Browse Topic: Tensile strength

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Investigating Mechanical Properties of Jute Fiber and Alumina-Reinforced Epoxy Composites: Application of Taguchi and Grey Analysis for Automotive Components2025-28-0113To be published on 02/07/2025
Natural fiber composites hold significant promise for a range of engineering applications due to their exceptional characteristics, which include substantial weight reduction, high strength, and cost-effectiveness. These materials are also biodegradable and renewable, adding to their appeal in sustainable engineering practices. This research focuses on evaluating the mechanical properties of jute fiber and AlO3-reinforced polymer composites, exploring their potential for advanced engineering uses. The study employs the Taguchi method with an L9 orthogonal array, incorporating three levels and three factors to systematically explore various combinations of process variables in the fabrication of these polymer composites. The primary goal is to optimize the mechanical properties of the composites, including tensile modulus, tensile stress, and weight percentage increase. Detailed investigations are conducted to understand the effects of these process variables on performance metrics. The
Somsole, Lakshmi Narayana, Natarajan, Manikandan, Pasupuleti, Thejasree, Katta, Lakshmi Narasimhamu, Vivekananda, Soma
Technical Paper
Investigation of Mechanical, Barrier, and Tribological Properties of Jute/Glass Fiber Hybrid Epoxy Composites2025-28-0031To be published on 02/07/2025
In the present study, jute/glass fiber-reinforced epoxy-based polymer hybrid composites were fabricated using the resin infusion technique. To compare various properties, composites were fabricated from pure jute fiber (100% jute), pure glass fiber (100% glass), and hybrid composites containing 75% jute and 25% glass fiber, 50% jute and 50% glass fiber, and 25% jute and 75% glass fiber. Various physical, mechanical, and tribological analyses were conducted. The results revealed that the hybrid composite containing 25% jute and 75% glass fiber exhibited the best performance, with a tensile strength of 177 MPa, a flexural strength of 188.3 MPa, an impact strength of 130 kJ/m², a storage modulus of 17,050 MPa, a loss modulus of 2,883 MPa, and minimal moisture absorption and wear loss. Compared to the pure jute fiber composite, this hybrid composite showed a 172% increase in tensile strength, a 278% increase in flexural strength, a 238% increase in impact strength, a 184% increase in
J, Chandradass, T, Thirugnanasambandham, M, Amutha Surabi, P, Baskara Sethupathi, Rajendran, R, Murugadoss, Palanivendhan
Technical Paper
Influence of fibre weight fraction on the mechanical characteristics of the Caryota urens fiber reinforced polyester composite2025-28-0114To be published on 02/07/2025
The present study aims to assess the tensile properties of caryota urens fibre reinforced polyester composites. Composites were fabricated with different fiber weight fraction starting from 5% to 30% with 5% increment. The testing of composite material was done using ASTM standards. The results indicated that the tensile, impact and flexural properties of composite material were increased up to 25% fiber weight fraction after that it has been reduced due factors like fiber distribution had not uniform and adhesion between fiber and matrix had be reduced. Optimal weight fraction found from this study is 25%. The maximum tensile, impact and flexural strength obtained for the composites were 36.22 MPa, 62.21 MPa and 96.21J/m
Santhanam, K, Raja, K., Naveen, M, Saranbala, M, M, Naveenkumar
Technical Paper
Characterization of Mechanical, Thermal, and Chemical Properties of Natural Fiber Composites: A Case Study of Bamboo Leaves and Coconut Leaves2025-28-0112To be published on 02/07/2025
The research project focused on investigating the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of composite plates made from bamboo leaves and coconut leaves reinforced with epoxy resin that has received limited attention in previous studies. The bamboo and coconut leaves underwent alkaline treatment, were thoroughly washed with distilled water, and dried in sunlight for 24 hours. For the fabrication of three composite plates, Hand lay up method was employed according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The compositions of the composite plates were varied as first Composition has 25 wt% bamboo leaves, 25 wt% coconut leaves and 50 wt% resin, the Second Composition has 30 wt% bamboo leaves, 30 wt% coconut leaves, and 40 wt% resin and the third composition has 35 wt% bamboo leaves, 35 wt% coconut leaves, and 30 wt% resin. Tensile test, shear and flexural tests helped determine the tensile strength, shear strength, and flexural strength of the composite
D R, Rajkumar, O, Vivin Lenin, R, Saktheevel, S, Edwin Roshan
Technical Paper
Effect of Hardening and Tempering Temperatures on the Mechanical Behavior of Alloy Steel2025-28-0027To be published on 02/07/2025
Alloy steel possesses high strength, hardenability, fatigue strength, and good impact toughness. It is widely used for making various machine parts, automobile components, shafts, gears, connecting rods, and more. Hardening and tempering develop the optimum combination of hardness, strength, and toughness in engineering steel, thereby providing components with high mechanical properties. Hardening and tempering temperatures are crucial factors that affect the mechanical and metallurgical properties of 42Cr4Mo steel. In this research work, 42Cr4Mo alloy steel samples were subjected to hardening and tempering processes. The hardening temperatures were set at 830°C, 850°C, and 870°C, while the tempering temperatures were maintained at 590°C and 650°C. The test results show that hardening at 830°C and tempering at 590°C achieve high strength, which decreases as the temperature increases. Different hardening temperatures and constant tempering temperatures will be optimized to achieve the
