Browse Topic: Documentation

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As vehicles adopt software-centric architectures, assessing vehicle software behavior becomes more complex, which can lead to the exploitation of overlooked or untreated vulnerabilities. Using these backdoors, attacks frequently targeted automotive products for malicious reasons. Automotive security incident management involves continuous monitoring of incidents and vulnerabilities. However, it faces challenges in reproducing attacks and revalidating security goals. The lack of visualization of attack scenarios, and vectors, and the knowledge required to replicate attacks hinders vulnerability assessment. The proposed approach aims to improve vulnerability assessment and document residual risks. It promotes replicating attack scenarios using cyber digital twins to support threat modeling, risk assessment, and threat analysis. The research paper focuses on utilizing digital twins for cybersecurity incident response, threat monitoring, and vulnerability exploitation by examining elastic
Venkatachalapathy, Sreenikethana
A new aviation supply chain integrity coalition has offered 13 recommended actions to prevent the circulation of non-serialized aircraft parts throughout the global aviation industry. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL In the summer of 2023, a receiving clerk in the procurement department of TAP Air Portugal, a Lisbon-based airline, made a curious discovery: A $65 engine part that should have appeared brand-new showed signs of significant wear. The clerk checked the documentation from the London-based parts supplier and noticed that the submitted documentation was also suspicious. Using his safety training, the employee immediately reported the anomaly to TAP Air Portugal management, which raised the issue with the jet engine's manufacturer. Little did the procurement clerk know at the time, but this escalation led to one of the biggest investigations in the history of the aviation supply chain, as reported by Reuters and the British Broadcasting Corporation in
ABSTRACT The growing sophistication and emergence of widespread cyber threats today has driven the DOD to place Cyber Resiliency requirements on new and legacy defense systems. The DOD has recently garnered a massive defensive DevSecOps effort aimed at defining structured practices to unify software (Dev), Security (Sec), and operations (Ops) under the umbrella of more OpSec-driven engineering practices. According to the DOD DevSecOps practicum referenced in this document [1], “Practicing DevSecOps provides demonstrable quality and security improvements over the traditional software lifecycle, enabling application security, secure deployments, and secure operations in close alignment with mission objectives.” Modern systems often contain greater networking capability and are therefore more exposed to cyber-threats. Legacy systems were often conceived prior to the field of cyber warfare maturing, resulting in unpatched potential vulnerabilities that could be exploited through trusting
Wysocki, WilliamPrice, GregFriedman, SteveConage, Adrianne
ABSTRACT This paper reports on a prototype project to develop and mature a common, open, comprehensive, collaboratively developed, Government-owned, autonomy software architecture for ground robotic and autonomous systems (RAS). The prototype architecture, codenamed “SCION” promises the flexibility needed by the both the Government and industry research, development, testing, and engineering (RDT&E) communities to leverage reusable software and more rapidly innovate new capabilities; while ensuring the discipline and enabling the modularity required to develop RDT&E software structured to meet the software safety, cybersecurity, upgradeability, and other needs of RAS programs of record. Accordingly, program offices can adopt an acquisition strategy that requires compatibility with the de facto, military RAS standard, SCION architecture, while providing OEMs with baseline, SCION-compatible, GFE software (e.g. a future version of RTK). Such a strategy encourages optimal innovation
Thomasmeyer, WilliamJohn, Jon St.Martin, DaveMattes, Rich
ABSTRACT The TeamView™ system is a combat proven multifunctional passive surveillance system providing 360° video-on-the-move and continuous recording. Integrated with GXP Xplorer™ and Socket GXP™ software products, the TeamView™ system can be a key part of a Ground Based ISR enterprise solution that improves mission capability. The system uses field proven hardware and software creating an end-to-end solution including video collection, management and exploitation
Millspaugh, DavidKohl, ChrisBrown, Michael T.Huey, BobMorris, Gary
ABSTRACT For medium sized combat vehicles, the traditional method for auxiliary power is hydraulics, based on proven track record of reliability, high output forces and excellent power density. With the transition to vehicle electrification, emphasis has been placed on the integration of electric motors into the overall architecture of the vehicle. Electric components generally are larger in size and weigh more for the amount of power they deliver compared to hydraulics. This paper will explore the integration of electric motors in a vehicle and the advantages and disadvantages as compared to hydraulic power
Aardema, JimLaboda, Thomas
