Browse Topic: Fire

Items (939)
ABSTRACT Raytheon is in the final stages of production of three high performance thermal imaging / fire control systems being integrated on existing USMC and US Army armored vehicles. A goal in the design of these systems was to provide integration into the host vehicle that when viewed by the customer and user provided the enhanced capabilities of today’s latest thermal imaging and image processing technology as well as operating in concert with the vehicle as originally designed. This paper will summarize the technical solutions for each of these programs emphasizing the thermal imaging, fire control, image processing and vehicle integration technologies. It will also outline guiding philosophies and lessons learned used to focus the design team in achieving the successful integration. The programs to be reviewed are; USMC 2nd Gen Thermal Imaging System, the USMC LAV-25 Improved Thermal Sight System (ITSS) and the USMC / US Army M1A1 50 Cal Thermal Sight / DayTV System
LaSala, Paul V.Raaum, Bryan J.
ABSTRACT Abuse response of lithium-ion batteries has been extensively studied over several decades. Most studies on the onset and propagation of battery fires following mechanical deformation are focused on understanding the onset of thermal events following quasi-static loading. Using an array of cylindrical lithium-ion cells as example, we report results from ultra-high strain-rate deformation mechanical events (> 100 /s) that result in electrochemical short-circuits followed by thermal events. We present a methodology that takes stock of gas compositions as a function of state of charge and compute flammability limits. Finally, we discuss implications for flame lengths and propensity for propagation of thermal events. Citation: J. Kim, A. Mallarapu, S. Santhanagopalan, Y. Ding, “Propagation of Fire in Li-Ion Batteries under Ultra-High Strain-Rate Deformation” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022
Kim, JinyongMallarapu, AnudeepSanthanagopalan, ShriramDing, Yi
ABSTRACT Military ground vehicles are equipped with Automatic Fire Extinguishing Systems (AFES) to protect against enemy threats causing fuel tank ruptures and resulting fuel fires inside military vehicle crew compartments. The fires must be rapidly extinguished without reflash to ensure Soldier protection from burn and toxicity risks. This summary describes the development of a simulation-based acquisition tool which will complement vehicle testing for the optimization of AFES designs for specific vehicles and address their unique clutter characteristics. The simulation-based acquisition tool using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques was validated for an exploratory test box and demonstrated with the evaluation of two different suppressant nozzle configurations for an MRAP vehicle. The result is a cost-savings tool with a negligible development payback period that optimizes Soldier survivability in a fire situation. This modeling tool is currently being applied to predict
Korivi, Vamshi M.Williams, Bradley A.McCormick, Steven J.Deshmukh, Kshitij
ABSTRACT Northrop Grumman has developed a software and hardware solution to provide enhanced 360 degree local situational awareness (LSA) to enable the warfighter with an overmatch capability on today’s modern battlefield. The architecture exploits technological gains in cameras, video processing, and video compression. The approach allows rapid comprehension of local and remote situational views presented with operational relevance for a ground combat platform or tactical wheeled platform crew. The 360 Degree LSA approach provides direct visualization of relative positioning of targets, threats, and lines of fire; and additionally offers common situational understanding / operational picture from the dismounted soldier to higher echelon commands. The approach provides prioritized information through LSA software to provide an enhanced view to the warfighter whereas the squad leader becomes an integral part of the crew with a view of the common operating picture (mounted) and
Viscovich, ChristopherGeoghegan, SusanWorthy, David
Letter from the Focus Issue Editors
Shen, RuiqingWang, Qingsheng
Electric Vehicles numbers are increasing at a rapid pace in the Indian market. As per the different feedbacks from the customers and reports available in media, there is an increase in Electric Vehicle (EV) battery fire accidents. The same is because of increased EV numbers, malfunctioning of battery and improper handling of EV systems. EV industry is looking for a solution for preventing these mis happenings by using advanced safety technology. This includes improvement in existing safety system through advanced warning backed by artificial intelligence, programming tools using new computing languages such as Python, Java etc. In present work temperature which happens to be major contributor in battery fire cases is being monitored with the help of programming used in battery management systems. In this process algorithm is being developed with the help of python as programming language. The same was test run on the selected parameters for validation of the developed programs for
Vashist, DevendraSharma, AryanAnand, Aditya
It is well known that target state estimation and prediction methods can have a substantial influence on the outcome of long range, precision-oriented engagements. Due to this fact, a collection of techniques and algorithms have been developed for the purpose of minimizing the delivery error caused by target motion over the flight time of a munition. These legacy compensation techniques have typically come from direct fire, accuracy-oriented assets such as main battle tanks and attack helicopters. However, with the proliferation of unmanned vehicles in the battle space, the target state estimation and prediction capabilities could be extended into the indirect fire domain. The work conducted within examines the challenge of utilizing a reconnaissance drone partnered with a decoupled weapon platform to track a target, predict its motion, and calculate a lead. The information presented within establishes the framework required to enable this capability, develops the individual solution
Bober, Tomas
Notice of Concern
LaFollette, RodneyThein, Sierra A.Eskra, Michael D.