Murugesan, Venkatasudhahar, Ganesan, Dharmalingam, Tarigonda, Hariprasad
Technical Paper
Vibrational, Thermal and Mechanical Performance Analysis of Hybrid Composite Plates Composed of Kenaf and Ridge Gourd Fibers with Waste Plastic Materials2025-28-0030To be published on 02/07/2025
This study investigates the performance and highlights the mechanical, thermal, and vibrational characteristics of hybrid fibre composite plate composed of Kenaf Fibre (KF), Ridge Gourd Fibre (RGF), Waste Plastic Materials (WPM), and matrix materials. The raw materials undergo an alkaline treatment involving 2 hours of agitation with 5% NaOH. Following treatment, KF, RGF, and WPM are combined with epoxy resin using compression moulding to form four different hybrid composite plates in the %wt of 10:20:5, 20:10:5, 10:10:5, and 20:20:5. Various tests are conducted to evaluate their properties, including the Tensile Test, Shear Test, and Flexural Test, adhering to ASTM standards D638, D7078, and D790, respectively. The results indicate that 20:20:5 plate showed higher tensile strength (21.70 MPa), flexural strength (77.23 MPa), and shear strength (18.13 MPa. Subsequently, Thermo gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was conducted on the 20:20:5 composite plate due to its superior mechanical
D R, Rajkumar, R, Baranitharan, Basha, Mohamed Humayun, S, Kamalesh
Technical Paper
Evaluation on Mechanical and Metallurgical properties of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured ER 2209 Duplex Stainless Steel for Automotive and Marine applications2025-28-0108To be published on 02/07/2025
The advancement of wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) presents a significant opportunity to revolutionize the production of automotive components through the fabrication of complex, high-performance structures. This study specifically investigates the metallurgical, mechanical, and corrosion properties of WAAM-fabricated ER2209 duplex stainless steel structures, known for their superior mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance, and favorable tribological behavior. The research aims to optimize WAAM process parameters to achieve high-quality deposition of ER2209, ensuring structural integrity and performance suitable for both marine and various automotive applications. Microstructural analysis of the produced samples revealed the alloy’s dual-phase nature, with roughly equal amounts of ferrite and austenite phases uniformly mixed across the layers of deposition. This balanced microstructure contributes to the alloy’s excellent mechanical properties. Yield strength
A, Aravind, S, Jerome, Kumar, Ravi
Technical Paper
Microstructural and Mechanical characterization of Overhanging AA 4043 structures fabricated by CMT Pulse based WAAM for Automotive applications2025-28-0140To be published on 02/07/2025
This study investigates the fabrication and characterization of overhanging structures using the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) pulse based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technique, specifically targeting automotive applications on commercial aluminum components. Focusing on optimal welding strategies for overhanging structures, components are fabricated by providing offsets during consecutive deposition of layers, thus producing parts with angles of 45, 60 and 90 degree inclinations from the substrate. Three specimens undergo twenty-three layers of deposition, resulting in structurally sound joints within this specified angle range. AA 4043 electrode is utilized, and welding parameters are optimized through trials by verifying with bead on plate deposition. Successful outcomes are achieved within the specified angle range, though challenges arise beyond 60 degrees, complicating the maintenance of desired weld quality. The study further evaluates the microstructure, microhardness
A, Aravind, S, Jerome, A, Rahavendran
Technical Paper
Preliminary Indication Approach of Jute Fiber Fabric with Polyester for Bumpers of Passenger Cars2024-36-014912/20/2024
Polypropylene has been the plastic traditionally used in the manufacture of bumpers. Composite materials have been presented as an alternative due to lightness and sustainability. This article presents a composite of polyester resin and jute fiber fabric as an innovative alternative to be studied for the manufacture of automotive bumpers. Composite material was manufactured for characterization. It was used as matrix the terephthalic polyester resin, unsaturated and pre-accelerated, and the catalyst MEK V388 for curing the composite. The chosen reinforcement was the jute fiber fabric. Silicone molds with dimensions according to ASTM 3039 were used to manufacture specimens, and subsequent tensile strength test to determine properties and compare with literature data. The composite with jute fiber reinforcement with alignment 0°/0°/0° was evaluated as viable for the application in car bumpers, having its value of tensile strength surpassed that of the composite reinforced by jute fiber
Dias, Roberto Yuri Costa, Soares, Rafael Vilhena, de Mendonca Maia, Pedro Victor, dos Santos, Jose Emilio Medeiros, Miranda, Igor Ramon Sinimbú, Junior, Waldomiro Gomes Paschoal, Fujiyama, Roberto Tetsuo
Technical Paper
Presentation of Biocomposites for Proposal for Use in Car Bumpers2024-36-014812/20/2024
Car bumpers are protective structures for the occupants of a vehicle during a collision, absorbing impact energy, such a structure is located at the front and rear of the vehicle. Metals were used to manufacture the first bumpers, and it was subsequently assessed that using a different material would reduce their weight, for example plastic, resulting in increased fuel economy and impact absorption. Also, the use of polymers reinforced by glass fibers offer good mechanical strength. This work evaluates the replacement of conventional materials by an ecologically more viable alternative, natural fibers as plastic reinforcement, reducing costs, without considerable loss in the material mechanical properties. Specimens of reinforced composite material were produced with jute fiber. The fibers, obtained through fabrics, were standardized in length of 5.0 mm and 15.0 mm. The matrix phase applied was the unsaturated and pre-accelerated terephthalic polyester resin manufactured by Royal
