Browse Topic: Wear

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Sensorless Tire Health Monitoring System Based on Machine Learning for Passenger Vehicles2026-26-0670To be published on 01/16/2026
Tire wear is a critical factor in vehicle safety and operational reliability, with worn-out tires contributing to nearly 30% of highway blowouts and a significant portion of tire-related accidents. Traditional tire wear indicators—such as tread wear bars or mileage-based replacement schedules—lack precision, do not offer real-time feedback, and often fail to prevent hazardous situations caused by uneven or rapid tire degradation. These shortcomings underscore the urgent need for intelligent, data-driven solutions in predictive tire maintenance. While earlier efforts have focused on physical models or basic machine learning algorithms, their limited adaptability and poor generalization across platforms reduce effectiveness in real-world deployments. This paper presents a Machine Learning-based Tire Wear Prediction System, designed for both cloud-based analytics and on-vehicle edge deployment. The system predicts individual tire wear using CAN-based inputs, supported by a transfer
Imteyaz, Shahma, Iqbal, Shoaib
Manufacturing process advancement in CNG Exhaust Valve to prevent seat wear issue2026-26-0278To be published on 01/16/2026
Exhaust Valve CNG market share increased in India in recent years demanding for more durable and reliable CNG Engine. While in current scenario durability is one of the major concerns for CNG engine. Major issue faced in CNG powertrain is high wear at Exhaust valve CNG face due to excessive wear. In Current practice T400 Sintered material layer is deposited at Valve face which is very critical to achieve less wear at valve face. Due to manufacturing variability high level of variation is found mechanical properties of T400 deposit which is very critical for Exhaust Valve CNG performance. In this paper all important process parameters are discussed for achieving consistent Exhaust Valve CNG T400 deposit quality. Each process parameter detail impact on T400 material is studied and explained to achieve consistent quality of T400 deposit leading to robust design of Exhaust Valve CNG.
Poonia, Sanjay, KUMAR, CHANDAN
Comprehensive research study examining Tyre wear and its Indian perspective.2026-26-0604To be published on 01/16/2026
Automobile emissions refer to the gases and particles released into the atmosphere by vehicles during their operation. These emissions contribute to environmental pollution and have an impact on human health and the environment. This paper assimilates findings from a comprehensive research study examining tyre wear and its Indian perspective. Tyre wear understood as a factor affecting road safety, environmental health, and economic sustainability. The study identifies factors affecting tyre wear and provides overview regarding tyre wear generation in India, encompassing road infrastructure, vehicle characteristics, driving patterns, and environmental factors. Moreover, it examines the adverse effects of these particles on human health, such as respiratory ailments and cardiovascular diseases, as well as their impact on ecosystems. This paper delves measures to measure tyre wear and safeguard both environmental and public health. It also covers the tyre wear measurement methodologies to
Joshi, Amol, Khairatkar, Vyankatesh, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara
Electric mobility and materials circularity - a study of recycled PET textiles for automotive interiors2026-26-0237To be published on 01/16/2026
The adoption of sustainability in electric mobility has made it crucial to investigate environmentally friendly materials. Polymer materials used in automotive application plays very important role in material circularity contributing significant value addition to the overall carbon footprint index. This study discloses the development of recycled polyester textiles from PET bottle waste, use for automotive interior parts and carbon footprint impact. The use of recycled textiles is directly helping the organization in scope 3 emissions to get the lower carbon footprint value by eliminating the use of fossil fuel resources in making the PET textiles. In this study, the development road map methodology adopted, and validation cycle of recycled polyester textiles (PET) were explained broadly with results of different constructions, color and finishes against automotive critical requirements such as sun load UV resistance, abrasion durability, color migrations, soiling resistance
Palaniappan, Elavarasan, Varatharajan, Senthilkumaran, Balaji, K V, Dodiya, Rohanbhai
For CNG and FFV fuel application robustness improvement of Exhaust Valve2026-26-0125To be published on 01/16/2026
Today, globally, automotive manufacturers are striving to meet the increasing demand for fuel economy, high performance, and silent engines. The fundamental approach to achieving these requirements is through designing low friction mechanisms, resulting in less wear and higher durability. The demand for CNG vehicles has surged exponentially in recent years, prompting increased government focus on alternative fuels such as CNG and hydrogen. These dry fuels lack lubricating properties, unlike conventional fuels like petrol, diesel, and biofuels, which are wet and liquid. Consequently, the operations and failures associated with these fuels differ. The materials and designs of engine parts, such as fuel lines, ECU, exhaust valves, and cylinder heads, vary depending on the fuel used. This study discusses the countermeasures adopted to address the high seat and guide wear in cylinder heads and valves. The investigation focuses on material, design, and manufacturing process improvements
Poonia, Sanjay, KUMAR, CHANDAN
Experimental Study to Investigate and Control Image Blurriness due to IRVM Vibration2026-26-0321To be published on 01/16/2026
Vibration is one of the prominent factors that determine the quality & comfort level of a vehicle. Moreover, if vibration occurs in areas that are almost entirely within customer touchpoints (during either city or highway driving conditions), it could become a critical factor behind the deterioration of brand image within the market. The interior rear-view mirror (IRVM) is one of the important components inside passenger cabin, providing drivers with a clear view of the rear traffic. However, vibrations induced by engine operation, road irregularities, and aerodynamic forces can cause the IRVM to oscillate, leading to image blurriness and compromised visibility and safety. This paper investigates the underlying causes of IRVM vibrations and their impact on image clarity. Through a combination of experimental analysis and computational modelling, we identify key factors contributing to mirror instability. The findings indicate the specific frequencies of vibration, particularly those
