Browse Topic: Thermoplastics

Items (1,633)
ABSTRACT A 3D printed battery bracket is strengthened via post-print thermal annealing, demonstrating a transitionable approach for additive manufacturing of robust, high performance thermoplastic components. Citation: E. D. Wetzel, R. Dunn, L. J. Holmes, K. Hart, J. Park, and M. Ludkey, “Thermally Annealed, High Strength 3D Printed Thermoplastic Battery Bracket for M998,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022
Wetzel, E. D.Dunn, R.Holmes, L. J.Shearrow, CaseyHart, K.Park, J.Ludkey, M.
ABSTRACT Barriers to the introduction of composite materials for ground vehicle applications include material property selection and cost effective material processing. Advancements in processing of thermoplastic composites for use in applications for semi structural and structural applications have created opportunities in “Out of Autoclave” processing utilizing preconsolidated unidirectional reinforced tapes. Traditional tooling for the bending formation of high temperature reinforced structural thermoplastic laminates typically involves matched metal tooling consisting of steel or aluminum and are costly and heavy. In this research, a comparative analysis was performed to evaluate the use of a large scale 3D printed forming tool in comparison to a traditional metallic mold. Material processing considerations included the development of a technique for localized laminate heating to achieve optimized energy input in the forming process. Considerations in tooling development included
Erb, DavidDwyer, BenjaminRoy, JonathanYori, WilliamLopez-Anido, Roberto A.Smail, AndrewHart, Robert
ABSTRACT This paper focuses on development of methods for manufacturing structural thermoplastic composite materials, characterizing the mechanical properties of such composites, and modeling the static and dynamic performance in relevant military vehicle modeling and simulation environments. A thermoplastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) / fiberglass composite was selected for this study due to the high specific strength of e-glass fibers, the high toughness of the PET thermoplastic, and relatively low price point, all which make it an attractive candidate for structural lightweighting of vehicles. The raw materials were manufactured into composite laminates using a compression molding process and then the mechanical properties were characterized using experimental test methods. Properties like stiffness, strength, and strain-to-failure of the composite were characterized using standard ASTM methods, and the resulting properties were directly fed into a computational material model
Patton, Evan G.Hart, Robert J.
This work aims to define a novel integration of 6 DOF robots with an extrusion-based 3D printing framework that strengthens the possibility of implementing control and simulation of the system in multiple degrees of freedom. Polylactic acid (PLA) is used as an extrusion material for testing, which is a thermoplastic that is biodegradable and is derived from natural lactic acid found in corn, maize, and the like. To execute the proposed framework a virtual working station for the robot was created in RoboDK. RoboDK interprets G-code from the slicing (Slic3r) software. Further analysis and experiments were performed by FANUC 2000ia 165F Industrial Robot. Different tests were performed to check the dimensional accuracy of the parts (rectangle and cylindrical). When the robot operated at 20% of its maximum speed, a bulginess was observed in the cylindrical part, causing the radius to increase from 1 cm to 1.27 cm and resulting in a thickness variation of 0.27 cm at the bulginess location
Srivastava, KritiKumar, Yogesh
This specification covers two types of virgin, unfilled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the form of molded rods, tubes, and shapes. This specification does not apply to product over 12 inches (305 mm) in length, rods under 0.750 inch (19.05 mm) in diameter, and tubes having wall thickness under 0.500 inch (12.70 mm
AMS P Polymeric Materials Committee
This specification covers virgin, unfilled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the form of molded rods, tubes, and shapes. This specification does not apply to product over 12 inches (305 mm) in dimension parallel to the direction of applied molding pressure, rods under 0.750 inch (19.05 mm) in diameter, and tubes having wall thickness under 0.500 inch (12.70 mm
AMS P Polymeric Materials Committee
This specification covers virgin, unfilled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the form of sheet manufactured by compression molding and sintering
AMS P Polymeric Materials Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides an overview of the various types of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) backup rings for hydraulic and pneumatic fluid power applications, including their advantages and disadvantages