Soares, Rafael Vilhena, Dias, Roberto Yuri Costa, de Mendonca Maia, Pedro Victor, Junior, Waldomiro Gomes Paschoal, Fujiyama, Roberto Tetsuo
Technical Paper
Steel, Bars, and Forgings, Aircraft Quality, 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.38 - 0.43C) (SAE 8740), Heat Treated, 105 ksi (724 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS6325M (Current)12/18/2024
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of heat-treated bars and forgings
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Effect of Combined Addition of Aluminium Titanium Carbide and Sodium on Aluminium Alloy2024-01-523912/10/2024
The grain refinement of aluminium alloy has the potential for various engineering utilization like automotive, marine, and aviation. Besides, the choice of grain refinement influences better performance and compatibility action. Aluminium alloy processed with zirconium grain refinement, high cost and risk of grain coarsening reasons, this research focused on Ti-C grain refinement with sodium modifier for T6 processing by aluminium alloy (AA6013) made by stir cast route. Impacts of Ti-C grain refinement with sodium modifier T6 processing on microstructural behaviour, hardness, and tensile performance are investigated, and the hardness and tensile are followed by ASTM E384 and ASTM E8 standards. The AA6013-T6 (1:1 Ti/C) with 0.15Na is found to have better grain refinement and found the TiC particle during the casting process, which leads to better enhancement of overall mechanical behaviour. The hardness, ultimate tensile, elongation percentage, and Young's modulus of AA6013-T6 (1:1 Ti/C
Venkatesh, R., Manivannan, S., Daniel Das, A., Mohanavel, Vinayagam, Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad
Technical Paper
Study of Natural Fiber Incorporated Polypropylene Composite Laminate for Lightweight Applications2024-01-523612/10/2024
Biodegradable natural fiber-embedded polymer composites offer distinct mechanical properties and are utilized for lightweight applications. However, composites made with untreated natural fibers lack adhesive behaviour, and increased moisture absorption leads to reduced mechanical qualities. To address this, hemp fibers are treated with a 5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to enhance adhesive strength. The treated fibers are then used to fabricate polypropylene composites through a hand layup process involving compression force. The synthesized composite samples contain 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% weight (wt%) of hemp fiber and undergo X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, as well as tensile, flexural, and impact strength studies. XRD analysis shows a short peak for the hemp fiber and a large peak for the polypropylene matrix. Experimental results indicate that the polypropylene composite with 30 wt% NaOH-treated hemp fiber exhibits increased tensile strength (53 MPa), improved flexural
Venkatesh, R., Aravindan, N., Manivannan, S., Karthikeyan, S., Mohanavel, Vinayagam, Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad, Karthikeyan, N.
Technical Paper
Study on Grain Refinement Efficiency of Cast Aluminum Alloy via Aluminium Titanium Boron Addition2024-01-521812/10/2024
Grain refinement of aluminium and its alloys is a common industrial practice, particularly for automobile casting. The grain refines with titanium agent influence better mechanical behaviour such as higher yield and ultimate tensile strength rather than monolithic alloy. Present study, the halide salt method has been used to produce the Al-Ti-B grain refiners with different Ti/B ratios. The prepared grain refiner is added in A356 alloy and observed its grain refining efficiency. The addition of grain refiner to A356 aluminium alloy at different holding times, such as 10, 20, and 30 min, allowed it to solidify. It is found that 30 min of holding time with 5Ti1B improves the hardness (40%) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) value (63.56%). A high degree of grain refinement was observed in a 30-minute holding time with 5Ti1B with improved grain refining efficiency of 3 %. Its microstructural observation and tensile properties helped us understand this grain refinement
Venkatesh, R., Manivannan, S., Das, A. Daniel, Mohanavel, Vinayagam, Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad
Technical Paper
Establishing an Empirical Relationship to Predict the Tensile Strength of a FSSW-AA7075 Aluminum Alloy with Mild Steel2024-01-522412/10/2024
In this study, an investigation was conducted on friction stir spot-welded AA7075 aluminum alloy with mild steel. Fusion welding of these two materials presents challenges because of differences in melting points and metallurgical incompatibility. To overcome these challenges, friction stir spot welding was employed for joining these materials. Trial runs were conducted based on a central composite rotatable design matrix, which encompassed four factors at five levels: tool rotational speed, plunge rate, dwell time, and tool diameter ratio. Shear tests were conducted to evaluate the joint strength, and subsequently, an empirical equation was developed via analysis of variance. Notably, a joint fabricated under specific conditions demonstrated exceptional strength, with the highest fracture load of 9.56 kN. These optimal parameters included the tool rotational speed, plunge ratio, dwell time and diameter ratio of 1000 rpm, 4 mm/min, 5 sec and 3.0. This achievement underscores the
Salman, Riyam Abd Alrazaq, Mohammed, Khidhair Jasim, Rajan, Rajthilak Krishnan, Smaisim, Ghassan Fadhil, Siva Subramanian, R.
