Browse Topic: Inspections

Items (1,185)
ABSTRACT Machine learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI), and computational photography (CP) are pushing the boundaries of how electro-optical (EO) and infra-red (IR) sensors are being used. Especially within military environments, users are asking much more from EO and IR sensor suites. While hardware capability continues to advance the state of the art, software has become the true differentiator for how well these sensor platforms perform for the warfighter. This paper presents work that Consolidated Resource Imaging (CRI) has been developing in the areas of machine learning and computational photography. In this effort, we will discuss two areas of understanding: imagery meant for machine vision and imagery meant for human consumption. We will show how the intersection of machine learning and computational photography allow the symbiotic relationship between the human and the computer. Citation: A. Paul Skentzos, B. Stephen Pizzo, “Balancing Between Computer and Machine Vision
Skentzos, PaulPizzo, Stephen
ABSTRACT Optical distortion measurements for transparent armor (TA) solutions are critical to ensure occupants can see what is happening outside a vehicle. Unfortunately, optically transparent materials often have poorer mechanical properties than their opaque counterparts which usually results in much thicker layups to provide the same level of protection. Current standards still call for the use of a double exposure method to manually compare the distortion of grid lines. This report presents provides a similar method of analysis with less user input using items typically available in many mechanics labs: machine vision cameras and digital image correlation software. Citation: J. M. Gorman, “An Easier Approach to Measuring Optical Distortion in Transparent Armor”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020. The views presented are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of DoD or
Gorman, James M.
ABSTRACT This paper describes the results of work performed to assess the use of corrosion product for Digital Image Correlation (DIC) measurements. DIC was recently evaluated for its capability to measure contour, strain and deflection of metals using the corrosion product instead of a painted speckle pattern. The DIC system, consisting of two cameras with zoom lenses, was set up at an angle to the specimen, enabling both cameras to image multiple sides of a specimen simultaneously. This provides a more direct measurement of in-plane and out-of-plane deformation and strains. Aluminum and steel dogbones were placed in a salt spray chamber for up to 10 days. Contour measurements were then taken at various evaluation settings as an initial assessment of the use of the corrosion product for DIC measurements. Multiple tensile tests were then performed to assess the capability of using corrosion product for strain and deflection measurements while a material is under applied load. System
Sia, Bernard
ABSTRACT Shape reconstruction for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of internal defects in ground vehicle hulls using eddy current probes provides a rationale for determination of when to withdraw vehicles from deployment. This process requires detailed finite element optimization and is computationally intensive. Traditional shared memory parallel systems, however, are prohibitively expensive and have limited central processing units (CPUs), making speedup limited. So parallelization has never been done. However, a CPU that is connected to graphics processing units (GPUs) with effective built-in shared memory provides a new opportunity. We implement the naturally parallel, genetic algorithm (GA) for synthesizing defect shapes on GPUs. Shapes are optimized to match exterior measurements, launching the parallel, executable GA kernel on hundreds of CUDA™ (Compute Unified Device Architecture) threads to establish the efficiencies
Karthik, Victor U.Sivasuthan, SivamayamRahunanthan, ArunasalamJayakumar, ParamsothyThyagarajan, Ravi S.Hoole, S. Ratnajeevan H.
ABSTRACT Active thermography has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for detection of near-surface corrosion hidden under paint, as well as hidden material loss due to corrosion. Compared to established point inspection techniques (e.g. ultrasound, eddy current), thermography offers fast, wide-area inspection of flat or curved surfaces that does not require direct contact or coupling. In its simplest form, it can be used to perform qualitative inspection using a heat gun or lamp and an uncooled IR camera. Recent developments in thermographic signal processing, coupled with improved IR camera and thermal excitation technology have resulted in significant advances in resolution, sensitivity and probability of detection of near and far-surface corrosion, and the ability to perform quantitative characterization of corrosion
Shepard, StevenBeemer, Maria
ABSTRACT The effective and safe use of Rough Terrain Cargo Handlers is severely hampered by the operator’s view being obstructed. This results in the inability to see a) in front of the vehicle while driving, b) where to set a carried container, and c) where to maneuver the vehicles top handler in order to engage with cargo containers. We present an analysis of these difficulties along with specific solutions to address these challenges that go beyond the non-technical solution currently used, including the placement of sensors and the use of image analysis. These solutions address the use of perception to support autonomy, drive assist, active safety, and logistics
Beach, GlennHaanpaa, DouglassMoody, GaryMahal, PritpaulRowe, SteveSiebert, GaryBurkowski, JimCohen, Charles J.