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Eight arguments for these resins, compounds and composites. Weight reduction in EV battery components is an important factor in optimizing battery energy density, which in turn is critical to extending vehicle range and boosting power and performance. Although traditional metals such as steel and aluminum are widely used in EV batteries, the ongoing push for higher energy density is opening new opportunities for thermoplastic resins, compounds, and composites. The main advantage of these materials vs. metals is their inherent lighter weight - particularly in the case of lower-density polymers. Thermoplastics can be 30-50 percent lighter than metals. They also increase design freedom, which permits further weight-out through part consolidation and thin walls
Bobba, Somasekhar
Nylon, Teflon, Kevlar. These are just a few familiar polymers — large-molecule chemical compounds — that have changed the world. From Teflon-coated frying pans to 3D printing, polymers are vital to creating the systems that make the world function better
Georgia Tech researchers are using artificial intelligence to accelerate materials discovery. Georgia Tech University, Atlanta, GA Nylon, Teflon, Kevlar. These are just a few familiar polymers - large-molecule chemical compounds - that have changed the world. From Teflon-coated frying pans to 3D printing, polymers are vital to creating the systems that make the world function better. Finding the next groundbreaking polymer is always a challenge, but now Georgia Tech researchers are using artificial intelligence (AI) to shape and transform the future of the field. Rampi Ramprasad's group develops and adapts AI algorithms to accelerate materials discovery
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers the requirements for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hose assemblies for use in aerospace fuel and lubricating oil systems at temperatures between -67 °F and 450 °F and at operating pressures per Table 1. The hose assemblies are also suitable for use within the same temperature and pressure limitations in aerospace pneumatic systems, where some gaseous diffusion through the wall of the PTFE liner can be tolerated. The use of these hose assemblies in pneumatic storage systems is not recommended. In addition, installations in which the limits specified herein are exceeded, or in which the application is not covered specifically by this document, for example oxygen, shall be subject to the approval of the purchaser
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
This research examines the impact of different amounts of copper (Cu) powder on the wear characteristics of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)–Cu composites. Various formulations of ABS–Cu composites have been produced using injection molding, with different amounts of surfactant. Wear properties were evaluated by conducting tribological testing in accordance with ASTM standards. The findings indicated a decrease in wear loss, particularly when using a mixture consisting of 23% ABS, 70% Cu, and 7% surfactant. Machine learning regression algorithms successfully forecasted wear behavior with R-squared values over 0.97. The models used in the analysis included linear, stepwise linear, tree, support vector machine (SVM), efficient linear, Gaussian progression, ensemble, and neural network regression models. This research emphasizes the significance of composite materials in fulfilling contemporary technical requirements. The acquired insights enable the development of materials with
Jatti, Vijaykumar S.Saiyathibrahim, A.Murali Krishnan, R.Balaji, K.
A lightweight high-pressure hose assembly consists of hose made with fabric braids and PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) tube crimped with metallic fittings. These hose assemblies are mainly used for aircraft landing gear application considering its high-pressure sustenance and better flexibility. The proposed study investigates the effect of thermo-mechanical stresses generated during cyclic soaking and flexibility testing at thermostatic subzero (-65°F) and high temperature (+275°F) on performance of high pressure- fabric braided hose assembly. This effect was further studied through hose tear-down to investigate the hose layer degradation and focused changes in inner PTFE tube. With an incremental exposure to cyclic temperature environment, a linear growth was observed for the micropores within PTFE
Neve, AbhilashPatil, Sandip
This procurement specification covers the requirements for metal tube support clamps comprising of two spring clips made of corrosion and heat resistant steel and the associated PTFE single split cushion that supports the tube. See Figure 1
