Browse Topic: Compressed natural gas

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Design Solutions for Ice-Induced CNG Filling Failures: Field Issue Resolution through Filter Geometry and Seal Material Reengineering2026-26-0515To be published on 01/16/2026
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) systems in automotive applications are highly sensitive to fuel quality, especially with respect to moisture content. Field issues were observed where high moisture levels in the CNG led to the formation of ice inside the receptacle during refueling operations. This ice formation obstructed the CNG filling process and adversely impacted the sealing performance of the O-ring, particularly under low-temperature conditions induced by pressure differentials between the storage tank and the filling station. Investigation revealed that the existing tablet-type filter design contributed to moisture entrapment within its wire mesh, exacerbating ice formation within the receptacle. To address this, the filter design was modified from a tablet-type to a cup-type filter, significantly reducing the likelihood of moisture retention and subsequent ice formation. Additionally, the O-ring material was upgraded to a formulation with improved sealing properties at lower
Virmani, Nishant, Sawant, Shivraj Madhukar, C R, Abhijith
Early Prediction of CNG Filling Time using Artificial Intelligence for Design Optimization2026-26-0662To be published on 01/16/2026
The CNG fuel system is a critical component in vehicle development and typically includes large-volume gas cylinders (up to 800 liters). As these vehicles often operate over long distances daily, frequent refueling is necessary, making a short gas filling time highly desirable. Currently, CNG filling time is evaluated after prototype development to determine the refueling duration. If the filling time is excessive, design changes to the fuel system are required, leading to significant cost and time penalties and causing delays in the vehicle product development cycle. By integrating AI/ML technology, a mathematical model has been developed based on various influencing parameters. This model will predict CNG gas filling time across all commercial vehicle platforms at the initial Zero design release gateway. This early prediction will enable further optimization to improve gas filling time. The goal of this research work to optimising the filling time for various platform before physical
Choudhary, Aditya Kant, Petale, Mahendra, Dutta, Surabhi, Bagul, Mithilesh
Misfires Detection in Bi-fuel Engines – A Brief Note2026-26-0120To be published on 01/16/2026
Misfire detection in bi-fuel engines operating on compressed natural gas (CNG) and gasoline mode presents significant challenges due to inherent differences in combustion characteristics: ignition dynamics and fuel properties. Accurate detection is essential for minimizing the emissions, engine performance, and ensuring regulatory compliance. A fundamental parameter in crankshaft speed fluctuation-based misfire detection is segment time selection, which directly influences detection fidelity, false positives, and false negatives. Given CNG’s slower combustion kinetics and delayed flame propagation, it necessitates a delayed segment initiation and an extended segment duration, whereas gasoline characterized by faster combustion, permits earlier segment initiation and a reduced segment duration. Optimal segment timing is determined by analyzing engine roughness, minimizing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and eliminating cylinder overlap, while also incorporating flywheel manufacturing
Thiyagarajan, Abhinav, N, Gobalakrishnan, R, Hema
Thermal Shock Test Rig for CNG Shut-off Valve2026-26-0526To be published on 01/16/2026
In Automobile, Gasoline Engines are being used along with electrically operated shut-off valve installed at the roof of bus in case of higher capacity of CNG systems. In order to start/ stop CNG supply from cylinder for running of engine/ safety/ servicing an electrical operated ignition switch/ key controlled CNG Shut-Off Valve is placed just after the cylinders. There have been few failures of these CNG shut-off valves in field application. On investigation, it was observed that the CNG shut-off valve gets failed due to water ingress in coils from the cracks on surface generated due to spray of water (due to daily washing of bus and rain) on heated shut-off valves. In order to validate this field failure and subsequent validation of modified design, a need was felt to use a test rig which can exactly simulate the water spray based thermal shocks. However, there was no low cost facility available to simulate the field service condition for validation. Therefore, a low cost test set-up
Srivastava, Pravin Kumar, Vivekanand, Vivekanand, Kumar, Satish
Experimental evaluation of Energy and Exergy of Hydrogen, CNG and Gasoline fuelled High-Speed Spark Ignition Engine2026-26-0258To be published on 01/16/2026
HIGHLIGHTS The maximum power is recorded with Gasoline than CNG and Hydrogen fuel. The maximum exergy and energy efficiency is with Hydrogen, followed by CNG and then Gasoline. Hydrogen fuel has a maximum potential to convert into energy. The maximum energy destruction of 48.7kW for gasoline fuel at 3000 rpm and followed by CNG and hydrogen. The maximum entropy generation of 85.5 W/K with Gasoline and 60.72 W/K and 29.39W/K for CNG and hydrogen engine respectively at 10000 rpm. The entropy generation rate increase with engine speed. The highest rate of heat release is from hydrogen fuel, followed by Gasoline and CNG.   ABSTRACT- The analysis was performed on a single Cylinder, Multivalve, Electronic Fuel Injection, high-speed motor fuelled engine with Gasoline, CNG and Hydrogen to assess energetic and exegetic performance. The engine was evaluated from 3000 rpm to 10000 rpm on each of the three fuels. All tests are led at Wide Open Throttle condition.The Gasoline and CNG
Shinde, Apurwa Balasaheb, Kadam, Tushar, karunamurthy, K, SHINDE, DR BALU
Manufacturing process advancement in CNG Exhaust Valve to prevent seat wear issue2026-26-0278To be published on 01/16/2026
Exhaust Valve CNG market share increased in India in recent years demanding for more durable and reliable CNG Engine. While in current scenario durability is one of the major concerns for CNG engine. Major issue faced in CNG powertrain is high wear at Exhaust valve CNG face due to excessive wear. In Current practice T400 Sintered material layer is deposited at Valve face which is very critical to achieve less wear at valve face. Due to manufacturing variability high level of variation is found mechanical properties of T400 deposit which is very critical for Exhaust Valve CNG performance. In this paper all important process parameters are discussed for achieving consistent Exhaust Valve CNG T400 deposit quality. Each process parameter detail impact on T400 material is studied and explained to achieve consistent quality of T400 deposit leading to robust design of Exhaust Valve CNG.
