applications help in improving passenger experience, flight operational efficiency, optimized maintenance planning and aircraft downtime reduction. Intra Aircraft WSNs (IAWSN) used for such applications are expected to provide robust
C S, AdisheshaRamamurthy, PrasannaBanerjee, KumardebBarik, Mridul Sankar
Faults if not detected and processed will create catastrophe in closed loop system for safety critical applications in automotive, space, medical, nuclear, and aerospace domains. In aerospace applications such as stall warning and protection/prevention system (SWPS), algorithms detect stall condition and provide protection by deploying the elevator stick pusher. Failure to detect and prevent stall leads to loss of lives and aircraft. Traditional Functional Hazard and Fault Tree analyses are inadequate to capture all failures due to the complex hardware-software interactions for stall warning and protection system. Hence, an improved methodology for failure detection and identification is proposed. This paper discusses a hybrid formal method and model-based technique using System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to identify and diagnose faults and provide monitors to process the identified faults to ensure robust design of the indigenous stall warning and protection system (SWPS). The
Kale, AlexanderMadhuranath, GaneshShanmugham, ViswanathanNanda, ManjuSingh, GireshDurak, Umut
RTCA DO-178C, guideline in the aviation industry for the development of airworthiness of aviation software mandates the analysis of data and control coupling using requirement-based testing for safety-critical avionics software (Refer the Table 1). DO-178C defines Control Coupling as the manner or degree by which one software component influences the execution of another software component. Data Coupling as the dependence of a software component on data not exclusively under the control of that software component. The intent of the analysis of data coupling and control coupling is to ensure that each module/component are interacting with each other as expected. That is, the intent is to show that the software modules/components affect one another in the ways in which the software designer intended and do not affect one another in ways in which they were not intended, thus resulting in unplanned, anomalous, or erroneous behavior. The measurements and assurance should be conducted using
Ramegowda, Yogesha Aralakuppe
David, AharonMuelaner, Jody E.Rezende, Rene Nardi
Recent advancements of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have generated significant interest within and beyond the traditional aviation industry, and many novel applications have been identified and are in development. One promising application for these innovative systems is in firefighting, with eVTOL aircraft complementing current firefighting capabilities to help save lives and reduce fire-induced damages. With increased global occurrences and scales of wildfires—not to mention the issues firefighters face during urban and rural firefighting operations daily—eVTOL technology could offer timely, on-demand, and potentially cost-effective aerial mobility capabilities to counter these challenges. Early detection and suppression of wildfires could prevent many fires from becoming large-scale disasters. eVTOL aircraft may not have the capacity of larger aerial assets for firefighting, but targeted suppression, potentially in swarm operations, could be valuable. Most
Doo, JohnnyMcQueen, BobZhang, Yangjun
Sustainability is both an ethical responsibility and business concern for the aerospace industry. Military and commercial avionics developers have pushed toward a common standard for interfaces, computing platforms, and software in hopes of having “reusability” and reducing weight with backplane computing architectures which, in theory, would support commonality across aircraft systems. The integrated modular avionics (IMA) and military Future Airborne Capability Environment (FACE) standards are two such examples. They emerged to support common computing architectures for reuse and sustainability concepts, from the beginning of aircraft development to the sundown or mortality phase. Pitfalls of Designing, Developing, and Maintaining Modular Avionics Systems in the Name of Sustainability looks at technological, organizational, and cultural challenges making reuse and IMA platform models difficult to fully realize their sustainability goals. Additionally, it considers the certification
Reeve, Tammy
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines minimum performance standards (MPS) for fuel flowmeters, fuel flow indicators, and fuel flow transmitters. The fuel flow indicators and transmitters are intended for use in 14 CFR Part 23, 25, 27, and 29 aircraft equipped with reciprocating and turbine engines. Multiple function displays are not within the scope of this SAE Aerospace Standard (refer to AS6296
A-4FLW Fuel Flowmeters