Efficient fire rescue operations in urban environments are critical for saving lives and reducing property damage. By utilizing connected vehicle systems (CVS) for firefighting vehicles planning, we can reduce the response time to fires while lowering the operational costs of fire stations. This research presents an innovative nonlinear mixed-integer programming model to enhance fire rescue operations in urban settings. The model focuses on expediting the movement of firefighting vehicles within intricate traffic networks, effectively tackling the complexities associated with collaborative dispatch decisions and optimal path planning for multiple response units. This method is validated using a small-scale traffic network, providing foundational insights into parameter impacts. A case study in Sioux Falls shows its superiority over traditional “nearest dispatch” methods, optimizing both cost and response time significantly. Sensitivity analyses involving clearance speed, clearance time
Wei, ShiboGu, YuLiu, Han
A global team of researchers and industry collaborators led by RMIT University has invented recyclable ’water batteries’ that won’t catch fire or explode
Where there’s smoke, there will be no fire because a drone is already on the scene. At least that’s the hope of Zhaodan Kong, Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and his team at the University of California, Davis
The inverter of the electrical driven compressor (EDC) is subjected to high thermal loads which are resulting from external temperature exposure and from compressor solicitations from the vehicle thermal loop (refrigerant nature, flow rate, compression rate, initial temperature). An incorrect thermal management of the inverter might lead to a significant decrease of efficiency which degrades the performance, product lifetime (electronics components failure) and even worse, might lead to a hazardous thermal event (HTE). The need of the automotive market to drastically decrease project development time, requires decreasing design and simulation activities lead time without degrading the design robustness, which is one additional complexity and challenge for the R&D team. Analytical calculations are performed to understand the significant impact of the main physical parameters (refrigerant temperature, material properties, electronics component power dissipation, …) on the initial design
Banumurthy, HariharanRibot, HerveLeon, RenanFrancois, NicolasSattouf, MousaMarouf, Ayyoub
Two full-scale burn tests were conducted to evaluate the propagation of an engine compartment fire into the passenger compartment of consumer vehicles. In particular, the effect of penetrations in the bulkhead separating the engine compartment from the passenger compartment was examined. The first burn test involved two vehicles of the same year, make, and model. One of the vehicles was left in the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) configuration. The other vehicle was modified by welding steel plates over the pass-through locations in the bulkhead between the engine and passenger compartments. After the fire was initiated in the engine compartment and had reached the onset of flashover, the heat and flames from this fire began to effect the passenger compartment. At about this same time, flames extending from the engine compartment around the hood began impinging directly on the outer face of the windshield. The passenger compartment temperature first increased on both vehicles at
Papageorge, MichaelColwell, Jeff
Battery electric vehicles (EVs) bring significant benefits in reducing the carbon footprint of fossil fuels and new opportunities for adopting renewable energy. Because of their high-energy density and long cycle life, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are dominating the battery market, and the consumer demand for LIB-powered EVs is expected to continue to boom in the next decade. However, the chemistry used in LIBs is still vulnerable to experiencing thermal runaway, especially in harsh working conditions. Furthermore, as LIB technology moves to larger scales of power and energy, the safety issues turn out to be the most intolerable pain point of its application in EVs. Its failure could result in the release of toxic gases, fire, and even explosions, causing catastrophic damage to life and property. Vehicle fires are an often-overlooked part of the fire problem. Fire protection and EV safety fall into different disciplines. To bridge the gap between these two disciplines and summarize the
Shen, RuiqingQuan, YufengMcIntosh, James D.Salem, AsadWang, Qingsheng
Northrop Grumman Corporation is developing AN/APG-85, an advanced Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar for the F-35 Lightning II. Northrop Grumman currently manufactures the AN/APG-81 active electronically scanned array (AESA) fire control radar, the cornerstone to the F-35 Lightning II’s sensor suite
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is an industrial collaboration with regulatory bodies like the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to determine the worst-case credible thermal runaway (TR) condition (energy released and maximum temperature) for the design of an aviation large propulsion battery system to quantitatively verify TR in lieu of battery level RTCA DO-311A testing with protections disabled. The ARP considers the three stages of TR within a cell and defines the two critical temperatures for a specific cell design. These temperatures are key to understanding the layers of monitoring necessary to determine the severity of a TR event. Different trigger methods can be used to quantify the heating characteristics and resultant energy profile releases as a function of time. Results show three general phases of the event critical temperature (see 1.5) corresponding with the reaction between the cell’s solid electrolyte