ABSTRACT The value of modularity in ground vehicles to the Army and other services has been a topic of much debate for decades. There are instances of successful implementations of modularity in current ground vehicle programs of record. However, these implementations have generally been accomplished through swappable mission equipment rather than large-scale transformation of the vehicle and its core components. Concurrently, the Army Science and Technology (S&T) community has continued to demonstrate the technical feasibility of large-scale, transformative ground vehicle modularity, but the business case of modularity remains elusive. Decision support tools are needed to enable Army leadership to confidently and holistically assess the right balance between modular and mission-specific (conventional) vehicle platforms. This complex problem needs to address numerous considerations, including total lifecycle cost, mission utility, personnel requirements, and fleet adaptability. In this
Bayrak, EmrahEgilmez, MertKuang, HenryLi, XingyuPark, Jong MinPapalambros, PanosEpureanu, BogdanUmpfenbach, EdwardGerth, RichardDasch, JeanGorsich, DavidAnderson, ErikDasch, Jean
Defying engineering challenges in record time, researchers at the University of Maryland developed a machine learning model that eliminates hassles in materials design to yield green technologies used in wearable heaters
This document defines a quantified means of specifying a digital fiber optic link loss budget: Between end users and system integrators Between system integrators and subsystem suppliers Between subsystem suppliers and component vendors The standard specifies methods and the margin required for categories of links
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Neurostimulators, also known as brain pacemakers, send electrical impulses to specific areas of the brain via special electrodes. It is estimated that some 200,000 people worldwide are now benefiting from this technology, including those who suffer from Parkinson’s disease or from pathological muscle spasms. According to Mehmet Fatih Yanik, professor of neurotechnology at ETH Zurich, further research will greatly expand the potential applications: instead of using them exclusively to stimulate the brain, the electrodes can also be used to precisely record brain activity and analyze it for anomalies associated with neurological or psychiatric disorders. In a second step, it would be conceivable in future to treat these anomalies and disorders using electrical impulses
Engineers at the University of California San Diego have developed an ultra-sensitive sensor made with graphene that can detect extraordinarily low concentrations of lead ions in water. The device achieves a record limit of detection of lead down to the femtomolar range, which is one million times more sensitive than previous sensing technologies
Autonomous Navigation (AN) in complex-heterogeneous environments is an unsolved issue for both commercial and defense Autonomous Vehicle (AV) applications: A) Based on accumulated data through 2021 there are on average 9.1 driverless car crashes per million miles driven compared to 4.1 human-driven car crashes. B)The US Army recently reduced the requirement for its current Bradley replacement program of record from an “optionally manned fighting vehicle” to a system that “will not be something you operate entirely unmanned in its initial configuration”. C) Between 2021 and 2023 Ford, UBER, Lyft and Tesla have limited their fully AV operations due to safety related business concerns. It is clear a research breakthrough is needed to ensure AV software is mature to a point where it can handle complex driving scenarios. In complex dynamic domains (e.g. intersections or congested terrain) the expected mode of operation for ensured safety of these unmanned systems is still direct human
Frederick, Philip A.
With the arrival of robotic autonomy in future Army ground combat vehicles there is an intrinsic need for modeling and simulation infrastructure for autonomy. Taking a Modular Open System Approach to designing modeling and simulation architecture facilitates creating a flexible, scalable, and adaptable infrastructure that can be applied to a wide range of scenarios to assist Army programs of record and accelerate technology maturation while providing a low-cost, efficient way to reduce program risk and ensure next-generation robotic ground vehicles provide greater value to the soldier
Roberts, GeraldSimmons, CalebPalmer, Tim
Recent years have demonstrated the fragility of both military and nonmilitary supply chains. Through biotechnology and biomanufacturing, the Department of Defense (DoD) can use readily available feedstocks to onshore manufacturing of chemicals and materials critical to defense needs and to create advanced materials with enhanced capabilities. Development of DoD’s biotechnology and biomanufacturing capabilities will help secure the defense supply chain and contribute to a force that is sustainable, resilient, survivable, agile, and responsive. To accelerate the advancement of biotechnology and biomanufactured products, the Department launched the Tri-Service Biotechnology for a Resilient Supply Chain (T-BRSC) program in Fiscal Year 2022. T-BRSC is creating a pipeline for advanced development and transition of biomanufactured materials to support defense supply chain resilience. The effort brings together Joint Service partners to leverage significant advances made over the last decade
Wolfson, Benjamin R.Knott, Steve K.Maul, Steve J.Pietsch, Hollie A.Podolan, Kyle S.Thomas, Nick H.Hung, Chia-SueiGupta, Maneesh K.Kelley-Loughnane, NancyMalanoski, Anthony P.Glaven, Sarah M.Gibbons, Henry S.
