Browse Topic: Resins

Items (1,577)
Demand for cost-effective automotive traction inverters requires improved power module packaging. This paper presents a packaging method using an epoxy composite insulator applied directly to the cold plate surface, replacing Direct Bonded Copper (DBC) and Active Metal Brazed (AMB) substrates. This integration removes the substrate-to-cold plate solder interface and eliminates two material layers from the thermal path. The epoxy composite demonstrates a dielectric strength greater than 60 kV/mm. Thermal resistance (junction-to-coolant) measured approximately 0.17 K∙cm2/W. Electrical characterization showed a relative permittivity of 3.9, which is lower than standard ceramics and results in reduced parasitic capacitance. Initial thermal cycling tests indicated no significant degradation in thermal or electrical performance. These results suggest the epoxy composite insulator could be a promising alternative for traction power modules.
Chen, YuMena-Garcia, JavierChen, HaoXiao, KeweiGupta, Man PrakashDegner, Michael
Materials can exhibit significantly different mechanical behaviors compared to quasi-static conditions at high strain rates (> 100 s-1). High strain rate tests using setups such as SHPB (Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar) can provide, in a practicable manner, the stress-strain relations for a material at high strain rates. Such properties are vitally needed for activities such as simulation-driven impact safety design of composite structures deployed in the form of automotive body parts and assembly, and other sub-systems. Although the behaviors of isotropic and ductile materials such as various metallic alloys appear to have been extensively studied and reported in literature, dependence of mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composites especially in different off-axis directions are extremely difficult to come across. To fill up this void, a detailed experimental study has been carried out on high strain rate mechanical characterization of a laminated orthotropic glass/epoxy
Bawa, PrashantDeb, AnindyaBarui, AnanyaZhu, Feng
Master Bond EP40 is a two-part, room temperature curing epoxy for bonding, sealing, coating, and encapsulating. EP40 bonds well to a variety of substrates, including naval steel, the primary structural metal used in the shipbuilding industry. Master Bond Inc., Hackensack, NJ To reduce its environmental impact and pollution, the shipping industry is investigating methods to construct more lightweight ships. One potential method is using adhesive bonding techniques to replace traditional welding and riveted joints on ships to fabricate lighter ships with smaller carbon footprints. However, adhesives age and deteriorate when exposed to moisture, high temperatures, and ultraviolet light. This makes it necessary to understand how they age in maritime environments to determine whether they can truly replace traditional welding techniques. To this end, researchers at Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Navales e Industriales (CITENI) and Centro de Investigación TIC (CITIC) developed a new
This study focuses on the vibration analysis of hybrid composite laminated plates fabricated from E-glass Fiber and areca Fiber reinforced with epoxy resin. The hybrid laminates were prepared using the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM) process with different stacking sequences and Fiber ratios, where brake lining powder was also incorporated as a filler in selected configurations to enhance mechanical and damping properties. The fabricated plates (280 × 280 mm) were subjected to experimental modal analysis using an impact hammer and accelerometer setup, with data acquisition carried out through DEWESoft software. Natural frequencies and damping ratios were determined under three boundary conditions (C- C-C-C, C-F-C-F, and C-F-F-F). The results revealed that Plate 1, with E-glass outer layers, areca reinforcement, and filler addition, exhibited the best vibration performance, achieving a maximum natural frequency of 332.8 Hz under C-C-C-C condition, while Plate 2 showed a
D R, RajkumarO, Vivin LeninR, SaktheevelR G, Ajay KrishnaNg, Bhavan
Brazil is recognized for its vast biodiversity and abundance of natural resources, many of which are still underutilized. In an effort to promote sustainability and innovation, there is a growing movement to replace non-recyclable materials with ecological alternatives. Within this context, acai leaves (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and coconut leaves (Cocos nucifera L.) appear as potential natural reinforcements in polymer composites. This study aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of composites formed by these sheets, using polyester resin as the matrix phase. Tensile strength tests were conducted on specimens, following the ASTM D 638M standard, to determine the mechanical properties of the composites. The results obtained were compared with data from the existing literature in order to validate the effectiveness of the composites produced. Additionally, fractures in the specimens were visually analyzed for a better understanding of the failure mechanisms.