Technical Paper
Performance Evaluation of Nano Silicon Carbide Configured Aluminium Alloy with Titanium Nanocomposite via Semisolid Stir Cast2024-01-523512/10/2024
High-strength, lightweight aluminium-based composites show great potential for future weight-reduction applications. The aluminium alloy (AA5052) is commonly used in various engineering applications and serves as the primary matrix material for this study. The objective of this research is to produce and improve the properties of the AA5052 alloy composite by integrating titanium (Ti) and nano silicon carbide (SiC) particles using an advanced vacuum stir casting process. Additionally, an inert atmosphere is used to minimize voids, porosity, and oxidation. The final developed composites include AA5052, AA5052/3wt% Ti, AA5052/5wt% SiC, and AA5052/3wt% Ti/5wt% SiC, which were subjected to metallographic, tensile, elongation, and hardness studies. The mechanical evaluation is carried out following ASTM E8 and E384 standards. Microstructural analysis revealed uniform dispersion of Ti &SiC particles with no significant casting defects. The composite with AA5052/3wt% Ti/5wt% SiC exhibited the
Venkatesh, R., Kaliyaperumal, Gopal, Manivannan, S., Karthikeyan, S., Mohanavel, Vinayagam, Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad, Karthikeyan, N.
Technical Paper
Characteristics of Magnesium Composite Reinforced with Silicon Carbide and Boron Nitride via Liquid Stir Processing2024-01-523712/10/2024
The present aim of the investigation is to prepare and evaluate the excellence of boron nitride (BN) and silicon carbide nanoparticles on characteristics of magnesium alloy (AZ91D) hybrid nanocomposite. This constitution of AZ91D alloy hybrid nanocomposite is made through the liquid state processing route, which helps to improve the spread of particles in the AZ91D matrix. The impact of BN and SiC on microstructural and mechanical properties like tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength of AZ91D alloy composites are studied, and its investigational results are compared. Besides, microstructural studies have revealed that the structure of composite is found to have better BN and SiC particle dispersion and uniformity. The 5 percentage in weight (wt%) of BN and 5 wt% of SiC facilitated better tensile strength (183 MPa), hardness (85HV), and impact strength (21.4J/mm2) behaviour, which are 26, 30, and 35% better than the monolithic AZ91D alloy. This AZ91D/5wt% BN and 5wt% SiC
Venkatesh, R., Kaliyaperumal, Gopal, Manivannan, S., Karthikeyan, S., Mohanavel, Vinayagam, Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad, Karthikeyan, N.
Technical Paper
Effect of Silicon Carbide Addition and Jute Fiber Surface Treatment on Functional Qualities of Low-Density Polyethylene Composites2024-01-523812/10/2024
In the modern era, advanced hybrid polymer-based composites have the potential to replace conventional polymers and exhibit unique behaviour. This study focuses on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) hybrid composite made with jute fiber and enhanced with nano silicon carbide particles through the injection moulding process. The natural jute fiber undergoes chemical surface treatment to improve its adhesive behaviour. The study evaluates the effects of 10wt% chemically treated jute fiber and 1, 3, and 5wt% of SiC on the structural, impact, tensile, and flexural strength of the synthesized composites according to ASTM D7565, D3039, and D790 standards. The structural behaviour of LDPE composites is assessed through X-ray diffraction analysis, revealing improved crystalline structure and interaction. Among the five prepared composite samples, the composite containing 10wt% treated jute fiber and 5wt% SiC demonstrated enhanced impact, tensile, and flexural strength of 5.7 J/mm2, 43 MPa, and 56
Venkatesh, R., Kaliyaperumal, Gopal, Manivannan, S., Karthikeyan, S., Aravindan, N., Mohanavel, Vinayagam, Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad, Karthikeyan, N.
Technical Paper
Impact of Tool Rotational Speed and Welding Speed on Tensile Strength of Friction Stir Welded AA5083 Aluminum Alloy Joints2024-01-520512/10/2024
One of the most common materials in the fabrication sectors, especially in the auto sector, is Aluminum alloy. Owing to its low strength to weight ratio, it could be a good fit for a number of applications. The cold working procedure may strengthen the 5XXX series Aluminum alloy, which is not heat treatable and it is also challenging to fuse these alloys together using fusion welding processes. In Recent days, a solid-state welding procedure, Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is used to join this alloy. The impact of FSW process parameters on tensile strength of the joint is examined in this study. Based on the outcomes of the experiment, the highest tensile strength is observed at 900 RPM tool rotation, 100 mm/min welding speed, 1.5-degree tilt angle, and 3.0 tool diameter ratio. Superior strength (246 MPa) of this parameter over its competitors can be attributed to the balanced material flow and the formation of finer grains in the weld region
Maram, Sreenivasulu Reddy, Kumar, M. Vinoth, Hariram, V.
