Browse Topic: Wear

Items (3,039)
This study proposes a multi-mode switching control strategy based on electromagnetic damper suspension (EMDS) to address the different performance requirements of suspension systems on variable road surfaces. The working modes of EMDS are divided into semi-active damping mode and energy harvest mode, and the proposed mode switching threshold is the weighted root mean square value of acceleration. For the semi-active damping mode, a controller based on LQR(Linear Quadratic Regulator) was designed, and a variable resistance circuit was also designed to meet the requirements of the semi-active mode, which optimized the damping effect relative to passive suspension. For the energy harvest mode, an energy harvest circuit was designed to recover vibration energy. In order to reduce the deterioration of suspension performance caused by frequent mode switching in the mode switching strategy, as frequent system switching can lead to system disorder, deterioration of damping effect, and
Zeng, ShengZhang, BangjiTan, BohuanQin, AnLai, JiewenWang, Shichen
ABSTRACT The M1 Abrams will be the primary heavy combat vehicle for the US military for years to come. Improvements to the M1 that increase reliability and reduce maintenance will have a multi-year payback. The M1 engine intake plenum seal couples the air intake plenum to the turbine inlet, and has opportunities for improvement to reduce leakage and intake of FOD (foreign object debris) into the engine, which causes damage and premature wear of expensive components
Tarnowski, StevePennala, SteveGoryca, MaryKauth, Kevin
ABSTRACT Results are presented from tests on a formulated 15W-40 mil-spec engine/transmission fluid to examine the impact of additives on improving its reliability and durability under extreme tribological conditions. A block-on-ring (BOR) configuration was used to measure the effect of five additives (an emulsion-based boric acid, tricresyl phosphate, particulate-based boron nitride, particulate-based MoS2, and particulate-based graphite) on the critical scuffing load as a function of additive concentration and time to scuff during oil-off tests (starved lubrication). A four-ball configuration was used to evaluate the impact of simulated engine grit/sand on the abrasive wear of steel as a function of grit size and loading. The results demonstrated that the additives increased the load for scuffing by 50 to 100% for the formulated oil and by 50 to 150% for the unformulated base fluid used in the formulated oil. Two of the additives (emulsion-based boric acid and tricresyl phosphate
Fenske, G. R.Ajayi, O. O.Erck, R. A.Lorenzo-Martin, C.Masoner, AshleyComfort, A. S.
ABSTRACT In the field of ground robotics, the problems of global path planning and local obstacle avoidance are often treated separately but both are assessed in terms of a cost related to navigating through a given environment. Traversal cost is typically defined in terms of the required fuel [1], required travel time [2], and imparted mechanical wear [3] to guide route selection. Prior work [4] has shown that obstacle field complexity and navigation cost can be abstracted into quantitative dimensionless parameters. But determining the cost parameters and their relationship to field complexity requires running repeated path planning simulations [4]. This work presents a method for estimating navigation cost solely from geometric obstacle field complexity measures, namely the statistical properties of an obstacle’s shape and the density of obstacles within an environment, eliminating the requirement to run a path planner in a simulation environment. Citation: S. J. Harnett, S. Brennan
Harnett, Stephen J.Brennan, SeanReichard, KarlPentzer, JesseTau, SethGorsich, David
ABSTRACT When the components of a military vehicle are designed, consideration is given to long term durability under repeated mission applications. In reality, surface and subsurface defects have always existed in weldments, forgings, and castings. These defects came from the manufacturing process or nucleated during the life of the vehicle. These defects may grow under repeated operations, resulting in ultimate failure of parts well before the design life is achieved. In such situations, a design based on crack initiation alone will not suffice, and a fracture mechanics based fatigue should also be included to predict the design life of a part accurately. In this paper a methodology is given on how to predict the available design life given the presence of defects in different parts of a military vehicle. An example will be provided with the process to demonstrate each step of the process
Porter, William De
ABSTRACT Presented are two designs for compact, low-profile UGVs with high cross-country mobility, intended for underbody operations with heavy manned vehicles. These UGVs are designed to remotely detect and assess combat damage incurred during combat operations, and analyze wear, leaks, and cracks, without the need for a human technician to be exposed to enemy fire, allowing crews to rapidly assess the conditions of their vehicles. Since robots required for underbody inspection would necessarily maintain a low, compact profile, they could also perform effective last-mile resupply in a contested environment, their small size allowing them to hide behind terrain and battlefield debris much more effectively than a heavy logistics robot. Naturally, a robotic vehicle that is capable of rapid underbody inspection of friendly vehicles or last-mile resupply could also be easily adapted as a combat platform to be used against enemy vehicles. Citation: A. Washington, et al., “Expendable Low
Washington, AnastasyaStempien, AndrewSchouster, RyanWilson, DrewRead, CallumSvoboda, GarretBurton, JaredPendergrass, JacobYoung, FreddieBennett, JacobSapunkov, Oleg B.