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Recycling of advanced composites made from carbon fibers in epoxy resins is required for two primary reasons. First, the energy necessary to produce carbon fibers is very high and therefore reusing these fibers could greatly reduce the lifecycle energy of components which use them. Second, if the material is allowed to break down in the environment, it will contribute to the growing presence of microplastics and other synthetic pollutants. Currently, recycling and safe methods of disposal typically do not aim for full circularity, but rather separate fibers for successive downcycling while combusting the matrix in a clean burning process. Breakdown of the matrix, without damaging the carbon fibers, can be achieved by pyrolysis, fluidized bed processes, or chemical solvolysis. The major challenge is to align fibers into unidirectional tows of real value in high-performance composites
Muelaner, JodyRoye, Thorsten
Additive manufacturing (AM) is currently being used to produce many aerospace components, with its inherent design flexibility enabling an array of unique and novel possibilities. But, in order to grow the application space of polymer AM, the industry has to provide an offering with improved mechanical properties. Several entities are working toward introducing continuous fibers embedded into either a thermoplastic or thermoset resin system. This approach can enable significant improvement in mechanical properties and could be what is needed to open new and exciting applications within the aerospace industry. However, as the technology begins to mature, there are a couple of unsettled issues that are beginning to come to light. The most common question raised is whether composite AM can achieve the performance of traditional composite manufacturing. If AM cannot reach this level, is there enough application potential to warrant the development investment? The answers are highly
Hayes, MichaelMuelaner, JodyRoye, ThorstenWebb, Philip
In this paper, experimental studies were conducted to examine the mechanical behavior of a polymer composite material called polyamide with glass fiber (PA6-GF), which was fabricated using the three-dimensional (3D) fusion deposition modeling (FDM) technique. FDM is one of the most well-liked low-cost 3D printing techniques for facilitating the adhesion and hot melting of thermoplastic materials. PA6 exhibits an exceptionally significant overall performance in the families of engineering thermoplastic polymer materials. By using twin-screw extrusion, a PA6-GF mixed particles made of PA6 and 20% glass fiber was produced as filament. Based on literature review, the samples have been fabricated for tensile, hardness, and flexural with different layer thickness of 0.08 mm, 0.16 mm, and 0.24 mm, respectively. The composite PA6-GF behavior is characterized through an experimental test employing a variety of test samples made in the x and z axes. The mechanical and physical characteristics of
Sivanesh, A. R.Soundararajan, R.Natrayan, M.Nallasivam, J. D.Santhosh, R.
To characterize the stress flow behavior of engineering plastic glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (PPGF) commonly used in automotive interior and exterior components, mechanical property is measured using a universal material testing machine and a servo-hydraulic tensile testing machine under quasi-static, high temperature, and high strain rate conditions. Stress versus strain curves of materials under different conditions are obtained. Based on the measured results, a new parameter identification method of the Johnson-Cook (J-C) constitutive model is proposed by considering the adiabatic temperature rise effect. Firstly, a material-level experiment method is carried out for glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (PPGF) materials, and the influence of wide strain rate range, and large temperature span on the material properties is studied from a macroscopic perspective. Then, the model parameters of the J-C constitutive model are identified based on the experimental data, and the
Zheng, Wei-JunLiu, Xiao-AngShangguan, Wen-BinZhang, QuGu, Chen-guang
As we move toward electrification in future mobility, weight and cost reduction continue to be priorities in vehicle development. This has led to continued interest in advanced molding processes and holistic design to enable polymer materials for demanding structural applications such as pickup truck beds. In addition to performance, it is necessary to continue to improve styling, functionality, quality, and sustainability to exceed customer expectations in a competitive market. To support development of a lightweight truck bed design, a cross-functional team objectively explored the latest materials and manufacturing technologies relevant to this application. In Phase 1 of this work, the team considered a variety of alternatives for each functional area of the bed, including thermoplastic and thermoset materials with a range of processing technologies. Several initial design concepts and respective material cards were generated to capture the broadest set of materials and technologies
Nummy, Amanda