AE-7D Aircraft Energy Storage and Charging Committee
Silicone and rubber composite, often called Ceramifiable Silicone Rubber Composites(CSRCs), has proven to show excellent mechanical and thermal properties. CSRC materials have been mainly used in industrial applications like electrical insulating cables, decorations, and fire-proof materials. The mechanical and ceramifiable properties of CSRC can be altered by changing the silicone rubber matrix and by adding the right additives or fillers. In this work, we prove the potential of CSRCs as thermal insulating materials in battery packs. Specifically, we explore the usage of CSRC inside the battery pack to improve safety during thermal events. We also characterize the material properties before and after exposing the CSRC to elevated temperatures and flame. Finally, we investigate the effectiveness of the CSRC sheet in preventing or delaying cell-to-cell thermal propagation during a thermal runaway event inside the battery pack. Our experiments show that the CSRC sheet significantly
Nambisan T M, Praveen KumarH, ManjunathaR, PavanP, Hari Prasad ReddyG M, BharathKulkarni, Mukund AravindSundaram, Saravanan
EVs are a fast-growing market and appear as a promising option against the high emission of gasoline and diesel vehicles. The growth in the EV market has been decent and a regular buyer is still skeptical due to fire incidents occurring with EVs. Complex electronics, improper thermal management, mechanical abuse, improper cell grading activities and control in production, lack of testing in a production plant, and of course, uneven degradation of cells can be one of the reasons this promising technology is facing thermal runaway and in turn, the wrath of the government and public alike. One of the reasons thermal runaways can be triggered after a cell catches fire is because a part of heat travels via busbars to the neighboring cells, as the busbars can conduct heat faster than the air. For the heat that is conducted, it is easily understandable that we need to break the electrical, as well as thermal conduction connection to the neighboring cells. This paper presents a comparison of
Pawar, AniruddhaKhan, FaizShah, HarshMalani, Shekhar
The lithium-ion batteries are susceptible to fires or explosions due to their extremely volatile nature. The energy-dense batteries, such as Li Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1 O2/Graphite(NMC811) battery that meets the consumer range demands, are most vulnerable under thermal events. A wide number of solutions are being explored to suppress or prevent battery fires. The solutions range from integrating active cooling techniques, passive heat dissipation using heat carrier pads, thermal insulating materials to prevent thermal propagation, safety vents to remove ejecta, and protection circuitry with an advanced battery management system. This paper reviews various safety solutions employed in battery packs for preventing or suppressing potential fire during any thermal runaway event. The identified safety solutions also feature distinctive methods such as using hydrogel agents, aerosol fire suppressants, and design features. Among the reviewed countermeasures, we provide a detailed analysis of the
H, ManjunathaNambisan T M, Praveen KumarR, PavanP, Hari Prasad ReddyG M, BharathKulkarni, Mukund AravindSundaram, Saravanan
Due to the limitations of current battery manufacturing processes, integration technology, and operating conditions, the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries in the fields of energy storage and electric vehicles has led to an increasing number of fire accidents. When a lithium-ion battery undergoes thermal runaway, it undergoes complex and violent reactions, which can lead to combustion and explosion, accompanied by the production of a large amount of flammable and toxic gases. These flammable gases continue to undergo chemical reactions at high temperatures, producing complex secondary combustion products. This article systematically summarizes the gas generation characteristics of different types and states of batteries under different thermal runaway triggering conditions. And based on this, proposes the key research directions for the gas generation characteristics of lithium-ion batteries
Qi, ChuangLiu, ZhenyanLin, ChunjingHu, Yuanzhi
The exponentially growing electrification market is driving demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high performance. However, LIB thermal runaway events are one of the unresolved safety concerns. Thermal runaway of an individual LIB can cause a chain reaction of runaway events in nearby cells, or thermal propagation, potentially causing significant battery fires and explosions. Such a safety issue of LIBs raises a huge concern for a variety of applications including electric vehicles (EVs). With increasingly higher energy-density battery technologies being implemented in EVs to enable a longer driving mileage per charge, LIB safety enhancement is becoming critical for customers. This comprehensive review offers an encompassing overview of prevalent abuse conditions, the thermal event processes and mechanisms associated with LIBs, and various strategies for suppression, prevention, and mitigation. Importantly, the report presents a unique vantage point, amalgamating insights