Researchers worldwide are currently working on the next evolution of communication networks, called “beyond 5G” or 6G networks. To enable the near-instantaneous communication needed for applications like augmented reality or the remote control of surgical robots, ultra-high data speeds will be needed on wireless channels. In a study published recently in IEICE Electronics Express, researchers from Osaka University and IMRA AMERICA have found a way to increase these data speeds by reducing the noise in the system through lasers
Riding aboard NASA's Psyche spacecraft, the agency's Deep Space Optical Communications technology demonstration continues to break records. While the asteroid-bound spacecraft doesn't rely on optical communications to send data, the new technology has proven that it's up to the task. After interfacing with the Psyche's radio frequency transmitter, the laser communications demo sent a copy of engineering data from over 140 million miles (226 million kilometers) away, 1. times the distance between Earth and the Sun. This achievement provides a glimpse into how spacecraft could use optical communications in the future, enabling higher-data-rate communications of complex scientific information as well as high-definition imagery and video in support of humanity's next giant leap: sending humans to Mars
Riding aboard NASA’s Psyche spacecraft, the agency’s Deep Space Optical Communications technology demonstration continues to break records. While the asteroid-bound spacecraft doesn’t rely on optical communications to send data, the new technology has proven that it’s up to the task. After interfacing with the Psyche’s radio frequency transmitter, the laser communications demo sent a copy of engineering data from over 140 million miles (226 million kilometers) away, 1½ times the distance between Earth and the Sun
This document presents a study on the design and simulation of a high-lift airfoil intended for usage in multielement setups such as the wings present on open-wheel race cars. With the advancement of open-wheel race car aerodynamics, the design of existing high-lift airfoils has been altered to create a more useful and practical general profile. Adjoint optimization tools in CFD (ANSYS Fluent) were employed to increase the airfoil’s performance beyond existing high-lift profiles (Selig S1223). Improvements of up to 20% with a CL of 2.4 were recorded. To further evaluate performance, the airfoil was made the basis of a full three-dimensional aerodynamics package design for an open-wheel Formula Student car. CFD simulations were carried out on the same and revealed performance characteristics of the airfoil in a more practical application. These CFD simulations were calibrated with experimental values from coast-down testing data with an accuracy of 8
Karthikeyan, Prthik NandhanRadhakrishnan, Jayakrishnan
Aerospace is an industry where competition is high and the need to ensure safety and security while managing costs is foremost. Stakeholders, who gain the most by working together, do not necessarily trust each other. Changing backbone technologies that drive enterprise systems and secure historical records does not happen quickly (if at all). At best, businesses adapt incrementally, building customized applications on top of legacy systems. The complexity of these legacy systems leads to duplication of efforts and data storage, making them very inefficient. Technology that augments, rather than replaces, is needed to transform these complex systems into efficient, digital processes. Blockchain technology offers collaborative opportunities for solving some of the data problems that have long challenged the aerospace industry. The industry has been slow to adopt the technology even though experts agree that it has real potential to revolutionize the global supply chain—including
Walthall, RhondaDavid, AharonFarell, JamesHann, RichardJohansen, Tor A.
