Browse Topic: Plastics

Items (2,123)
The mechanical behavior of a certain solid propellant is not only obviously related to time, temperature, and load loading history, but also is a viscoelastic plastic material under certain conditions. Based on the principle of creep deformation superposition, the strain of the solid propellant material is decomposed into a viscoelastic part and a viscoplastic part, and the nonlinearity of the viscoelastic-plastic constitutive model is manifested by the introduction of nonlinear coefficients. According to the characteristics of the viscoelastic-plastic model of the solid propellant material, the relevant tests were designed. The viscoplastic parameters were determined by using the creep recovery test data of multiple cycles until the failure of the propellant material sample. The viscoelastic parameters of the solid propellant material were obtained by using the data from recovery tests performed under different stress conditions.
Zhang, JianbinSui, JiulingYao, BaotaiCheng, DongLi, Yiming
To minimize noise caused by interior components rubbing against each other, automotive materials are usually tested in advance with the established stick-slip method according to VDA standard 230-206. This procedure is widely used for soft materials, upholstery and plastics. However, it is limited to constant climatic and selected loading conditions. Contrary, in real application, changing climates and dynamic excitations can nevertheless trigger noise issues even in materials rated as suitable in the prior tests. To address this gap, a new test method has been developed that evaluates the stick-slip behavior of material combinations for a wide range of loading and climatic conditions. Conducted in a climate chamber with a standard stick-slip test bench, the procedure applies sinusoidal excitations, dynamic climatic shifts and advanced data analysis. In addition to the usual results the new method also evaluates realistic scenarios such as starting a vehicle in different seasons or sudden jolting movements with high excitation speeds. The result is a detailed map of stick-slip behavior as a function of excitation speed and climate. While requiring a similar level of effort as the traditional test, this approach delivers far greater insight. It enables a more reliable optimization of materials and facilitates targeted material selection for specific applications. In this manner, it can not only contribute to improve product quality but also to achieve quiet interiors and customer satisfaction.
Fritz, SusanneStrangfeld, Martin
The future of Moon exploration may be rolling around a non-descript office on the CU Boulder campus. Here, a robot about as wide as a large pizza scoots forward on three wheels. It uses an arm with a claw at one end to pick up a plastic block from the floor, then set it back down.
Researchers have developed a solar-powered reactor to break down hard-to-recycle forms of plastic waste – such as drinks bottles, nylon textiles and polyurethane foams – using acid recovered from old car batteries, and converting it into clean hydrogen fuel and valuable industrial chemicals.
Polypropylene, a commodity plastic, is the semi-crystalline thermoplastics widely used in high volume for general purpose application. Polypropylene is the macro molecules of soft and weak backbone, which by reinforcement of fillers in different forms such as fiber, spheroids, nanotubes, flakes, etc., can influence its mechanical, thermal, electrical, creep resistance, and flame resistance properties for use in aerospace applications. Currently, polycarbonate and nylon plastics are used in aerospace applications, however, they are expensive compared with polypropylene. In this thesis, efforts are put to study the effect of reinforcement fillers in the properties of polypropylene composite, primarily the mechanical and flammability properties. The matrix element, polypropylene co polymer and reprocessed polypropylene blended in equal ratio, are coupled with the dispersing phases such as graphene, mica, fumed silica, and polydimethylsiloxane polymer. Effect of graphene as reinforcing filler at different weight % to polypropylene composite’s properties are studied and compared with that of the neat polypropylene. Effect of coupling agent, Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), on mineral fillers and Polydimethylsiloxane polymer (PDMS) used for crosslinking with the polypropylene matrix is also studied and compared using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques.
Govindaraju, Parthasarathy
The mechanical performance of short fiber-reinforced plastic (SFRP) components is highly sensitive to fiber orientation, which is significantly influenced by the injection gate location during the molding process. Traditionally, gate placement decisions are driven by warpage minimization strategies, often overlooking mechanical performance under diverse load cases. This research introduces an automated workflow within Digimat-MS that integrates injection gate optimization into the early design phase, leveraging Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) principles. The proposed methodology enables engineers to upload either Marc, Abaqus or Ansys input decks, select a component of interest, assign material cards, and define gate scenarios. A Design of Experiments (DOE) is then executed locally or remotely, allowing Digimat to evaluate multiple gate configurations. The system aggregates results and identifies optimal gate locations based on the initiation of failure under quasi-static loading conditions, thereby reducing reliance on trial-and-error and expert intuition. This approach not only streamlines the simulation process but also ensures that gate placement decisions are informed by comprehensive mechanical assessments across multiple load cases. The integration of Digimat’s ICME capabilities enhances simulation accuracy, leading to improved reliability and performance of SFRP components.