Dias, Roberto Yuri CostaSantos Borges, LarissaBrandao, Leonardo William MacedoMendonca Maia, Pedro VictorSilva de Mendonça, Alian GomesFujiyama, Roberto Tetsuo
There is a growing demand for new materials that meet mechanical and structural performance requirements, with specific properties, especially in the automotive industry. From a context of innovation and global needs to be met, there is the appreciation of composite materials, specifically applied in the automotive sector, since these can be obtained from the combination of two or more different materials, obtaining certain properties from the individual characteristics of its phases, expanding the availability of materials to be used in this sector. In recent years the use of natural fibers in composite materials for automotive applications has gained relevance due to factors such as sustainability, low weight and good mechanical properties. The attempt to combine innovation and environmental preservation make such applications promising, aiming to obtain ecological solutions, considering that natural fibers of vegetable origin such as sisal, jute and flax are biodegradable and
Dias, Roberto Yuri CostaSantos Borges, Larissa dosBrandao, Leonardo William MacedoMendonca Maia, Pedro Victor deSilva de Mendonça, Alian Gomes daFujiyama, Roberto Tetsuo
Polymer composites with the addition of natural fibers have gained prominence as a sustainable and technically viable alternative to conventional synthetic materials, especially in applications that require a balance between mechanical performance and environmental responsibility. This study evaluated the mechanical behavior of composites produced with plant fibers from banana (Musa sapientum) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), both sourced from the northern region of Brazil. The fibers, used in their natural state without chemical treatment, were cut to a uniform length of 5 mm for standardization. The polymer matrix used was unsaturated terephthalic polyester resin, pre-accelerated and catalyzed with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP). The molding of test samples was performed manually in silicone molds, according to ASTM D638 specifications, to ensure repeatability and comparability of results. The mechanical tests revealed that the composites made with sugarcane fibers had
Santos Borges, LarissaDias, Roberto Yuri CostaBrandao, Leonardo William MacedoMendonca Maia, Pedro VictorSilva de Mendonça, Alian GomesFujiyama, Roberto Tetsuo
This specification and part standard specifies polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin material and the dimensional requirements for scarf-cut retainers (backup rings) previously specified by MIL-R-8791 and MIL-R-8791/1. The retainers are intended for use in hydraulic and pneumatic system components as anti-extrusion devices in conjunction with seals and O-rings.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
This specification establishes the requirements for a waterborne, corrosion-inhibiting, chemical- and solvent-resistant, anodic electrodeposition epoxy primer capable of curing at 200 to 210 °F (93 to 99 °C).
AMS G8 Aerospace Organic Coatings Committee
Stretch broken carbon fiber (SBCF) offers enhanced formability as compared to continuous carbon fiber (CCF). However, robust, quantitative evaluation of forming defects remains a challenge. This study introduces a unified formability index (UFI) that integrates multiple defect types, including texture anomalies, bridging, wrinkling, thickness variation, spring-back, and resin distribution variation (RDV), into a single weighted score. Each defect is ranked on a scale of 0-5 using normalized metrics with a tunable parameter, α, allowing users to balance defect magnitude and frequency as desired. The full scoring pipeline is demonstrated for texture defects using measured data, while normalized legacy scores from previous work are used for non-texture defects to enable complete formability index computation. Case studies on three laminates illustrate how variations in α affect both texture scoring and the overall formability index and demonstrate the geometry-agnostic nature of the
Williams, CooperRyan, CecilyCairns, DouglasRidgard, ChristopherNelson, Jared
Plastic waste, in the past few years, has risen to be one of the most concerning and endangering pollutants to environment and life, making its effective management and reduction a major domain of focus among researchers and industrialists. This comparative study is an attempt to utilize recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (rPET) fibres combined with Epoxy Resin in various combinations, to provide effective and low-cost insulation in moderate to low requirements. The above-mentioned components serve as viable insulators. Moisture resistance of both materials and temperature resistance of Epoxy resins ranging from 120°C to 150°C (depending upon the grade of Epoxy used) indicate a good stability in harsh external operating environment. While Epoxy resins are not inherently flame retardants, additives are introduced for this purpose in order to render the composite safer to use. Owing to the excellent adhesive properties of the Epoxy resin, the rPET fibres are allowed to bond together
Purihella, Sri Sai KrishnaPali, Harveer SinghKumar, PiyushSharma, Ved Prakash
3D-printed microscopic particles, so small that to the naked eye they look like dust, have applications in drug and vaccine delivery, microelectronics, microfluidics, and abrasives for intricate manufacturing. However, the need for precise coordination between light delivery, stage movement, and resin properties makes scalable fabrication of such custom microscale particles challenging. Now, researchers at Stanford University have introduced a more efficient processing technique that can print up to 1 million highly detailed and customizable microscale particles a day.