Emergency personnel and first responders have the opportunity to document crash scenes while evidence is still recent. The growth of the drone market and the efficiency of documentation with drones has led to an increasing prevalence of aerial photography for incident sites. These photographs are generally of high resolution and contain valuable information including roadway evidence such as tire marks, gouge marks, debris fields, and vehicle rest positions. Being able to accurately map the captured evidence visible in the photographs is a key process in creating a scaled crash-scene diagram. Image rectification serves as a quick and straightforward method for producing a scaled diagram. This study evaluates the precision of the photo rectification process under diverse roadway geometry conditions and varying camera incidence angles
Hashemian, AlirezaTerpstra, Toby
Heavy Vehicle Event Data Recorders (HVEDRs) have the ability to capture important data surrounding an event such as a crash or near crash. Efforts by many researchers to analyze the capabilities and performance of these complex systems can be problematic, in part, due to the challenges of obtaining a heavy truck, the necessary space to safely test systems, the inherent unpredictability in testing, and the costs associated with this research. In this paper, a method for simulating vehicle speed sensor (VSS) inputs to HVEDRs to trigger events is introduced and validated. Full-scale instrumented testing is conducted to capture raw VSS signals during steady state and braking conditions. The recorded steady state VSS signals are injected into the HVEDR along with synthesized signals to evaluate the response of the HVEDR. Brake testing VSS signals are similarly captured and injected into the HVEDR to trigger an event record. The results show that HVEDR event records can be precisely and
DiSogra, Matthew C.Getz, CharlesPatel, AmitGrimes, WesleyPlant, DavidWilcoxson, Greg
The IncQuery AUTOSAR-UML Bridge is an innovative solution for Assisted Documentation Creation and Automated Handover, aiming at driving a paradigm shift in integrated digital engineering in the automotive domain. The AUTOSAR-UML Bridge is addressing a well-known gap in the engineering ecosystem of automotive design, where the co-design of AUTOSAR models and other model-based artifacts is often hampered by tedious workflows involving manual syncing of model contents between AUTOSAR and UML/SysML tools. The Bridge is aiming at streamlining the workflow by generating high-quality UML models from AUTOSAR projects, with built-in ISO26262 and ASPICE compliance. Automotive software architects and systems engineers spend a lot of time with creating ISO26262-compliant documentation, by creating UML models from AUTOSAR architecture designs, or establishing traceability between requirements captured in SysML and design artefacts that exist in both modeling languages. However, as a project
Kulcsár, GézaRáth, IstvánGrill, BalázsHorváth, Ákos
Bicycle computers record and store global position data that can be useful for forensic investigations. The goal of this study was to estimate the absolute error of the latitude and longitude positions recorded by a common bicycle computer over a wide range of riding conditions. We installed three Garmin Edge 530 computers on the handlebars of a bicycle and acquired 9 hours of static data and 96 hours (2214 km) of dynamic data using three different navigation modes (GPS, GPS+GLONASS, and GPS+Galileo satellite systems) and two geographic locations (Vancouver, BC, Canada and Orange County, CA, USA). We used the principle of error propagation to calculate the absolute error of this device from the relative errors between the three pairs of computers. During the static tests, we found 16 m to 108 m of drift during the first 4 min and 1.4 m to 5.0 m of drift during a subsequent 8 min period. During the dynamic tests, we found a 95th percentile absolute error for this device of ±8.04 m. This
Siegmund, Gunter P.Miller, Ian L.Booth, GabrielleLawrence, Jonathan M.
Major hardware and software upgrades underpin the Indy Autonomous Challenge racecar for 2024, proving self-driving vehicle capabilities at triple-digit speeds. After three years and more than 7,000 miles (11,265 km) of racing, the Indy Autonomous Challenge (IAC) enters year four with an updated platform and embedded software upgrades. Among the highlights for the second-generation open-wheel racecars are pending patents and first-time applications. “We've achieved several impressive milestones since our start in 2020,” IAC President Paul Mitchell said. The achievement list includes setting a speed record for passing in autonomous racing (170 mph [273 km/h]), netting the autonomous vehicle land speed record (192.2 mph [309.3 km/h]) and establishing the fastest lap speed for an autonomous vehicle (180 mph [289.68 km/h]). “More than anything, we consider the IAC an applied-research platform for industry and academia to work together on advancing high-speed autonomy,” Mitchell said
Buchholz, Kami
The aircraft lifecycle involves thousands of transactions and an enormous amount of data being exchanged across the stakeholders in the aircraft ecosystem. This data pertains to various aircraft life cycle stages such as design, manufacturing, certification, operations, maintenance, and disposal of the aircraft. All participants in the aerospace ecosystem want to leverage the data to deliver insight and add value to their customers through existing and new services while protecting their own intellectual property. The exchange of data between stakeholders in the ecosystem is involved and growing exponentially. This necessitates the need for standards on data interoperability to support efficient maintenance, logistics, operations, and design improvements for both commercial and military aircraft ecosystems. A digital thread defines an approach and a system which connects the data flows and represents a holistic view of an asset data across its lifecycle. The digital thread framework