Fast charging of traction batteries in passenger cars enables comfortable travel with electric vehicles, even over longer distances, without having to oversize the installed batteries for everyday use. As an enabling technology for fast charging, Kautex presents the implementation of 2-phase immersion cooling, where the traction battery serves as an evaporator in a refrigeration process. The 2-phase immersion cooling enables very high heat transfer rates of 3400 W/m^2*K and at the same time maximizes temperature homogeneity within the battery pack at optimal battery operating temperature. Thus, heat loads at charging rates of more than 6C can be safely and permanently managed by the battery thermal system. The cooling performance of 2-phase immersion cooling can also successfully suppress thermal propagation inside a thermoplastic battery housing. While the introduced 2-phase immersion cooling can dissipate the heat to the environment for temperatures up to 30 °C, the thermal cycle is
Mimberg, GeroLipperheide, Moritz
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a method of welding that creates a weld trail by pressing a non-consumable rotating tool with a profiled pin on the adjacent surfaces while moving transversely along the welding direction. The method was initially used with metals and alloys, but more recently, thermoplastic polymers have also been included in its application. Investigations on FSW of thermoplastic polymers made of nylon and High-density polythene (HDPE) are presented here. Weld characteristics that are like those of the base materials are attempted to be achieved. Because of their unique nature and thermal conductivity, thermoplastics FSW differs from that of metals. The use of thermoplastic materials with conventional FSW procedures presents numerous difficulties and is currently ineffective. On the weld characteristics of nylon and HDPE, statistical methods were utilized to study the impact of temperature, rotational speed, and transverse speed. Temperature is found to be the most
Raju, GangaChinnakurli Suryanarayana, RameshSrivastava, Ashish
Due to the increasing demand for lightweight and eco-friendly materials in the automotive sector, alternative fibers like kenaf are gaining attention as potential materials for car components. This study aims to evaluate the impact of fly ash and Al2O3 nanomaterials on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of kenaf fiber-reinforced composites, particularly for automotive applications. Various composites were produced and tested using standard manual fabrication methods for key mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, inter-laminar shear strength, hardness, and impact resistance. Adding kenaf fibers, fly ash, and Al2O3 nanofillers to epoxy composites demonstrated a noticeable improvement in the thermomechanical properties of the resulting material. This enhancement is attributed to improved interfacial bonding and uniform distribution of the nanofillers within the polymer matrix. In our analysis, Al2O3 nanofillers had a more significant impact on the
Kaliappan, S.Natrayan, L.
This research looks at the acoustic and mechanical characteristics of polypropylene (PP) composites supplemented with natural fibers to determine whether they are appropriate for automotive use. To generate composites that are hybrids, four diverse natural fibers, including Calotropis gigantea (CGF), jute, sisal, and kenaf, were mixed into PP matrices. The study examines how fiber type, frequency, and thickness affect sound absorption and mechanical strength. The results show that these natural fiber-reinforced composites have improved mechanical characteristics, with CGF (73.26 shore D value of Hardness), sisal (42.35 MPa tensile) and jute fibers showing particularly promising materials. Furthermore, the acoustic study emphasizes these materials’ frequency-dependent sound absorption properties, with particular efficacy in mid-frequency regions. Such organic reinforcement fiber materials’ acoustic performance is tested at 5 mm and 10 mm thicknesses. When a 5 mm thick sample is examined
Kaliappan, S.Natrayan, L.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a common way to make things faster in manufacturing era today. A mix of polypropylene (PP) and carbon fiber (CF) blended filament is strong and bonded well. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a common way to make things. For this research, made the test samples using a mix of PP and CF filament through FDM printer by varying infill speed of 40 meters per sec 50 meters per sec and 60 meters per sec in sequence. The tested these samples on a tribometer testing machine that slides them against a surface with different forces (from 5 to 20 N) and speeds (from 1 to 4 meters per sec). The findings of the study revealed a consistent linear increase in both wear rate and coefficient of friction across every sample analyzed. Nevertheless, noteworthy variations emerged when evaluating the samples subjected to the 40m/s infill speed test. Specifically, these particular samples exhibited notably lower wear rates and coefficients of friction compared to the remaining
Surendra, S.Sireesha, S.C.P., SivaSuresh, P.