Khan, Aamir Naved, Saraswat, Vivek, Jha, Kartik, SINGH, HEMENDRA, Seenivasan, Gokulram, Khan, Nafees
Evaluating the Influence of Material Properties and Hardness on Tightening Torque2025-28-025511/06/2025
Earthmoving machines are equipped with a variety of ground-engaging tools that are joined by bolted connections to improve serviceability. These tools are made from heat-treated materials to enhance their wear resistance. Attachments on earthmoving machines, including buckets, blades, rippers, augers, and grapples, are specifically designed for tasks such as digging, grading, lifting, and breaking. These attachments feature ground-engaging tools (GET), such as cutting bits or teeth, to protect the shovel and other earthmoving implements from wear. Torquing hardened plates of bolted joint components is essential to ensure uniform load distribution and prevent premature failure. Therefore, selecting the proper torque is an important parameter. This study focuses on analyzing various parameters that impact the final torque on the hardened surface, which will help to understand the torque required for specific joints. Several other parameters considered in this study include hardware
Parameswaran, Sankaran Potti, Bhosale, Dhanaji, Kumar, Rajeev
Study on the Fracture Failure Problem of the Height Valve Regulating Rod2025-99-007510/17/2025
The height valve adjusting rod is an important part of the suspension system, used to adjust the height of the train to adapt to the train through the curve, slope or uneven track when the height valve adjusting rod fracture failure, the train’s suspension system can not be adjusted normally, may lead to the height of the train is too high or too low, affecting the stability of the train and the driving safety. In this paper, an underground vehicle height valve adjusting rod fracture failure of the problem was studied and analysed, the specific conclusions are as follows: height valve adjusting rod there are two main vibration frequency, 60Hz and 340Hz, 60Hz main frequency has always existed, and 340Hz vibration frequency are present in part of the interval, but also caused by the vehicle vibration of the main reason for the local larger; height valve adjusting rod stress there is also a significant vibration The main frequency of 340Hz, similar to the vibration characteristics of the
Wang, Chao, Yang, Chen, Pan, Minkai
Decay Analysis of Xinjiang G577 Asphalt Road Performance Based on Exponential Modeling2025-99-005410/17/2025
The accurate prediction of road performance decay is of great significance for road maintenance and management. This paper takes the Xinjiang G577 highway as the research object, collects the measured data of the typical indexes of asphalt pavement since the past years (Deterioration Condition Index (PCI), Technical Condition Index (PQI)), and studies its decay. The model is constructed on the basis of time series1, and the exponential decay model of asphalt road PQI and PCI is derived. The model’s accuracy is then tested by calculating the correlation coefficient, mean absolute error (MAE), and other accuracy tests. The results demonstrate that the model exhibits a high degree of fit.
Tian, Wei, Bai, Haotian, Wang, Taiwei, Wang, Jiayan, Dai, Xiaomin
Road Traffic State Classification Method Based on AutoEncoder and Clustering Algorithm2025-99-004810/17/2025
Urban road traffic state classification is essential for identifying early-stage deterioration and enabling proactive traffic management. This study presents a novel method to accurately assess the traffic state of urban roads while addressing the limitations of existing methods in spatial generalization performance. The approach consists of three key components. First, several indicators are designed to capture the spatial-temporal evolution mechanisms of traffic state, speed freedom, flow saturation, and their variations over time and space. Then, a feature learning module based on an AutoEncoder network is introduced to reduce the dimensionality of the constructed feature set. This enhances feature distinction while mitigating noise effects on classification results. Third, k-means clustering is applied to analyze significant features extracted from the AutoEncoder latent space, categorizing road traffic states into fluent, basic fluent, moderate congested and severe congested
Wang, Xiaocong, Huang, Min, Guo, Xinling, Xie, Jiemin, Zhang, Xiaolan
Reinforcement Learning with Adaptive Discount Factor for Clutch Judder Suppression with Stable Learning in Two-Speed EV Transmission2025-01-037510/07/2025
Designing the gear shift control for an automotive transmission is a complex task because it involves handling nonlinear behaviors like changes in friction between clutch plates and fluctuations in oil temperature. While deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has recently been used to reduce shift shock, most existing methods don’t account for real-world changes such as transmission aging. One major issue that becomes worse with aging is clutch judder—a type of vibration caused by wear. Traditional reinforcement learning assumes that the environment stays the same, which can lead to unstable learning when conditions change, making it hard to consistently reduce shift shock. To address this, we propose a new algorithm that adapts to aging transmissions by adjusting the discount factor—a key parameter in reinforcement learning that balances short-term and long-term rewards. Instead of keeping this factor fixed, our method starts with a lower value to ensure stable learning and gradually
Ogawa, Kazuki, Aihara, Tatsuhito, Goto, Takeru, Minorikawa, Gaku
From Temperature to Wear: A Quantitative Analysis of Tire Influence on Vehicle Cornering Using Handling Key Performance Indicators2025-01-506009/16/2025
Vehicle behavior is strongly influenced by tire performance, as tires serve as the primary interface between the vehicle and the road surface. Since identical vehicles equipped with different tire sets—or even the same tires operating under varying thermal and wear conditions—can exhibit significantly different handling characteristics, this study aims to quantify their impact on both steady-state and transient cornering responses through a dedicated evaluation methodology. To demonstrate the generalization of the proposed approach, three completely different validated vehicle digital twins—a passenger car, a sports car, and a formula car—are analyzed in a virtual environment, employing Vi-Car Real Time for vehicle and scenario representations, and RIDEsuite for tire modeling, considering thermal and wear effects. The simulations were designed using a structured design of experiments approach, resulting in 15 predefined combinations of tire temperature and wear states. Results show