Kauthale, TanmayMadhavan, VinaySoni, Ganesh
We present a nonlinear topology optimization framework for designing crash--tolerant rotorcraft substructures by maximizing plastic work under prescribed crush displacement and volume constraints. The quasi-static response is modeled using a rate-independent elastoplastic formulation to capture path-dependent inelastic deformation of metallic components. A path-dependent adjoint method is developed to efficiently compute sensitivities of accumulated plastic work, revealing a mechanistic decomposition into elastic stiffness, deviatoric response, and yield surface contributions. Optimized 2D and 3D subfloor structures develop emergent plastic hinge networks and distributed deformation paths, significantly enhancing energy absorption compared to uniform designs. The results demonstrate that topology optimization can directly embed energy-dissipating mechanisms into primary rotorcraft structures, providing a practical framework for crashworthy rotorcraft and eVTOL airframe designs.
Das, GhanendraJames, KaiKennedy, Graeme
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to cover plastic safety glazing for use in motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment. Nominal specifications for thickness, flatness, curvature, size, and fabrication details are presented principally for the guidance of body engineers and designers. For additional information on plastic safety glazing materials for use in motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, please refer to SAE J673.
Glazing Materials Standards Committee
The scope of this SAE Recommended Practice is to promote compatibility between child restraint systems and vehicle seats and seat belts. Design guidelines are provided to vehicle manufacturers for certain characteristics of seats and seat belts and to child restraint system (CRS) manufacturers for corresponding CRS features so that each can be made more compatible with the other. The CRS accommodation fixture (see Figure 1) is used to represent a CRS to the designers of both the vehicle interior and the CRS for evaluation of each product for compatibility with the other. The features of the accommodation fixture are described as each is used.
Children's Restraint Systems Committee
Tensile and cyclic behavior of high pressure die cast AE44 magnesium alloy have been studied at room temperature and elevated temperatures up to 350°C. Anelastic behavior has been found in both tensile and cyclic loading at the temperature below 200°C. With increasing temperature, the anelasticity disappears, and tensile and cyclic behaviors become like other engineering materials, such as steels and aluminum alloys, i.e. the total strain contains only elastic strain and plastic strain. A method to determine the yield strength at 0.2% plastic strain (σ0.2) is proposed. By using the proposed method, the yield strength σ0.2 is found to be higher than that determined using the traditional method, which is more suitable to the materials that do not exhibit anelasticity. It is believed that the anelasticity is closely related to twinning in Mg alloy, which disappears at elevated temperatures.
Liu, YiYang, WenyingCoryell, Jason
Historically, EPP has required larger dimensional tolerances and much thicker cross-sections than solid plastics produced by injection molding, vacuum forming, and blow molding. This has proved challenging when attempting to incorporate EPP into a wider variety of automotive applications. JSP has developed multiple grades of EPP that achieve tolerances at thinner cross-sections, once considered difficult to attain. These grades expand the potential for automotive applications by combining the established benefits of EPP with improved dimensional precision. This tighter control enables advances in part design and performance, including reduced wall thicknesses, improved surface appearance, reduced weight, lower cost, part consolidation, and more efficient molding with an improved processing window, resulting in faster cycle times and reduced utility consumption. At the vehicle level, these improvements contribute to lighter overall weight for reduced carbon footprint, as well as increased cargo space by taking advantage of EPP parts with thinner cross-sections. Using current production equipment, testing was conducted on physical parts through real-time molding trials with measurements and analysis to confirm the improvements in tolerance and performance described above. Incorporating these findings early in the design phase of a given application will allow automotive engineers to fully leverage these benefits, ensuring optimal part integration, system-level performance, and alignment with corporate sustainability goals.
Sopher, StevenParker, Joshua
The cross-car beam (CCB) within the instrument panel (IP) is a multifunctional structural element that supports safety, vibration control and modular integration in automotive design. The reduction of mass without compromising structural integrity plays a vital role in this endeavor. This study presents the design and optimization of design intent model of magnesium beam to meet the performance requirements Vs study model of hybrid cross car beam using magnesium steering column bracket, steel and plastic material to achieve reduced mass and enhanced stiffness while meeting performance targets. Advanced Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) techniques were employed, including topology optimization, lattice optimization, bracket sensitivity studies as well as shape & gauge optimization. Performed benchmarking against industry models such as Tesla Model Y observed hybrid material with structural simplification. The final hybrid beam design demonstrated overall cost reduction, while satisfying steering wheel vertical & lateral frequency target with acceleration over frequency (AoF) curve. This work establishes a robust methodology for lightweight, high- performance beam development, offering scalable insights for OEMs seeking cost-effective, regulation – compliant IP structures.
Didgur, GulzarahmedMcAdams, IanViswaraj, Obuliraj
This recommended practice describes two methods for determining the tendency of interior materials used in automobiles and other vehicles to (a) produce a light scattering deposit (fog) on a glass surface, or (b) produce a measurable deposit (mass) on aluminum foil.
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
What do children’s building blocks and quantum computing have in common? The answer is modularity. It is difficult for scientists to build quantum computers monolithically — that is, as a single large unit. Quantum computing relies on the manipulation of millions of information units called qubits, but these qubits are difficult to assemble. The solution? Finding modular ways to construct quantum computers. Like plastic children’s bricks that lock together to create larger, more intricate structures, scientists can build smaller, higher quality modules and string them together to form a comprehensive system.