Poonia, Sanjay, Kumar, Chandan, Kundu, Soumen, Kumar, Prabhakar, Vats, Rajesh, Khan, Prasenjit, Sharma, Shailender
For CNG and FFV fuel application robustness improvement of Exhaust Valve2026-26-0125To be published on 01/16/2026
Today, globally, automotive manufacturers are striving to meet the increasing demand for fuel economy, high performance, and silent engines. The fundamental approach to achieving these requirements is through designing low friction mechanisms, resulting in less wear and higher durability. The demand for CNG vehicles has surged exponentially in recent years, prompting increased government focus on alternative fuels such as CNG and hydrogen. These dry fuels lack lubricating properties, unlike conventional fuels like petrol, diesel, and biofuels, which are wet and liquid. Consequently, the operations and failures associated with these fuels differ. The materials and designs of engine parts, such as fuel lines, ECU, exhaust valves, and cylinder heads, vary depending on the fuel used. This study discusses the countermeasures adopted to address the high seat and guide wear in cylinder heads and valves. The investigation focuses on material, design, and manufacturing process improvements
Poonia, Sanjay, Kumar, Chandan, Sharma, Shailender, Khan, Prasenjit, Bhat, Anoop, P, Prasath, Neb, Ashish
Development of a CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Tractor with Mechanical Fuel Injection System2026-26-0114To be published on 01/16/2026
Identification of renewable and sustainable energy solutions remains a key focus area for the engine designers of the modern world. An avenue of research and development is being vastly dedicated to propelling engines using alternate fuels. The chemistry of these alternate fuels is in general much simpler than fossil fuels, like diesel and gasoline. One such promising and easily available alternate fuel is compressed natural gas (CNG). In this work, a 3-cylinder, 3-liter naturally aspirated air-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application is converted into a CNG Diesel Dual fuel (CNG-DDF) engine. A comparative performance shows that the thermal efficiency is up to 5% lower with CNG-DDF with respect to diesel. However, it has shown the benefit of 44% in Particulate Matter (PM), while retaining the same NOx + NMHC levels as baseline diesel engine. The cycle average CO emission was found to increase by 40% simultaneously, which has been controlled by an oxidation catalyst
Choudhary, Vasu, Mukherjee, Nalini, Kumar, Sanjeev, Tripathi, Ayush, Nene, Devendra
Failure Prevention of Permanent Deformation in HNBR Elastomeric Diaphragms Used in CNG Valve Applications2026-26-0294To be published on 01/16/2026
Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubbers (HNBR) and its derivatives have gained the significant importance in automotive compressed natural gas (CNG) valve applications. In one of the four-wheeler CNG valve application, HNBR elastomeric diaphragms are being used for their excellent sealing and pressure regulation properties. The HNBR elastomeric diaphragm was developed to sustain CNG pressure more than 10 bars. However, it was found permanently deformed under 4 bar pressures. In the present work, a set of experiments were carried out in order to find out the primary root cause of diaphragm permanent deformation and preventing the failure for safe usage of the CNG gas. HNBR diaphragm deformation investigation was carried out using advanced qualitative and quantitative analysis method such as Soxhlet Extraction Column, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric
Patil, Bhushan Gulab, NAIKWADI, AMOL, Mali, Manoj, Tata, Srikanth
A Comparative Journey Towards Sustainable Energy: CNG and Bio-Diesel Fuels in India2026-26-0116To be published on 01/16/2026
India being highly populated and developing country, the demand for various alternative fuel is increasing drastically. It is driven by the need to reduce dependency on traditional fossil fuels & reduce impact on environmental issues like Greenhouse gas, emissions & pollution. The potential options, CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) & Bio-diesel which are becoming increasingly popular and important. Biodiesel, a renewable fuel which is produced from waste materials & crops which grown repeatedly & easily available while CNG is more sustainable than diesel as natural gas is a cleaner-burning fossil fuel in comparison to coal or oil. This paper will focus on comparison between basic properties of Diesel, CNG & Bio- Diesel. In this study will also be focusing on survey of various Government initiatives, polices & infrastructural development which are evolving to encourage the usage of CNG & Biodiesel. These fuels are emerging as promising alternative contenders to traditional diesel. It has