Technical Paper
Study of Functional Behaviour of Cast Magnesium Alloy with Zirconium Addition2024-01-520612/10/2024
Magnesium is the lightest material than aluminium and has a better specific strength, which is utilized for weight management applications. This research developed the magnesium (Mg) matrix with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 percentages in weight (wt%) of zirconium (Zr) particles (grain refinement agent) via the squeeze cast technique. The argon inert gas is limit oxidation during the melting of Mg. The influence of Zr on the functional properties of Mg is studied and related to monolithic Mg without the Zr phase. The microstructural analysis provides the Zr particles are dispersed uniformly in the Mg matrix and exposed to superior mechanical properties. The Mg processed with 0.5 wt% of Zr offered maximum hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation percentage, which are 53, 48.8, and 43.5 % better than the values of monolithic Mg. Besides, the optimum Mg refining with 0.5 wt% Zr microstructure is detailed with EDS and conforms to the contribution of Zr. This is used for automotive
Venkatesh, R., Manivannan, S., Das, A. Daniel, Mohanavel, Vinayagam, Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad
Technical Paper
Corrosion Properties of Aluminium 7075 Basalt Particulate Reinforced Metal Matrix Composite Prepared by Stir Casting2024-01-520112/10/2024
Basalt-based products are known to provide substantial wear and corrosion resistance even in harsh environments. This paper aims to explore the stir casting technique as an efficient way to reinforce basalt particulates into Aluminium (AA7075). The properties such as hardness, ultimate tensile strength with corrosion behaviour of the composites were evaluated and compared with as-cast AA7075 fabricated under the same conditions. It is evident from the results that an increase in basalt particulate content significantly increases the ultimate tensile strength of 216 MPa and hardness of 123 VHN. The mechanism of bonding between basalt particulate and aluminum alloy at the interface was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). AA7075 matrix composites exhibited better corrosion resistance and they showed enhancement in thermal and mechanical properties
Vallimanalan, A., Murali, M., Mahendran, R., Manivannan, S.
Technical Paper
Effect of TiO 2 & B 4 C on the Mechanical Behavior and Microstructural Properties of Light Weight Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites for Compact Automobile Applications2024-01-520812/10/2024
This Experimental study demonstrates the influence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and boron carbide (B4C) reinforcements on the mechanical behaviour and microstructural characteristics of lightweight hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMCs) tailored for compact automobile applications. The Aluminium metal matrix composites were synthesized using stir casting technique to ensure uniform dispersion of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and boron carbide (B4C) reinforcements within the aluminium matrix. Characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical Microscopy, were employed to analyze the microstructural evolution and phase distribution. Mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, and wear resistance were systematically evaluated. The results demonstrated significant enhancements in mechanical performance with 38% increase in tensile strength, 22% increase in impact strength which are attributed to the synergistic effects of TiO2 and B4C. These
Jaswin, M. Arockia, Geetha, R., Mathialagan, Saravanan, Suresh, S.
Technical Paper
Tensile Strength Analysis of Electron Beam Welded AA2024 Aluminum Alloy Joints2024-01-522012/10/2024
The AA2024 aluminum alloy is a precipitate-hardening material renowned for its exceptional strength and corrosion resistance, making it a preferred choice for various applications in industries such as aircraft and automobile manufacturing. However, it is challenging to weld using fusion welding processes due to differences in melting points between the aluminum base material and its oxide layer. Consequently, this often results in issues such as partially melted zones, alloy segregation, and hot cracking. In this investigation, electron beam welding was employed to minimize heat input and prevent the formation of coarse grains in the heat-affected zone. Observations revealed that the joint achieved a maximum strength of 285 MPa, representing 62% of the base material's strength. This improvement in strength can be ascribed to the establishment of fine and recrystallized grains at the weld interface, along with the presence of copper aluminide strengthening precipitates
Rajesh, A., Karthick, S., Mallieswaran, K., Shanmugam, Rajasekaran
Technical Paper
Magnesium Alloy Hybrid Composite Properties are Featured with Boron Carbide Particle for Automotive Seat Frame Usage2024-01-520712/10/2024
With the advancement of lightweight magnesium-based hybrid composites, are potential for weight management applications. The liquid state stir cast process is the best way to produce complex shapes and most industries are preferred. However, the melting of magnesium alloy and achieving homogenous particle distribution are the major challenges for the conventional stir-casting process, and hot crack formation is spotted due to thermal variations. The main objectives of the present research are to enhance the microstructural and mechanical behaviour of magnesium alloy hybrid nanocomposite (AZ91E) adopted with boron carbide (B4C) and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles through a semisolid stir cast technique associated with inert atmosphere helps to limits the oxide formation and reduce risk of magnesium fire. The effect of composite processing and multiple reinforcements on surface morphology, tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness were thoroughly evaluated and compared. The results
Manivannan, S., Venkatesh, R., Kaliyaperumal, Gopal, Karthikeyan, S., Mohanavel, Vinayagam, Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad, Karthikeyan, N.
Technical Paper
Automotive Grade Coaxial Cable Performance SpecificationUSCAR29 (Historical)12/06/2024
This document specifies dimensional, functional and visual requirements for Automotive grade coaxial cable. This material will be designated AG for general-purpose automotive applications or AG LL for low loss applications. It is the responsibility of the user of this cable to verify the suitability of the selected product (based on dimensional, mechanical, electrical and environmental requirements) for its intended application. It is the responsibility of the supplier to retain and maintain records as evidence of compliance to the requirements detailed in this standard
USCAR
Specification
Fabrication and Functional Behavior Studies of Polypropylene Composite Containing Hybrid Reinforcements05-18-02-001512/06/2024
Hybrid reinforcement-made polypropylene (PP) composites are beneficial over monolithic PP and utilized for various engineering and non-engineering applications. The present investigation of PP hybrid composites is developed with 10 percentages of weight (wt%) of E-glass fiber embedded with 0–6 wt% of silicon carbide via compression technique associated with hot press. E-glass fiber and SiC influencing wear rate, tensile strength, and microhardness behavior of PP and its composites are experimentally investigated. The peak loading of SiC as 6 wt% into PP/10 wt% E-glass fiber is recorded as better wear resistance (0.021 mm3/m), maximum tensile strength value (54.9 MPa), and highest hardness (68 HV). Moreover, the investigation results of hybrid PP composite are better resistance to wear and hiked tensile and hardness behavior compared to monolithic PP. This PP/10 wt% E-glass fiber/6 wt% of SiC hybrid composite is adopted for high-strength to lightweight sports goods applications
Venkatesh, R.