The research project focused on investigating the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of composite plates made from bamboo leaves and coconut leaves reinforced with epoxy resin that has received limited attention in previous studies. The bamboo and coconut leaves underwent alkaline treatment, were thoroughly washed with distilled water, and dried in sunlight for 24 hours. For the fabrication of three composite plates, Hand lay up method was employed according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The compositions of the composite plates were varied as first Composition has 25 wt% bamboo leaves, 25 wt% coconut leaves and 50 wt% resin, the Second Composition has 30 wt% bamboo leaves, 30 wt% coconut leaves, and 40 wt% resin and the third composition has 35 wt% bamboo leaves, 35 wt% coconut leaves, and 30 wt% resin. Tensile test, shear and flexural tests helped determine the tensile strength, shear strength, and flexural strength of the composite
D R, RajkumarO, Vivin LeninR, SaktheevelS, Edwin Roshan
Natural fiber composites (NFC’s) have considerable promise for a wide range of technological applications due to their exceptional features, which include notable weight reduction, high strength, and affordability. The aforementioned materials are also biodegradable and sustainable, which makes them appealing for use in sustainable engineering methods. This research focuses on evaluating the mechanical features of jute fiber and Al₂O₃ particle fortified polymer composites, exploring their potential for advanced engineering uses. The Taguchi technique is used with a L9 orthogonal array, integrating three-level, three-parameter approach, to systematically examine potential combinations of process variables in the manufacturing of these polymer composites. The primary goal is to optimize the mechanical attributes of the composites, which include tensile modulus, tensile stress, and weight percentage increase. Detailed investigations are conducted to interpret the effects of these process
Somsole, Lakshmi NarayanaNatarajan, ManikandanPasupuleti, ThejasreeKatta, Lakshmi NarasimhamuVivekananda, Soma
Polypropylene has been the plastic traditionally used in the manufacture of bumpers. Composite materials have been presented as an alternative due to lightness and sustainability. This article presents a composite of polyester resin and jute fiber fabric as an innovative alternative to be studied for the manufacture of automotive bumpers. Composite material was manufactured for characterization. It was used as matrix the terephthalic polyester resin, unsaturated and pre-accelerated, and the catalyst MEK V388 for curing the composite. The chosen reinforcement was the jute fiber fabric. Silicone molds with dimensions according to ASTM 3039 were used to manufacture specimens, and subsequent tensile strength test to determine properties and compare with literature data. The composite with jute fiber reinforcement with alignment 0°/0°/0° was evaluated as viable for the application in car bumpers, having its value of tensile strength surpassed that of the composite reinforced by jute fiber
Dias, Roberto Yuri CostaSoares, Rafael Vilhenade Mendonca Maia, Pedro Victordos Santos, Jose Emilio MedeirosMiranda, Igor Ramon SinimbúJunior, Waldomiro Gomes PaschoalFujiyama, Roberto Tetsuo
This study describes the Taguchi optimization process applied to optimize drilling parameters for glass fiber reinforced composite (GFRC) material. The machining process is analyzed in relation to process parameters using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The characteristics assessed for both the drilling and the specimen include speed, feed rate, drill size, and specimen thickness. The commercial software program MINITAB14 was used to collect and analyze the measured results. Cutting force and torque during drilling are examined in relation to these parameters using an orthogonal array and a signal-to-noise ratio. The primary goal is to identify the critical elements and combinations of elements that impact the machining process to achieve minimal cutting thrust and torque, based on the evaluation of the Taguchi technique.