Bondada, Nandita, Baruah, Labanya, Mokhadkar, Rahul
Combustion dynamics and performance optimisation using higher HCNG blends for decarbonising the Gas Genset sector2026-26-0251To be published on 01/16/2026
Air pollution is profligate becoming a serious worldwide problem with the increasing population and its subsequent demands. Diesel, Gasoline, Natural Gas, Propane, etc., are some of the traditional fuels used in the power generation sectors. Diesel fuel, popularly utilized for backup power in critical operations, is valued for its swift activation time. This makes diesel generators a preferred choice for commercial properties and hospitals requiring reliable emergency power. Moreover, natural gas, distributed through local utility grids, provides a convenient and readily available fuel source for generators, eliminating the need for on-site fuel storage. On the other hand, CPCB has instructed to modify the emission regulations for genset engines for decarbonization and development clean fuel. The change from CPCB II to CPCB IV+ standard shows the commitment of the Indian government towards environmental sustainability and COP26. Pondering to the stringent emission norms, researchers
Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Dhar, Rit Prasad, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S, Singh, Sauhard, Mishra, Sumit Kumar, Bera, Tapan, Badhe, Rajesh, Tule, Shubham, Aghav, Yogesh, Lakshminarasimhan, Krishna
Investigation of the Performance and Emissions of a Compression Ignition Mechanical Engine Operating in a Dual-Fuel Mode with Diesel and CNG2025-36-012712/18/2025
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Oliveira, Lucas, Alvarez, Carlos Eduardo Castilla, Cesar, Felipe
Effects of Intake-Air Heating on a Light-Duty CNG-Diesel Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Engine2025-32-000311/03/2025
Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) is a promising low-temperature combustion strategy that offers high thermal efficiency with reduced nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions. However, at low loads, RCCI operation often suffers from incomplete combustion, leading to elevated partial combustion products, such as, unburned total hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. Intake-air heating is a potential strategy to address these issues by enhancing fuel reactivity and promoting more complete combustion. In this study, the effects of intake-air heating (from ambient to ~95°C) on performance, combustion, and emissions were experimentally investigated in a light-duty diesel engine operated in compressed natural gas (CNG)-diesel RCCI mode. Experiments were conducted at low and intermediate loads at various engine speeds. A single injection strategy was employed for low-load, while a double-injection strategy was used at intermediate-load operating condition s. CO
Navaneethakrishnan, P., Sarangi, Asish K, Suman, Abhishek, Sreedhara, Seshadri, Singh, Arvind Kumar
Alternative Fuels and Hybridization as Cost-Effective Pathways to Medium-Duty Greenhouse Gas Phase 3 Compliance02-18-03-001907/23/2025
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Phase 3 regulation targets a substantial reduction in GHG emissions across model year (MY) 2027–2032 class 2b-8 vehicles. This article explores the implementation of alternative fuels, such as compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), along with powertrain hybridization as viable pathways for achieving these stringent standards in a cost-effective manner. A detailed analysis is performed on a Class-7 medium–heavy-duty (MHD) truck configuration, featuring an inline 4-cylinder 5.2-L spark-ignited (SI) engine, modeled with both CNG and LPG fuels. The vehicle’s powertrain is simulated to evaluate GHG emissions and fuel efficiency. The study further examines the impact of low rolling resistance (LRR) tires and varying tire rolling resistance coefficients (Crr) on vehicle performance. For further lowering the GHG emissions, a hybrid powertrain sizing study was performed. The simulation
Patil, Shubham V., Smith, Edward M., Bachu, Pruthvi R., Ross, Michael G.