This year will mark my 20th year trying to understand the automotive industry as a journalist. A full understanding is, of course, an impossible task. The global scale, the endless levels of complexity, the billions of consumers and dollars and components. But it's been an enjoyable mission, one that has a 0% chance of becoming boring any time soon, even if I might want the ups and downs to stop being quite so dramatically high and low. As I write this in mid-March, the U.S. is still launching attacks at Iran with nothing but ever-changing threads of reasoning attached. The resulting chaos has shot gas prices in the U.S. back to what they were at this time of year in 2024, according to AAA, and governments from Japan to the UK are searching for ways to intervene and keep gas prices under some semblance of control. The Danish energy minister suggested people there avoid driving their cars unless it is “strictly necessary.” And yet, a fair number of analysts now find more things to worry about in the Middle East than they can point to areas of security. Without a doubt, the war's tendrils have already begun reaching into food production (apparently around fertilizer sourcing), health care (at least one apparent Iran-connected hack), and the auto industry, with initial supply chain questions revolving around aluminum and plastics, is the sense I'm getting. In the U.S., spot shipping rates have jumped almost 30% in recent weeks, which will only worsen the financial troubles OEMs and suppliers are facing in getting vehicles to customers.
Blanco, Sebastian
Engineers at the University of Maine are developing a new method to more accurately predict the strength of light-weight 3D printed objects. This research, conducted at the university’s Advanced Structures and Composites Center (ASCC), will enable designers to create more robust and reliable components by controlling strength when lightweighting virtually any plastic component.
Polymer welding plays a critical role in how medical devices are built, even though the welds themselves are rarely seen by clinicians or patients. Across plastic surgical instruments, filters, catheters, drug-delivery systems, diagnostic cartridges, disposable products, and more, these welded joints must perform reliably to support safety, functionality, and to meet regulatory requirements.
In the context of electro-mobility for commercial vehicles, the failure analysis of a connector panel in a DCDC converter is crucial, particularly regarding crack initiation at the interface of busbar and plastic component. This analysis requires a thorough understanding of thermo-mechanical behavior under thermal cyclic loads, necessitating kinematic hardening material modeling to account for the Bauschinger effect. As low cycle fatigue (LCF) test data is not available for glass fiber reinforced polyamide based thermoplastic composite (PA66GF), we have adopted a novel approach of determining non-linear Chaboche Non-Linear Kinematic Hardening (NLK) model parameters from monotonic uniaxial temperature dependent tensile test data of PA66GF. In this proposed work a detailed discussion has been presented on manual calibration and Genetic Algorithm (GA) based optimization of Chaboche parameters. Due to lack of fiber orientation dependent test data for PA66GF, here von Mises yield criteria based Chaboche NLK model is implemented as a macro-mechanical phenomenological model based on test data with random fiber orientation. After material modelling as described above the thermo-mechanical finite element (FE) simulation has been conducted on Connector panel assembly with temperature cycling from -40°C to 80°C. The assembly under consideration is composed of busbars, insert mold and outer connector body of plastic PA66GF. It is observed from the simulation result that though the equivalent plastic strain is much higher at 80°C in comparison to the same at -40°C, the equivalent von Mises stress is comparatively lower at 80°C than at -40°C because of Bauschinger effect while reversing load, which in turn validates the implementation of proper kinematic hardening material model to address the physical phenomenon. Finally, the FE model is validated through characterized crack initiation site in the plastic component comparing with equivalent plastic strain, von Mises stress and stress triaxiality evaluated from simulated result.
Basu, ParichaySrinivasappa, Naveen
In the automotive industry, during the early phase of development, numerical prediction of strength and durability of chassis parts become crucial as these predictions help in design optimization, selecting the appropriate material and identifying potential issues before physical prototypes are built. One of the crucial simulation requirements is the prediction of accurate load carrying capacity or bucking load of axle links. When it comes to the sheet metal axle links there is a deviation in the hardware test and CAE results for load carrying capacity due to the non-integration of forming effects in the numerical simulation, resulting in overdesign of parts, increased costs and development time. This study aims to address these challenges by integrating forming effects experienced by the part during forming process into static strength simulations. These effects include plastic straining, which contributes to material strain hardening and local thickness changes that lead to thinning. Both parameters are critical for accurately predicting the load carrying capacity of sheet metal axle parts. A multi-step forming simulation is carried out on a rear-axle sheet metal link, which involves simulating all the stages of the forming process to accurately predict the plastic strains and thickness changes. The forming simulations are performed using the anisotropic material model Banabic-Barlat-Comsa (BBC) to capture the anisotropy effects. This model uses several coefficients to precisely characterize the yield surfaces, considering both uniaxial and biaxial yield stresses, as well as anisotropy coefficients. The output of the forming simulation, Equivalent Plastic Strain (EPS) and thickness data, are then mapped on to the FEA model as initial conditions for static strength calculation.