Raja, RosariJannet, SabithaKandavalli, Sumanth Ratna
Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a pivotal shift in the automotive industry, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Central to their operation are lithium-ion batteries, which are favoured for their high energy density and long lifespan. Ensuring thermal stability during battery pack operation is crucial for both safety and efficiency. To enhance heat transfer within the battery pack, various encapsulants are employed. This study utilizes simulation to investigate the thermal performance of a 3.072kWh, 51.2V, 60Ah battery pack composed of 6Ah 32700 LFP cells, encapsulated with commercially available materials such as polyurethane (PU) foam, silicone, and silicone-modified epoxy under 1C and 2C discharge conditions. The findings show that, at 1C and 2C discharge rates, respectively, the battery pack potted with silicone attains a maximum temperature that is 2.57°C and 3.84°C lower than the pack simulated with air. Additionally, silicone-modified
Somarajupalli, ShanmukhadevVedantam, SrikanthGupta, ShubhamJha, Kaushal Kumar
Eight arguments for these resins, compounds and composites. Weight reduction in EV battery components is an important factor in optimizing battery energy density, which in turn is critical to extending vehicle range and boosting power and performance. Although traditional metals such as steel and aluminum are widely used in EV batteries, the ongoing push for higher energy density is opening new opportunities for thermoplastic resins, compounds, and composites. The main advantage of these materials vs. metals is their inherent lighter weight - particularly in the case of lower-density polymers. Thermoplastics can be 30-50 percent lighter than metals. They also increase design freedom, which permits further weight-out through part consolidation and thin walls.
Bobba, Somasekhar
Smaller than a coin, this optical device could enable rapid prototyping on the go. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA Imagine a portable 3D printer you could hold in the palm of your hand. The tiny device could enable a user to rapidly create customized, low-cost objects on the go, like a fastener to repair a wobbly bicycle wheel or a component for a critical medical operation. Researchers from MIT and the University of Texas at Austin took a major step toward making this idea a reality by demonstrating the first chip-based 3D printer. Their proof-of-concept device consists of a single, millimeter-scale photonic chip that emits reconfigurable beams of light into a well of resin that cures into a solid shape when light strikes it.
This work proposes an experimental and numerical activity aimed at developing methods to evaluate the strength and toughness of Kevlar/Epoxy composite fastened joints used in aeronautical structures and exposed to high energy impacts. Experiments were conducted using an Arcan rig that allowed applying various loading conditions, ranging from pull-through to bearing. A non-linear model of the material based on a bi-phasic decomposition and hybrid meshing technique was built and calibrated. The material model was used to develop a high-fidelity model of the junction to simulate the pull-through test with the Abaqus/Explicit finite element solver. The results of the analysis point out that the implemented progressive damage laws are capable of achieving an appreciable experimental-numerical correlation, both from the qualitative and the quantitative standpoint. Therefore, the combined experimental-numerical approach is promising for developing a validated numerical tool capable of
Novembre, EdoardoCacchione, BenedettaJanszen, GerardusBrunori, FilippoAiroldi, Alessandro
Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite stiffened panels are increasingly being used for structural components in large transport rotorcraft. However, problems are arising with high levels of vibration and interior noise due to the increased stiffness-to-density ratio of composites. The current investigation explores the potential of reducing vibrations in carbon/epoxy stiffened panels with the integration of acoustic black holes (ABH), namely features that incorporate a power law thickness taper. The proposed approach involves designing a taper into the thickness of the blade stiffeners as well as the thin plate. Integration of ABHs into the fuselage structure has the potential to reduce broadband vibrations. Multiple parametric studies with either an ABH integrated into the blade stiffener or a grid of ABHs integrated into the plate were conducted, and the tradeoffs between vibration amplitudes, panel mass, and compressive buckling load were examined. Carbon/epoxy panels were
Brown, AveryVlajic, NicholasShepherd, MicahBeck, BenSmith, EdwardBakis, CharlesRobertson, NoahPatel, Bhavya
Thermoplastic composites are serious competitor for classic epoxy composites. They have comparable properties to epoxy composites, but characterize much lower processing costs. There are several methods of manufacturing the components from thermoplastic composites. One of the most interesting method in terms of efficiency is thermoforming on a press. This technology allows to product of the aircraft parts such as: ribs, brackets, covers, stiffeners. Thermoplastic composites are resistant to most solvents such as grease, oil and aviation fuel. They are also non-flammable and heat-resistant. This all makes them suitable for use in aircraft as upholstery, casing or elements around the tank. PZL Mielec has been developing press thermoforming technologies since 2016 and is the owner of the several patents in this area.