Experimental Analysis of Pressure Pulsation Noise Phenomenon in a CNG-Powered Passenger Vehicle2025-01-011205/05/2025
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) engines are emerging as a viable alternative to gasoline and diesel in heavy commercial and passenger transport worldwide. They offer reduced CO₂ emissions and support energy independence in regions rich in natural gas. In India, enhanced CNG infrastructure and strict emission regulations have driven OEMs to develop CNG vehicles across all segments. Moreover, from a noise and vibration standpoint, CNG vehicles are expected to deliver cabin refinement comparable to that of their fossil fuel counterparts. However, one of the major challenges associated with CNG vehicles is the excitation due to additional components like CNG Pressure Regulator, Injector et al. The operational metallic/pulsation noises are generally higher as compared to liquid fuels like gasoline due to dry nature of the CNG fuel. This paper describes in detail the pulsation noise phenomena encountered during one of the late-stage vehicle development projects. An experimental root cause
Chatterjee, Joydeep, Ravindran, Mugundaram
Hydrogen and Electric Charging Infrastructure for Heavy-Duty Trucks: A Nationally Scalable Megaregion Assessment2025-01-860804/01/2025
Decarbonizing regional and long-haul freight is challenging due to the limitations of battery-electric commercial vehicles and infrastructure constraints. Hydrogen fuel cell medium- and heavy-duty vehicles (MHDVs) offer a viable alternative, aligning with the decarbonization goals of the Department of Energy and commercial entities. Historically, alternative fuels like compressed natural gas and liquefied propane gas have faced slow adoption due to barriers like infrastructure availability. To avoid similar issues, effective planning and deploying zero-emission hydrogen fueling infrastructure is crucial. This research develops deployment plans for affordable, accessible, and sustainable hydrogen refueling stations, supporting stakeholders in the decarbonized commercial vehicle freight system. It aims to benefit underserved and rural energy-stressed communities by improving air quality, reducing noise pollution, and enhancing energy resiliency. This research also provides a blueprint
Sujan, Vivek, Sun, Ruixiao, Jatana, Gurneesh, Fan, Junchuan
Projected Perceived Cost of Ownership for Commercial Vehicle Powertrains in China by 20402025-01-859004/01/2025
The rapid advancement of alternative energy and energy-saving technologies in China underscores the importance of conducting a comprehensive analysis of the total cost of ownership (TCO) for commercial vehicles such as buses and trucks. To address the challenges of quantifying time-sensitive and implicit costs, this study has developed an extensive database and a web-based modeling tool to evaluate the TCO of these vehicles for the period 2020–2040. The tool allows for user-customized inputs and generates TCO estimates across multiple technology evolution scenarios, encompassing nearly 200 vehicle types categorized by class, intended use, and powertrain technology, within diverse technology development pathways. The model integrates critical cost factors, including vehicle purchase costs, financing costs, energy expenditures, and inconvenience costs, providing a detailed assessment of long-term ownership costs. Key findings indicate that under the reference scenario, battery electric
Tan, Xiaolu, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn), Wu, Shuhong, Chen, Yongjian, Lin, Zhenhong
Prediction of Combustion Characteristic Parameters of High Efficiency and Low Emission Hydrogen-Enriched Compressed Natural Gas Engine Under Closed-Loop Control2025-01-710301/31/2025
Closed-loop combustion control is highly beneficial for improving the efficiency and reducing the emissions of spark ignition internal combustion engines. In this paper, the key parameter (CA50) of closed-loop combustion control and its effect on the combustion and emissions were explored experimentally in a six-cylinder hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) engine. Moreover, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) back propagation neural network (BPNN) algorithm improved by various hybrid strategies was employed for CA50 prediction. The experimental results reveal that CA50 has a significant impact on the combustion characteristics and emissions of the HCNG engine. Meanwhile, statistical analysis illustrates that CA50 follows a normal distribution and has no self-correlation. Considering the one-to-one correspondence between CA50 and the spark timing, it is suitable to select CA50 as the feedback parameter. The simulation results indicate that the CA50 prediction model
Duan, Hao, Yan, Yu, Ren, Xianfeng, Yin, Xiaojun, Wang, Jinhua, Zeng, Ke
Experimental and 1D Modeling Analysis of Thermoelectric Generation to Improve the Performance of Compressed Natural Gas Heavy-Duty Engines Used in Commercial 22-Ton Trucks13-06-03-001901/27/2025
A significant amount of chemical fuel energy in internal combustion engines is wasted through exhaust heat. Waste heat recovery (WHR) systems can transform the heat into electrical energy using thermoelectric generators (TEG). This work utilizes a 1D CFD model to demonstrate the potential of TEG-WHR in improving the thermal efficiency of mass-production, compressed natural gas (CNG) engines used in commercial 22-ton heavy-duty trucks. First, the TEG with heat exchanger experiments are performed to measure thermal and electrical performance data under different fin pitches and inlet gas conditions (Re number, temperature, gas flow rate). These data are used to develop and validate a TEG model, which considers user-defined functions of heat transfer and flow friction coefficients to reproduce measured thermal/electrical characteristics of the integrated TEG with its heat exchanger. The engine experiments are conducted based on the speed–torque map (51 test conditions) of the JE05 heavy
Sok, Ratnak, Kusaka, Jin
Sustainable Storage & Transition from CNG to Hydrogen2024-28-012812/05/2024