Recent developments in manufacturing techniques and the development of Al7075 metal matrix composites (MMCs) with reinforcements derived from industrial waste have been steadily gaining popularity for aerospace and automobile applications due to their outstanding properties. However, there are still a lot of limitations with these composite materials. A great deal of research has been done to create new Al7075 MMC materials with the use of economic fly ash (FA) that possesses superior mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, density, and cycle cost. This review outlines different synthesis techniques used in the development of Al7075 MMCs using stir casting. Effects of FA along with other reinforcements on the mechanical, wear, machining, and microstructural properties of the composite are also discussed. Finally, a summary of the application of FA-based MMCs and a recap of the previous discoveries and challenges are reported. Future scope and potential areas of application are
Kumar, RandhirMondal, Sharifuddin
Super Duplex Stainless Steels (SDSS) are attracting attentions of the manufacturing industries due to the excellent corrosion resistance to critical corrosion. But SDSS2507 is the hardest to machine with lowest machinability index among DSS family. Moreover, formation of built-up layer (BUL) and work hardening tendency makes it further difficult to machine. Researchers have the conflict in opinions on using wet machining or dry machining using tool coatings. In this investigation SDSS2507 machining is carried out using uncoated and PVD–TiAlSiN-coated tools. The wet and dry machining environment are compared for increase in cutting speed from 170 m/min to 230 m/min. Excellent properties of PVD–TiAlSiN coatings exhibited microhardness of 39 GPa and adhesion strength of 88 N, which outperformed the uncoated tools. Tool life exhibited by coated tools was four times higher than uncoated tools. Wet machining was found to be ineffective when PVD-coated tools are used, exhibiting the same
Sonawane, Gaurav DinkarBachhav, Radhey
A power steering system helps the heavy-duty operator move the vehicle easily with the hydraulic pump that provides the fluid pressure and facilitating adequate operation. Some failures in the power steering system are due to external and internal factors that can reduce its service life. The external factors could be identified by ocular inspection but normally, due to internal failures, it is necessary to use a hydraulic pressure flow meter. However, this device makes it impossible to detect failures caused by the selected lubricant. This work aims to investigate the causes of power steering system seizure by using the tribological wear examination process and the lubricant characterization under some actual operation conditions. The lubricant characterization was carried out in a four balls tester using fresh and used samples of a re-refined oil based ATF, SAE 15 W40 and synthetic SAE 5 W30 oils at two temperatures. In general, the results showed an unsteady friction profile with
García-Maldonado, MiguelGallardo, EzequielMozqueda-Flores, LuisVite-torres, Manuel
Geared automotive and aerospace transmissions are one of the most critical systems regarding wear. Limiting wear is of paramount importance to improve sustainability by reducing replacements that lead to increased waste and energy consumption for re-manufacturing. Simulation of gears including the wear effect can be very useful for the design of new more efficient and compact gears. Thermal effects may play a decisive role in the wear phenomena and should be included in the models used for simulations. In this study, some tests are conducted on a pin-on-disk apparatus under varying temperatures to assess its influence on steel-to-steel wear rate. A modified Archard law is used for wear estimation which includes the experimentally derived parameters accounting for thermal effects. This model is then coupled with a loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA) tool to obtain accurate predictions of the contact pattern, as well as the instantaneous load shared by the mating teeth pairs during the
Grabovic, EugeniuCiulli, EnricoArtoni, AlessioGabiccini, Marco
Vehicular emissions represent the main responsible of the deterioration of air quality in the urban area. In the attempt to reduce both gaseous emissions and particulates from internal combustion engines, increasingly stricter regulations were introduced from European Union in the last years. These limits have led to the improvement of emissions-reduction technologies as well as the vehicle hybridization and electrification. In this scenario, vehicle emissions due to other sources rather than the propulsion systems, such as brakes and tires, have taken a significant weight. In this regard, European Commission has proposed the introduction in the next EURO 7 standard of the first-ever limit on the particles emitted by vehicle brakes. This study is devoted to improving the knowledge on the particle characteristics due to the brake wear by means of laboratory experiments thus providing support to the definition of the new standards. An experimental layout was realized consisting in a box
Catapano, FrancescoDi Iorio, SilvanaMagno, AgneseVaglieco, Bianca Maria