The dynamic model is built in Siemens Simcenter Amesim platform and simulates the performances on track of JUNO, a low energy demanding Urban Concept vehicle to take part in the Shell Eco-Marathon competition, in which the goal is to achieve the lowest fuel consumption in covering some laps of a racetrack, with limitations on the maximum race time. The model starts with the longitudinal dynamics, analysing all the factors that characterize the vehicle’s forward resistance, like aerodynamic forces, altimetry changes and rolling resistance. To improve the correlation between simulation and track performances, the model has been updated with the implementation of a Single-Track Model, including vehicle rotation around its roll axis, and a 3D representation of the racetrack, with an automatic trajectory following control implemented. This is crucial to characterise the vehicle’s lateral dynamics, which cannot be neglected in simulating its performances on track. Analysis of suspension
De Carlo, MatteoDragone, PaoloTempone, Giuseppe PioCarello, Massimiliana
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides the hydraulic and flight-control system designer with the various design options and techniques that are currently available to enhance the survivability of military aircraft. The AIR addresses the following major topics: a Design concepts and architecture (see 3.2, 3.5, and 3.6) b Design implementation (see 3.3, 3.6, and 3.7) c Means to control external leakage (see 3.4) d Component design (see 3.8
A-6A2 Military Aircraft Committee
This Technical Governance is part of the SAE UCS Architecture Library and is primarily concerned with the UCS Architecture Model (AS6518) starting at Revision A and its user extensions. Users of the Model may extend it in accordance with AS6513 to meet the needs of their UCS Products. UCS Products include software components, software configurations and systems that provide or consume UCS services. For further information, refer to AS6513 Revision A or later. Technical Governance is part of the UCS Architecture Framework. This framework governs the UCS views expressed as Packages and Diagrams in the UCS Architecture Model
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This aerospace recommended practice provides a framework and suggested procedures or values for requirements for the design, performance, and test of hydraulically powered servoactuators for use in aircraft flight control systems. The original version of this document was intended for military usage: consequently, the requirements still often reflect such use. However, the basic requirements of this ARP may and should be applicable to commercial usage as well, provided that appropriate considerations are given for the applicable FAR/JAR 25 regulations, hydraulic fluids, and environmental conditions
A-6B1 Hydraulic Servo Actuation Committee
In autonomous technology, uncrewed aircraft systems have already become the preferred platform for the research and development of flight control systems. Although they are subjected to following and satisfying complicated scenarios of control stations, this high dependency on a specific control framework limits them in their application process and reduces the flight self-organizing network. In this article, we present a developed multilayer control system protocol with the additional supportive manned aircraft layer (Tender). The novelty of the introduced model is that uncrewed aircraft systems are monitored and navigated by the tender, and then based on the suggested scheme, data flows are controlled and transferred across the network by the developed cloud–robotics approach in the ground station layer. Therefore, it has been tried to design a semi-autonomous control network to gather data that combines human observation and the automotive nature of uncrewed aircraft systems. To
Millar, Richard C.Laliberté, JeremyMahmoodi, ArminHashemi, LeilaMeyer, Robert Walter
Over the past few decades, aircraft automation has progressively increased. Advances in digital computing during the 1980s eliminated the need for onboard flight engineers. Avionics systems, exemplified by FADEC for engine control and Fly-By-Wire, handle lower-level functions, reducing human error. This shift allows pilots to focus on higher-level tasks like navigation and decision-making, enhancing overall safety. Full automation and autonomous flight operations are a logical continuation of this trend. Thanks to aerospace pioneers, most functions for full autonomy are achievable with legacy technologies. Machine learning (ML), especially neural networks (NNs), will enable what Daedalean terms Situational Intelligence: the ability to understand and make sense of the current environment and situation but also anticipate and react to a future situation, including a future problem. By automating tasks traditionally limited to human pilots - like detecting airborne traffic and identifying
With the advancement of automotive industries, the need for wireless connectivity between vehicle and smartphone is increasing. To meet the demand for wireless connectivity, Bluetooth plays a vital role. Testing Bluetooth systems is challenging and complex when development cycles of the system involve multiple partners. The system under test must fulfil consumers expectation of Bluetooth functionality paired with their personal devices. Despite many advances and existence of a few reliable systems, hardware limitation, and lack of standardization in Bluetooth test system are some of the prolonged issues. Throughout the course, various capabilities and existing traditional Bluetooth testing system practice were researched, which majorly at a system level (Black box). The gap of such testing is the escape of defect which involves the interoperability of multiple profiles like AVRCP, HFP, and A2DP. This paper focuses on a reliable testing approach which is based on packet level testing