R B, GovindSelvaraj, Nirmal Velgin
The automotive industry is advancing rapidly with the integration of cutting-edge technology, aesthetics, and performance. One area that has remained relatively underexplored in the pursuit of sleek, minimalistic interiors is the packaging of Sunshade in door trim system. Traditional sunshade design, often bulky and increasingly incompatible with the trend towards compact design and packaging. The car sunshade is a shield that is placed on a car side window and used for regulating the amount of light entering from the car window and helps improve the passenger comfort inside the cabin. Car Interior components, specifically plastic and seats are based on thermal stress properties. When we expose these parts to direct contact with sunlight, humidity and ambient temperature above threshold limit, the interior plastic parts can start to soften and melt. Due to this, they start emitting harmful chemicals which cause anemia and poor immune systems. So, the Sunshade, in addition to protecting passengers’ comfort inside car, it also protects passenger from harmful radiation and enhances overall visual appeal of the vehicle. The main objective of this paper is to address the following: An innovative approach to the design of sunshade for Door trim Meeting shoulder room target Focusing on enhancing aesthetics, Low weight impact, robust design, and assembly, Managing sunshade quality as per regular standard.
Palyal, NikitaD, GowthamBhaskararao, PathivadaBornare, HarshadRitesh, Kakade
The automotive industry is highly competitive, especially in terms of design and perceived quality. The use of hard plastics with a high gloss finish is driven by styling trends and the push towards zero gaps, making interfaces critical. In-cabin mood lighting is another feature being offered as a theme for interiors. Dashboard or cockpit designs often incorporate a significant amount of polycarbonate-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC-ABS) and polycarbonate (PC). These materials provide strength and design flexibility but have the disadvantage of material incompatibility when used together, leading to stick-slip phenomena. Traditionally, felt tapes were used as interface isolation to solve this problem, but this increased manufacturing costs and assembly complications. The study focuses on the stick-slip phenomenon and material interface modifications. Specifically, it examines selecting the right surface finish on one side of the PC & PC-ABS interface to change adhesion and friction characteristics. Stick-slip results of different surface finishes under various thermal conditions were studied using the SSP04 stick-slip testing apparatus. Various surface finishes, such as material additives, coatings, and grains, were explored to improve stick-slip phenomena. Test results showed a significant breakthrough in reducing stick-slip phenomena by lowering friction between interfaces at ambient conditions. However, only a few surface finishes were effective in all thermal conditions according to VDA standards. Implementing this surface finish offers the advantage of no additional manufacturing costs, depending on the product development stage, and minimizes or eliminates the use of felt in the interface. The major advantage is the design freedom it offers without impacting aesthetics or restricting material usage.
Mohammed, RiyazuddinR, PrasathRahman, Shafeeq
The rising importance of sustainability in the automotive sector has led to increased interest in circular and environmentally responsible materials, particularly for plastic trims parts, both interior and exterior. This study focuses on developing textile solutions using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (r-PET) sourced from post-consumer plastic waste, along with bio-based fibres such as bamboo. These materials made into woven and knitted fabrics are studied to suit different vehicle interior applications. r-PET textiles show promising strength, aesthetic appeal, and durability performance. Bamboo fabrics are known for their natural antimicrobial properties and enhanced breathability. Extensive testing is performed to validate explored sustainable materials performance against key automotive requirements. With this study, we gain an understanding of the performance of variedly sourced sustainable raw materials for automotive specific textile applications by different manufacturing methods.
Deshpande, SanjanaBorgaonkar, Subodh
Sustainability and environmentally friendly business practices are becoming essential. Tyre industries are embracing the green initiatives to reduce its impact on the environment by exploring the eco-friendly strategies. Starting from the ethical raw material sourcing to a creative recycling technique, strategies are widely distributing in every step of tyre manufacturing to disposition. Each stage of a tyre’s life cycle viz. raw material procurement, manufacturing, transportation both upstream and downstream as well as during the end-of-life phases have an emission-saving potential. It is important to reduce emissions at every stage of tyre’s lifecycle. We have recently developed a Sustainable Tyre with 11% less GHG emission through sustainable raw material approach. Bio sourced or bio attributed raw materials like Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), Polybutadiene Rubber (PBR), Rubber process oil (RPO) and Silica along with natural rubber (NR) had been used. Beside the raw materials from bio source, raw materials obtained from end-of-life tire and waste plastic bottles are also used, to manufacture the sustainable tyre. Being a safety item, developed tyres had gone through different testing process to evaluate the performance. Indoor evaluation viz. RRC, endurance, noise & vibration as well as field evaluation exhibits that the tyre made from sustainable materials are ready to roll on the road. In this paper, the journey starting from selection of raw materials to the placing the tyre in the market with indoor and outdoor validation have been summarised.