Chang, Chi-HaoGorin, CraigZhu, BizhongBeaucarne, GuyJi, GuoYoshida, Shin
Cage structures made with nanoparticles could be a step toward making organized nanostructures with mixed materials, and researchers at the University of Michigan have shown how to achieve this through computer simulations
The world community is constantly and rapidly moving toward the search for alternative and ecologically clean energy sources, including for transport, and Russia’s war against Ukraine only intensified and accelerated such processes. This trend in transport is reflected in the spread of battery-powered electric vehicles (BEVs) with zero emission of harmful gases. Electric cars are experiencing a rapid increase in numbers, accompanied by the emergence of lesser-known risks. Among these hazards are the occurrence of fires in electric vehicles, primarily caused by component failures, notably the widely prevalent lithium-ion batteries. Fires of such cars have a different character compared to fires of vehicles powered by an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). In this study, using the fire dynamics simulator developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, a BEV fire was simulated on the example of the Tesla Model S. For this, a description of the objects and their
Gavryliuk, AndriiYakovchuk, RomanBallo, YaroslavRudyk, Yuriy
Over the last decade, the electric two vehicle (ETW) has significantly changed the Indian two-wheeler market, this has been possible with the percolation of new ideas and technology in the design and development of Li-ion batteries and its associated systems. These technologies have brought fire risk and hazard in electric vehicles (EV) because of high-energy density battery usage for their application. This review focuses on the latest fire-safety issues of electric two wheelers. The causes related to thermal runaway and fire in Li-ion batteries in Indian conditions is analyzed. Analysis indicate that thermal runaway occurs as a result of extreme abuse conditions related to overheating while charging, faulty circuit design and heated external environment. Other conditions include climate, accidents and mishandling by customers. Battery failure may lead to the release of toxic gas with fire and in some cases lead to explosion. The study further analyzed the reaction of customers
Vashist, DevendraPandey, SachchidanandPanwar, SachinNagar, Jatin
The increased prevalence of larger and more energy-dense battery packs for transportation and grid storage applications has resulted in an increasing number of severe battery thermal events. The implications on product reliability, consumer safety, and the surrounding environment are significant. While there are many potential root causes for battery thermal runaway, these events often start within a single battery cell or group of cells that cascade to neighboring cells and other combustible materials, rapidly increasing the hazard profile of the battery pack as more stored energy is released. Reducing these hazards requires preventing severe thermal runaway scenarios by mitigating cell-to-cell propagation through the improved design of both individual cells and battery packs. This work provides a fundamental understanding of how thermal runaway events can start in large-format battery packs, the mechanisms for thermal runaway propagation between individual cells, and the mitigation
Faenza, NicholasSpray, RyanKuykendal, Michelle
Thermal runaway of lithium (Li)-ion batteries is a serious concern for engineers developing battery packs for electric vehicles, energy storage, and various other applications due to the serious consequences associated with such an event. Understanding the causes of the onset and subsequent propagation of the thermal runaway phenomenon is an area of active research. It is well known that the thermal runaway phenomenon is triggered when the heat generation rate by chemical reactions within a cell exceeds the heat dissipation rate. Thermal runaway is usually initiated in one or a group of cells due to thermal, mechanical, and electrical abuse such as elevated temperature, crushing, nail penetration, or overcharging. The rate of propagation of thermal runaway to other cells in the battery pack depends on the pack design and thermal management system. Estimating the thermal runaway propagation rate is crucial for engineering safe battery packs and for developing safety testing protocols
Gundlapally, SanthoshHolcomb, BradArtukovic, Dominik
Safety of a battery pack of an electric vehicle against impact is necessary as it possess a severe fire hazard. In this paper, a computer aided simulation is conducted to optimize the weight of a battery pack assembly. A numerical model, using commercially available FE code Abaqus, has been developed and studied against different load cases, crush, mechanical shock, and underfloor impact. The acceptance criteria of each test are studied, and the integrity of the design is checked against each test. The weight of the battery pack enclosure was reduced while keeping crashworthiness intact
Bharodiya, VishalSisodia, DivyanshSingh, Pundan