Brake squeal is a phenomenon caused by various factors such as stiffness of brake components, mode coupling, friction coefficient, friction force variation, pressure, temperature and humidity. FEA simulation is effective at predicting and investigating the cause of brake squeal, and is widely used. However, in many FEA simulations, models of brake lining are mostly a brand-new shaper, so that the change of pressure distribution or pad shape, which can occur due to the lining wear, are not taken account. In this research, brake squeal analysis was conducted with consideration of lining wear, applying Fortran codes for Abaqus user subroutine. The brake assembly model for the analysis is created by using a 3D scanner and has a close shape to the real one. The wear patterns calculated by the analysis are similar to those of brake pads after a noise test. The complex eigenvalue analysis shows two unstable modes at the frequency of squeal occurred in the noise test. One is out-of-plane
Ikegami, TokunosukeMillsap, TomYamaguchi, Yoshiyuki
Demands for new materials with superior properties are rising as technological advancement is speeding up globally. Composite materials are gaining popularity due to their enhanced mechanical properties over metal and alloys. Aluminum metal matrix composites (MMCs) are becoming popular in several areas of application such as aerospace, automobile, armed forces, and other commercial applications due to their lightweight, increased strength, better fracture toughness, stiffness, corrosion resistance, and cost-effectiveness. The present study reviews the effects of different reinforcements on MMC materials. The main aim of the present work is to give a clear idea to the readers about the role of individual reinforcement in Al7075-based MMCs. Also, the details of weight% and size of different reinforcement are provided, which will help the readers in their future works. It has been observed that inorganic reinforcements give better mechanical and wear properties to composite materials. For
Kumar, RandhirMondal, Sharifuddin
This research examines the impact of different amounts of copper (Cu) powder on the wear characteristics of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)–Cu composites. Various formulations of ABS–Cu composites have been produced using injection molding, with different amounts of surfactant. Wear properties were evaluated by conducting tribological testing in accordance with ASTM standards. The findings indicated a decrease in wear loss, particularly when using a mixture consisting of 23% ABS, 70% Cu, and 7% surfactant. Machine learning regression algorithms successfully forecasted wear behavior with R-squared values over 0.97. The models used in the analysis included linear, stepwise linear, tree, support vector machine (SVM), efficient linear, Gaussian progression, ensemble, and neural network regression models. This research emphasizes the significance of composite materials in fulfilling contemporary technical requirements. The acquired insights enable the development of materials with
Jatti, Vijaykumar S.Saiyathibrahim, A.Murali Krishnan, R.Balaji, K.
In the contemporary industrial landscape, machinery stands as the cornerstone of various sectors. Over time, these machines undergo wear and tear due to extensive use, leading to the introduction of subtle faults into the machine readings. Recognizing the pivotal role of machinery in diverse industries, the timely detection of these faults becomes imperative. Early fault detection is crucial for preventing costly downtimes, ensuring operational efficiency, and enhancing overall safety. This paper addresses the need for an effective condition monitoring and fault detection system, focusing specifically on the application of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) deep learning model for fault detection in bearings using accelerometer data. The preprocessing phase involves extracting time domain features, encompassing normal, differentiated, integrated, and carefully selected signals, to create an informative dataset tailored for the LSTM model. This model is then meticulously trained on the
Vaishnavi, A.Sharma, AnjuNaidu, VPS
Aluminum and its alloys entered a main role in the engineering sectors because of their applicable characteristics for indispensable applications. To enhance requisite belongings for the components, the composition of variant metal/nonmetal with light metal alloys is essential in the manufacturing industries. To enhance the wear resistance with significant strength property of the aluminum alloy 2024, the reinforcement SiC and fly ash (FA) were added with the designation Al2024 + 10% SiC; Al2024 + 5% SiC + 5% FA; and Al2024 + 10% FA via stir-casting technique. The wear resistance property of the composites was tested in pin-on-disc with a dry-sliding wear test procedure. The experiment trials were designed in Box–Behnken design (BBD) by differing the wear test parameters like % of reinforcement, sliding distance (m), and load (N). The wear tests on casted samples were carried out at the constant velocity of 2 m/sec, such that the corresponding wear rate for the experiment trials was
Sivakumar, N.Sireesha, S. C.Raja, S.Ravichandran, P.Sivanesh, A. R.Aravind Kumar, R.