Rencher, RobertVeluri, SastryChidambaran, NarayananWalthall, RhondaFabre, ChrisMarkou, ChrisJones, KenBudeanu, DragosG.V.V., Ravi KumarRajamani, Ravi
After hurricanes and other disasters, it is becoming more common for people to fly drones to record the damage and post videos on social media. Those videos are a resource for rapid damage assessment. By using artificial intelligence, researchers are developing a system that can automatically identify buildings and make an initial determination of whether they are damaged and how serious that damage might be
Governance of the Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Control Segment (UCS) Architecture was transferred from the United States Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) to SAE International in April 2015. Consequently, a subset of the UCS Architecture Library Release 3.4(PR) has been published under SAE as the Unmanned Systems (UxS) Control Segment (UCS) Architecture, AS6512. This Version Description Document (VDD) describes the correspondence and differences between the two architecture libraries
AS-4UCS Unmanned Systems Control Segment Architecture
Researchers have designed a lightweight helmet with tiny LEGO-size sensors that scan the brain while a person moves. The helmet is the first of its kind to accurately record magnetic fields generated by brain activity while people are in motion. This advance could make it easier to conduct brain scans in young children and individuals with neurological disorders who can’t always remain still in conventional scanners
System engineering-based approach is now ubiquitous in the automotive industry. It is a disciplined approach that ensures that targets are clearly defined and met through a structured and holistic approach. In this paper, we report an application of a systems engineering-based methodology for developing seating system features. It starts with a Business Requirement Document (BRD), which enlists the business requirements of a feature. We then developed a Logical Architecture Diagram (LAD) on a Simulink environment, which is an initial proposal for designing the logic to realize the desired functionality. As a next step, we perform Functional Failure Analysis (FFA) on the LAD to identify potential failure modes. We propose a few ways to mitigate the identified failures or modify the design so that these failures are rendered inconsequential to the end user. Based on the updated LAD, a System Requirement Document (SRD) is created, which contains all the requirements corresponding to the
Ghosh, SoumikVidhu, Nandagopal
Cracks on metallic components may appear due to manufacturing, handling, installation, repair, welding etc. and are controlled by quality documents. However, if cracks violate the limit defined in quality document, then either parts will be scraped or will need additional evaluation through detailed fracture mechanic’s approach. The initial size and shape of a crack, part geometry and loading, highly impacts the behavior of a crack’s growth and remaining useful life. Industry standard software like ANSYS, AFGROW, Franc3D, etc. offer the solution to estimate the stress intensity factor and crack growth rate. However, these software’s have their limitation and start showing the deviation for complex geometry and loading scenario. Study has been performed using Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) to understand the effect of crack size, crack shape, multiple cracks at one location, complex geometry and stress gradient on a crack’s growth behavior and provides the solution to handle
Puranik, Shashank SureshPathan, IrfanShinde, SwapnilSoni, NiteshKindleysides, Andrew
The Indian passenger vehicle market has grown by more than 40% by volume in the last decade and has reached a record high in FY23. This has created a more diverse and demanding customer base that values interior design and quality. The modern customer expects a high level of aesthetics and sophistication in their vehicle interiors - including in the luggage area. The Luggage Cover (Parcel Tray) is a component in the luggage area of a passenger vehicle that is used to conceal the luggage & improve its aesthetics. The cover is generally made of thermoplastic material with rotating hinges and is held in its place by the compression from the back door, which is frequently opened and closed. The parts that connect the cover to the door (usually an elastomer interface on the thermoplastic tray) tend to change over a period due to climatic conditions and leads to rattling concerns over a period. The change in elastomer interface with the back door (due to repeated compression & climatic
Sreejith, M PKhandelwal, LokeshSandilya, ArnabNatu, Mandar RRay, Amulya KaliHanda, Rajat
American roadway safety is facing significant challenges. With traffic and pedestrian fatalities approaching record levels, a paradigm shift from Proof of Technology (PoT) to Proof of Value (PoV) will promote the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) industry advancement. While a PoT-driven ecosystem has spurred the advancement of the V2X space, this paper underscores the value of a PoV mindset where solutions are focused on the user instead of being technologically driven. Users do not think in terms of minimum viable products (MVP). Instead, they anticipate useful, usable, and lovable products. Putting customers in sharp focus and planning products and services around their needs will pave the way for their widespread adoption and acceptance of V2X technology. This paper concludes with a call to make technology subservient to human needs rather than the other way around
Raddaoui, Omar