This document provides guidance for in-flight rest facilities provided for use by cabin crew on commercial transport airplane. This document is applicable to dedicated cabin crew rest facilities with rigid walls. The facility includes a bunk or other surface that allows for a flat sleeping position, is located in an area that is temperature-controlled, allows the crew member to control light, and provides isolation from noise and disturbance
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for determination of heavy truck (Class VI, VII, and VIII) tire force and moment properties under cornering conditions. The properties are acquired as functions of normal force and slip angle using a sequence specified in this practice. At each normal force increment, the slip angle is continually ramped or stepped. The data are suitable for use in vehicle dynamics modeling, comparative evaluations for research and development purposes, and manufacturing quality control. This document is intended to be a general guideline for testing on an ideal machine. Users of this SAE Recommended Practice may modify the recommended protocols to satify the needs of specific use-cases, e.g., reducing the recommended number of test loads and/or pressures for benchmarking purposes. However, due care is necessary when modifying the protocols to maintain data integrity
Truck and Bus Tire Committee
Flashing lights on emergency and maintenance vehicles should be critical components to alerting, informing and managing drivers as they navigate around work zones, vehicle accidents and other roadway emergency incident scenes. These vehicles often also use distinctive colors and markings to identify the type of vehicle and potentially provide drivers with information about the nature of the incident they are approaching. In order to begin to understand how these elements (flashing lights and vehicle/marking colors) contribute to perception, a study was carried out in which participants viewed pairs of roadway scenes using scale model vehicles and lights adjusted to produce similar apparent intensities as full-scale lighting systems. In some cases the colors of the flashing lights were coordinated with those of the vehicle and its reflective markings, and in other cases the colors were not coordinated. Participants reported which scenes appeared to be fire emergencies, as opposed to a
Bullough, John D.Skinner, Nicholas P.Rea, Mark S.
This document aids in mitigating risk for the storage of lithium-ion cells, traction batteries, and battery systems intended for use in automotive-type propulsion systems and similar large format (e.g., stationary, industrial) applications. Nothing precludes other industries and applications from using these recommendations
Battery Transportation and Storage Committee
A research team at the University of Central Florida has developed technology that could prevent electric vehicle fires, like those caused by saltwater flooding from Hurricane Ian
Hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) have been widely built in many countries to meet the requirements of the rapidly developing hydrogen-fueled vehicle industry. Safety distances are key parameters for HRS designs, but the codes and standards used for determining safety distances vary in different countries. The two main methods for determining the safety distances for HRSs are the consequence-based method and the quantitative risk assessment (QRA)-based method. This article reviews the two methods to show state-of-the-art research on determining safety distances globally. This review shows that the harm criteria in the consequence models differ greatly in the literature and the QRA-based method is a more reasonable way to determine the HRS safety distances. In addition, the QRA models lack reliable frequency data and uniform risk acceptance criteria. Future standardized QRA models should be developed with unified regulations and standards for hydrogen infrastructure
Zhang, JiaxinKong, XianglingBa, QingxinWang, PingLi, Xuefang
Many countries are developing hydrogen energy systems for fuel cell vehicles to embrace the low-carbon economy. Hydrogen refueling stations are one of the key infrastructure components for the hydrogen-fueled economy. Skid-mounted hydrogen refueling stations have smaller footprints and lower costs than traditional hydrogen refueling stations, so they can be more easily commercialized. The present work modeled hydrogen releases from a skid-mounted hydrogen refueling station using the flame acceleration simulation (FLACS) software. The hydrogen releases and dispersion were modeled for unintended leakages from the storage tube bundles of a skid-mounted hydrogen refueling station for 5 mm and 10 mm leak diameters in three different release directions. Hydrogen explosions were modeled for flammable clouds ignited at different instants after the hydrogen leakage. The results show that the hydrogen concentrations in the personnel operating area are lower than in other areas, but the flammable
Zhao, ZeyingXiao, GuopingZhang, XuBa, QingxinWang, JianqiangLi, Xuefang
Among the limitations of electric vehicles (EVs) is the lack of a long-lasting, high-energy-density battery that reduces the need to fuel up on long-haul trips. The same is true for houses during blackouts and power grid failures — small, efficient batteries able to power a home for more than one night without electricity don’t yet exist. A major issue is that while rechargeable lithium metal anodes play a key role in how well this new wave of lithium batteries functions, during battery operation, they are highly susceptible to the growth of dendrites — microstructures that can lead to dangerous short-circuiting, catching on fire, and even exploding