This study aims to explore the wear characteristics of fused deposition modeling (FDM) printed automotive parts and techniques to improve wear performance. The surface roughness of the parts printed from this widely used additive manufacturing technology requires more attention to reduce surface roughness further and subsequently the mechanical strength of the printed geometries. The main aspect of this study is to examine the effect of process parameters and annealing on the surface roughness and the wear rate of FDM printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) parts to diminish the issue mentioned above. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) G99 specified test specimens were fabricated for the investigations. The parameters considered in this study were nozzle temperature, infill density, printing velocity, and top/bottom pattern. The hybrid tool, i.e., GA–ANN (genetic algorithm–artificial neural network) has been opted to train, predict, and optimize the surface
Narang, RajanKaushik, AshishDhingra, Ashwani KumarChhabra, Deepak
The tire cornering stiffness plays a vital role in the functionality of vehicle dynamics control systems, particularly when it comes to stability and path tracking controllers. This parameter relies on various external variables such as the tire/ambient temperature, tire wear condition, the road surface state, etc. Ensuring a reliable estimation of the cornering stiffness value is crucial for control systems. This ensures that these systems can accurately compute actuator requests in a wide range of driving conditions. In this paper, a novel estimation method is introduced that relies solely on standard vehicle sensor data, including data such as steering wheel angles, longitudinal acceleration, lateral acceleration, yaw rate, and vehicle speed, among others. Initially, the vehicle's handling characteristics are deduced by estimating the understeer gradient. Subsequently, real-time estimates of the cornering stiffness values are derived by adapting the previously obtained parameters
Balaga, Sanjay Raghavlabella, MarioSingh, Kanwar Bharat
As part of the development of its new powertrain consisting of two electric motors, a combustion engine and a gearbox, Renault SAS followed an original approach to achieve an assembly with an optimized, robust, and reliable link between the main electric motor and the gearbox. The running operation optimization as well as the high reliability is achieved by processing the following topics: filtration of vibrations and operating jolts; solving of tribological problems specific to splined connections, such as fretting corrosion and abrasive tooth wear; avoidance of potential seizure of elements with cyclic relative slippage under load; and eventually, control of wear and tear on the sealing and damping O-rings, which must accept oscillating translational movements at the same time as torque transfer. The aim of this article is to retrace the main steps taken to achieve the desired reliability and performance targets for this type of product. The most remarkable points of this approach
Hay, MaximeDutfoy, LaurentLigier, Jean-louisMerçay, Patrice
Brake assemblies are an essential part of any vehicle, and their effective functioning is critical for the safety and comfort of passengers. The surface roughness of brake components plays a vital role in figuring out their tribological and NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) behavior. It is essential to understand the impact of surface roughness on brake performance to ensure efficient braking and it has been a topic of interest in the automotive industry. In this study, the influence of surface roughness on the wear, and noise characteristics of a brake assembly has been investigated. The study also provides insights into the relationship between surface roughness, frictional behavior, and NVH performance, which can be used to improve the design and manufacturing of brake assemblies. The brake assembly includes of a disc, caliper, and brake pads, which work together to convert the kinetic energy of the vehicle into heat energy, has been considered in this study. First, the
S, GurumoorthyBhimchand, NareshBourgeau, AlyssaBhumireddy, Yugandhar
The piston and piston ring are used in a severe contact environment in engine durability tests, which causes severe wear to the piston ring groove, leading to significant development costs for countermeasures. Conventionally, in order to ensure functional feasibility through wear on the piston top ring groove (hereinafter “ring groove”), only functional evaluations through actual engine durability testing were performed, and there was an issue in determining the limit value for the actual amount of wear itself. Because of this, the mechanism that may cause wear on the ring groove was clarified through past research, but this resulted in judgment criteria with some leeway from the perspective of functional assurance. To establish judgment criteria, it was necessary to understand both functional effect from ring groove wear and the mechanism behind it. For this research, the functional effect from wear on the upper surface of the ring groove and the mechanism that may cause this were
Yoshii, KentaTakahashi, KatsuyukiSato, KenjiHitosughi, HideshiNakada, Fumihiro