Bhandary, TirthankarSingha Roy, SumitPaliwal, MukeshDasgupta, SaikatChattopadhyay, DipankarDas, MahuyaMukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Engine mount brackets are a primary structural components of passenger vehicles that supports the powertrain to the chassis via engine mounts. These brackets are important to control vibrations and the transmission of noise into the cabin as well as vehicle stability. Since they support the engine mounts, these brackets play a role in determining ride comfort and load distribution on the mounts and the engine. While traditionally made from steel, cast iron and aluminum, we are trying to redesign engine mount brackets with recyclable engineering plastics to fit current demands of light-weighting, cost efficiency, and sustainability. The present work is concerned with the design of a plastic engine mount bracket, which aims to hit specified natural frequency targets in order to avoid resonance and fulfill strict NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) requirements. Because of the superior mechanical strength, thermal stability, and vibration-dampening properties, PPS, glass-fiber reinforced polyamide (PA66-GF50), PEEK (polyether ether ketone), and other high-performance reinforced plastics like polyphenylene sulfide were taken into consideration. These materials can be used in structural automotive applications in place of metals. Through the Finite Element Analysis, modal analysis, CAE based durability simulations and vehicle-level testing the optimized bracket proven to meet structural and dynamic performance specifications. The findings confirm that, in the form of plastic bracket, recyclable designs can be technically feasible and sustainable alternatives to metal designs, which help reduce vehicle weight, increase fuel efficiency and vehicle manufacturability without sacrificing durability and safety.
Hazra, SandipGupta, DeepakKhan, ArkadipGite, Yogesh
Based on field investigations of loess slopes along highways in the Lüliang region, a numerical infiltration model of highway loess slopes was established using the ABAQUS finite element software. The study examined the time to plastic zone coalescence and variations in infiltration range under two intense rainfall scenarios for slopes of different heights. Furthermore, a landslide numerical model of the loess slope was constructed using the FEM-SPH method, and a predictive formula for landslide runout distance of highway loess slopes was derived through data fitting.The results indicate that under the same slope height, increased rainfall intensity leads to a certain degree of reduction in landslide runout distance. Conversely, under the same rainfall condition, greater slope height significantly increases the runout distance. This study provides a theoretical foundation and methodological support for stability evaluation and runout distance prediction of loess slopes under intense rainfall conditions.
Liu, ManfengLi, Hong
Yamaha Motor Engineering Co., Ltd. provides plastic processing technology based on fuel tank press forming technology, and is developing various plastic processing methods, including forging, and developing mold equipment to realize them. This time, the core parts of the YECVT unit mounted on Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.'s small premium scooter "NMAX" were not made by welding individual parts to each other, but by integrally forming them from a single thick plate using the cold forming method, resulting in lightweight, compact, high-strength, high-precision parts. By incorporating a composite plastic processing method that takes advantage of the characteristics of the material while making full use of analysis technology and mold technology, we were able to develop a composite plastic processing method (plate forging method) that creates new added value and mass produce it. In addition,this development has made it possible to achieve a thickness increase of 1.7 times the standard material thickness as a mass production method.
Hongo, HironariTamaru, ShogoUda, Shinnosuke
Plastic materials are used for a wide variety of spacecraft applications including seals, bearings, fasteners, electrical insulators, thermal isolators, and radomes. Selecting plastics for use in space is complex due to wide operating temperature ranges, vacuum conditions, and exposure to radiation and atomic oxygen. Additionally, some spacecraft applications require sealing flammable propellants such as hydrogen and oxygen. This article will present some design considerations when selecting plastics for use in spacecraft. It will provide rich data on the performance characteristics of plastics as well as examples of successful spacecraft applications.
The possibility of reducing CO2 emissions through sustainable paraffinic fuels opens opportunities for the continued use of existing infrastructure and combustion systems. At the same time, fuel switching also presents challenges in terms of the materials used. The changing composition of paraffinic fuels and their impact on plastic materials is a frequent topic of discussion. Compared to distillate diesel, neat paraffinic fuels contain almost no aromatics, which are known to cause swelling in plastics, especially elastomers. This literature review aims to examine and summarize studies on the influence of paraffinic fuels compared to distillate diesel on elastomers. On the fuel side, attention will be given to fuels with different total aromatics content and neat paraffinic fuels. In the field of elastomers, materials used for sealing applications and hoses are analyzed in detail. Special attention will be paid to NBR, FKM, and EPDM. The review aims to answer three questions. The first question relates to the influence of aromatic fuel components on elastomers and their swelling behavior. The second question examines the influence of non-aromatic fuels on other mechanical properties of elastomers. The third research question examines the effects of switching between aromatic-free and aromatic-containing fuels. Key findings reveal that elastomers such as NBR, FKM, and EPDM react differently to aromatic and non-aromatic fuels. NBR tends to swell significantly with higher total aromatics content, with volume increases reaching up to 20%. In contrast, FKM shows minimal swelling across the entire total aromatics content range (0–3%), while EPDM exhibits extreme volume changes, up to 200%. The review further highlights the influence of aromatic-free paraffinic fuels on additional mechanical properties of elastomers. FKM remains stable, whereas EPDM experiences significant weakening. Additionally, alternating fuel exposure between aromatic and non-aromatic fuels revealed reversible changes in elastomer properties, especially for NBR and EPDM.
Conen, TobiasHäfele, BenjaminDahlmann, Rainer
FibreCoat, the German materials startup, has developed a groundbreaking fiber reinforced composite that is capable of making aircraft, tanks and spacecraft invisible to radar surveillance. The company was officially founded in Aachen, Germany, in 2020, however its core founding team first began developing new approaches to the use of materials that make commercial and military vehicles invisible to radar as back as 2014. FibreCoat is known for inventing a novel technology to coat metals and plastics onto fibers, thus combining the properties of the fibers and the coating material, during the fiber-spinning process.