Innovators at NASA Johnson Space Center have developed a high-powered infrared (IR) laser that can trigger Li-ion battery cells into thermal runaway (TR) without perforating the battery’s wall like previous methods. Inducing TR in a battery cell allows engineers to test and improve the safety performance of overheated batteries that can potentially catch fire or explode. The primary advantage of this method is the heat energy delivered by the laser can be localized to the exact target spot on the battery cell minimizing thermal biasing to adjacent cells
This SAE Recommended Practice provides design, test, and performance guidelines on the comfort, fit, and convenience for active restraint systems for heavy trucks and multipurpose passenger vehicle applications over 10000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). The information pertains to the forward facing seating positions
Truck Crashworthiness Committee
As a rule of thumb, autonomous vehicle platforms demand for a safety stringent electronic control unit (Ex: Steering Control, Brake control). In such complex systems, monitoring the thermal behavior of the electronic sub-components is very essential. The thermal behavior of individual sub-components in electronic control unit like ICs, MOSFETs, microcontrollers can be modelled by its appropriate thermal characterization. Proper thermal characterization of the sub-components shall assure reduced thermal events. Currently, there are techniques like inter-dependent temperature monitoring between sub-components for detecting and mitigating thermal events on a sub-component within the electronic control unit as a safety mechanism. But these techniques can fail in real time if certain use-cases are not taken into consideration during the design phase of the electronic control unit. This paper focusses on enhancing the thermal characterization of the electronic control unit components
Arumugam Perumal, Senthil KumarBabu, BhavyaRajam Ramasamy, GayathriRajasekaran, KadhirvelPushpanathan, Pradeep
This document includes recommendations of installations of adequate landing and taxiing lighting systems in aircraft of the following categories: a Single engine personal and/or liaison type b Light twin engine c Large multiengine propeller d Large multiengine turbojet e Military high performance fighter and attack f Helicopter which are subject to the following CFR Parts certification: Part 23 – Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic and Commuter Aircrafts Part 25 – Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Aircrafts Part 27 – Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft Part 29 – Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
Innovators at NASA Johnson Space Center have developed a high-powered infrared (IR) laser that can trigger Li-ion battery cells into thermal runaway (TR) without perforating the battery’s wall like previous methods. Inducing TR in a battery cell allows engineers to test and improve the safety performance of overheated batteries that can potentially catch fire or explode. The primary advantage of this method is the heat energy delivered by the laser can be localized to the exact target spot on the battery cell minimizing thermal biasing to adjacent cells
Electric vehicle batteries typically require a tradeoff between safety and energy density. If the battery has high energy and power density — required for uphill driving or merging on the freeway — then there is a chance the battery can catch fire or explode in the wrong conditions. But materials that have low energy/power density, and therefore high safety, tend to have poor performance. There is no material that satisfies both
Currently, two materials are used as anodes in most commercially available lithium-ion batteries that power items like cellphones, laptops, and electric vehicles. The most common, a graphite anode, is extremely energy dense — a lithium-ion battery with a graphite anode can power a car for hundreds of miles without needing to be recharged; however, recharging a graphite anode too quickly can result in fire and explosions due to a process called lithium metal plating. A safer alternative, the lithium titanate anode, can be recharged rapidly but results in a significant decrease in energy density, which means the battery needs to be recharged more frequently
The need to reduce weight and cost of battery systems for electric vehicles has led to continued interest in metal-to-plastic substitution and mixed-material designs for battery enclosures. However, the ever-increasing performance requirements of such systems pose a challenge for plastic materials to meet. In an effort to design a cost-effective, lightweight next-generation battery enclosure while meeting the latest requirements, a new thermal runaway test method was developed, and several materials were screened. The objectives of this development project were twofold. The first was to develop a small-scale test method representative of real-world thermal runaway conditions that could be used early in the design process. The second was to demonstrate the capability of the test method as a materials screening tool, and to provide a comprehensive set of test data that could inform material selection and design of next-generation battery enclosures based on performance requirements and
Nummy, Amanda
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