The operation of two-wheelers, or bikes, presents risks due to factors such as excessive speed, severe acceleration, and over-tilting, which may compromise the stability of the vehicle. This study proposes a solution to enhance ride safety and turn ability by integrating automatic speed reducers and a motion stabilizer, modelled using CATIA and designed from PVC material. The stabilizer is situated between the fork arms, holding a magnet, which initiates automatic braking when the magnet approaches the rim during a turn. We conducted three modes of testing, including no load and no angle, under magnetic load at zero angles, and under magnetic load at various angles in both lateral directions. Frequency data corresponding to the calculated speed was recorded using a spectrum analyzer, and we performed counterbalancing weight calculations to ensure stability. The results revealed a reduction in speed due to magnetic action. The objective was to design a setup that can be used for a safe
S, RagulRadhika Venugopal Jawahar, VenkatesanVenugopalan, RudraSankarasubramanian, Hariharan
Engineers like to know what customers think about a vehicle. Now, drivers of the all-electric Ford F-150 Lightning and Mustang Mach-E can oblige via a new system that channels select customer comments to engineers. F-150 Lightning fullsize pickup truck and Mustang Mach-E SUV owners in the U.S. can pass along opinions via a 45-second voice message after selecting “record feedback” through the settings-general menu on the infotainment touchscreen. “We want to hear the customer's voice. Ford does customer clinics and events, but this is a different way to capture customer feedback,” Donna Dickson, chief engineer of the Ford Mustang Mach-E, said in an interview with SAE Media
Buchholz, Kami
A threat in the form of chemical vapor may not be visible, but rapid detection is critical for preservation of life and property. In addition, understanding the surrounding environment informs the posture that the warfighter will need to take. The field of chemical vapor detection spans far beyond the warfighter and is rich in research. A search in SciFinder for “chemical vapor detection” provides over 400,000 results with over 3,000 books, 26,000 reviews, and nearly 300,000 journal articles. The focus of this document will be with an eye towards perimeter monitoring for a wide range of gas-phase chemicals. To accomplish such sensing, compound-specific sensors should not be employed as they lack capability to detect or inform about the presence of many potential threats outside of their selected targets. A viable technique for sensing a wide range of compounds is infrared absorption as most potential threats provide an infrared absorbance spectrum which arises from each compound’s
Volcanic eruptions, floods, and tornadoes can all dramatically change the surface of Earth to the point where alterations can be seen from space. Some modifications driven by human intervention, such as mining and deforestation, are also visible in satellite imagery. For the past 50 years, NASA’s Landsat satellites have recorded our planet’s changing surface. Now maps from a company called terraPulse Inc. help academic institutions, nongovernmental organizations, and businesses see, understand, and manage those changes
Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA) spacesuits are both enabling and limiting. Because pressurization results in stiffening of the pressure garment, an astronaut’s motions and mobility are significantly restricted during EVAs. Dexterity, in particular, is severely reduced. Astronauts are commonly on record identifying spacesuit gloves as a top-priority item in their EVA apparel needing significant improvement. Apollo 17 astronaut-geologist Harrison “Jack” Schmitt has singled out hand fatigue and dexterity as the top two problems to address in EVA spacesuit design for future Moon and Mars exploration. The NASA-STD-3000 standards document indeed states: “Space suit gloves degrade tactile proficiency compared to bare hand operations... Attention should be given to the design of manual interfaces to preclude or minimize hand fatigue or physical discomfort
In the scope of development or certification processes for the flight under known icing conditions, aircraft have to be tested in icing wind tunnels under relevant conditions. The documentation of these tests has to be performed at a high level of detail. The generated data is used to prove the functionality of the systems, to develop new systems and for scientific purposes, for example the development or validation of numerical tools for ice accretion simulation. One way of documenting the resulting ice geometry is the application of an optical 3D scanning or reconstruction method. This work investigates and reviews optical methods for three-dimensional reconstructions of objects and the application of these methods in ice accretion documentation with respect to their potential of time resolved measurement. Laboratory tests are performed for time-of flight reconstruction of ice geometries and the application of optical photogrammetry with and without multi-light approach. The results
Neubauer, ThomasKozomara, DavidPuffing, ReinhardTeufl, Luca
Super-cooled large drops present serious threats to aviation safety and as a result, the problem has been addressed by the FAA with the additional icing certification requirement. SLD clouds often consist of bi-modal drop size spectra leading to great challenges when it comes to simulating and characterizing these conditions in situ and in icing wind tunnels. Legacy instrumentation for measuring drop size distributions and liquid water content has been challenged under these conditions. In this report, a high-resolution particle imaging instrument is described; this instrument addresses the need for measuring drop size distributions and liquid water content over a wide range of drop sizes (10 to 2500 μm or larger). A high-throughput megapixel digital camera is used to record shadow images of the particles. High-quality illumination of the particle field is provided with high-power LED illumination with driving electronics designed to provide pulse durations as short as 25ns with
Bachalo, William DonManin, JulienPayne, GregoryFidrich, MichaelIbrahim, Khalid
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