Selokar, Ashish KishorIqbal, MD FarhanAnilkumar, SandhyaTavhare, Sarika
Electrical Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles hold great promises for revolutionizing urban mobility. Their emergences as a transformative transportation technology has led multiple Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) competing for market share, with important variety of technical solutions, all necessitating to demonstrate the compliance to safety requirements and regulations. Model Based Safety Analysis (MBSA), newly introduced in ARP4761A and based on compositional and modular representation of failure propagation paths within one system, provides a unique opportunity to increase efficiency by maximizing the possible reuse of safety analyses elements across multiple architectures (“product line” philosophy). Generic library of safety models for elements of variant architectures can be efficiently constructed using MBSA techniques that can then support safety analyses on variant architectures or architectures trade-off. This approach can facilitate a safety process that
Adeline, RomainWang, JiaHua, Angelina
Advanced flight control system, aviation battery and motor technologies are driving the rapid development of eVTOL to offer possibilities for Urban Air Mobility. The safety and airworthiness of eVTOL aircraft and systems are the critical issues to be considered in eVTOL design process. Regarding to the flight control system, its complexity of design and interfaces with other airborne systems require detailed safety assessment through the development process. Based on SAE ARP4754A, a forward architecture design process with comprehensive safety assessment is introduced to achieve complete safety and hazard analysis. The new features of flight control system for eVTOL are described to start function capture and architecture design. Model-based system engineering method is applied to establish the functional architecture in a traceable way. SFHA and STPA methods are applied in a complementary way to identify the potential safety risk caused by failure and unsafe control action. PSSA with
Ning, ChengweiZhang, HaoWeng, HaiminMa, Ran
The presence of a slung-load during the flight of a quadrotor generates swing effects that can greatly influence the dynamics of the quadrotor. These effects have the potential to threaten the stability of the system’s attitude. This study presents a disturbance compensation strategy that is designed based on the utilization of an adaptive harmonic extended state observer (AHESO) in order to solve this problem and achieve precise attitude control. To derive the aforementioned algorithm, a comprehensive mathematical model for the quadrotor-slung-load system is built. The periodic features of disturbance are derived by considering the movement of the slung-load. Subsequently, by taking the periodic features of the disturbances into account, the AHESO for accurate disturbance estimation is designed. In this observer, an online frequency estimator for the harmonic disturbances is introduced. Lyapunov theory is introduced to examine the stability of the AHESO. In addition, backstepping
He, TongfuSong, GuangyiSong, DaleiLv, JiahuiZhou, Liqin
Increasing the degree of individuality of the autopilot and adapting it to the habits of drivers with different driving styles will help to increase occupant acceptance of the autopilot function. Inspired by the Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic policy gradient algorithm(TD3) algorithm to increase action spontaneity, this paper proposes a Soft Actor-Critic(SAC) based personalized following control strategy to increase the degree of strategy personalization through driver data. In order to obtain real driver data, this paper collected driving data based on driver-in-the-loop experiments conducted on a simulated driving platform, and selected data from three drivers with distinctive driving characteristics for model training. A continuous action space model was developed by vehicle following kinematics. A temporal Gate Recurrent Unit (GRU) based reference model is trained to receive temporal state signals and output acceleration actions according to the current state. In this paper, we
Wu, MingzhiYu, QinHu, YimingLiu, Xuegao
This standard defines the requirements used by the Plan owner to develop a DMSMS Management Plan, hereinafter referred to as the Plan. The requirement to develop a DMSMS Management Plan could come from a number of different sources, such as a contractual or customer requirement or a desire by the Plan owner to document their standard process. The process described in the Plan is intended to mitigate DMSMS risks and resolve DMSMS issues on ADHP equipment provided by the Plan owner. Development of a plan that conforms to the technical requirements detailed in Section 3 ensures that the Plan owner meets the requirement of a DMSMS, or obsolescence management plan, required by industry standards, government regulations, and/or other contractual flow-down requirements, such as: a EIA-STD-4899, Standard for Preparing an Electronic Components Management Plan b AS5553, Counterfeit Electronic Parts; Avoidance, Detection, Mitigation, and Disposition c DFARS 252.246-7007, Contractor Counterfeit