Aratri, Roberto, Romagnuolo, Fabio, De Pinto, Stefano, Farroni, Flavio, De Bellis, Sergio, Bottiglione, Francesco, Mantriota, Giacomo, Sakhnevych, Aleksandr
Achieving Euro 7 Compliance: Cost-Effective Brake Wear Particle Emissions and Performance with FNC-Smart ONC® GCI Rotors2025-01-033209/15/2025
Advanced ferritic nitrocarburizing process combined with a specialized post-oxidation treatment described as FNC + Smart ONC® [1] is developed for brake rotor applications. The process can be applied to standard grey cast iron brake rotors, significantly reducing PM 10 emissions to levels below the Euro 7 limits for most vehicles equipped with at least some recuperative braking capabilities, all without compromising performance. Finished grey iron brake rotors, ferritic nitrocarburized and post oxidized were evaluated according to several industry standards. The standards include SAE J2707B (Block Wear Test including Highway) [2], GRPE-90-24 Rev.1 Emission Test (Full WLTP Brake Cycle 6 Times) [3], and SAE J2522 (AK-Master Performance) [4]. Nitrocarburized post oxidized brake rotors were compared to untreated grey iron rotors exposed to several friction materials. Ferritic nitrocarburizing and post oxidation addresses the issue of corrosion, which is particularly relevant for brake
Winter, Karl-Michael, Holly, Mike
Influence of Titanate Composition and Particle Size on Friction Stability and Wear in Brake Pads2025-01-033709/15/2025
The effects of particle size and composition of platelet titanates, including potassium titanate and potassium-magnesium titanate, were investigated to determine their friction stability, wear resistance, and transfer film formation. The composition and properties of titanates were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and particle size analysis. Tribological properties were evaluated using a tribometer (MFT-5000), while the worn surfaces were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Results indicate that the transfer film characteristics are significantly influenced by the particle size and composition of platelet titanates. Brake pads containing potassium-magnesium titanates formed a more uniform transfer film, leading to improved friction stability and reduced wear rates. In contrast, potassium titanates increased friction levels but also resulted in higher wear on the brake friction materials. These
Jara, Diego Chavez, Lorenzana, Carlos, Sliepcevich, 1Lt Andrea, Conforti, Michael
A Novel Simulation Method for Vehicle Brake Wear Emissions2025-01-036109/15/2025
The effective reduction of particulate emissions from modern vehicles has shifted the focus toward emissions from tire wear, brake wear, road surface wear, and re-suspended particulate emissions. To meet future EU air quality standards and even stricter WHO targets for PM2.5, a reduction in non-exhaust particulate (NEP) emissions seems to be essential. For this reason, the EURO 7 emissions regulation contains limits for PM and PN emissions from brakes and tire abrasion. Graz University of Technology develops test methods, simulation tools and evaluates technologies for the reduction of brake wear particles and is involved in and leads several international research projects on this topic. The results are applied in emission models such as HBEFA (Handbook on Emission Factors). In this paper, we present our brake emission simulation approach, which calculates the power at the wheels and mechanical brakes, as well as corresponding rotational speeds for vehicles using longitudinal dynamics
Landl, Lukas, Ketan, Enis, Hausberger, Stefan, Dippold, Martin
Brake System Homologation: A Holistic, Simulation-Based Approach2025-01-035109/15/2025
With the introduction of the Euro 7 regulation, non-exhaust emissions – particularly those arising from brake and tire abrasion – will be regulated and subject to emission limits for the first time. This presents significant challenges not only for OEMs striving to meet these targets within the given timeframe, but also for suppliers, who must develop innovative solutions for the precise measurement, analysis, and mitigation of these emissions. To address this, it is essential to establish and industrialize new testing methodologies as structured, scalable, and cost-efficient processes. Beyond pure measurement capability, service providers in this domain are increasingly expected to serve as feedback mechanisms – identifying process limitations, proposing targeted improvements, and thereby enabling continuous development in line with evolving technical and regulatory requirements. In this context, AVL is pursuing a holistic development strategy that integrates brake emission
Grojer, Bernd
Improving the Comparability of Brake Wear Solid and Total Particle Number Emission Measurement2025-01-036209/15/2025
Brake wear emissions are a significant contributor to particle mass (PM) emissions originating from road transport. In Europe, this is taken into consideration by including emission limits for brake wear particles in the legislation. UN GTR (United Nations Global Technical Regulation) No.24 is a technical description of how to measure the particle number (PN) and PM emissions of brakes. PN measurement includes solid particle number (SPN) and total particle number (TPN), meaning excluding and including the volatile particle matter, respectively. In this study, we examine over 500 TPN and SPN emission factors, in terms of SPN-TPN ratio. To interpret the emission factor data, we present results of a characterization of SPN and TPN measurement instruments in a laboratory setting. We discuss the benefits of using a flow splitter in the PN measurement and present an experimental demonstration of its suitability for measurement of brake wear PN. Combining the results of this investigation
Martikainen, Sampsa, Pramstrahler, Madlen, Weidinger, Christoph, Rainer, Andreas, Engler, Dieter, Huber, Michael
Further Investigation of Variables Affecting Brake Squeal: Porosity Effect on Lowmet Pad Properties2025-01-033509/15/2025
As Lowmet pad porosity increases, pad hardness decreases; pad ISO compressibility increases; the nominal friction coefficient increases (SAE J2522); and the disc wear/pad wear decreases. Brake squeal occurrence is affected by the total wear of disc and pads; the wear differential between the inboard pad and outboard pad; pad tangential taper; and pad hardness/material damping. Also, pad chamfer shape has a strong influence on brake squeal occurrence.
