Browse Topic: Airports

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The advent of the low-altitude economy represents a novel economic paradigm that has emerged in recent years in response to technological advancement and an expanding social demand. The low-altitude economy is currently undergoing a period of rapid development, which underscores the importance of ensuring the safety of airfield operations. To enhance operational efficiency, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be utilized for the inspection of the surrounding area, runway inspection, environmental monitoring, and other tasks. This paper employs TurMass technology, the TurMass gateway is miniaturised as the communication module of FT24, and the TK8620 development board replaces the LoRa RF module in the ELRS receiver to achieve the communication transmission between the remote control and the receiver. Additionally, a TurMass chip is integrated into the UAV to transmit beacons, while an airfield management aerial vehicle is employed to receive nearby UAV data, thereby preventing
Zhang, XiaoyangChen, Hongming
This equipment specification covers requirements for airfield liquid anti-icing/deicing equipment for airfield snow removal purposes. The unit shall include a combination of a carrier vehicle, liquid product tank, and dispensing system. This vehicle as a unit shall be an integrated chemical dispensing deicing/anti-icing application system. Primary application is for the liquid chemical application for cleaning of ice and snow from airfield operational areas such as runways, taxiways, and ramp aprons. The term “carrier vehicle” represents the various self-propelled prime movers that provide the motive power necessary to move snow and ice control equipment during winter operations. The airport operator may require this specified piece of equipment in order to maintain the airfield during large and small snow events. When necessary, the airfield liquid anti-icing/deicing chemical applicator (ALAD) shall be a central and critical element in the winter pavement maintenance fleet in the
G-15 Airport Snow and Ice Control Equipment Committee
The winged body reusable launch vehicle needs to be tested and evaluated for its functionality during the pre-flight preparation at the runway. The ground based checkout systems for the avionics and the actuator performance testing during pre-flight evaluation are not designed for rapid movement. This new kind of launch vehicle with solid rocket first-stage and winged body upper-stage demands the system testing at Launchpad and at the runway. The safety protocol forbids the permanent structure for hosting the checkout system near runway. The alternative is to develop a rapidly deployable and removable checkout system. A design methodology adopting conventional industrial instrumentation systems and maintaining mobility is presented. This paper presents the design and development of a mobile checkout system for supporting the ground pre-flight testing during autonomous flight landing trials
V, Vivekanand
When the aircraft towing operations are carried out in narrow areas such as the hangars or parking aprons, it has a high safety risk for aircraft that the wingtips may collide with the surrounding aircraft or the airport facility. A real-time trajectory prediction method for the towbarless aircraft taxiing system (TLATS) is proposed to evaluate the collision risk based on image recognition. The Yolov7 module is utilized to detect objects and extract the corresponding features. By obtaining information about the configuration of the airplane wing and obstacles in a narrow region, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) encoder-decoder model is utilized to predict future motion trends. In addition, a video dataset containing the motions of various airplane wings in real traction scenarios is constructed for training and testing. Compared with the conventional methods, the proposed method combines image recognition and trajectory prediction methods to describe the relative positional relationship
Zhu, HengjiaXu, YitongXu, ZiShuoJiYuan, LiuZhang, Wei
This document includes recommendations of installations of adequate landing and taxiing lighting systems in aircraft of the following categories: a Single engine personal and/or liaison type b Light twin engine c Large multiengine propeller d Large multiengine turbojet e Military high-performance fighter and attack f Helicopter g Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (EVTOL) and Urban Air Mobility (UAM
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
This specification covers runway deicing and anti-icing products in the form of a liquid. Unless otherwise stated, all specifications referenced herein are latest (current) revision
G-12RDP Runway Deicing Product Committee
This specification covers a runway deicing and anti-icing product in the form of a solid. Unless otherwise stated, all specifications referenced herein are latest (current) revision
G-12RDP Runway Deicing Product Committee