The wear of the piston ring-cylinder liner system in gasoline engines is inevitable and significantly impacts fuel economy. Utilizing a custom-built linear reciprocating tribometer, this study assesses the wear resistance of newly developed engine cylinder coatings. The custom device offers a cost-effective means for tribological evaluation, optimizing coating process parameters with precise control over critical operational factors such as normal load and sliding frequency. Unlike conventional commercial tribometers, it ensures a more accurate simulation of the engine cylinder system. However, existing research lacks a comprehensive comparative analysis and procedure to establish precision limits for such modified devices. This study evaluates the custom tribometer's repeatability compared to a commercial wear-testing instrument, confirming its potential as a valuable tool for advanced wear testing on engine cylinder samples. The validation tests, achieved through standardized contact
Sediako, Dimitry G.Banerjee, Siddharth
Abrasion of the Electromechanical brake (EMB) brake pad during the braking process leads to an increase in brake gap, which adversely affects braking performance. Therefore, it is imperative to promptly detect brake pad abrasion and adjust the brake gap accordingly. However, the addition of extra gap adjustment or sensor detection devices will bring extra size and cost to the brake system. In this study, we propose an innovative EMB gap active adjustment strategy by employing modeling and analysis of the braking process. This strategy involves identifying the contact and separation points of the braking process based on the differential current signal. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that this gap adjustment strategy can effectively regulate the brake gap, mitigate the adverse effects of brake disk abrasion, and notably reduce the response time of the braking force output. Monitoring is critical to accurately control EMB clamping force. Pressure transducers are
Zhang, YilongChen, ZixuanWu, JinglaiZhang, Yunqing
The water droplet erosion (WDE) on high-speed rotating wheels appears in several engineering fields such as wind turbines, stationary steam turbines, fuel cell turbines, and turbochargers. The main reasons for this phenomenon are the high relative velocity difference between the colliding particles and the rotor, as well as the presence of inadequate material structure and surface parameters. One of the latest challenges in this area is the compressor wheels used in turbochargers, which has a speed up to 300,000 rpm and have typically been made of aluminum alloy for decades, to achieve the lowest possible rotor inertia. However, while in the past this component was only encountered with filtered air, nowadays, due to developments in compliance with tightening emission standards, various fluids also collide with the spinning blades, which can cause mechanical damage. One such fluid is the condensed water in the low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation channel (LP-EGR) formulated at cold
Takács, RichárdZsoldos, IbolyaSzentendrei, Dániel
The manufacturing landscape is undergoing a transformation, propelled by the need for innovative, efficient, and precise technology that can effectively replace expensive manual labor. This article examines advancements in Flexiv’s material abrasion technology, specifically focusing on sanding and polishing applications and the utility of force control technology
Wheel hubs with drum brakes of heavy-duty vehicles rarely broke, but some suddenly cracked in the 2000s. The cause of damage was said to be a lack of hub strength. However, the case was suspicious because the hubs were produced according to the design guidelines by the JSAE. In the 1990s, brake shoe-lining materials were changed from asbestos to non-asbestos for people’s health. The brake squeal and abnormal self-lock frequently occurred because of the increased friction coefficient between drum and shoe lining in the case of the leading–trailing type. The mechanical friction coefficient changes with the material and the contact angle, which varies with the wear of shoe lining and the drum temperature. In the previous report, the deformation of the wheel hub under the abnormal self-lock was verified by observing the change of hub attitude in model test equipment. In this paper, a causality between the hub crack damage and the abnormal friction increase is clarified by predicting the
Kanairo, KazunoriSoejima, Mitsuhiro
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, extrusions, mechanical tubing, flash-welded rings, and stock for forging, extruding, or flash-welded rings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Additive manufacturing (AM) is currently the most sought-after production process for any complex shaped geometries commonly encountered in Aerospace Industries. Although, several technologies of AM do exits, the most popular one is the Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) owing to its high versatility in terms of precision of geometries of components and guarantee of highest levels of reduction in production time. Further, metallic component of any complex shape such as Gas Turbine Blades can also be developed by this technique. In the light of the above, the present work focuses on development of iron silicon carbide (Fe-SiC) complex part for ball screw assembly using DMLS technique. The optimized process parameters, hardness and wear resistance of the developed iron-SiC composite will be reported. Further, since the material chosen is a metallic composite one, the effect of SiC on the thermal stresses generated during the DMLS processing of Fe-SiC composite will also be discussed. A
Chinnakurli Suryanarayana, RameshCheekur Krishnamurthy, SrinivasaH, AdarshaMukunda, Sandeep