Rhee, Seong Kwan, Rathee, Aman, Singh, Shiv Raj, Sharma, Devendra
Challenges in Quantifying Tire Wear Particle Emissions on an Outer Drum Test Bed2025-01-035209/15/2025
Tire wear is a significant source of microplastics and airborne particulate matter, contributing to environmental pollution and posing health risks. This study aims to develop a reliable method for quantifying tire wear and TWP on an outer drum test bed while achieving realistic wear rates. A degumming method using talcum powder was applied to prevent tire adhesion, which significantly increased wear rates but introduced complications in particle measurements. To address this, a flow-optimized enclosure was implemented to minimize background emissions. Particle emissions were quantified using APCs, PM samplers, and an ELPI+. The results underscore the challenge of distinguishing between TWP and talcum powder contributions. To estimate the percentage of airborne particle mass, a novel method was employed that calculates the RGB values of images of PM filters. This method estimates the blackening of the filter to determine the amount of TWP present. Size distribution analysis revealed
Schubert, Ludwig, Arias Torres, María Alejandra, Bigl, Stephan, Steiner, Gerald, Huber, Michael, Lex, Cornelia
Snowmobile Passenger HandgripsJ1062_202507 (Current)07/21/2025
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to give information to engineers and designers in order that access to a passenger handgrip, when used, is easily obtained, and that such handgrips offer maximum safety for a person at least as large as a 95th percentile adult male during snowmobile operation.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Fiber Computer Allows Apparel to Run Apps and “Understand” the WearerTBMG-5344407/01/2025
What if the clothes you wear could care for your health? MIT researchers have developed an autonomous programmable computer in the form of an elastic fiber, which could monitor health conditions and physical activity, alerting the wearer to potential health risks in real time. Clothing containing the fiber computer was comfortable and machine washable, and the fibers were nearly imperceptible to the wearer, the researchers report.
A Next-Generation Space Suit for Artemis IIITBMG-5341807/01/2025
Artemis III will mark humanity’s first return to the lunar surface since 1972. Astronauts returning to the Moon as part of the Artemis III mission, currently planned for 2027, will wear a next-generation spacesuit that will allow astronauts to walk on the Moon for the first time in over 50 years.
Increasing Wear Strength and Life Cycle of Tamping Machine Tool by Silicon Carbide Coating for Railway Maintenance05-19-02-001106/19/2025
When a train passes continuously over a section of the track, the track gradually moves away from the intended vertical and horizontal alignment with time and repeated use. Regular maintenance on the track, such as leveling, lifting, lining, and tamping, is necessary to maintain the optimal geometry of the track. Ballast is leveled and squeezed by hydraulic rams in tamping machines. The tamping is a process of ballast packing under railway tracks. In current system a set of tungsten carbide chips are attached either by welding or by coating on tamping tool tip made of EN24 steels. These tungsten carbide chips directly come in contact with the ballasts. After few tamping works, gradually these chips torn out and need to be replaced after certain period. Tungsten carbide is a costly material, therefore this research deals with replacement of tungsten carbide with silicon carbide (easily available cheaper) coating used for tamping tools tip. The study consists of microstructural
Mishra, Mamta, Pandey, Manas, Singh, Shruti, Srivastava, Sanjay, Kumar, Jitendra
Automobile Wheel Alignment and Wheel Balancing, Second EditionR-59106/12/2025
With over thirty years of hands-on experience in designing, developing, and patenting products in the wheel alignment industry, the author brings invaluable expertise to the second edition of this essential guide. Perfectly suited for mechanics, technicians, engineers, and even vehicle owners, this book goes beyond the basics to offer a comprehensive understanding of wheel alignment and its critical role in vehicle performance. The importance of proper wheel alignment and balancing cannot be overstated—incorrect alignment leads to premature tire wear and reduced safety. This updated edition provides in-depth coverage on wheel alignment techniques for light vehicles, commercial trucks, and trailers, with clear illustrations to help readers recognize and address various types of tire wear. The book explores everything from the mechanics of alignment to the impact of air pressure and tire rotation on longevity. With the growing need for vehicle maintenance, this guide empowers
R., Mananathan
Wear Protection for Electrified Transmissions Using e-Fluids without Active Sulfur04-18-03-001505/08/2025
In electrified drivetrains, lubricants are commonly in contact with the motor and other electrical components as well as the gears and bearings. Copper, present in these electrical components, is susceptible to corrosion by fluids containing active sulfur, which can lead to catastrophic failure of the unit. Lubricating fluids for electric vehicles (referred to as e-fluids) must not cause corrosion and must maintain high performance while having suitable electrical conductivity, material compatibility, and heat transfer properties. We describe a new formulation without active sulfur that has recently entered the market, which can protect against copper corrosion. We show that this e-fluid can provide suitable wear protection under field trial conditions, and that the e-fluid provides improved wear protection in bearing (FE-8) tests compared to a traditional extreme pressure axle fluid (API GL-4). Surface analysis (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) measurements of the component surfaces
Hopper, Elizabeth R., Williams, Megan S., Gahagan, Michael
Investigation on the Wear Regime of Plastic Gears Sliding Against Metal Gears2024-32-009904/18/2025
The use of plastic gears has expanded due to their lightweight properties, low noise emission, and cost-effective manufacturing. For instance, in the transportation equipment industry, some metal gears are being replaced with plastic gears. To achieve further size and weight reduction, gears must be able to withstand higher loads without damage. Gears have various modes of damage. Since there are different types of wear, each with different factors, it is important to identify the factors and take appropriate countermeasures. In gear meshing, there are many factors that affect wear, so restricted-factor tests are required to confirm the effectiveness of countermeasures. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the wear regime in high-load gear meshing and then to establish a simplified evaluation method replicating the meshing of gears for wear resistance focusing on the relative sliding between the two surfaces of metal and plastic. In the evaluation, changes in wear morphology over