The aim of this work is to present the overviewing results of the low friction coating technology for modern automotive application with the themes, e.g. electric vehicle (EV), R&D trends and bioethanol fuel application. According to Forbes, China, armed with EV, could have several companies among the top 10 global brands by sales in 2030. EV’s friction is more severe than traditional powertrain friction. For the protection of EV’s wear and friction, the coatings, diamond like carbon (DLC) and CrCuN, are compared in the literature. Global coating companies developed with the keywords: hybrid process, low-temperature coating process for polymer material. Last coating conferences showed R&D trends: coating for polymer materials, tetrahedral amorphous carbon (taC) coating, low-temperature coating process and multi-elements containing coatings. In Korea, research institutions, universities and Hyundai Motor Group have a long-term project for the development of ultralow friction coatings of moving parts incl. EV application. From current friction coefficient of 0.05, candidates of the friction coefficient 0.03 are, e.g. metal-doped carbon based materials. The final target is a friction coefficient of 0.01; recent results are discussed. The object of this work is firstly to overview the R&D status and the new taC coating for fuel injector ball is to investigate for the protection of bioethanol induced corrosion and wear. Furthermore the results of on developing future coatings, nanocomposite coatings, are presented.
Cha, Sung ChulMoon, Kyoung IlKim, JongkukPark, Chang HoKim, Dong Sik
Researchers developed wearable skin sensors that can detect what’s in a person’s sweat. Using the sensors, monitoring perspiration could bypass the need for more invasive procedures like blood draws and provide real-time updates on health problems such as dehydration or fatigue. The sensor design can be rapidly manufactured using a roll-to-roll processing technique that essentially prints the sensors onto a sheet of plastic.
The world of plastic products has been growing due to its versatile properties and has become an intrinsic and fundamental part of engineering for new products. The most important aspects contributing to this spectacular growth are the design and assembly, making sure that plastic parts are designed optimally. The safety requirements have been increased due to the safety ratings and thus interior parts must provide more absorption and protection to occupants. The main connection types used in the plastic parts are heat stakes and snap fits. The purpose of a good snap fit is not only to have a high retention effort but also to present ergonomic characteristics with optimal insertion and extraction effort because each part requires a different function. With the time-dependent loading, the material will redistribute its internal energy thereby performing a time-related flow leading to reduced pretension thus decreasing stiffness. This paper presents an analytical and numerical method for evaluating the snap stiffness that alters in thickness and width along with capturing the material modulus variation. The different connection methodologies for modelling snaps and their variation in the results in this manner, change the probability of the occurrence of squeak & rattle. The FE results give a measure of confidence to the approximations made from analytical calculations and the method suggested, proves as an effective tool for capturing the snap stiffness thereby leading to early prediction of S&R issues.
Michael Stephan, Navin Estac RajaC M, MithunMohammed, RiyazuddinR, Prasath
Traditional silicon-based solar cells are completely opaque, which works for solar farms and roofs but would defeat the purpose of windows. However, organic solar cells, in which the light absorber is a kind of plastic, can be transparent.
Polymer composites, such as fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs), are widely used in shipbuilding, aerospace, and automobile industries due to their lightweight and high strengths. In real-world conditions, ship hulls are exposed to harsh environmental factors, including variations in moisture and salinity. FRPs tend to absorb water and moisture, leading to an increase in weight and a reduction in strengths over time, which is undesirable for ship and aircraft structures. This study investigates the reduction in energy absorption and specific energy absorption of glass FRPs (GFRP) and aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites (AHSC) due to exposure to moisture and salinity. Experimental analysis was conducted by immersing the materials in saline and non-saline water. A comparative assessment of the percentage reduction in specific energy absorption (SEA) of GFRP and AHSC is presented. Additionally, the influence of honeycomb parameters such as cell size (CS), foil thickness (FT), and core height (CH) on SEA has been analyzed. Results indicate a 27% reduction in SEA for GFRP and a 7% reduction for AHSC due to water absorption. Furthermore, SEA in AHSC can be improved by changing honeycomb parameters, with foil thickness having the most significant impact on SEA enhancement.
Rajput, ArunKumar, AshwinSunny, Mohhamed RabiusChavhan, Harikrishna
The use of plastic gears has expanded due to their lightweight properties, low noise emission, and cost-effective manufacturing. For instance, in the transportation equipment industry, some metal gears are being replaced with plastic gears. To achieve further size and weight reduction, gears must be able to withstand higher loads without damage. Gears have various modes of damage. Since there are different types of wear, each with different factors, it is important to identify the factors and take appropriate countermeasures. In gear meshing, there are many factors that affect wear, so restricted-factor tests are required to confirm the effectiveness of countermeasures. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the wear regime in high-load gear meshing and then to establish a simplified evaluation method replicating the meshing of gears for wear resistance focusing on the relative sliding between the two surfaces of metal and plastic. In the evaluation, changes in wear morphology over time were investigated to attempt to elucidate the wear mechanism. The reciprocating sliding test was selected as the evaluation method for wear resistance. The lubrication environment, sliding speed, and surface pressure of the gear test were matched with those of actual gear contact condition to simulate the relative sliding between metal and plastic in the gear test. The test was also performed with different roughness on the metal side to partially reproduce the wear morphology seen in the gear test.