As the world becomes more environmentally conscious, a sustainable transition from Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) to a hydrogen economy is desirable. Hydrogen is a clean and abundant fuel that has the potential to replace fossil fuels and eliminate greenhouse gas emissions. This paper analyses the status of the hydrogen economy and the policies and incentives that government is implementing to promote its adoption, storage, dispensing and usage. The feasibility of a transition from CNG to a hydrogen economy through HCNG and the challenges that need to be overcome are explored. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of CNG, HCNG and hydrogen and compares the fuels in terms of energy efficiency, infrastructure requirements and environmental impact. Efforts have been made to develop Hydrogen storage cylinder (Type IV) to store hydrogen gas at high pressures, typically around 350 to 700 bar (5,000 to 10,000 psi), to ensure a sufficient range for the vehicle and ensure no risk
Vora, Kamalkishore Chhaganlal, Parasumanna, Ajeet Babu Kumar, Shembekar, Prashant Sharad
Evaluating Emerging Powertrain Technologies for Sustainable Automotive Transportation2024-28-013512/05/2024
As we move towards sustainable transportation, it is essential to look for alternative powertrain technologies that might reduce emissions and depend less on fossil fuels. This paper offers a thorough analysis and comparison of several viable solutions along with their benefits, cost and conclusion for hydrogen fuel cells, solar cells, electric hybrid systems, compressed natural gas (CNG) and CNG hybrid systems alongside the latest proposal of using nuclear batteries. Hydrogen cars have zero emissions from their exhaust and can be refueled quickly, however there are some drawbacks like hydrogen production, storage, and infrastructure. The efficiency, affordability, and scalability of various hydrogen production techniques, fuel cell stack designs and storage technologies (compressed gas, liquid, and metal hydrides) are evaluated in this paper. Solar FCEVs on the other hand, are designed to utilize solar energy like Solar EVs but are very different in their operation and fundamentals
Hebbale Ramkumar, Ramya, Trivedi, Shubham
Emission Optimization of the Cold Start Behavior of a CNG Engine with Electrically Heated Catalyst and Secondary Air Injection2024-24-002809/18/2024
Decarbonization and a continuous reduction in exhaust emissions from combustion engines are key objectives in the further development of modern powertrains. In order to address both aspects, the DE4LoRa research project is developing an innovative hybrid powertrain that is characterized by the highly flexible combination of two electric motors with a monovalent compressed natural gas (CNG) engine. This approach enables highly efficient driving in purely electric, parallel and serial operating modes. The use of synthetic CNG alone leads to a significant reduction in CO2 emissions and thus in the climate impact of the drivetrain. With CNG-powered engines in particular, however, methane and other tailpipe emissions of climate gases and pollutants must also be minimized. This is possible in particular through efficient exhaust gas aftertreatment and an effective operating strategy of the powertrain. This publication presents measurement results that examine the critical aspect of cold
Noone, Patrick, Herold, Tim, Beidl, Christian
Investigation of Vibration and Acoustic Analysis of Spark-Ignition Engine with Petrol and Compressed Natural Gas Using ADXL 335 Accelerometer and Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm2024-01-508308/20/2024
Vibrations in IC engines have a widespread effect on the operations of consumer and commercial vehicles, which not only affect the life and efficiency of the vehicle but also affect user comfort and nervous system of human body. This paper focuses on the comparative analysis of vibration and acoustic characteristics while utilizing fuels such as petrol and CNG. ADXL 335 3-axis accelerometer was employed to measure acceleration vs time data, which was then processed using MATLAB to obtain FFT and PSD plots. These plots thus obtained gave insights on dominating frequency as well as frequencies with maximum energy. Six different cases with different engine speeds and loading conditions are studied with analysis of all the different parameters such as sound pressure levels and mean and max cylinder pressure.
Anasune, Aditya
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: August 202424TOFHP0808/15/2024
America's first high-volume, fast-fill H2 station for HD trucks FirstElement's station at the Port of Oakland can put 100 kg of hydrogen in up to 200 trucks a day in less than 10 minutes each. Realizing software-defined commercial vehicles Continental's Georg Fässler, executive chair of the 2024 SAE COMVEC, details efforts to future-proof forthcoming vehicles. Euro NCAP details new testing for heavy-truck safety rating New tests for a Truck Safe rating scheme aim to emulate real-world collisions and encourage OEMs to fit collision avoidance technologies and improve driver vision. Gearing up a new electrified truck Eaton and BAE Systems have collaborated to create an electric powertrain featuring BAE electronics and an Eaton four-speed transmission. Editorial Hybrids are having a moment The role of a cloud-based server in service workshops Hexagon Agility and Brudeli aim to electrify CNG powertrains In pursuit of a dedicated hydrogen ICE for heavy-duty vehicles EV lightweighting via
Hexagon Agility and Brudeli aim to electrify CNG powertrains24TOFHP08_0708/01/2024
Hexagon Agility announced a collaboration with Norwegian EV transmission supplier Brudeli Green Mobility at the 2024 ACT Expo in Las Vegas. The partnership's goal is the integration of Hexagon Agility's CNG/RNG (compressed/renewable natural gas) systems with Brudeli's plug-in PowerHybrid system. This technology will reportedly offer fleets the capability to maintain diesel ICE duty cycles while providing fuel cost savings and help OEMs achieve global decarbonization goals. “The Brudeli PowerHybrid enables fleet owners to retain the power, performance and fuel cost savings offered by natural gas engines, while simultaneously harnessing the efficiencies of electric,” said Eric Bippus, EVP sales & systems development, Hexagon Agility. “We believe hybrids could play a role in commercial trucking in the future, and we are excited to take an active role bringing that to the market.”