Yamamoto, Jimpei, Suzuki, Takaharu, Ako, Natsuki, Iwasaki, Shinya, Kurita, Hirotaka
Development of NOx Storage Catalyst and Investigation of Deterioration Mechanism for Small Powertrains2024-32-009704/18/2025
In response to the evolving landscape of exhaust gas regulations for small powertrains, reducing NOx emission is increasingly important. This study deeply investigated the feasibility of a NOx storage catalyst (NSC) containing cerium oxide (CeO2) and barium oxide (BaO) for reducing NOx emission. The key functions, NOx storage and reduction performances were evaluated, and deterioration mechanisms were explored through performance evaluations and physical property analyses. The findings revealed a strong correlation between the size of CeO2 crystals and NOx storage performance at low temperature, such as those encountered during city driving conditions. Conversely, at high temperature, such as those during highway driving conditions, NOx storage performance correlated well with sulfur deposition, suggesting that the formation of barium sulfate (BaSO4) contributes to the deactivation. This experiment also showed a strong correlation between NOx reduction performance and BaSO4 formation
Nakano, Fumiya, Koito, Yusuke
Compatibility between Stability and Curving Ability of Railway Vehicles Using Conventional and Unconventional Bogie Frame Models02-18-03-001404/09/2025
This article analyses the fundamental curving mechanics in the context of conditions of perfect steering off-flanging and on-flanging. Then conventional, radial, and asymmetric suspension bogie frame models are presented, and expressions of overall bending stiffness kb and overall shear stiffness ks of each model are derived to formulate the uniform equations of motion on a tangent and circular track. A 4 degree of freedom steady-state curving model is formulated, and performance indices such as stability, curving, and several parameters including angle of attack, tread wear index, and off-flanging performance are investigated for different bogie frame configurations. The compatibility between stability and curving is analyzed concerning those configurations and compared. The critical parameters influencing hunting stability and curving ability are evaluated, and a trade-off between them is analyzed. For the verification, the damped natural frequencies and mean square acceleration
Sharma, Rakesh Chandmal, Sharma, Sunil Kumar, Palli, Srihari, Rallabandi, Sivasankara Raju, Sharma, Neeraj
Spectral Estimation to Quantify Road/Track Surface Degradation2025-01-825204/01/2025
Track testing methods are utilized in the automotive industry for emissions and fuel economy certification. These track tests are performed on smooth road surfaces which deteriorate over time due to wear and weather effects, hence warranting regular track repaves. The study focuses on the impact of repaving on track quality and surface degradation due to weather effects. 1D surface profiles and 2D surface images at different spatial frequencies were measured at different times over a span of two years using various devices to study the repave and degradation effects. Data from coastdown tests was also collected over a span of two years and is used to demonstrate the impact of track degradation and repaving on road load characterization parameters that are used for vehicle certification tests. Kernel density estimation and non-parametric spectral estimation methods are used to visualize the characteristic features of the track at different times. In the pre-processing stage, outliers
Singh, Yuvraj, Jayakumar, Adithya, Rizzoni, Giorgio
Combine HD Map Information to Enhance Road Topology Reasoning by Offline Supervised Training and on-Line Ensemble Learning2025-01-802104/01/2025
Topology reasoning plays a crucial role in understanding complex driving scenarios and facilitating downstream planning, yet the process of perception is inevitably affected by weather, traffic obstacles and worn lane markings on road surface. Combine pre-produced High-definition maps (HDMaps), and other type of map information to the perception network can effectively enhance perception robustness, but this on-line fused information often requires a real-time connection to website servers. We are exploring the possibility to compress the information of offline maps into a network model and integrate it with the existing perception model. We designed a topology prediction module based on graph attention neural network and an information fusion module based on ensemble learning. The module, which was pre-trained on offline high-precision map data, when used online, inputs the structured road element information output by the existing perception module to output the road topology, and
Kuang, Quanyu, Rui, Zhang, Zhang, Song, Yixuan, Gao
Advanced Aftertreatment System Meeting Future HD CNVII Legislation II2025-01-847804/01/2025
With the increasing clarity of the CNVII emission legislation, it is foreseeable that CNVII will further tighten the emission limits of major pollutants such as Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Nitrous Oxide (N2O) and Particulate Number (PN). Together with the implementation of stage IV fuel consumption legislation in July 2025, which requires engine fuel consumption reduction or thermal efficiency improvement, it will lead to further deterioration of its pollutant emissions and reduction of exhaust temperature, posing greater challenges to the After-Treatment System (ATS) in terms of NOx removal, particularly during engine cold start and N2O formation suppression. This study is an extension of our earlier investigation [1], and a novel copper-based corrugated SCR (Full Body-CuSCR, FB-CuSCR) technology was successfully applied. The results based on a modified CNVI medium duty engine indicated excellent dynamic response of the FB-CuSCR technology over cordierite which helped to improve the
Wang, Yan, Fu, Guangxia, Chen, Shuyue, Aberg, Andreas, Jiang, Shuiyan, Zhang, Jun
Three-Body Abrasive Wear Surface Characterization of Military Diesel Engine Piston Rings and Cylinder Bores2025-01-834604/01/2025