APMC Avionics Process Management
This work introduces a practical approach to external synchronization for flight control computers (FCCs) deployed in a decentralized fashion. The internal synchronization among the FCCs in distributed flight control systems needs to be extended for specific applications, necessitating an urgent need for an external synchronization mechanism. For instance, when the air data and attitude reference system (ADAHRS) and the flight control computer (FCC) are not synchronized, a dead time or time offset occurs between the time the ADAHRS transmits data and the time the FCC begins executing its control functions, which can impair flight control system performance or even cause system instability, particularly for the system with incremental control approaches, such as incremental nonlinear dynamic inversion (INDI). Therefore, an external synchronization technique that does not rely on establishing a global view of time that is accurately synchronized with an external reference device has been
Khozin, MokhamadHolzapfel, Florian
Machine learning is used for the research and development of ITS services and the rider assistance for on-road motorcycle racing. Meanwhile, rider assistance systems for off-road motorcycles have yet to be developed, partly due to the complexity of the measurement conditions, as described in the previous paper. This research aims to create a reliable AI which is capable of classifying typical jump behaviors in off-road riding by machine learning to create a rider assistance system for off-road motorcycles. Motorcycle manufacturers and certain research institutes use motion sensors to collect data, but the data is obtained from a limited number of vehicles and riders. The creation of a rider assistance system requires a large amount of validation data. Furthermore, it is desirable to achieve the target with data that can be measured in mass-produced vehicles, which will make it possible to collect data even from general users. In addition, recent machine learning models are black boxes
Uto, YukiTokunaga, HisatoInaba, TaichiHigashi, Takayuki
Recent advances in the operation of advanced CMOS processes for extremely high-speed and high dynamic range analog-to-digital (ADC) and digital-to-analog (DAC) data converters has led to their use in directly sampling microwave and even millimeter wave signals. Typically, in these applications, minimal pre or post-conditioning stages separate the ADCs and DACs from the antenna or, for Active Electronically Steered Arrays (AESA) antenna elements. This results in an extremely compact and flexible system solution and this has enabled a generation of fully digital phased arrays that are capable of being dynamically reconfigured to perform a multitude of functions
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become prevalent in many fields in the modern world, ranging from vacuum cleaners to lawn mowers and commercial automobiles. These capabilities are continuing to evolve and become a part of more products and systems every day, with numerous potential benefits to humans. AI is of particular interest in autonomous vehicles (AVs), where the benefits include reduced cognitive workload, increased efficiency, and improved safety for human operators. Numerous investments from academia and industry have been made recently with the intent of improving the enabling technologies for AVs. Google and Tesla are two of the more well-known examples in industry, with Google developing a self-driving car and Tesla providing its Full Self-Driving (FSD) autopilot system. Ford and BMW are also working on their own AVs
Recent advances in the operation of advanced CMOS processes for extremely high-speed and high dynamic range analog-to-digital (ADC) and digital-to-analog (DAC) data converters has led to their use in directly sampling microwave and even millimeter wave signals. Typically, in these applications, minimal pre or post-conditioning stages separate the ADCs and DACs from the antenna or, for Active Electronically Steered Arrays (AESA) antenna elements. This results in an extremely compact and flexible system solution and this has enabled a generation of fully digital phased arrays that are capable of being dynamically reconfigured to perform a multitude of functions
The challenge faced by flight software engineers at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado Boulder became evident when tasked with developing the onboard software for NASA's new Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) Pathfinder Reflected Solar mission. The goal of measuring Earth-reflected sunlight with an accuracy of 0.3 percent (k=1), surpassing existing sensors by five to tenfold, from an instrument mounted beneath the International Space Station (ISS), produced a complex set of requirements. The avionics needed to balance multiple functions, including a high-rate control law, numerous hard real-time deadlines, interfaces with half a dozen external subsystems, and management of commands, telemetry and fault protection, all while capturing high-resolution science images at 15 frames per second. Ensuring uninterrupted operation within the unforgiving environment of low-Earth orbit necessitated the software run on
Northrop Grumman Woodland Hills, CA 224-200-7539
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