Journal Article
Influences of Porosity Shapes and Sizes on Stress and Strain Fields in the Casted Aluminum Using Finite Element Modelling2024-28-015912/05/2024
Casted Aluminum alloys are prone to manufacturing defects such as porosity, voids, and inclusions. Modern casting systems, with their advanced technologies, have made strides in foreseeing and mitigating these flaws. Yet, apart from inclusions and porosity remain stubbornly persistent, never fully eradicated. The challenge of predicting the exact sizes and shapes of these flaws adds another layer of complexity. Consequently, the precise predictions of stress-strain fields, while accounting for casting defects are critical to ensure the durability and integrity of casted components. A computational finite-element based simulation performed to resemble the experimental tensile test. A quarter symmetric numerical specimens are investigated with distinct sizes and shapes of pores/voids. The tensile strength along with the elasto-plastic stress-strain state in the vicinity of randomly distributed voids/pores are determined and compared with defects-free model. The local stress and strain
T, Kalinga, Sahu, Abhishek, Chirravuri, Bhaskara, Miller, Ronald, Xu, Siguang
Technical Paper
Analyzing the Effect of Silicon Carbide and Flyash Reinforcement on the Phase Morphology and Mechanical Properties of 7075 Aluminum Alloy Produced through Stir-Casting Process2024-28-016512/05/2024
Growing demand for fuel-efficient vehicles and lower CO2 emissions has led to the development of lightweight materials. Aluminum composites are being used to achieve lightweighting to improve performance, efficiency, and sustainability across various industries. The unique properties of aluminum composites make them an attractive choice for researchers and designers looking to optimize their products. Reinforcement materials play a vital role in the development of these composites, acting as barriers to dislocation movement within the aluminum matrix. This effectively strengthens the material and prevents deformation under load, resulting in increased tensile strength and fatigue resistance. Additionally, aluminum composites exhibit improved thermal and electrical conductivity, making them suitable for automotive applications. In this study, metal matrix composites (MMCs) of aluminum 7075 alloys were developed using silicon carbide (SiC) and flyash as reinforcements. Three different
Manwatkar, Asmita Ashok, Santosh Jambhale, Medha, Mahagaonkar, Nitin, Sharma, Dipesh
Technical Paper
Application of TOPSIS Approach for Optimization on Additive Manufacturing (Fusion Deposition Modeling) of TPU Material: A Systematic Approach for Process Enhancement2024-28-023212/05/2024
Additive Manufacturing (AM), specifically Fusion Deposition Modeling (FDM), has transformed the manufacturing industry by allowing the creation of complex structures using a wide range of materials. The objective of this study is to enhance the FDM process for Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) material by utilizing the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) optimization method. The study examines the influence of FDM parameters, such as layer height, nozzle temperature, and infill density, on important characteristics of the printing process, such as tensile strength, flexibility, and surface finish. The collection of experimental data is achieved by conducting systematic FDM printing trials that cover a variety of parameter combinations. The TOPSIS optimization method is utilized to determine the optimal parameter settings by evaluating each parameter combination against the ideal and anti-ideal solutions. This method determines the optimal parameter
Pasupuleti, Thejasree, Natarajan, Manikandan, Kiruthika, Jothi, Ramesh Naik, Mude, Silambarasan, R
Technical Paper
Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties of CastingsAMS2361F (Current)12/04/2024
This specification establishes a procedure for designating minimum elevated temperature tensile property requirements of castings by means of this AMS number and a series of dash numbers
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Room Temperature Tensile Properties of CastingsAMS2360F (Current)12/04/2024
This specification establishes a procedure for designating minimum room temperature tensile property requirements of castings by means of this AMS number and a series of dash numbers
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
ADVANCED FUNCTIONALLY GRADED PLATE-TYPE STRUCTURES IMPACTED BY BLAST LOADING2024-01-322711/15/2024
ABSTRACT The foundation of the theory of functionally graded plates with simply supported edges, under a Friedlander explosive air-blast, are developed within the classical plate theory (CPT). Within the development of the theory, the two constituent phases, ceramic and metal, vary across the wall thickness according to a prescribed power law. The theory includes the geometrical nonlinearities, the dynamic effects, compressive tensile edge loadings, the damping effects, and thermal effects. The static and dynamic solutions are developed leveraging the use of a stress potential with the Extended-Galerkin method and the Runge-Kutta method. Validations with simpler cases within the specialized literature are shown. The analysis focuses on how to alleviate the effects of large deformations through proper material selection and the proper gradation of the constituent phases or materials
Hause, Terry
Technical Paper
FORMING AND WELDING INNOVATIONS FOR ARMOR STEELS2024-01-374011/15/2024
ABSTRACT This paper reviews research that has been conducted to develop inductively assisted localized hot forming bending technologies, and to use standardized welding tests to assess the practicality and potential benefits of adopting stainless based consumables to weld both existing and evolving armor alloys. For the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V it was determined that warming the plate to circa 600°F would improve the materials ductility (as measured by reduction of area) from ~18 to 40% without exposing the material to a temperature at which atmospheric contamination would be significantly deleterious. For the commercial alloy BB and class 1 armor alloy it was found that there was little effect on the charpy impact toughness and the proof strength as a result of processing at 900 °F with either air cool or water quench and there was an added benefit of lower residual stresses in the finished bends compared to cold formed bends. Heating “alloy BB” to 1600 °F followed by water quench