Two 50-hr engine dynamometer tests were conducted on 12-cylinder diesel military engines with differing piston ring sets. Engine A exhibited more than double the oil consumption over engine B. An investigation was conducted to explain why the oil consumption differed by employing several posttest analytical techniques including cylinder bore geometry measurements, surface metrology, wear characterization, and chemical analysis on the piston rings and cylinder wall coatings. The 3D colormaps of cylinder bore deformation showed uneven volumetric deformation through the piston stroke instead of 2D plane deformation. It was found that the primary reason of high oil consumption was direct loss of sealing between the piston, piston ring and cylinder bore due to predominately abrasive wear, three-body abrasive wear and bore polishing. Furthermore, the compromised sealing of the combustion chamber led to blow-by. Carbon deposits, corrosive byproducts, surface abrasives, loss of desired surface
Thrush, Steven, Chen, Aijie, Foley, Michael, Sebeck, Katherine, Boufakhreddine, Ziad
Tire Wear Life Prediction Using Machine Learning Technique2025-01-875704/01/2025
As global warming and environmental problems are becoming more serious, tires are required to achieve a high level of performance trade-offs, such as low rolling resistance, wet braking performance, driving stability, and ride comfort, while minimizing wear, noise, and weight. However, predicting tire wear life, which is influenced by both vehicle and tire characteristics, is technically challenging so practical prediction method has long been awaited. Therefore, we propose an experimental-based tire wear life prediction method using measured tire characteristics and the wear volume formula of polymer materials. This method achieves practical accuracy for use in the early stages of vehicle development without the need for time-consuming and costly real vehicle tests. However, the need for improved quietness and compliance with dust regulations due to vehicle electrification requires more accuracy, leading to an increase in cases requiring judgment through real vehicle tests. To address
Ando, Takashi
Comparative Evaluation of Untextured and Textured Surfaces for Wear, Wettability and Friction Characteristics2025-01-833104/01/2025
Reduction of frictional losses by changing the surface roughness in the form of surface textures has been reported as an effective method in reducing friction in the boundary regime of lubrication. Laser-based micro texturing has been mostly used to create these texture patterns and it is reported that it can reduce the frictional resistance by ~20-50%. However, the use of laser-based techniques for texture preparation led to residual thermal stress and micro cracks on the surfaces. Hence, the current study emphasizes using conventional micromachining on piston material (Al alloy Al4032) to overcome this limitation. Three variations of semi-hemispherical geometries were prepared on the surface of Al alloy with dimple depths of 15, 20 and 40 μm and dimple diameters of 90, 120 and 240 μm. Prepared textured surfaces with untextured surfaces are compared in terms of wear, wettability, and friction characteristics based on Stribeck curve behaviors. Results of this investigation demonstrated
Sahu, Vikas Kumar, Shukla, Pravesh Chandra, Gangopadhyay, Soumya
A Suspension Model Based on Semi-Recursive Method and Data-Driven Compliance Characteristics2025-01-828204/01/2025
Many methods have been proposed to accurately compute a vehicle’s dynamic response in real-time. The semi-recursive method, which models using relative coordinates rather than dependent coordinates, has been proven to be real-time capable and sufficiently accurate for kinematics. However, not only kinematics but also the compliance characteristics of the suspension significantly impact a vehicle’s dynamic response. These compliance characteristics are mainly caused by bushings, which are installed at joints to reduce vibration and wear. As a result, using relative or joint coordinates fails to account for the effects of bushings, leading to a lack of compliance characteristics in suspension and vehicle models developed with the semi-recursive method. In this research, we propose a data-driven approach to model the compliance characteristics of a double wishbone suspension using the semi-recursive method. First, we create a kinematic double wishbone suspension model using both the semi
Zhang, Hanwen, Duan, Yupeng, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai
WITHDRAWAL NOTICE2025-01-8278.0104/01/2025
Fiber Computer Allows Apparel to Run Apps and Understand the WearerTBMG-5287704/01/2025
What if the clothes you wear could care for your health?
Characterization and Aluminum Recovery from Chemical Milling Sludge in Aerospace Industry2025-01-501603/21/2025
The chemical milling process used in the aerospace industry generates substantial metallic residue in the etching bath, referred to as chemical milling sludge (CMS). The direct disposal of CMS into the environment leads to ecological deterioration and economic losses. This study focused on the recovery of aluminum from the aerospace industry CMS, aiming to mitigate environmental harm and enhance resource efficiency. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed that the aluminum content in extracted CMS increased significantly to 95.86%, compared to 28.98% in non-extracted sludge. The XRD analysis of the CMS extracted samples also revealed the presence of increased Al2O3. The surface morphology study suggested the irregularly shaped particles with large chunks, and fine granules were observed on CMS. The yield of Al2O3 was observed to be 35.9% (wt) prior to the calcination process followed by 12.1% (wt) after calcination. The phytotoxicity study indicated that the CMS inhibited
Prasad, Jag, Sonwani, Ravi Kumar
Experimental Investigation of Minimum Quantity Lubrication Strategy during Machining of Ti6Al4V Alloy05-18-03-002203/03/2025
The experimental investigation analyzed the performance of three machining conditions: dry machining, cryogenic machining, and cryogenic machining with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) on tool wear, cutting forces, material removal rate, and microhardness. The outcome of this study presents valuable knowledge regarding optimizing conditions of turning operations for Ti6Al4V and understanding the machinability under cryogenic-based cooling strategies. Based on the experimentation, cryogenic machining with MQL is the most beneficial approach, as it reduces cutting force and flank wear with a required material removal rate. This strategy significantly enhances the machining efficiency and quality of Ti6Al4V under variable feed rates (0.05 mm/rev, 0.1 mm/rev, 0.15 mm/rev, 0.2 mm/rev, 0.25 mm/rev) where cutting velocity (120 m/min) and depth of cut (1 mm) are constant. The effects of the main cutting force, feed force, thrust force, material removal mechanism, flank wear, and