With the evolving demand in the automobile industry for lightweight and sustainable components, the study of natural fiber composites has gained significance. Such fibers are economically efficient and offer advantageous weight-specific properties. Additionally, they are non-abrasive and environmentally degradable, marking them as viable alternatives to conventional automobile materials. This research emphasizes the flax-based composite, developed using the hand lay-up method and augmented with three distinct graphene nanofillers. The graphene fillers are categorized as large nanorods (dimensions 3-5 nm, lengths 150-300 nm), small nano threads (dimensions 6-12 nm, lengths under 50 nm), and spherical particulates (dimensions 29-39 nm). Reinforcement was consistently maintained at 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight. The results indicate that a 4 wt.% inclusion of spherical graphene nanoparticles is particularly effective in enhancing the ultimate tensile strength and fracture elongation of the
Kaliappan, S.Natrayan, L.
The automobile industry is searching for materials that offer superior mechanical and thermal properties. With this objective, the current study delves into the potential advantages of integrating nanofillers into hybrid composite structures tailored for vehicle applications. The investigation employed Kevlar fiber, a renowned material in vehicular composites, and reinforced it with an epoxy matrix, crafting a nanocomposite surface. This method was paralleled by incorporating nanoparticle-infused resin into the Kevlar fiber. The concentration of nano clay within the epoxy resin was adjusted across different weight percentages: 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Both composite and nanomaterial panels were meticulously crafted using the hand layup method post-curing. The outcome was enlightening: the tensile strength of the clay/epoxy/Kevlar composite surged by 10.54% at the 7.5 wt% clay concentration. This enhancement, however, saw a decline in higher clay incorporations. The study also unveiled
Natrayan, L.Seeniappan, KaliappanSree, G. Vanya
Introducing a groundbreaking exploration into the mechanical properties of epoxy hybrid biocomposites, this study unveils a comprehensive analysis encompassing tensile strength, flexural properties, impact resistance, and hardness characteristics. The materials under scrutiny include hemp fiber (H), kenaf fiber (K), and coconut powder (CP), both in their untreated state and after undergoing alkaline processing. This research marks a significant milestone in understanding these sustainable materials and their potential for enhancing composite materials. In this endeavour, hemp is the basis material, while kenaf and coconut are filler elements. The total weight proportion of hemp was kept constant while the other two fibre fillers were changed. The unprocessed laminate sample significantly improves tensile, flexural, and impact strength with increasing coconut fiber loading. The improved interlinking capacity of the natural fibre composites (NFC) and an epoxy matrix is also to blame for
Kaliappan, S.Natrayan, L.
Automobile parts often require materials that offer high strength and durability. With the continuous push for environmentally friendly solutions, natural fibers such as jute have emerged as a potential alternative for synthetic fibers in automobile components. In this study, we aim to enhance the properties of jute fibers by coating them with different polymers and assessing their suitability for automotive applications. We treated jute fibers with various polymers—low-density polyethylene, polyester, and araldite epoxy. The performance of these treated fibers was compared using fiber tensile experimentation, differential calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical evaluation. Our findings reveal that the treated jute fibers exhibit a tensile strength of 598 MPa. However, when coated with polymers, there’s a variance in strength: polyethylene (263 MPa), polyester (191 MPa), and epoxy (281 MPa). Among these, epoxy-coated fibers displayed the least tensile strength, while polyethylene-coated
Natrayan, L.Kaliappan, SeeniappanBalaji, N.Mahesh, V.