Głodzik, MarcinWojtuszewski, RadosławFarbaniec, KonradSienicki, JarosławBanaś, AleksanderGałaczyński, Tomasz
Recycling of advanced composites made from carbon fibers in epoxy resins is required for two primary reasons. First, the energy necessary to produce carbon fibers is very high and therefore reusing these fibers could greatly reduce the lifecycle energy of components which use them. Second, if the material is allowed to break down in the environment, it will contribute to the growing presence of microplastics and other synthetic pollutants. Currently, recycling and safe methods of disposal typically do not aim for full circularity, but rather separate fibers for successive downcycling while combusting the matrix in a clean burning process. Breakdown of the matrix, without damaging the carbon fibers, can be achieved by pyrolysis, fluidized bed processes, or chemical solvolysis. The major challenge is to align fibers into unidirectional tows of real value in high-performance composites.
Muelaner, JodyRoye, Thorsten
The automobile industry is searching for materials that offer superior mechanical and thermal properties. With this objective, the current study delves into the potential advantages of integrating nanofillers into hybrid composite structures tailored for vehicle applications. The investigation employed Kevlar fiber, a renowned material in vehicular composites, and reinforced it with an epoxy matrix, crafting a nanocomposite surface. This method was paralleled by incorporating nanoparticle-infused resin into the Kevlar fiber. The concentration of nano clay within the epoxy resin was adjusted across different weight percentages: 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Both composite and nanomaterial panels were meticulously crafted using the hand layup method post-curing. The outcome was enlightening: the tensile strength of the clay/epoxy/Kevlar composite surged by 10.54% at the 7.5 wt% clay concentration. This enhancement, however, saw a decline in higher clay incorporations. The study also unveiled
Natrayan, L.Seeniappan, KaliappanSree, G. Vanya
With the evolving demand in the automobile industry for lightweight and sustainable components, the study of natural fiber composites has gained significance. Such fibers are economically efficient and offer advantageous weight-specific properties. Additionally, they are non-abrasive and environmentally degradable, marking them as viable alternatives to conventional automobile materials. This research emphasizes the flax-based composite, developed using the hand lay-up method and augmented with three distinct graphene nanofillers. The graphene fillers are categorized as large nanorods (dimensions 3-5 nm, lengths 150-300 nm), small nano threads (dimensions 6-12 nm, lengths under 50 nm), and spherical particulates (dimensions 29-39 nm). Reinforcement was consistently maintained at 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight. The results indicate that a 4 wt.% inclusion of spherical graphene nanoparticles is particularly effective in enhancing the ultimate tensile strength and fracture elongation of the
Kaliappan, S.Natrayan, L.
Introducing a groundbreaking exploration into the mechanical properties of epoxy hybrid biocomposites, this study unveils a comprehensive analysis encompassing tensile strength, flexural properties, impact resistance, and hardness characteristics. The materials under scrutiny include hemp fiber (H), kenaf fiber (K), and coconut powder (CP), both in their untreated state and after undergoing alkaline processing. This research marks a significant milestone in understanding these sustainable materials and their potential for enhancing composite materials. In this endeavour, hemp is the basis material, while kenaf and coconut are filler elements. The total weight proportion of hemp was kept constant while the other two fibre fillers were changed. The unprocessed laminate sample significantly improves tensile, flexural, and impact strength with increasing coconut fiber loading. The improved interlinking capacity of the natural fibre composites (NFC) and an epoxy matrix is also to blame for
Kaliappan, S.Natrayan, L.