Misra, Sutanu, Kumar, Yogesh, Paul, Goutam, Forouhandeh, Fariborz
Intelligent Pavement Maintenance Optimization Technique for Automatic Driving2025-01-715302/21/2025
Compared to manual driving, autonomous driving is more prone to the rapid development and deterioration of pavement distress due to the concentration of driving paths. Therefore, a reasonable and efficient maintenance strategy is required. To address the challenges posed by the numerous constraints and objectives in the maintenance strategy generation process, this paper proposes a multi-objective optimization-based method for generating pavement maintenance strategies. The approach leverages advanced pavement distress detection technologies to establish an initial maintenance program, incorporating a range of constraints and maintenance objectives, such as cost-efficiency, performance longevity, and environmental impact. The method applies a genetic algorithm (GA) to iteratively refine and optimize the maintenance strategy, ensuring that the solutions align with both immediate and long-term performance goals for autonomous vehicle operations. A case study utilizing real-world road
Yang, Liwenyun, Li, Wei, Chen, Leilei
Study of Mechanical, Barrier and Tribological Behaviour of Jute & Glass Fiber Epoxy Hybrid Polymer2025-28-003102/07/2025
The incorporation of natural available material into synthetic materials to form a fiber within a single polymer matrix has been ignited since environment concerns become crucial nowadays. Composite materials embedded with two or more types of fibers makes a composite as hybrid. The study of hybridization of natural and synthetic fibers brings out superior mechanical and tribological properties. In our present studies, fabrication of jute & glass fiber reinforced epoxy-based polymer hybrid composites were carried out using resin infusion technique. For comparing the various properties, the composite made of pure jute fiber i.e 100% jute, pure glass fiber i.e 100% glass, the hybrid composite containing 75% jute and 25% glass fiber, 50% jute and 50% glass fiber, and 25% jute and 75% glass fiber were made and its functional behaviors were studied. The results revealed the hybrid composite containing 25% jute and 75% glass fiber possessed maximum tensile strength of 292±5.8 MPa, flexural
J, Chandradass, T, Thirugnanasambandham, M, Amutha Surabi, P, Baskara Sethupathi, Rajendran, R, Murugadoss, Palanivendhan
Enhancing Disc Brake Performance: Investigating Squeal Noise, Wear, and the Application of Functionally Graded Materials in Brake Rotors2025-28-016202/07/2025
Disc brakes play a vital role in automotive braking systems, offering a dependable and effective means of decelerating or halting a vehicle. The disc brake assembly functions by converting the vehicle's kinetic energy into thermal energy through friction. The performances of the brake assembly and user experience are significantly impacted by squeal noise and wear behaviour. This paper delves into the fundamental mechanisms behind squeal noise and assesses the wear performance of the disc brake assembly. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are an innovative type of composite material, characterized by gradual variations in composition and structure throughout their volume, leading to changes in properties such as mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. FGMs have emerged as a groundbreaking solution in the design and manufacturing of brake rotors, addressing significant challenges related to thermal stress, wear resistance, and overall performance. These
C V, Prasshanth, S, Gurumoorthy, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu, S, Sridhar, S, Badri Narayanan, Kumar, Ajay, Biswas, Sayan
Preparation and Evaluation of Lubricating Properties of Neem Seed Oil under the Influence of an Anti-Wear Additive as Sustainable Alternative to Commercial Engine Oil2025-28-011602/07/2025
The search for environmentally friendly and sustainable lubricants for automotive and industrial applications has led to extensive research on bio lubricants as a viable alternative to conventional engine oils and mineral oils. The biodegradable and ecofriendly nature of vegetable oil, makes it an excellent replacement for the depleting mineral oils. Still, a good number of modifications must be brought in, to overcome the drawbacks of vegetable oils. In this work, the preparation and evaluation of lubricating properties like tribological, rheological, thermal etc. of Neem seed oil (NSO) with and without additives were carried out and effectively compared with the lubricating properties of synthetic oil, Polyalphaolefin 6 (PAO 6) and with a commercial engine oil, SAE20W40. The copper oxide nanoparticles were dispersed in neem seed oil as additive in various proportions (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 wt.%) to enhance the tribological properties. The tribological analysis were carried out to
Menon, Krishnaprasad S, R, Ambigai
Evaluation on Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured ER 2209 Duplex Stainless Steel for Automotive and Marine Applications2025-28-010802/07/2025
The advancement of wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) presents a significant opportunity to revolutionize the production of automotive components through the fabrication of complex, high-performance structures. This study specifically investigates the metallurgical, mechanical, and corrosion properties of WAAM-fabricated ER 2209 duplex stainless steel structures, known for their superior mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance, and favorable tribological behavior. The research aims to optimize WAAM process parameters to achieve high-quality deposition of ER 2209, ensuring structural integrity and performance suitable for both marine and various automotive applications. Microstructural analysis of the produced samples revealed the alloy’s dual-phase nature, with roughly equal amounts of ferrite and austenite phases uniformly mixed across the layers of deposition. This balanced microstructure contributes to the alloy’s excellent mechanical properties. Yield strength
A, Aravind, S, Jerome, Kumar, Ravi
New AR Glasses Use AI-Enhanced Holographic ImagingTBMG-5246802/01/2025
Researchers in the emerging field of spatial computing have developed a prototype augmented reality headset that uses holographic imaging to overlay full-color, 3D moving images on the lenses of what would appear to be an ordinary pair of glasses. Unlike the bulky headsets of present-day augmented reality systems, the new approach delivers a visually satisfying 3D viewing experience in a compact, comfortable, and attractive form factor suitable for all-day wear.