Lawmon, John, Alexandrov, Boian, Duffey., Matthew, Ngan., Tiffany
Technical Paper
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate 19Cr - 9.2Ni (304) Cold Rolled, 1/4 Hard, 125 ksi (862 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS5910D (Current)11/06/2024
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate over 0.005 inch (0.13 mm) in nominal thickness
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Forgings, Titanium Alloys Heat-Treated, Finished-Part Properties: Short-Traverse Tensile, Fracture Toughness, and Longitudinal Time-Dependent-TensionAMS4938B (Current)11/06/2024
This specification establishes requirements for titanium forgings of any shape or form from which finished parts are to be made (see 2.4.4, 8.3, and 8.6
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Material Specification
Development of ANFIS Predictive Model for Additive Manufacturing of TPU Material2024-28-002510/17/2024
Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques, particularly Fusion Deposition Modeling (FDM), have received considerable interest due to their capacity to create complex structures using a diverse array of materials. The objective of this study is to improve the process control and efficiency of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) for Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) material by creating a predictive model using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The study investigates the impact of FDM process parameters, including layer height, nozzle temperature, and printing speed, on key printing attributes such as tensile strength, flexibility, and surface quality. Several experimental trials are performed to gather data on these parameters and their corresponding printing attributes. The ANFIS predictive model is built using the collected dataset to forecast printing characteristics by analyzing input process parameters. The ANFIS model utilizes the learning capabilities of neural networks
Pasupuleti, Thejasree, Natarajan, Manikandan, D, Palanisamy, A, Gnanarathinam, Umapathi, D, Kiruthika, Jothi
Technical Paper
RING, RETAINING - INTERNAL, SPIRAL WOUND HEAVY AND MEDIUM DUTY, UNS S66286AS3472A (Current)10/03/2024
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Technical Standard
Steel, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Bars and Forgings and Forging Stock, 15.5Cr - 4.5Ni - 2.9Mo - 0.10N (AM 355®), Consumable Electrode Remelted, Heat Treated, 170 ksi (1172 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS5744G (Current)09/18/2024
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Characterizing and Modeling Lightweight Structural Composites at High Strain Rates for use from Arctic to Desert Environments2024-01-410909/16/2024
In this work, triaxial carbon fiber – epoxy composite laminates were manufactured and tested to determine the influence of environmental temperature and strain rate on the mechanical properties, and finite element models were developed to understand how those temperature and strain rate dependent trends may influence performance in a military ground vehicle application. As environmental temperature increased, the strength and elastic modulus were observed to decrease. Across all three environmental temperatures tested in this study, as the strain rate increased, tensile strength and elastic modulus were observed to increase as well. When applied to a composite hat section geometry, the finite element results highlighted the importance of considering both the environmental temperature and loading rate in the design of composite structures for use in military ground vehicles
Hart, Robert J., Patton, Evan G., Hamilton, Joseph M., Cardenas, Isabela, Luo, Huiyang, Magallanes, Joseph
Technical Paper
Optimizing Fused Deposition Modeling Process Parameters for Enhanced Build Time and Mechanical Strength2024-01-508208/20/2024
In this study, we investigate the optimization of additive manufacturing (AM) parameters using a bi-objective optimization approach through the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The objectives are to minimize build time and maximize mechanical strength. Experimental evaluations are conducted on various process parameters, including layer thickness, build orientation, and infill density, with a focus on their impact on build time and mechanical properties. Optimal parameter combinations, such as the lowest layer thickness, vertical build orientation, and relatively low fill density, are identified for maximizing tensile strength while minimizing build time. The consistency between experimental results and those obtained through NSGA-II validation validates the reliability of the optimization approach. Overall, this study contributes to the advancement of AM by providing insights into efficient parameter optimization strategies for enhancing both efficiency and
EL Azzouzi, Adil, Zaghar, Hamid, Ziat, Abderazzak, Larbi, Lasri
Technical Paper
Uniaxial Stress and Strain Analysis of a Notched Component Made of Cast Irons05-18-01-000108/02/2024
This article investigates the deformation mechanics of cast iron and its implications for notch analysis, particularly in the automotive industry. Cast iron’s extensive use stems from its cost-effectiveness, durability, and adaptability to various mechanical demands. Gray, nodular, and compacted graphite cast irons are the primary types, each offering unique advantages in different applications. The presence of graphite, microcracks, and internal porosity significantly influences cast iron’s stress–strain behavior. Gray and compacted cast iron display an asymmetrical curve, emphasizing low tensile strength and superior compression performance due to graphite flakes and crack closures. Nodular cast iron exhibits a symmetrical curve, indicating balanced mechanical properties under tension and compression. The proposed simplified macrostructural approach, based on monotonic stress–strain, aims to efficiently capture graphite and crack closure effects, enhancing compressive strength and