Nowadays, the rapid growth of civil aviation transportation demand has led to more frequent flight delays. The major problem of flight delays is restricting the development of municipal airports. To further improve passenger satisfaction, and reduce economic losses caused by flight delays, environmental pollution and many other adverse consequences, three machine learning algorithms are constructed in current study: random forest (RF), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) and BP neural network (BPNN). The departure flight delay prediction model uses the actual data set of domestic flights in the United States to simulate and verify the performance and accuracy of the three models. This model combines the visual analysis system to show the density of departure flight delays between different airports. Firstly, the data set is reprocessed, and the main factors leading to flight delays are selected as sample attributes by principal component analysis. Secondly, the mean absolute error
Qi, XinyueQian, PinzhengZhang, Jian
Transporting baggage is critical in airport ground support services to ensure smooth flight operations. However, the scheduling of baggage transport vehicles faces challenges related to low efficiency and high costs. A multi-objective optimization vehicle scheduling model is proposed to address these issues, considering time and space costs, vehicle utilization, and passenger waiting time. An improved genetic algorithm (IGA) based on the large-scale neighborhood search algorithm is proposed to solve this model. The simulation experiment is conducted using actual flight data from an international airport. The IGA algorithm is compared with the standard genetic algorithm (SGA) based on experimental results, revealing that the former achieves convergence in a significantly shorter time. Moreover, the scheduling paths of baggage cars that violate flight service time window requirements are significantly lower in the final scheduling scheme under the IGA algorithm than in SGA. Additionally
Jiang, HanZhang, JianZhang, HaiyanQian, Pinzheng
Ground vibration testing (GVT) is an important phase of the development, or the structural modification of an aircraft program. The modes of vibration and their associated parameters extracted from the GVT are used to modify the structural model of the aircraft to make more reliable dynamics predictions to satisfy certification authorities. Due to the high cost and the extensive preparations for such tests, a new method of vibration testing called taxi vibration testing (TVT) rooted in operational modal analysis (OMA) was recently proposed and investigated by the German Institute for Aerospace Research (DLR) as alternative to conventional GVT. In this investigation, a computational framework based on fully coupled flexible multibody dynamics for TVT is presented to further investigate the applicability of the TVT to flexible airframes. The time domain decomposition (TDD) method for OMA was used to postprocess the response of the airframe during a TVT. The framework was then used to
Al-bess, LohayKhouli, Fidel
More airports are starting to adopt and test the use of radio frequency (RF) mitigation techniques to counter the operation of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in violation of civilian airspace rules. While civilian aviation regulatory agencies are welcoming the integration of more commercially operated UAS into civilian airspace, airports are responding to the growing number of incidents in recent years with counter measures to ensure drones do not interfere with regular operations. In the U.S., the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) now receives more than 100 reports per month from pilots that have observed UAS operating near airports or within a restricted area of civilian airspace. The problem is a unique one for the FAA and other civilian aviation regulatory agencies who want to unleash as much commercial UAS innovation as possible within civilian airspace, but simultaneously recognize rogue operators are a problem. The FAA's method for addressing the operation of drones near
The goal of the automated mobility platforms (AMPs) initiative is to raise the bar of service regarding equity and sustainability for public mobility systems that are crucial to large facilities, and doing so using electrified, energy efficient technology. Using airports as an example, the rapid growth in air travel demand has led to facility expansions and congested terminals, which directly impacts equity (e.g., increased challenges for Passengers with Reduced Mobility [PRMs]) and sustainability—both of which are important metrics often overlooked during the engineering design process. Therefore, to evaluate systems and inform critical near- and long-term decisions more effectively, a holistic evaluation framework is proposed focused on four key areas: (1) mobility, with emphasis on travel time and accessibility within an airport, (2) environment, focused on energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with intra-airport mobility, (3) equity, specifically to the
Young, StanleyGrahn, RickDuvall, Andrew