Wolfe, Matt
Sustainable Fuels for Long-Haul Truck Engines: A 1D-CFD Analysis2024-37-002706/12/2024
Heavy duty engines for long-haul trucks are quite difficult to electrify, due to the large amount of energy that should be stored on-board to achieve a range comparable to that of conventional fuels. In particular, this paper considers a stock engine with a displacement of 12.9 L, developed by the manufacturer in two different versions. As a standard diesel, the engine is able to deliver about 420 kW at 1800 rpm, whereas in the compressed natural gas configuration the maximum power output is 330 kW, at the same speed. Three possible alternatives to these fossil fuels are considered in this study: biodiesel (HVOlution by Eni), bio-methane and green hydrogen. While the replacement of diesel and compressed natura gas with biofuels does not need significant hardware modifications, the implementation of a hydrogen spark ignition combustion system requires a deep revision of the engine concept. For a more straightforward comparison among the alternative fuels, the same engine platform has
Volza, Antonello, Pisapia, Alfredo, Caprioli, Stefano, Rinaldini, Carlo, Mattarelli, Enrico
Bullish on CNG for long-haul trucks24TOFHP06_0106/01/2024
Fuel system supplier Hexagon Agility is optimistic about the growth of CNG thanks to the introduction of the Cummins X15N engine. Though some OEMs have signaled that the end of the ICE age is nigh, reports of the combustion engine's death as the backbone of the commercial-trucking industry are greatly exaggerated. Battery-electric vehicles are seeing continued growth in various medium-duty and last-mile delivery sectors, but their lack of energy density and cost per have prevented them from gaining market share for Class 6 and larger commercial vehicles in North America. Several suppliers are anticipating that this trend will persist over the coming decades and are making major investments in the development of alternative fuel systems for diesel combustion engines. One such supplier is Hexagon Agility. Based in the northern suburbs of Charlotte, North Carolina, Hexagon recently announced expansion plans of its Salisbury, North Carolina, facility to field orders and installations of
Wolfe, Matt
Assessment of Condensation Particle Counter-Based Portable Solid Particle Number System for Applications with High Water Content in Exhaust2024-01-504804/22/2024
The Particle Number–Portable Emission Measurement System (PN-PEMS) came into force with Euro VI Phase E regulations starting January 1, 2022. However, positive ignition (PI) engines must comply from January 1, 2024. The delay was due to the unavailability of the PN-PEMS system that could withstand high concentrations of water typically present in the tailpipe (TP) of CNG vehicles, which was detrimental to the PN-PEMS systems. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the condensation particle counter (CPC)-based PN-PEMS measurement capabilities that was upgraded to endure high concentration of water. The PN-PEMS measurement of solid particle number (SPN23) greater than 23 nm was compared against the laboratory-grade PN systems in four phases. Each phase differs based upon the PN-PEMS and PN system location and measurements were made from three different CNG engines. In the first phase, systems measured the diluted exhaust through constant volume sampler (CVS) tunnel. Data generated
Khan, M. Yusuf, Agarwal, Nikhilesh, Panda, Sampad, Desai, Atharva Tushar, Wilkinson, John C., Chaille, Evan, Vats, Shekhar, Salemme, Tina L., Ragupathy, Thinnesh
Highway Exhaust Emissions of a Natural Gas-Diesel Dual-Fuel Heavy-Duty Truck2024-01-212004/09/2024
Diesel-fueled heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) can be retrofitted with conversion kits to operate as dual-fuel vehicles in which partial diesel usage is offset by a gaseous fuel such as compressed natural gas (CNG). The main purpose of installing such a conversion kit is to reduce the operating cost of HDVs. Additionally, replacing diesel partially with a low-carbon fuel such as CNG can potentially lead to lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the tail-pipe. The main issue of CNG-diesel dual-fuel vehicles is the methane (CH4, the primary component of CNG) slip. CH4 is difficult to oxidize in the exhaust after-treatment (EAT) system and its slip may offset the advantage of lower CO2 emissions of natural gas combustion as CH4 is a strong greenhouse gas (GHG). The objective of this study is to compare the emissions of an HDV with a CNG conversion kit operating in diesel and dual-fuel mode during highway operation. Road tests were conducted on a three-axle Class-8 highway semi-trailer tractor
Dev, Shouvik, Qi, Aidu, Anderson, Andrew, Dahlseide, Austin, Smith, Brett, Lussier, Simon-Alexandre, Guo, Hongsheng, Rosenblatt, Deborah
Conversion of Diesel Fuel System to CNG Fuel System for Commercial Vehicles2024-26-038201/16/2024