LaCourt, Cameron, Lee, Yung-Li, Gu, Randy
Journal Article
Precision Enhancement in Tough Polylactic Acid Material Extrusion: A Systematic Response Surface Investigation for Sustainable Manufacturing13-05-03-001807/23/2024
This research systematically explores the significant impact of geometrical dimensions within fused deposition modeling (FDM), with a focus on the influence of raster angle and interior fill percentage. Through meticulous experimentation and the application of response surface modeling (RSM), the influence on critical parameters such as weight, length, width at ends, width at neck, thickness, maximum load, and elongation at tensile strength is thoroughly analyzed. The study, supported by ANOVA, highlights the notable effects of raster angle and interior fill percentage, particularly on width at ends, width at neck, and thickness. During the optimization phase, specific parameters—precisely, a raster angle of 31.68 and an interior fill percentage of 27.15—are identified, resulting in an exceptional desirability score of 0.504. These insights, substantiated by robust statistical data, fill a critical gap in the understanding of 3D-printed parts, offering practical recommendations for
Moradi, Mahmoud, Rezayat, Mohammad, Meiabadi, Saleh, Rasoul, Fakhir A., Shamsborhan, Mahmoud, Casalino, Giuseppe, Karamimoghadam, Mojtaba
Journal Article
Steel Tubing, Seamless 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130), Aircraft Quality 150 ksi (1034 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS6362J (Current)07/23/2024
This specification covers aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of round, seamless tubing
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Hemp Fiber-Reinforced in Cellulose Acetate Composite Compared with Other Fiber Composites2024-01-507307/19/2024
Despite their many similarities, natural fibers have superior mechanical properties to synthetic fibers, including higher ultimate strength, greater elongation, resistance to ethering, biodegradability, lightweight, and fewer toxications. The mechanical characteristics of several matrices reinforced with synthetic and hemp fibers were examined in the current paper. We made the various hemp composites using vinyl ester, cellulose acetate (CA), treated CA, and GFRP (glass fiber-reinforced polymer) with CA. Composites were examined for mechanical characteristics such as tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness. Composites have a density of 1.19 g/cm3. Hemp with vinyl ester has higher tensile strength and flexural properties than other composites, but in impact, GFRP with CA has more impact strength of nearly 400 J/m, so for making eco-friendly biocomposite for lightweight structural applications
Vinoth Kumar, K., Karthick, K., Balasubramanian, M., Chidhamparam, R.S., Jones, S.
Technical Paper
Manufacturing Sequence for Fabrication of High-Strength Steel Parts 300M or 4340 Modified Low-Alloy Steels 270,000 psi (1860 MPa) Tensile Strength and HigherARP1631A (Current)06/24/2024
This document establishes the requirements for the sequencing of processes relating to parts fabricated from 300M or 4340 modified steel heat treated to, or to be heat treated to, 270,000 psi (1860 MPa) minimum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and higher
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Recommended Practice
Carbon Steel, Wire Spring Quality Music Wire 0.70 - 1.00C Cold DrawnAMS5112N (Current)06/24/2024
This specification covers a carbon steel in the form of wire supplied as coils, spools, or cut lengths (see 8.2
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel Bars and Forgings 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.38 - 0.43C) (SAE 8740) Heat Treated, 125 ksi (862 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS6327M (Current)06/13/2024
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars and forgings 1.50 inches or less in diameter or least distance between parallel sides (thickness
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Seamless Tubing, 72Ni - 15.5Cr - 0.95Cb (Nb) - 2.5Ti - 0.70Al - 7.0Fe (X750), Vacuum Melted, Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardenable to 170 ksi (1172 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS5583G (Current)05/17/2024
This specification covers a precipitation hardenable corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of seamless tubing
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Steel Tubing, Seamless 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130), Aircraft Quality, 125 ksi (862 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS6361H (Current)05/09/2024
This specification covers aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of round, seamless tubing
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Effects of Injection Molding on Linum usitatissimum Fiber Polyvinyl Chloride Composites for Automotive Underbody Shields and Floor Trays2024-01-505304/29/2024
The automotive sector’s growing focus on sustainability has been spurred to investigate the creation of sustainable resources for different parts, emphasizing enhancing efficiency and minimizing environmental harm. For use in automobile flooring trays and underbody shields, this study examines the impact of injection molding on composite materials made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Linum usitatissimum (flax) fibers. As processed organic fiber content was increased, the bending and tensile rigidity initially witnessed an upsurge, peaking at a specific fiber loading. At this optimal loading, the composite exhibited tensile strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus values of 41.26 MPa, 52.32 MPa, and 2.65 GPa, respectively. Given their deformation resistance and impact absorption attributes, the mechanical properties recorded suggest that such composites can be efficiently utilized for automotive underbody shields and floor trays. The inherent structure of the flax fiber within
Natrayan, L., Kaliappan, Seeniappan, Balaji, V., Mahesh, V.
Technical Paper
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