The advent of the low-altitude economy represents a novel economic paradigm that has emerged in recent years in response to technological advancement and an expanding social demand. The low-altitude economy is currently undergoing a period of rapid development, which underscores the importance of ensuring the safety of airfield operations. To enhance operational efficiency, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be utilized for the inspection of the surrounding area, runway inspection, environmental monitoring, and other tasks. This paper employs TurMass technology, the TurMass gateway is miniaturised as the communication module of FT24, and the TK8620 development board replaces the LoRa RF module in the ELRS receiver to achieve the communication transmission between the remote control and the receiver. Additionally, a TurMass chip is integrated into the UAV to transmit beacons, while an airfield management aerial vehicle is employed to receive nearby UAV data, thereby preventing
Zhang, XiaoyangChen, Hongming
Pipeline inspection is a crucial aspect of maintaining the integrity, safety, and reliability of the planet’s energy infrastructure. However, due to cost and scale challenges, infrastructure operators struggle to conduct accurate, large-scale inspections. A French startup, HyLight, offers a solution to precisely detect issues on the infrastructure, such as methane leaks on pipelines and defects on power lines at an industrial scale, without emitting greenhouse gases
Pick-and-place machines are a type of automated equipment used to place objects into structured, organized locations. These machines are used for a variety of applications — from electronics assembly to packaging, bin picking, and even inspection — but many current pick-and-place solutions are limited. Current solutions lack “precise generalization,” or the ability to solve many tasks without compromising on accuracy
Designing non-destructive test (NDT) systems for aerospace clients can feel like engineering with blindfolds on. Even when the parts under test aren’t confidential, they can change rapidly as companies optimize their designs. This accelerated innovation helps launch more powerful, safer vehicles for use inside Earth’s orbit and beyond. But how do you create precision inspection systems without knowing what they’ll inspect in the field
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice establishes the requirements and procedures for eddy current inspection of open fastener holes in aluminum aircraft structures
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
This specification establishes the requirements for etch inspection of steel parts to detect overheating (rehardening or over-tempering) caused by abusive machining or grinding or to detect localized discontinuous carburization
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Manually checking the quality of components or products in industry is labor-intensive for employees and error-prone on top of that. The Fraunhofer Institute for Mechatronic Systems Design IEM is unveiling a solution that provides total versatility in this area. In an it’s OWL supported collaboration with Diebold Nixdorf and software specialist verlinked, Fraunhofer IEM has created a combination of collaborative robot (cobot), AI-based image analysis and IoT platform. The system frees employees from having to perform visual inspections and can be incorporated into all kinds of testing scenarios. The Fraunhofer researchers presented a demonstrator of the cobot/IoT platform at the 2024 Hannover Messe Trade Show in February
A company says that its digital twin alignment system, incorporating a sophisticated AI algorithm and an off-the-shelf camera, has the potential to revolutionize the auto industry, potentially saving it up to a staggering $20 billion in the effort to detect defects on the manufacturing line. Generally, such inspections of spot welds, bolt holes and the like are handled one of three ways: Slow manual inspections that can have high error rates. Even slower inspection with coordinate-measuring machines (CMMs) that can take hours to inspect 150 spot welds. Tremendously expensive technology, such as lasers, that still aren't perfect
Clonts, Chris
This specification establishes the classification, technical requirements, tests, and test procedures for the qualification, approval, and quality verification of all materials used in the liquid penetrant methods of inspection with the exception of those excluded in the application section