Recently, a Korean company donated a wearable robot, designed to aid patients with limited mobility during their rehabilitation, to a hospital. The patients wear this robot to receive assistance for muscle and joint exercises while performing actions such as walking or sitting. Wearable devices including smartwatches or eyewear that people wear and attach to their skin have the potential to enhance our quality of life, offering a glimmer of hope to some people much like this robotic innovation
The requirement for lightweight, high-performance materials with higher wear resistance, which is critical in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and consumer-related sectors, has fueled the development of particle reinforced metal matrix composites (PRMCs). These materials are an appealing alternative for a broad variety of scientific and technological applications due to their remarkable mechanical qualities and low cost. The primary goal of developing metal matrix composite materials is to combine the favorable properties of metals and ceramics. This study included several experimental experiments to explore the behavior of stir-cast composites made of aluminum grade 6063 with varying amounts of SiC, Al2O3, and TiO2 reinforcements. The specimens obtained through the use of stir casting methodologies are subjected to a wide range of mechanical tests, including tensile tests, impact analyses, hardness measurements, and tribological investigations such as sliding wear tests and
Chaudhary, Amit S.Waghulde, Kishor B.Javanjal, Vijaykumar KisanSubhash, Gadhave
Carburizing, austenitic, and boronizing were used to enhance the friction and wear properties of AISI 1080 and 1566 steel surfaces. They were subjected to austenitic, solid boronizing, liquid and gaseous carburizing processes. An examination done and observed the microstructure, X-ray diffraction patterns, and hardness distributions of the material. For the wear testing, pin-on-disc specimen topologies were employed, and removal efficiencies were estimated based on the sliding distance and the required force applied. In addition, the abrasiveness of the sample surfaces was assessed. The heat treatment capacity of AISI 1020 steel was investigated and compared to the heat treatment capabilities of other steel samples to establish how much heat can be applied to the steel
Srinivasan, V. P.Saravanan, B. A.Shanthi, C.Sasidharan, R.Arunkumar, S.Induprakash, S.
Inconel 718 is a nickel-rich superalloy that can function in cryogenic to high-temperature applications. It has excellent mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties. This research focuses on developing Cu and Cu–alloy–tungsten disulfide (WS2) tools developed through a stir casting route, and the machining behaviour of Inconel 718 alloy in the EDM Process is investigated. The influence of output responses of Removal rate of material (RRM), surface roughness (SR), and tool wear loss rate (TWR) on input constraints pulse time-on, peak discharge current, and type of tool. The optimal parameters are studied with the aid of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) combination, in response to maximize and decrease the RRM, TWR, and SR, respectively. It is found that using the Cu-WS2 tool provides an optimum finding with a peak discharge current of 18 Amps, and pulse on time of 8 μs yields the best value for RRM, TWR, and SR. In addition, a three-dimensional
Dinesh, D.Sangaravadivel, P.Jeevith, R.Kishore, M.Deepith, N.Srikanth, M.
A crucial characteristic of composites, which are manufactured from elements of metal, is their mechanical and durability properties. A variety of reinforcing agents and metal nanoparticles are used to create aluminum-based hybrid metal-material composites. These composites are an advantageous alternative for sectors with limited resources because of their robustness, wear resistance, and thermal management capabilities. Manufacturing sectors employ Taguchi optimisation and Grey relational analysis to enhance the mechanical and durability properties of aluminum-based hybrid metal composites. To comprehend the interrelationships between reinforcing materials such as Al2O3 and SiC at constant fly ash concentration, five responses such as wear loss, tensile strength, elongation rate, impact strength, and hardness were considered and assessed. The Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) method is used to optimise these responses and transform them into Grey Relational Grade (GRG). The Grey
Hemanth Kumar, R.Venkatachalapathy, V.S.K.Arumugam, ThiagarajanLAZAR, MARTIN
This study delves into the innovative realm of synthesizing surface alloyed materials by utilizing copper-based metamorphic powders subjected to high-intensity electron beam irradiation. The process involves depositing metamorphic particles onto a stainless-steel substrate, and subsequently exposing the assembly to a powerful electron beam, resulting in the development of distinct surface alloyed layers. A notable advancement was achieved by introducing a second layer of metamorphic powders over the existing alloyed layer, followed by further treatment with the electron beam. The alloyed layers, characterized by a volumetric concentration ranging from 60 to 67%, exhibited a fascinating phenomenon— the formation of abundant borate crystals with the chemical formula Al2.56Fe1.75Ni0.84. This crystal presence significantly elevated the hardness of the surface alloyed layers, showcasing an impressive five to sevenfold increase compared to the substrates. Importantly, the alloyed layers
Dinesh Krishnaa, S.Sangeeth Kumar, M.Dhiyaneswaran, J.Rishi Karthikeyan, V.P.Saran Rithik, B.