Review of Mechanical Properties of Basalt Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Automotive Applications2024-01-524601/28/2025
The industrial world focuses on developing eco-friendly, natural fibres such as reinforcing lightweight, inexpensive compounds in modern days. Basalt, a rare phenomenon, derives its origins from molten volcanic rocks, which is essential for their cost-effectiveness and offers different glass fibre properties. High mechanical strength, outstanding wear resistance, and exceptional durability in a variety of environmental conditions are all displayed by basalt fibres. These fibres are ideal for reinforcing polymer composites because of their mechanical properties at high temperatures. Furthermore, basalt fibres are appropriate for long-term applications because they resist corrosion and degradation while maintaining structural integrity over time. This article provides a brief overview of basalt fibres as a substitute for glass fibres and as composite materials. Additionally, attempts are being made to draw attention to the expanding field of basalt fibre research. In the review, studies
Chidambaranathan, Bibin, Raghavan, Sheeja, Soundararajan, Gopinath, Arunkumar, S., Ashok Kumar, R., Rajesh, K.
Wear Characteristics of Hybrid Aluminium 8011 Matrix Composites Reinforced with Silicon Carbide Particles and Titanium Diboride2024-01-525901/28/2025
This study investigates the wear and hardness properties of AA8011 hybrid metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with silicon carbide (SiCp) and titanium diboride (TiB₂), addressing a significant gap in the existing literature regarding the optimization of reinforcement levels in AA8011. The goal is to enhance the material’s wear resistance and hardness for high-performance applications. While AA8011 is known for its excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, limited research has focused on optimizing both wear behavior and surface hardness through the combination of TiB₂ and SiCp reinforcements. Using the pin-on-disk method, this study explores various compositions, showing that the composite containing 2% TiB₂ and 1% SiCp exhibited the best wear resistance, with a 25% improvement over the base alloy, and an increase in hardness by more than 115%. Developing AA8011-based composites with enhanced durability and hardness for use in demanding environments such as
Thirumavalavan, R., Mugendiran, V., Santhosh, V., Manoj, M., Sundaravignesh, S.
Fabrication and Characterization of Silicon Carbide and Aluminum Oxide Reinforced 6061-T6 Aluminum Matrix Composites2024-01-526201/28/2025
Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMCs) are gaining traction in aerospace, automotive, and marine industries due to their superior mechanical properties. By integrating hard ceramic particles such as silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) into aluminum matrices, these composites exhibit enhanced wear resistance and strength-to-weight ratios. This study explores the fabrication and characterization of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy matrix composites, reinforced individually with SiC and Al₂O₃ particles through the squeeze casting technique. The research includes a comprehensive analysis of microstructures and mechanical properties, focusing on compressive strength, Brinell hardness, and tribological behavior. Findings reveal that SiC and Al₂O₃ reinforcements boost compressive strength by up to 27% and 47%, respectively, and increase hardness by up to 29% and 20%, respectively, compared to unreinforced aluminum.
Thirumavalavan, R., Santhosh, V., Sugunarani, S., Regupathi, S., Sundaravignesh, S.
Tribological Behavior and Mechanical Characteristics of AL6061 Alloy with AL2O3 and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Reinforcement Nanoparticles (Hybrid Nano Carbon Tube)2024-01-524401/28/2025
The objective of this study is to optimize and characterize an Al6061/Al2O3/MWCNT nanocomposite produced through stir casting. The investigation focused on various concentrations of 2%, 3%, and 5% by weight of Al2O3/MWCNT nanoparticles, with an average Al2O3 particle size of 40 nm. The Al6061 matrix exhibited a uniform distribution of these nanoparticles. Microstructural analysis of the nanocomposite was conducted using scanning electron microscopy. The study examined the tribological properties, including wear and coefficient of friction, as well as the tensile strength and hardness of the Al6061/Al2O3/MWCNT nanocomposites. The results indicated a significant enhancement in mechanical properties, with the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increasing from 122 MPa to 157 MPa, and the yield tensile strength (YTS) rising from 52 MPa to 76 MPa. At a 5% concentration of Al2O3/MWCNT, the hardness test showed an increase from 28 BHN to 55 BHN. The improvement ratios for 2%, 3%, and 5
Haridass, R., Subramani, N., Viknesh, S., Mathan Kumar, M., Mownitharan, M. S.
Influence of High-Temperature Annealing Parameters on Wear and Friction Mechanisms in Polypropylene Carbon Fiber Composites2025-01-500001/15/2025
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a rapidly growing additive manufacturing method employed for printing fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Nonetheless, the performance of printed parts is often constrained by inherent defects. This study investigates how the varying annealing parameter affects the tribological properties of FDM-produced polypropylene carbon fiber composites. The composite pin specimens were created in a standard size of 35 mm height and 12 mm diameter, based on the specifications of the tribometer pin holder. The impact of high-temperature annealing process parameters are explored, specifically annealing temperature and duration, while maintaining a fixed cooling rate. Two set of printed samples were taken for post-annealing at temperature of 85°C for 60 and 90 min, respectively. The tribological properties were evaluated using a dry pin-on-disc setup and examined both pre- (as-built) and post-annealing at temperature of 85°C for 60 and 90 min printed samples
Nallasivam, J.D., Sundararaj, S., Kandavalli, Sumanth Ratna, Pradab, R.
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