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Industries have been increasingly adopting AI based computer vision models for automated asset defect inspection. A challenging aspect within this domain is the inspection of composite assets consisting of multiple components, each of which is an object of interest for inspection, with its own structural variations, defect types and signatures. Training vision models for such an inspection process involves numerous challenges around data acquisition such as insufficient volume, inconsistent positioning, poor quality and imbalance owing to inadequate image samples of infrequently occurring defects. Approaches to augmenting the dataset through Standard Data Augmentation (SDA) methods (image transformations such as flipping, rotation, contrast adjustment, etc.) have had limited success. When dealing with images of such composite assets, it is challenging to correct the data imbalance at the component level using image transformations as they apply to all the components within an image
Bhate, UjwalJha, AshishKalyan, VijayasriGupta, RahulKulkarni, Ninad
This recommended practice establishes the requirements and procedures for Barkhausen Noise (BN) inspection of ferromagnetic steel components. See Appendix B for a list of common materials for BN inspection. Applications of the method are listed in 1.2 through 1.5
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
This specification covers a polysulfide sealing compound with low adhesive strength, supplied as a two-component system that cures at room temperature
AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee
This specification establishes nondestructive testing methods, sampling frequency, and acceptance criteria for the inspection of metal castings
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
In the 1990s and early 2000s, the field of parallel kinematics was viewed as being potentially transformational in manufacturing, having multiple potential advantages over conventional serial machine tools and robots. Many prototypes were developed, and some reached commercial production and implementation in areas such as hard material machining and particularly in aerospace manufacturing and assembly. There is some activity limited to niche and specialist applications; however, the technology never quite achieved the market penetration and success envisaged. Yet, many of the inherent advantages still exist in terms of stiffness, force capability, and flexibility when compared to more conventional machine structures. This chapter will attempt to identify why parallel kinematic machines (PKMs) have not lived up to the original excitement and market interest and what needs to be done to rekindle that interest. In support of this, a number of key questions and issues have been identified
Muelaner, JodyWebb, Philip
Additive manufacturing (AM) is currently being used to produce many aerospace components, with its inherent design flexibility enabling an array of unique and novel possibilities. But, in order to grow the application space of polymer AM, the industry has to provide an offering with improved mechanical properties. Several entities are working toward introducing continuous fibers embedded into either a thermoplastic or thermoset resin system. This approach can enable significant improvement in mechanical properties and could be what is needed to open new and exciting applications within the aerospace industry. However, as the technology begins to mature, there are a couple of unsettled issues that are beginning to come to light. The most common question raised is whether composite AM can achieve the performance of traditional composite manufacturing. If AM cannot reach this level, is there enough application potential to warrant the development investment? The answers are highly
Hayes, MichaelMuelaner, JodyRoye, ThorstenWebb, Philip
Driver Assistance and Autonomous Driving features are becoming nearly ubiquitous in new vehicles. The intent of the Driver Assistant features is to assist the driver in making safer decisions. The intent of Autonomous Driving features is to execute vehicle maneuvers, without human intervention, in a safe manner. The overall goal of Driver Assistance and Autonomous Driving features is to reduce accidents, injuries, and deaths with a comforting driving experience. However, different drivers can react differently to advanced automated driving technology. It is therefore important to consider and improve the adaptability of these advances based on driver behavior. In this paper, a human-centric approach is adopted to provide an enriching driving experience. We perform data analysis of the naturalistic behavior of drivers when performing lane change maneuvers by extracting features from extensive Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) data of over 5,400,000 data files. First, the
Lakhkar, Radhika AnandraoTalty, Tim
This paper reports the development of an operation support system for production equipment using image processing with deep learning. Semi-automatic riveters are used to attach small parts to skin panels, and they involve manual positioning followed by automated drilling and fastening. The operator watches a monitor showing the processing area, and two types of failure may arise because of human error. First, the operator should locate the correct position on the skin panel by looking at markers painted thereon but may mistakenly cause the equipment to drill at an incorrect position. Second, the operator should prevent the equipment from fastening if they see chips around a hole after drilling but may overlook the chips; chips remaining around a drilled hole may cause the fastener to be inserted into the hole and fastened at an angle, which can result in the whole panel having to be scrapped. To prevent these operational errors that increase production costs by requiring repair work