An extensive evaluation of the Deep Image Prior (DIP) technique for image inpainting on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are a powerful tool for studying the Earth's surface. They are radar signals generated by an imaging system mounted on a platform such as an aircraft or satellite. As the platform moves, the system emits sequentially high-power electromagnetic waves through its antenna. The waves are then reflected by the Earth's surface, re-captured by the antenna, and finally processed to create detailed images of the terrain below. SAR images are employed in a wide variety of applications. Indeed, as the waves hit different objects, their phase and amplitude are modified according to the objects' characteristics (e.g., permittivity, roughness, geometry, etc.). The collected signal provides highly detailed information about the shape and elevation of the Earth's surface
One of the most significant challenges for the aviation industry in the winter is the deicing operations on runways. As a result, deicer chemicals can pollute the environment if used in a large amount. A mathematical model could help optimize the use of deicer chemicals. Road deicing models exist to predict pavement temperature covered by snow/ice during deicing operations. However, the specificity of airport operations requires a model for the runway deicing to simulate the mass of ice melted with usage of deicing agents. Here we propose a model for runway deicing and validate it against experimental results. Our model considers temperature, diffusive flux, and time changes in a normal direction. It also calculates the mass and heat transfer in three regions (liquid, mushy, and solid). We used the enthalpy method to determine the temperature and the interface location at each time step. In the liquid and solid, the deicer concentration is obtained by Fick’s law and updated at each
Maroufkhani, AidaCharpentier, ClaireMorency, FrancoisMomen, Gelareh
Measurements in snow conditions performed in the past were rarely initiated and best suited for pure and extremely detailed quantification of microphysical properties of a series of microphysical parameters, needed for accretion modelling. Within the European ICE GENESIS project, a considerable effort of natural snow measurements has been made during winter 2020/21. Instrumental means, both in-situ and remote sensing were deployed on the ATR-42 aircraft, as well as on the ground (ground station at ‘Les Eplatures’ airport in the Swiss Jura Mountains with ATR-42 overflights). Snow clouds and precipitation in the atmospheric column were sampled with the aircraft, whereas ground based and airborne radar systems allowed extending the observations of snow properties beyond the flight level chosen for the in situ measurements. Overall, five flight missions have been performed at different numerous flight levels (related temperature range from -10°C to +2°C) beyond the ‘Les Eplatures’ airport
Jaffeux, LouisSchwarzenboeck, AlfonsCoutris, PierreFebvre, GuyDezitter, FabienAguilar, Borisbillault-Roux, Anne-claireGrazioli, JacopoBerne, AlexisKöbschall, KilianJorquera, SusanaDelanoe, Julien
Surveillance cameras are becoming more commonplace in public environments, as well as finding use in private security and military operations. We are particularly interested in scenarios where a single pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) camera is used to perform surveillance in large outdoor environments, which may include 360-degree horizontal coverage and depths out to 1 km or more. These scenarios exist in many environments such as security for building exteriors, airports, highways, parking lots, and property perimeters; anomaly detection in dense urban environments; and surveillance in military overwatch missions. In environments with many vertical obscurations (e.g., trees and buildings), ground-based cameras will need to be carefully located to provide long-range views. As the elevation of the camera is increased above the ground level, by placement on tall poles or building rooftops, for example, obtaining views of distant regions becomes easier
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform Installation Parameters for desiccant Air Dryers for vehicles with compressed air systems
Truck and Bus Brake Supply and Control Components Committee
The towbarless aircraft taxiing system (TLATS) consists of the towbarless towing vehicle (TLTV) and the aircraft. The tractor realizes the towing work by fixing the nose wheel. During the towing process, the tractor driver may cause the aircraft to collide with an obstacle because of the blind spot of vision leading to the accident. The special characteristics of aircraft do not allow us to modify the structure of the aircraft to achieve collision avoidance. In this paper, three degrees of freedom (DOE) kinematic model of the tractor system is established for each of the two cases of pushing and pulling the aircraft, and the relationship between the coordinates of each danger point and the relatively articulated angle of the TLATS and the velocity of the midpoint of the rear axle is derived. Considering that there is an error between the velocity and relatively articulated angle measured by the sensor and the actual one, the effect of velocity and relatively articulated angle