In recent years, industry adoption of thermoplastic composites (TPCs) in lieu of thermosets and metallic structures has increased for the fabrication of air and launch vehicle components. Manufacturing of TPCs, performed via automated tape laying (ATL) and automated fiber placement (AFP), uses machines that place prepreg tow or tapes on molds in a unidirectional manner, which then undergo cure cycles, autoclaving, and other steps that require special tooling. The process is time, material, and energy intensive, requires large facilities to house equipment, and limits the size, mechanical properties and shapes of the parts manufactured. To address these limitations, NASA’s Langley Research Center has developed a simplified, tool-less automated tow/tape placement (ATP) system
Bamboo fibers were used as reinforcement in hardened epoxy mixes altered with ethoxylated soybean oil (ESO) to enhance the mechanical and thermal qualities. Compared to a bio-based epoxy mix, the tensile strength and modulus of the laminate with 20% bamboo fiber were higher. During thermogravity analysis (TGA) evaluation, it was discovered that the rate of deterioration peak had been moved to a warmer temperature, indicating improved thermal durability of the aggregate over the base material. The dynamic mechanical evaluation of the bio-based composite anticipated increased storage modulus and greater glass transition temperatures. High fiber–matrix adherence was visible in scanning electron morphology (SEM). Measurements of the interfacial adhesion demonstrate the hydrophilicity of the bio-based reinforced composites. The binding and effective insemination of fibers is responsible for the fiber-reinforced composite’s durability. Higher rigidity and durability were generated because
Meshram, Pawan DevidasNatrayan, L.Balaji, N.Reddy, Vinay
The Indian passenger vehicle market has grown by more than 40% by volume in the last decade and has reached a record high in FY23. This has created a more diverse and demanding customer base that values interior design and quality. The modern customer expects a high level of aesthetics and sophistication in their vehicle interiors - including in the luggage area. The Luggage Cover (Parcel Tray) is a component in the luggage area of a passenger vehicle that is used to conceal the luggage & improve its aesthetics. The cover is generally made of thermoplastic material with rotating hinges and is held in its place by the compression from the back door, which is frequently opened and closed. The parts that connect the cover to the door (usually an elastomer interface on the thermoplastic tray) tend to change over a period due to climatic conditions and leads to rattling concerns over a period. The change in elastomer interface with the back door (due to repeated compression & climatic
Sreejith, M PKhandelwal, LokeshSandilya, ArnabNatu, Mandar RRay, Amulya KaliHanda, Rajat
Steel represents more than 50% of weight in vehicles, being more susceptible to corrosion processes. Corrosion studies in these components are of great industrial and economic interest, and anticorrosive coatings with efficiency of superior protection is still a relevant area in materials research. Paintings from inorganic and organic hybrid compounds have been used to produce more effective and efficient coatings. Among polymeric coatings, epoxy resin is considered one of the most used anticorrosion coatings, mainly due its excellent protective properties. High barrier level is reached by reinforcing the coatings with inorganic fillers such heavy metal, nanoparticles, silica, and now more recently, carbon-based materials, like graphene and its derivatives. Graphene combined with additives presented in the paint composition can act as a passive physical barrier between the corrosive environment and the metal surface, restricting the diffusion of corrosive agents across the metal
de Oliveira, Elisa M. N.Sormani, Mariana B.Hurtado, Luiz P.Polkowski, Rodrigo D. O.
Manufacturing processes impact many factors on a product. Depending on the selected method, development time, part performance and cost are affected. In the automotive sector, there is a growing demand for weight reduction due to the advent of electrification and the greenhouse gas emission regulations. In addition, geometric complexity is a challenging factor for the feasibility of mass production of parts. In this scenario, plastic materials are a very interesting option for application in various vehicle parts, since these materials can be molded by injection, vacuum forming, among others, while maintaining good mechanical properties. Almost a third of a vehicle’s parts are polymeric, making the development of these materials strategic for car manufacturers. This article investigates the impact of the presence of fiberglass in a thermoplastic automotive body part. Three rounds of injection simulations were performed using Autodesk Moldflow Adviser considering polypropylene with 20
de Oliveira Neto, Raimundo Arraisda Rocha Loi, MoniqueJunior, Luis Roberto Martins RegoJunior, Georges Louis Nogueira Guimarã
Thermoplastic resins, composites, and copolymers can help the healthcare industry address multiple sustainability challenges. Specifically, thermoplastic materials can help manufacturers develop medical devices that
Epoxy polymers are widely used in various industries, e.g., as coatings, adhesives, and for lightweight construction due to their unique properties such as high strength, chemical resistance, and adhesion to various surfaces. Therefore, one of the most prominent applications is their use as matrix material in fiber-reinforced composites, which are heavily employed in the aerospace sector. However, the disposal of epoxy polymers and composites thereof has become a significant concern due to their recalcitrant nature and the adverse environmental effects caused by traditional recycling methods
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