Due to the increasing demand for lightweight and eco-friendly materials in the automotive sector, alternative fibers like kenaf are gaining attention as potential materials for car components. This study aims to evaluate the impact of fly ash and Al2O3 nanomaterials on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of kenaf fiber-reinforced composites, particularly for automotive applications. Various composites were produced and tested using standard manual fabrication methods for key mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, inter-laminar shear strength, hardness, and impact resistance. Adding kenaf fibers, fly ash, and Al2O3 nanofillers to epoxy composites demonstrated a noticeable improvement in the thermomechanical properties of the resulting material. This enhancement is attributed to improved interfacial bonding and uniform distribution of the nanofillers within the polymer matrix. In our analysis, Al2O3 nanofillers had a more significant impact on the
Kaliappan, S.Natrayan, L.
Automobile parts often require materials that offer high strength and durability. With the continuous push for environmentally friendly solutions, natural fibers such as jute have emerged as a potential alternative for synthetic fibers in automobile components. In this study, we aim to enhance the properties of jute fibers by coating them with different polymers and assessing their suitability for automotive applications. We treated jute fibers with various polymers—low-density polyethylene, polyester, and araldite epoxy. The performance of these treated fibers was compared using fiber tensile experimentation, differential calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical evaluation. Our findings reveal that the treated jute fibers exhibit a tensile strength of 598 MPa. However, when coated with polymers, there’s a variance in strength: polyethylene (263 MPa), polyester (191 MPa), and epoxy (281 MPa). Among these, epoxy-coated fibers displayed the least tensile strength, while polyethylene-coated
Natrayan, L.Kaliappan, SeeniappanBalaji, N.Mahesh, V.
Bamboo fibers were used as reinforcement in hardened epoxy mixes altered with ethoxylated soybean oil (ESO) to enhance the mechanical and thermal qualities. Compared to a bio-based epoxy mix, the tensile strength and modulus of the laminate with 20% bamboo fiber were higher. During thermogravity analysis (TGA) evaluation, it was discovered that the rate of deterioration peak had been moved to a warmer temperature, indicating improved thermal durability of the aggregate over the base material. The dynamic mechanical evaluation of the bio-based composite anticipated increased storage modulus and greater glass transition temperatures. High fiber–matrix adherence was visible in scanning electron morphology (SEM). Measurements of the interfacial adhesion demonstrate the hydrophilicity of the bio-based reinforced composites. The binding and effective insemination of fibers is responsible for the fiber-reinforced composite’s durability. Higher rigidity and durability were generated because
Meshram, Pawan DevidasNatrayan, L.Balaji, N.Reddy, Vinay
Steel represents more than 50% of weight in vehicles, being more susceptible to corrosion processes. Corrosion studies in these components are of great industrial and economic interest, and anticorrosive coatings with efficiency of superior protection is still a relevant area in materials research. Paintings from inorganic and organic hybrid compounds have been used to produce more effective and efficient coatings. Among polymeric coatings, epoxy resin is considered one of the most used anticorrosion coatings, mainly due its excellent protective properties. High barrier level is reached by reinforcing the coatings with inorganic fillers such heavy metal, nanoparticles, silica, and now more recently, carbon-based materials, like graphene and its derivatives. Graphene combined with additives presented in the paint composition can act as a passive physical barrier between the corrosive environment and the metal surface, restricting the diffusion of corrosive agents across the metal
de Oliveira, Elisa M. N.Sormani, Mariana B.Hurtado, Luiz P.Polkowski, Rodrigo D. O.
Thermoplastic resins, composites, and copolymers can help the healthcare industry address multiple sustainability challenges. Specifically, thermoplastic materials can help manufacturers develop medical devices that:
Epoxy polymers are widely used in various industries, e.g., as coatings, adhesives, and for lightweight construction due to their unique properties such as high strength, chemical resistance, and adhesion to various surfaces. Therefore, one of the most prominent applications is their use as matrix material in fiber-reinforced composites, which are heavily employed in the aerospace sector. However, the disposal of epoxy polymers and composites thereof has become a significant concern due to their recalcitrant nature and the adverse environmental effects caused by traditional recycling methods.