Zhu, HengjiaXu, ZiShuoZhang, BaizhiZhang, Wei
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) summarizes prior empirical findings (AIAA 2018-3991; Chati, 2018) to recommend a modified baseline fuel flow rate model for jet-powered commercial aircraft during taxi operations on the airport surface that better reflects operational values. Existing standard modeling approaches are found to significantly overestimate the taxi fuel flow rate; therefore, a modified multiplicative factor is recommended to be applied to these existing approaches to make them more accurate. Results from the analysis of operational flight data are reported, which form the basis for the modeling enhancements being recommended
A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling
This equipment recommended practice defines the requirements for a permanent vehicle-mounted or slip-in accessory device designed to transport and distribute aggregate de-icing, anti-icing, or friction modifying solid materials or wetted solid materials onto runways, taxiways, ramp, and terminal areas and other paved surfaces on an airport. It is not intended for liquid material spreaders which are addressed in ARP5559. The material spreader may be permanently mounted on a carrier vehicle, trailer, or semi-trailer, or temporarily installed on a carrier vehicle trailer, or semi-trailer for seasonal use only. The carrier vehicle may be dedicated to material spreading applications only, or provide additional functions such as a plow vehicle, flat bed or dump body. Carrier vehicles are self-propelled prime movers, generally a commercial or purpose-built truck that provides the mobility to move the material spreader on these paved surfaces. Carrier vehicle recommended practices may be found
G-15 Airport Snow and Ice Control Equipment Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers the requirements for a Stationary Runway Weather Information System (referred to as the system) to monitor the surface conditions of airfield operational areas to ensure safer ground operations of aircraft. The system provides (1) temperature and condition information of runway, taxiway, and ramp pavements and (2) atmospheric weather conditions that assist airport personnel to maintain safer and more efficient airport operations. The system can be either a wired system or a wireless system
G-15 Airport Snow and Ice Control Equipment Committee
This aerospace recommended practice provides definition for Airport Runway Brooms and covers requirements for various configurations of runway brooms with and without a carrier vehicle. Runway brooms are primarily used to move and clear snow and ice down to bare pavement on airport operational areas such as runways, taxiways and ramp areas. The term carrier vehicle represents the various self-propelled prime movers that provide the forward motion of the various configurations of runway brooms
G-15 Airport Snow and Ice Control Equipment Committee
For Chinese low-cost airlines network, this article employed two indicators: network topology indexes, to evaluate the current status of the network, and economic performance indexes, to analyze the development potential of the network. From the topology indexes, each airline has its own different characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages, while from economic and socio-demographic indexes, Spring Airlines, West Air, and China United Airlines have obvious advantages and other airlines have distinct shortcomings. Then, the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) method was used to comprehensively evaluate Chinese low-cost airlines. The results show that the ranking in terms of network is: Spring Airlines, Western Airlines, China United Airlines, Lucky Air, 9 Air, Chengdu Airlines, and also show Chinese low-cost airlines network is in initial and growth stage
Wang, ChaofengWang, Delong
This document is divided into five parts. The first part deals with flotation analysis features and definitions to acquaint the engineer with elements common to the various methods and the meanings of the terms used. The second part identifies and describes current flotation analysis methods. Due to the close relationship between flotation analysis and runway design, methods for the latter are also included in this document. As runway design criteria are occasionally used for flotation evaluation, including some for runways built to now obsolete criteria, a listing of the majority of these criteria constitutes the third part. The fourth part of this document tabulates the most relevant documents, categorizing them for commercial and civil versus military usage, by military service to be satisfied, and by type of pavement. This document concludes with brief elaborations of some concepts for broadening the analyst’s understanding of the subject. At revision B of this document
A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee
Currently, the Aviation industry uses traditional methods of communication, coordination, & human interaction to give disposition to resolve any kind of nonconformance occurrences which occur during manufacturing or operation of commercial or defense products. This involves increased in-person interaction and additional travel, especially to address the nonconformance issues arising at supplier plants or airports around the globe. During Covid and post-Covid environments, human interactions for the transfer of detailed information at different & distant manufacturing plant locations has been difficult, since support engineering teams (Example: Liaison, Product Review, Quality, Supplier Quality, and Manufacturing Engineering, and/or Service Engineering) have been working remotely. Thus, it has been challenging to coordinate with support engineers to get correct dispositions in short timeframes with no additional cost of quality, thereby creating non-value-added time which delayed the
Nandgaonkar, SandipAgrawal, MansiAlex, Ajith
If every commuter drove the same few roads at the same time every day, the traffic would be unbearable. That’s exactly what’s happening in the skies above the nation, called the national airspace (NAS). Multiple flights from different airlines try to use the most direct flight paths, converging on the same airports. With limited runway space, that causes jumbo-sized traffic congestion. So, NASA worked with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), commercial airlines, and airports to develop and test a new program to manage airport traffic on the ground — the Integrated Arrival, Departure, and Surface (IADS) system. In 2022, the FAA began incorporating IADS capabilities at 27 of the busiest airports in the country
European leaders agreed on 11 December 2020 to reduce the EU’s greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% below 1990’s levels by 2030. Although the aviation industry accounts for about 3% of the total emissions of harmful gases produced by mankind, their concentration in the limited airspace of an airport may have an impact on the surroundings. This means that in addition to knowledge about the level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, it is important to have data about the emitted amounts, propagation, and concentrations of harmful gases like CO and NOx as well as of particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10. This is particularly true over an airport, where it may afect the health of employees working directly on the apron. The airport authority should be aware of the actual amounts and concentrations of harmful emissions within the airport space, making it possible take measures leading to their reduction. Moreover, knowledge of the directions of propagation and concentration of harmful
Głowacki, Paweł JanKalina, PiotrMaciorowski, Damian
As it became clear at the onset of COVID-19 pandemic that the novel coronavirus was transmitted through the air, several companies realized their NASA-derived air-quality technologies could help combat its spread. And they soon found themselves overwhelmed by demand from schools to hospitals, shopping centers, office buildings, airports, and even buses
WaveBand, as part of a Dual Use and Science and Technology Contract in partnership with the Federal Aviation Administration and the US Air Force Research Laboratory at Rome, NY, developed a 94 GHz radar to detect birds at airports and airfields that could potentially interfere with the landing and takeoff of aircraft. The requirements for the radar system were summarized as follows
The SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) focuses on the impact of alkali metal-based runway deicers (potassium acetate, potassium formate, and sodium acetate, and sodium formate) have on in-service aircraft EWIS components
AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install
This test method provides stakeholders (runway deicing/anti-icing product manufacturers, users, regulators, and airport authorities) with a relative ice penetration capacity of runway deicing/anti-icing product, by measuring the ice penetration as a function of time. Such runway deicing/anti-icing products are often also used on taxiways and other paved areas. This test method does not quantitatively measure the theoretical or extended time of ice penetration capability of ready-to-use runway deicing/anti-icing product in liquid or solid form
G-12RDP Runway Deicing Product Committee
This test method provides stakeholders (runway deicing/anti-icing product manufacturers, users, regulators, and airport authorities) with relative ice melting capacity of runway deicing/anti-icing products, by measuring the amount of ice melted as a function of time. Such runway deicing/anti-icing products are often also used on taxiways and other paved areas. This test method does not quantitatively measure the theoretical or extended time ice melting capability of ready-to-use runway deicing/anti-icing product in liquid or solid form
G-12RDP Runway Deicing Product Committee