Yamamoto, JimpeiSuzuki, TakaharuAko, NatsukiIwasaki, ShinyaKurita, Hirotaka
Purdue University material engineers have created a patent-pending process to develop ultrahigh-strength aluminum alloys that are suitable for additive manufacturing because of their plastic deformability.
Los Angeles-based plastics contract manufacturer Kal Plastics deployed UR10e trimming cobot for a fraction of the cost and lead time of a CNC machine, cut trimming time nearly in half, and reduced late shipments to under one percent — all while improving employee safety and growth opportunities.
Plasma is a state of matter, like a solid, liquid, or gas. When sufficient energy is applied to a gas, it becomes ionized, transitioning into the plasma state. With precise application and control, plasma can alter surface properties of a metal or plastic part without compromising the underlying material.
Before starting your paper, please read, “How to Write an SAE this study investigates the performance and highlights the mechanical, thermal, and vibrational characteristics of hybrid fibre composite plate composed of Kenaf Fibre (KF), Ridge Gourd Fibre (RGF), Waste Plastic Materials (WPM), and matrix materials. The raw materials under goanalkaline treatment involving 2hoursofagitation with 5% NaOH. Following treatment, KF, RGF, and WPM are combined with epoxyres in using compression moulding to form four different hybrid composite plates in the %wt of 10:20:5, 20:10:5, 10:10:5, and 20:20:5. Various tests are conducted to evaluate their properties, including the Tensile Test, Shear Test, and Flexural Test, adhering to ASTM standards D638, D7078, and D790, respectively. The results indicate that 20:20:5 plate showed higher tensile strength (21.70 MPa), flexural strength (77.23 MPa), and shear strength (18.13MPa. Subsequently, Thermo gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was conducted on the 20:20:5 composite plate due to its superior mechanical properties than other propositional plates and achieved peak temperature at 432.53OC. finally, all four hybrids composite plates were underwent vibration tests using impact hammer method experimentally, where the fundamental frequencies, damping ratio, and amplitude have better consistency on 20:20:5 plate compared to other combinational plates as well existing available literatures. So, the 20:20:5 proportional composite plate has significant applications in the manufacturing aircraft, automotive, thermal energy devices and construction industries respectively.
D R, RajkumarR, BaranitharanBasha, Mohamed HumayunS, Kamalesh
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), a form of Additive Manufacturing (AM), has emerged as a groundbreaking technology for the production of complex shapes from a variety of materials. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is an opaque thermoplastic that is frequently employed in additive manufacturing (AM) due to its affordability and user-friendliness. The purpose of this investigation is to enhance the FDM parameters for ABS material and develop predictive models that anticipate printing performance by employing the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). Through experimental trials, an investigation was conducted to evaluate the influence of critical FDM parameters, including layer thickness, infill density, printing speed, and nozzle temperature, on critical outcomes, including mechanical properties, surface polish, and dimensional accuracy. The utilization of design of experiments (DOE) methodology facilitated a systematic examination of parameters. A predictive model was developed to forecast printing performance by utilizing input parameters and ANFIS. The ANFIS predictive models' ability to accurately predict the printing performance of ABS material was demonstrated by the results. Moreover, the models provide vital insights into the most effective parameter configurations for ensuring high-quality parts and maximizing printing efficiency. This investigation improves the understanding of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) for Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material and offers a practical instrument for manufacturing process optimization. By employing ANFIS predictive models, manufacturers can enhance the quality and productivity of printing. This will facilitate the expansion of the application of FDM technology in various sectors, including healthcare, manufacturing, and prototyping.
Natarajan, ManikandanPasupuleti, ThejasreeKumar, VKiruthika, JothiKatta, Lakshmi NarasimhamuSilambarasan, R
A team led by Emily Davidson has reported that they used a class of widely available polymers called thermoplastic elastomers to create soft 3D printed structures with tunable stiffness. Engineers can design the print path used by the 3D printer to program the plastic’s physical properties so that a device can stretch and flex repeatedly in one direction while remaining rigid in another. Davidson, an assistant professor of chemical and biological engineering, says this approach to engineering soft architected materials could have many uses, such as soft robots, medical devices and prosthetics, strong lightweight helmets, and custom high-performance shoe soles.
With the extensive production and widespread use of plastics, the issue of environmental pollution caused by plastic waste has become increasingly prominent. Consequently, researchers have been focusing on developing efficient methodologies for upcycling waste plastics and converting them into value-added materials. This hybrid review–conceptual article first provides an overview of strategies for upcycling waste plastic into carbon-capturing materials. It presents carbonization and activation as key steps in converting plastic waste into adsorbent materials and explores strategies for converting common waste plastics. Building upon this foundation, the article introduces and conceptualizes a novel upcycling approach with two manufacturing routes to convert plastic waste into carbon-capturing materials using supercritical fluid (ScF)-assisted injection molding process. It continues by investigating the potential of developing lightweight components made of such carbon-capturing materials for transportation and construction applications. Through a combination of review and conceptual exploration, this research demonstrates that the ScF-assisted foaming process can effectively convert plastic waste into materials with enhanced mechanical properties and effective carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption capacity. Successful realization of this concept will be a promising advancement in developing sustainable materials and technologies that can contribute to mitigating the negative effects of both plastic waste and CO2 emission, hence supporting the shift toward sustainable, environment-friendly transportation.