Composites are especially important for the development and implementation of sustainable technologies such as wind power, energy-efficient aircrafts, and electric cars. Despite their advantages, their non-biodegradability raises challenges for the recycling of polymer and composites in particular. University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Epoxy polymers are widely used in various industries, e.g., as coatings, adhesives, and for lightweight construction due to their unique properties such as high strength, chemical resistance, and adhesion to various surfaces. Therefore, one of the most prominent applications is their use as matrix material in fiber-reinforced composites, which are heavily employed in the aerospace sector. However, the disposal of epoxy polymers and composites thereof has become a significant concern due to their recalcitrant nature and the adverse environmental effects caused by traditional recycling methods. In this context, the overall production of plastic waste is
The requirement of the current scenario is to identify the sustainable material and process it into acceptable properties for current applications. The natural fiber is a prime sustainable material having the properties of biodegradability, plenty of availability, economical and adequate physical-mechanical property. Sesbania rostrata fiber is extracted from the stem of Sesbania rostrata plant which is cultivated along with Turmeric plants on 1000 acres annually as a nitrogen fixation plant. The fiber-reinforced composite is a tailor made material by altering the fiber and polymer weight proportion to achieve desired properties for applications. The natural fiber is a promising material to replace synthetic fiber to transform the composite into biodegradable. The making of holes in the biocomposite by the secondary process is essential for the assembly operation. The biocomposite was developed by reinforced Sesbania rostrata fiber in Polycaprolactone (PCL) biopolymer at the weight
Raja, KA, KarthikSenthil Kumar, MSP S, Sampath
In order to determine if carbon–luffa hybrid composites are appropriate for automotive applications, this study gives a thorough mechanical evaluation of such materials. A potential path to improving the performance of automotive components is provided by combining the remarkable strength and stiffness of carbon fibers with the lightweight and environmentally friendly qualities of luffa fibers. The mechanical characteristics of the hybrid composites were characterized using a variety of experimental examinations, including tensile, flexural, and impact testing, and contrasted to those of traditional materials often used in the automobile sector. The composite containing 85% epoxy and 15% carbon fibers displayed the best tensile strength among the examined samples, reaching 168.58 MPa. However, 85% epoxy, 7.5% luffa, and 7.5% carbon fibers had a remarkable bending strength of 110.25 MPa. Notably, the B-type specimens distinguished themselves from the others with their low void content
Natrayan, L.Kaliappan, S.
To grow the application space of polymer additive manufacturing (AM), the industry must provide an offering with improved mechanical properties. Several entities are working towards introducing continuous fibers embedded into either a thermoplastic or thermoset resin system. This approach can enable significant improvement in mechanical properties and could be what is needed to open new and exciting applications within the aerospace industry. Introduction of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Polymer: A New Additive Manufacturing Path for Aerospace examines a couple of unsettled issues that are beginning to come to light regarding these materials and focuses on the ability to design and provide robust structural analysis for continuous fiber reinforced polymer AM—unsung aspects that can make or break this new technology as it finds its way into the aerospace market. Without solutions to them, adoption by the aerospace industry will be limited to point design applications, thus constraining
Hayes, Michael
Recycling of advanced composites made from carbon fibers in epoxy resins is essential for two primary reasons. First, the energy necessary to produce carbon fibers is very high and therefore reusing these fibers could greatly reduce the lifecycle energy of components which use them. Second, if the material is allowed to break down in the environment, it will contribute to the growing presence of microplastics and other synthetic pollutants. Recyclability and Embodied Energy of Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites discusses current recycling and disposal methods—which typically do not aim for full circularity, but rather successive downcycling—and addresses the major challenge of aligning fibers into unidirectional tows of real value in high-performance composites. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Muelaner, Jody Emlyn