This test method provides stakeholders (runway deicing/anti-icing product manufacturers, users, regulators, and airport authorities) with relative ice undercutting capacity of runway deicing/anti-icing products, by measuring the area of ice undercut pattern as a function of time. Such runway deicing/anti-icing products are often also used on taxiways and other paved areas. This test method does not quantitatively measure the theoretical or extended time of ice undercutting capability of ready-to-use runway deicing/anti-icing products in liquid or solid form
G-12RDP Runway Deicing Product Committee
Expert perceptions have been increasingly used to perform risk assessments in airport predictive risk assessments in recent years. Although it is known that biases are less influential in groups of experts when compared to laypeople, they still can be residually present in such tasks with this specific group. Therefore, this article aims to propose (1) the pragmatic organization of knowledge about the biases that may affect airport risk assessments by groups of experts and (2) which of them most often arise in this type of analysis and at what intensity. For the development of the work, we carried out a dense bibliographic review of the theme. Later, we performed a predictive risk assessment and a survey, with the support of an experienced group of 30 experts from Brazilian regulatory agency and airport operators. After 1224 risk judgments, experts were able to clearly indicate regulations and their sections that are disproportionately more and less important in terms of risk, leading
Cunha, DanielAndrade, Michelle
The SAE J1100 based standard cargo volume index methods and predefined luggage objects are very specific to United States population. The European luggage volume calculation and standard luggage calculations are primarily based on DIN and ISO standards. Luggage volume declaration by manufacturers are based on any of these methods. The calculations are complicated and there is a possibility of declaring different values for similar luggage compartments. The major purchase decision of vehicle is based on its luggage capacity and current methods are very limited to make an intelligent decision by a customer. Market specific customer usage patterns for luggage requirements and protecting them in vehicle architecture upfront in concept stage is important to retain the market position and buying preference of customers. The usage patterns is collected from customer clinics and marketing inputs. These patterns are used to build virtual luggage models representing the actual luggage at
Radakrishnan, RambabuBALAKRISHNAN, Mohanraj
A large international airport is a microcosm of the entire aviation sector, hosting hundreds of different types of aviation and non-aviation stakeholders: aircraft, passengers, airlines, travel agencies, air traffic management and control, retails shops, runway systems, building management, ground transportation, and much more. Their associated information technology and cyber physical systems—along with an exponentially resultant number of interconnections—present a massive cybersecurity challenge. Unlike the physical security challenge, which was treated in earnest throughout the last decades, cyber-attacks on airports keep coming, but most airport lack essential means to confront such cyber-attacks. These missing means are not technical tools, but rather holistic regulatory directives, technical and process standards, guides, and best practices for airports cybersecurity—even airport cybersecurity concepts and basic definitions are missing in certain cases. Unsettled Topics
David, Aharon
This document is divided into five parts. The first part deals with flotation analysis features and definitions to acquaint the engineer with elements common to the various methods and the meanings of the terms used. The second part identifies and describes the various methods used. To accomplish the minimum intent of this document, techniques could be limited to those needed for flotation analysis only; however, because of the close relation between flotation analysis and runway design, methods for the latter are also included. In fact, runway design criteria are used for flotation and evaluation in some cases, and are periodically the governing procedure in specific, if isolated, instances. From time to time, it may be necessary to deal with runways built to obsolete criteria. Therefore, a listing of most of these constitutes the third part. The fourth part of this document tabulates the recommended documents, categorizing them for commercial and civil versus military usage, by
A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee
A resounding applause fills an auditorium in Fort Worth, Texas, as engineers, researchers, and business leaders stand in unison to celebrate the closing keynote of another aerospace conference. Participants grab their belongings and file out into the street where they clamor for rides to the airport. I hail a cab and glance at my watch, noting that in 45 minutes, I’m expected at a meeting in Austin—about 200 miles away. Just then, a taxi pulls up to the curb. I step inside, and as soon the door closes, I’m up in the air. Fifteen minutes later, I land in Austin beside my car; I hop in and head to the meeting location. I arrive soon after, with time to spare
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