Pirani, MahdiMeiabadi, Mohammad SalehMoradi, MahmoudEnriquez, Lissette GarciaSreenivasan, Sreeprasad T.Farahani, Saeed
Sterilization plays a vital role in the use of medical devices. Prior to the 1980s, most medical products were reusable and required sterilization or disinfection between uses. The advance of contagious diseases has raised some concerns over the risks of reusable medical devices, spurring the medical device manufacturing industry to develop disposable, single-use versions of many medical instruments.
Polypropylene has been the plastic traditionally used in the manufacture of bumpers. Composite materials have been presented as an alternative due to lightness and sustainability. This article presents a composite of polyester resin and jute fiber fabric as an innovative alternative to be studied for the manufacture of automotive bumpers. Composite material was manufactured for characterization. It was used as matrix the terephthalic polyester resin, unsaturated and pre-accelerated, and the catalyst MEK V388 for curing the composite. The chosen reinforcement was the jute fiber fabric. Silicone molds with dimensions according to ASTM 3039 were used to manufacture specimens, and subsequent tensile strength test to determine properties and compare with literature data. The composite with jute fiber reinforcement with alignment 0°/0°/0° was evaluated as viable for the application in car bumpers, having its value of tensile strength surpassed that of the composite reinforced by jute fiber with alignment 45°/45°/45° and the results presented in the literature.
Dias, Roberto Yuri CostaSoares, Rafael Vilhenade Mendonca Maia, Pedro Victordos Santos, Jose Emilio MedeirosMiranda, Igor Ramon SinimbúJunior, Waldomiro Gomes PaschoalFujiyama, Roberto Tetsuo
The market for battery-fitted electric cars continues to experience robust growth globally as well as in Indian market. During the charging process heat generation happen because of internal resistance of the battery cells and electrical connectors. Making an efficient battery cooling system is vital for all electric vehicles. One common cause of battery overheating is due to low cooling efficiency. So this research highlights the importance of scientifically designing coolant circuits and selecting appropriate coolant hose materials. Currently, EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) material is widely used for battery cooling hoses due to its design Flexibility, Compatibility with a 50:50 glycol-water mixture and Resistance to thermal and ozone cracking [1]. This study benchmarks EPDM hose technical properties with leading EV battery cooling plastic hose materials, such as mono layer polyamide, mono layer TPVs (thermoplastic vulcanizates) and PA PP two layer hose. Comparative experiments, including fluid compatibility, burst pressure, vacuum collapse, permeability, Aging, ozone resistance and mechanical property tests, were conducted on specimens made from these different materials. The results indicated that while EPDM performs adequately, it tends to degrade under the combined influence of air and coolant liquid stresses, particularly under thermal and mechanical conditions. Conversely, plastic materials TPV (Thermoplastic Vulcanizate) significantly improve all required functional properties like low internal surface friction, low outer surface condensation, enhancing recyclability, thus supporting end-of-vehicle-life sustainability, however excluding flexibility. The advanced manufacturing process of plastic hose also demonstrate a lower Co2 footprint compared to EPDM, because of low density, weight reduction by wall thickness reduction and with higher productivity rate. This research highlights the potential benefits of transitioning from EPDM to plastic materials for battery cooling hoses in electric vehicles, resulting in improved performance, environmental benefits, and increased manufacturing efficiency.
Murugesan, Annarajan
Automotive electrical and electronics manufacturer MTA attended IAA Transportation for the first time, demonstrating its new range of wireless communication technologies for the truck industry. Earlier this year, the company acquired Calearo Antenne S.p.A, a company with a long history of producing antennas, amplifiers and cables. MTA global sales director Davide Bonelli explained to Truck & Off-Highway Engineering how that acquisition complements its business. “From a more strategic point of view, we see the world of antennas as complementary to what MTA does,” he said. “Often MTA products have an antenna as an interface, so this is one reason why we have done the deal. There are also a lot of synergies from an engineering standpoint. Historically, MTA is a company that uses many mechanical parts - plastics, metals - which we are very strong with so we can share them. And there are also some competences from Calearo Antenne that can be transferred to us.”
Kendall, John
Inspired by the paper-folding art of origami, North Carolina State University engineers have discovered a way to make a single plastic cubed structure transform into more than 1,000 configurations using only three active motors. The findings could pave the way for shape-shifting artificial systems that can take on multiple functions and even carry a load — like versatile robotic structures used in space, for example.
Inspired by the paper-folding art of origami, North Carolina State University engineers have discovered a way to make a single plastic cubed structure transform into more than 1,000 configurations using only three active motors. The findings could pave the way for shape-shifting artificial systems that can take on multiple functions and even carry a load – like versatile robotic structures used in space, for example.
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