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes and gives general guidelines on use and applicability of standard methods for impregnating dry fabric and lay-up of the impregnated plies. The methods of impregnating dry fabric and ply lay-up described in this document have specific application and are not interchangeable. The methods should only be used when specified in an approved repair procedure or with the agreement of the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) or regulatory authority.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes standard methods of heat application to cure thermosetting resins for commercial aircraft composite repairs. The methods described in this document shall only be used when specified in an approved repair document or with the agreement of the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) or regulatory authority.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Currently, there is a growing tendency to incorporate natural fibers in composites due to their affordability, lightweight nature, and eco-friendliness. Researchers are continuously exploring new materials that offer improved mechanical properties for a broader range of applications. In this work, an experimental investigation on tensile and fatigue behavior of jute-wool felt-reinforced epoxy hybrid laminate is carried, in addition to an E-glass fiber-reinforced epoxy laminate that helps in comparison. Constant amplitude tensile fatigue test is conducted for 80%, 70%, and 60% of the ultimate load of respective composites at a stress ratio of 0.1 and frequency of 7 Hz for both laminates. The jute-wool felt composite showed good fatigue resistance. Though glass fiber composite showed higher tensile strength, jute-wool felt composite exhibits higher fatigue performance than glass fiber composites at higher stress levels. However, at lower stress levels, glass fiber composite shows better
Thilakan, SanjayMathivanan, N. Rajesh
Arsenic and ammonia in ground and surface waters pose significant health risks globally, especially for remote areas where access to safe drinking water is a concern for U.S. military personnel. Current removal materials and methods lack contaminant specificity. This study developed adsorptive resins and membranes specifically targeting arsenate and ammonia removal using molecularly imprinted acrylate polymers supported on graphitic carbon nitride. These materials showed comparable arsenate removal capacity to commercial resins. Higher ammonia removal capacity but lower selectivity was demonstrated by these materials in comparison to commercial resins. This research aims to enhance water treatment materials for ensuring clean drinking water access in remote military locations.
Nichols, CatrianaZulqarnain, SyedMarquez, ItzelAnang, EmmanuellaBusari, AboladeKirisenage, PriyalathaMyers, JordanMueller, AnjaFahlman, BradDusenbury, James
The purpose of this specification is to allow procurement of defined carbon fiber and fiberglass epoxy prepreg materials corresponding to their statistically derived material properties published in CMH-17 (formerly MIL-HDBK-17). As a result, no qualification or equivalency threshold values are provided. Users that intend to conduct a new material qualification or equivalency program shall notify the Qualifying Agency per 4.2.1.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies solid, un-cut polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) retainers (backup rings) for use in glands in accordance with AS4716. They are usually used in hydraulic and pneumatic system components as anti-extrusion devices in conjunction with O-rings and other seals for static and dynamic applications.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
This detail specification, along with AMS6562, establishes the requirements for continuous E-glass fabric impregnated with a medium temperature, out-of-autoclave, oven-vacuum-bag cure modified B-staged epoxy resin. The prepreg is produced using a one side coated (one side tacky) hot-melt process.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies solid polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) retainers (backup rings) for use in static glands in accordance with AS5857. They are usually for use in hydraulic and pneumatic systems as anti-extrusion devices in conjunction with O-rings and other seals.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Ice and snow accretion on aircraft surfaces imposes operational and safety challenges, severely impacting aerodynamic performance of critical aircraft structures and equipment. For optimized location-based ice sensing and integrated ‘smart’ de-icing systems of the future, microwave resonant-based planar sensors are presented for their high sensitivity and versatility in implementation and integration. Here, a conformal, planar complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) based microwave sensor is presented for robust detection of localized ice and snow accretion. The sensor has a modified thick aluminum-plate design and is coated with epoxy for greater durability. The fabricated sensor operates at a resonant frequency of 1.18 GHz and a resonant amplitude of -33 dB. Monitoring the resonant frequency response of the sensor, the freezing and thawing process of a 0.1 ml droplet of water is monitored, and a 60 MHz downshift is observed for the frozen droplet. Using an artificial snow chamber
Shah, AaryamanNiksan, OmidZarifi, Mohammad H.
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