Yamanouchi, ShihoAoki, NaofumiNagano, YoyaMoritake, DaichiSakata, TatsuhikoKato, Kunihito
This technical paper reports the development of an automatic defect detector utilizing deep learning for “polished skins”. Materials with a “polished skin” are used in the fabrication of the external plates of commercial airplanes. The polished skin is obtained by polishing the surface of an aluminum clad material, and they are visually inspected, which places a significant burden on inspectors to find minute defects on relatively large pieces of material. Automated inspection of these skins is made more difficult because the material has a mirror finished surface. Defects are broadly classified into three categories: dents, bumps, and discolorations. Therefore, a defect detector must be able to detect these types of defects and measure the defects’ surface profile. This technical paper presents details related to the design and manufacture of an inexpensive automated defect detector that demonstrates a sufficiently high level of performance. The system employs multiple line sensor
Aoki, NaofumiOta, TakuyaZaitsu, Masayoshi
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers visible surface defects on aerospace hose assemblies which have been installed and are functioning within a working environment at the time of visual inspection
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers water conditioning agents used to facilitate aqueous wet-method magnetic particle inspection
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Transmission adapter is solid, located on cylinder block, on which sits the transmission housing. The function of a flexplate is to provide a mounting point for a torque converter which is used to couple the engine and transmission together when an automatic transmission is used. Transmission adapter provide access for torque convertor and flexplate assembly and protect the flexplate from external environment. Transmission adapter is also support and locate the starter. This study deals with different alloy grade material use, improvement in process to reduce porosity. Porosity observed in first samples of the proposed grade material. The study represents investigation of Transmission adaptor porosity root cause. This also included visual observation, radiography -X ray testing, analysis, 3D scans, dimensional inspection, chemical analysis and comparison, tensile testing, truck testing validation tasks. Make sure critical parameter of the clearance meet between flexplate and
Karale, Pranjali
This specification covers a procedure for revealing the macrostructure and microstructure of titanium alloys
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
When deploying robots in an industrial setting, one of the primary goals is performance. In an industrial robot workcell, performance is often measured as cycle time: the time required to complete a set of tasks. Typical tasks include painting, welding, and inspecting. Regardless of the tasks, the goal is to complete them as fast as possible, so that the workcell can begin work on the next set of tasks. A long cycle time for a given cell can cause that cell to become the bottleneck on an assembly line
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is a typical Non-destructive testing (NDT) method for examining the structural components for aircraft production. Manufacturing aircraft made of fiber metal laminates (FML) includes cascaded steps such as placement of aluminum, glass prepreg, adhesive, doublers, stringers, vacuum bagging and curing in an autoclave. Quality control (QC) is performed first at the layup of the component (without stringers) after curing and the quality assessment is visually evaluated. The manually performed examination of anomalies is very time-consuming. In addition, conducted NDT inspection using a manual UT phased array for Glass Reinforced (GLARE®) FML of A380, it lacked the high capacity of data and additionally an evaluation software
Machine vision dates back to the beginning of the modern industrial robot age in the 1980s. Augmenting collaborative robots (or ‘cobots’) with vision allows them to perform with higher precision, flexibility, and intelligence. However, integration is not a one-size-fits-all process as the specific requirements of each application can vary greatly
This standard establishes the requirements for performing and documenting FAI. It is emphasized the requirements specified in this standard are complementary (not alternative) to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements
G-14 Americas Aerospace Quality Standards Committee (AAQSC)
A process of using machine learning to segment impact ice microstructure is presented and analyzed. The microstructure of impact ice has been shown to correlate with the adhesion strength of ice. Machine vision techniques are explored as a method of decreasing analysis time. The segmentation was conducted with the goal of obtaining average grain size estimations. The model was trained on a set of micrographs of impact ice grown at NASA Glenn’s Icing Research Tunnel. The model leveraged a model pre-trained on a large set of micrographs of various materials as a starting point. Post-processing of the segmented images was done to connect broken boundaries. An automatic method of determining grain size following an ASTM standard was implemented. Segmentation results using different training sets as well as different encoder and decoder pairs are presented. Calculated sizes are compared to manual grain size measurement methods. Results show promise in accuracy as well as a possible
Chen, Ru-ChingStuckner, JoshuaGiuffre, Christopher
With funding from the US Departments of Transportation, Energy, Defense, and others, Airborne LiDAR Pipeline Inspection Sensor (ALPIS®) has evolved from a simple proof of concept model to a fully capable and successful commercial airborne pipeline inspection system. The ALPIS® system has undergone a long development period
Nearly every company in the world performs some level of quality inspection on their products before delivering them to customers. If you’re in the downloadable software business, this might involve making sure the product is bug-free and easy to use. But in the realm of physical products, the appearance of the product is nearly as important as its functionality. Would you want to purchase a new car that has scratches on the bumper or hubcaps? What if there was a crack in the windshield? From large to small, the same is true of many other items including appliances, laptops, cellphones, watches, and earbuds
Light from an object contains continuous various colors, the spectrum of light, that result from the interaction between light and the object. Spectral measurement is thus the basis of remote sensing, allowing for highly accurate material analysis and image recognition. Although the world is full of colors, human being and standard color cameras receive light through their eyes/sensors and perceive it as only three primary colors of red (R), green (G), and blue (B). Hyperspectral (HS) imaging is a technology that splits and detects light into more colors than humans and color cameras can. The richer spectral information of HS image is promising for machine vision to provide more information than human eyes or color cameras in visual inspection of foods, industrial products, and so on
In view of the structural accidental events in the ongoing airworthiness stage of civil aircraft, it is necessary to conduct a risk assessment to ensure that the risk level is within an acceptable range. However, the existing models of risk assessment have not effectively dealt with the risk of accidental structural damage due to random failure. This article focuses on probabilistic risk assessment using the Transport Airplane Risk Assessment Methodology (TARAM) of accidental structural damage of civil aircraft. Based on the TARAM and probability reliability integral, a refined failure frequency probability calculation model is established to elaborate on composite structure failure frequency. A case study is analyzed for the outer wing plane of an aircraft having impact damage of composite materials. Finally, results of the risk assessment without correction and risk assessment with correction are presented for detailed visual inspection and general visual inspection
Jia, BaohuiFang, JiachenLu, XiangXiong, Yijie
Accurate sensing of road conditions is one of the necessary technologies for safe driving of intelligent vehicles. Compared with the structured road, the unstructured road has complex road conditions, and the response characteristics of vehicles under different road conditions are also different. Therefore, accurately identifying the road categories in front of the vehicle in advance can effectively help the intelligent vehicle timely adjust relevant control strategies for different road conditions and improve the driving comfort and safety of the vehicle. However, traditional road identification methods based on vehicle kinematics or dynamics are difficult to accurately identify the road conditions ahead of the vehicle in advance. Therefore, this paper proposes an unstructured road region detection and road classification algorithm based on machine vision to obtain the road conditions ahead. Firstly, a vehicle data acquisition platform is built based on a Logitech HD camera, which is
XIE, FeiZhang, JianWang, ChaoLiu, QiuzhengHong, RiYanchen, Liu
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