CNG fuel has recently gained popularity in passenger and commercial vehicles due to its lower cost of operation compared to gasoline and diesel. It is also a more environmentally friendly fuel than other fuels. Converting a customer vehicle with a Diesel option to a CNG option is more difficult than building a new CNG vehicle. In this we are outlining the design of CNG fuel systems and the challenges of replacing them during the transition from Diesel to CNG and qualifying the Government Norms for running the vehicle will increase the life as well as make our environment more eco-friendly than diesel vehicles. Using CNG as a fuel in the automotive industry gives benefits over Gasoline & Diesel • increased life of lubricating oils, as CNG does not contaminate and dilute the crankcase oil. • Lower cost of per unit energy. • Being a gaseous fuel, CNG mixes easily and evenly in air, hence less hazardous. • CNG is less likely to touch off on hot surfaces since it includes a tall auto
Srivastava, Rajat, Sharma, Mukesh, Kumar, Satish, Sharma, Pawan, Singh, Gaurav
Effect of Natural Gas Composition and Rail Pressure on Injector Performance2024-26-007901/16/2024
The demand for Compressed Biogas (CBG) as an alternative fuel to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is rapidly increasing due to its renewable nature and environmental benefits. However, CBG and H-CNG has variations in gas composition standards as compared to CNG, which may require hardware changes in fuel system to adapt to these variations while ensuring the same performance. Fuel delivery system of CNG vehicle comprises of fuel storage tank, fuel delivery circuit, pressure regulator, fuel rail and injector. Performance of a fuel injector and pressure regulator are critical factors in the efficient and effective delivery of gaseous fuel to engine. This paper theoretically examines fuel flow requirement of injectors with different gas compositions such as CNG, CBG, G25, G20, H-CNG and taking in consideration other factors impacting overall performance. This paper defines one of the approaches to accommodate the variation in fuel composition and rail pressure while targeting same engine
Meena, Deepesh, Sharma, Rohan, Khandelwal, Abhishek, Jadhav, Praveen Singh, Pai, Devananda
Assessing the Potential of CBG as an Alternative Fuel: An Experimental Study on Vehicle Performance and Emissions in BS VI Compliant Three-Wheeler and Passenger Car2024-26-007601/16/2024
India's natural gas consumption reached 60.3 billion cubic meters (BCM) in the year 2022-23, with imports accounting for 44.2% of the total consumption. As India targets 15% of primary energy consumption from gas by 2030, the demand for natural gas is expected to grow significantly. In this context, CBG (bio-CNG) which can reduce dependence on imported natural gas, has emerged as a viable alternative to CNG. The government's SATAT (Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation) initiative encourages entrepreneurs to establish CBG plants and supply CBG to Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) for use as automotive and industrial fuels. As of June 2023, 50 CBG plants have been set up, and 128 retail outlets in India are selling CBG as a transportation fuel. The quality requirements of CBG are governed by IS 16087, aligning with the specifications for automotive CNG defined in IS 15958. To assess the impact of CBG on vehicle performance and emissions, an experimental study was
P, Sakthivel, Mittal, Neeraj, Sinha, Prabhakar, Sithananthan, M, Maheshwari, Mukul
CNG Leakage Detection and Sensor Diagnostic in Bus with CAN Interface2024-26-001701/16/2024
Methane (CH4) is main constituent of compressed natural gas (CNG). CNG is compressed to less than 1% of the volume, which it occupies at atmospheric pressure. CNG contains almost 70% to 90% methane, one of the most significant greenhouse gas contributing directly into climate change. The effects caused due to gas leakages that results in fire and bursting of cylinder can be prevented by continuous monitoring of gas leakage in the Gas transmission pipeline of the commercial vehicles. In order to detect the methane leaks and resolve as early as possible, effective sensors need to be researched, analyzed and developed. This paper discusses about the usage of sensor with digital output replacing the previous gas leak detection sensor module, which gives analog output. The previously used Gas leakage detection module implements a design of a gas leakage detector system with, LED and audio indication that notifies the leakage in gas to the users. A sensor-based device easily detects a CNG
Yadav, Sharad, Joshi, Anil Prabhakar, Gaikwad, Prathmesh, Gaikwad, Rohit, Sangle, Abhijit
Resonator Design Study to Reduce Pressure Pulsation from CNG Injector2024-26-023301/16/2024