The wide applications of aluminum composites in the defense, automotive and aerospace industries interest researchers in developing hybrid nanocomposites with specific properties such as high strength, hardness, and wear resistance. The aluminum was reinforced by silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles with a constant weight composition, and the spark plasma sintering process fabricated zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles with a different weight composition. The hybrid composite material’s density, porosity, and hardness were assessed using the SEM images of composites and hybrid nanocomposites that were effectively created by the sintering process without particle agglomeration. A pin-on-disc device was used for the wear test, with different input parameters such as weight (20, 25, 30, and 35 N), varying sliding distance (300, 500, 700 and 900m) and diverse sliding speeds (1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 m/sec). The hybrid nanocomposite hardness increased to 52% of the S4 sample due to the 15% ZrO2
Kalaimani, M.Tajudeen, Shaafi
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a common way to make things faster in manufacturing era today. A mix of polypropylene (PP) and carbon fiber (CF) blended filament is strong and bonded well. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a common way to make things. For this research, made the test samples using a mix of PP and CF filament through FDM printer by varying infill speed of 40 meters per sec 50 meters per sec and 60 meters per sec in sequence. The tested these samples on a tribometer testing machine that slides them against a surface with different forces (from 5 to 20 N) and speeds (from 1 to 4 meters per sec). The findings of the study revealed a consistent linear increase in both wear rate and coefficient of friction across every sample analyzed. Nevertheless, noteworthy variations emerged when evaluating the samples subjected to the 40m/s infill speed test. Specifically, these particular samples exhibited notably lower wear rates and coefficients of friction compared to the remaining
Surendra, S.Sireesha, S.C.P., SivaSuresh, P.
Composites of polymers reinforced with synthetic/natural fibers are mainly used in engineering sectors such as automobiles, aerospace, and in household appliances due to their abrasion resistance, high toughness, strength, and high specific modulus. The purpose of this research is to provide an overview of fiber-matrix interfaces and interface mechanism that leads to enhanced properties. This article investigates how natural/synthetic fibers, mineral based-materials and additional allotropic materials work rapidly and effectively across interfaces. The objective of this work is to discuss different interfacial mechanisms (i.e., diffusion, chemical bonding, and mechanical crosslinking) of fiber reinforced polymers and to understand the mechanism of heat transfer in hybrid polymers by establishing the polymer morphology, chain structure, and interchain linkages to allow molecular interactions between the material phases and to determine the characteristics and thermal conductivity of
Senthilkumar, N.Ramu, S.Deepanraj, B.
In this study, we have investigated the microstructural characteristics, the mechanical properties, and the dry sliding wear behavior of a ceramic coating consisting of zirconia (ZrO2) and alumina (Al2O3) deposited by flame spraying. A series of wear tests were carried out under a variety of loads and at two different sliding speeds. The evaluation included an examination of the coating microstructure, microhardness, coefficient of friction (COF), and wear resistance of the flame-sprayed coating. The results showed that the coatings had a perfectly structured micro-architecture and were metallurgically bonded to the substrate. The Al2O3 coating exhibited a fine granular structure with pores and oxides. The microstructure of Al2O3-10 wt.% ZrO2, on the other hand, showed a blocky structure with a uniform distribution of ZrO2 inclusions in the composite coating. X-ray diffraction (XDR) results showed that the phases in both coatings were predominantly α-Al2O3 with a minor presence of γ
Younes, RassimBaiamonte, LidiaIdir, AbdelhekDalibon, EugeniaSadeddine, AbdelhamidBradai, Mohand Amokrane
This article explores the impact of friction stir processing (FSP) on the surface modification of magnesium alloy AZ91D. The purpose is to enhance the alloy’s surface qualities and, consequently, improve its performance in various applications. Using FSP, the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the magnesium alloy are improved through solid-state joining. The study assesses the impact of FSP parameters on the alloy’s surface properties. Researchers adjust parameters such as tool rotation speed and traverse speed to achieve accurate FSP conditions for the intended surface alterations. The surface characteristics of FSP-treated magnesium alloy AZ91D are evaluated through detailed analyses, including microstructure, surface roughness, hardness, and wear resistance. The study considers the effect of FSP on grain development and microhardness, which reflect the immediate impact on surface properties. The study also examines how nano-sized boron nitride (BN) particles are
Prabhu, M. K.Sivaraman, P.Ajayan, AdarshNithyanandhan, T.Ilakiya, P.
Bamboo fibers were used as reinforcement in hardened epoxy mixes altered with ethoxylated soybean oil (ESO) to enhance the mechanical and thermal qualities. Compared to a bio-based epoxy mix, the tensile strength and modulus of the laminate with 20% bamboo fiber were higher. During thermogravity analysis (TGA) evaluation, it was discovered that the rate of deterioration peak had been moved to a warmer temperature, indicating improved thermal durability of the aggregate over the base material. The dynamic mechanical evaluation of the bio-based composite anticipated increased storage modulus and greater glass transition temperatures. High fiber–matrix adherence was visible in scanning electron morphology (SEM). Measurements of the interfacial adhesion demonstrate the hydrophilicity of the bio-based reinforced composites. The binding and effective insemination of fibers is responsible for the fiber-reinforced composite’s durability. Higher rigidity and durability were generated because
Meshram, Pawan DevidasNatrayan, L.Balaji, N.Reddy, Vinay
Tyre wear is of significant concern for the automotive industry due to multiple reasons including vehicle performance, safety, economy, environmental (particulate matter emission) aspects, etc. Therefore, ensuring enhanced tyre tread wear resistance is one of the most important criteria while developing a new tyre. Tyre wear phenomenon is influenced by various factors, such as road conditions, driving habits, maintenance practices and tyre design parameters (construction, geometry and material). The wear assessment through the classical field-testing approach consumes significant time and resources. Therefore, digital predictive tools are very useful in predicting wear characteristics at the early stage of the tyre development process. In this study, an attempt has been made to capture the impact of tread geometry, tread material, vehicle geometry, vehicle speed, test track geometry, etc. on tyre wear. A commercial finite element code, Abaqus was utilized for tyre structural simulation
Bedi, Vinay KumarRana, KashifMahata, PundarikGhosh, PrasenjitMukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Wear phenomenon has extensively been published in the literature and this paper presents a methodology of how the wear models were used to assess the risk of failures in a field application, through endurance testing at a system level. Correlation of the wear prediction by the model with actual measurement was performed and used to predict the field operation reliability. Results are shown for sliding wear as well as impact wear phenomenon in this paper. In the case of sliding wear, wear modeling and prediction was done for a friction material using a system level metric, and the mean wear predicted was not different from the model predicted values at 95% confidence under a field application duty cycle
SR, Ranjith KumarSoma, Nagaraju
Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) concentration monitoring is done to detect the concentration at which the emission thresholds are exceeded in BSVI engines [1]. This paper introduces a novel method to model the fault monitoring system with enable conditions designed to detect deterioration in DEF concentration, while reducing misdetection. This eliminates the need for dedicated sensor, reduces complexity, cost, and potential sensor-related failure modes. Traditionally, Diesel Exhaust Fluid quality sensors have been employed to measure the absolute concentration of Diesel Exhaust Fluid in the aqueous solution of urea [2]. This information is used to detect usage of poor quality DEF which results in increase in NOx emission beyond legal limits. The proposed method leverages the strong relationship between catalyst conversion efficiency and Diesel Exhaust Fluid concentration for modelling a fault monitoring system which also takes inputs from various other sensors, to make the system fault
Venkat, HarishKumar, Gokul ElumalaiKumar, KosalaramanG, Vijayakumar
The commercial vehicles market is dominated by manual transmission, due to lower ownership cost. Generally, commercial vehicles are used in large numbers by the fleet owners. The transmission endurance life is very important to a vehicle owner. On the other hand, driver fatigue can be reduced with a smooth gear change process. The gear change process in a manual transmission is carried out with the help of the synchronizer pack. The crucial function of a synchronizer pack in an automotive transmission is to match the speed of the target gear for smooth gear shifting. In a transmission, the loose and the weakest part is the synchronizer ring. The failure of the synchronizer affects smooth gear shifting and it also affects the endurance life of the transmission. The synchronizer ring can fail due to poor structural strength, synchronizer liner wear, synchronizer liner burning, etc. The synchronizer liner burning is very difficult to analyze since the liner wear pattern is very uneven and
Jamadade, GajananK, Barathi RajaChatterjee, Soumik
Commercial vehicle are exposed to harsh environment conditions like dust, mud, wind, rain, extreme sun and winter throughout. Apart from white goods and other conventional loading these vehicles also used in applications which involve Handling of Dirty Loads, Construction Raw materials, Mining Industry etc. which leads to fast deterioration of Interiors. Also, in most cases drivers are not the owners. Hence due to high cost of Cleaning at dealerships and low Product maintenance awareness amongst Commercial Vehicle Users, on Road Washing & Cleaning by riverside is common practice which leads to early deterioration of Interior trims. This paper deals with the retention of newness of soft trim parts such as headliner, wall trims and carpets. Causes of product deterioration and attributes which influence newness like product appeal, NVH, perceived quality, environmental impact, geometry retention over time etc. have been discussed in detail. Material properties and design considerations
Shah, KapilApte, SanjayNavsariwala, PrashantKumar, SunilKomar, SanjuGhodageri, SantoshSurendran, Shiju
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