With the advent of upcoming stringent automobile emission norms globally, it is inevitable for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to shift towards greener alternatives. Use of compressed natural gas (CNG) is a preferred solution as it is a relatively clean burning fuel and it doesn’t have significant loss in vehicle efficiency and performance. Modern day customers are more aware and sensitive towards vehicle noise, vibration and harshness (NVH). Hence, OEMs must cater to this demand through optimized design and layout. In a passenger vehicle, CNG is stored at high pressure and delivered to injectors after pressure reduction at a regulator. During engine idling, the opening and closing motion of the CNG injector generates back pulsation and these pulsations cause vibrations which may propagate through other components in the delivery path and perceived as noise inside vehicle cabin. To identify the frequencies involved in pressure pulsation, a 1-D simulation of CNG fuel system is
Meena, Deepesh, Sharma, Rohan, Khandelwal, Abhishek, Jadhav, Praveen Singh, Pai, Devananda
A Study on the Effect of an Acoustic Valve in the Exhaust Silencer for Noise Reduction in Automotive Application2024-26-022001/16/2024
Customer preference towards quieter vehicles is ever-increasing. Exhaust tailpipe noise is one of the major contributors to in-cab noise and pass-by-noise of the vehicle. This research proposes a silencer with an integrated acoustic valve to reduce exhaust tailpipe noise. Incident exhaust wave coming from the engine strikes the acoustic valve and generates reflected waves. Incident waves and reflected waves cancel out each other which results in energy loss of the exhaust gas. This loss of energy results in reduced noise at the exhaust tailpipe end. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed silencer on the vehicle, NVH (Noise, vibration, and harshness) performance of the proposed silencer was compared with the existing silencer which is without an acoustic valve. A CNG (Compressed natural gas) Bus powered by a six-in-line cylinder engine was chosen for the NVH testing. After NVH evaluation, it was found that when using the proposed silencer, overall exhaust tailpipe orifice noise
Singh, Har Govind, Khandagale, Anup, Choudhari, Yogeshwar, Kalsule, Dhanaji, Petale, Mahendra
Design Implementation through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis to Reduce Fuel Filling Time in NGVs2024-26-030901/16/2024
In the past few decades CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) fuel growing as an alternate fuel due to its more economically as compared to Gasoline & Diesel fuels by vehicle running cost in both passenger as well as commercial vehicles, additionally it is more environment friendly & safer fuel with respect to gasoline & diesel. At standard temperature & pressure fuel density of Natural Gas (0.7-0.9 kg/m3) is lower than Gasoline (715-780 kg/m3), Diesel (849~959 kg/m3), therefore CNG fuel require higher storage space as compared to Gasoline & Diesel & also it stores at very high pressure (200-250 bar) to further increase the fuel density 180 kg/m3 (at 200 bar) and for 215 kg/m3 (at 250 bar) in CNG cylinders so that max fuel contains in the cylinders and increase the vehicle running range per fuel filling & reduces its fuel filling frequency at filling stations. Therefore to gain max vehicle running range in a single fuel filling, NGVs (Natural Gas powered vehicles) require more numbers of CNG
Singh, Gaurav Kumar, Kumar, Satish, Patil, Praveen, Sharma, Mukesh
Hydrogen as a Carbon Neutral ICE Fuel for Future India2024-26-017701/16/2024
Researchers are under pressure to investigate and discover ways to improve the efficacy and reduce emissions from ICE due to the depletion of energy resources and the growing concern over global warming. Hydrogen is viewed as a promising fuel and has been investigated as a potential fuel in combustion because to several desirable qualities like carbon-less content and strong flammability limitations. When equated to other alternative fuels like LPG, CNG, LNG, etc., hydrogen has inimitable qualities because it lacks carbon, making it one of the promising alternatives fuels. In order to achieve zero CO2 emissions for traffic applications in the near future, hydrogen being an automotive fuel in ICE is a solution. The ICE powered by hydrogen is prepared for that. The actual drawbacks of using hydrogen in ICE generally are manufacturing, storage, and development of the requisite infrastructure. Hydrogen can be produced in its many forms. Hydrogen storage is a significant barrier to the
Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep, Thipse, Sukrut S, Jadhav, Ajinkya
Flame structure characteristics and performance comparison of a NG SI engine under stoichiometric and lean combustion using CFD2023-36-012001/08/2024
The development and improvement of efficient compressed natural gas (CNG) engines align with efforts to reduce greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. The objective of this study is to evaluate the flame structure and compare the performance characteristics of an engine powered by compressed natural gas (CNG) under stoichiometric and lean combustion in wide open throttle. CFD simulation alongside experimental tests are performed. The experimental data were obtained using a Hyundai 2.5-liter HR engine, originally a Diesel engine, adapted for spark ignition operation. Lean and stoichiometric conditions were evaluated at compression ratio 14:1, operating at 1800 rpm in MBT spark timing. The results showed that increasing lambda (λ) had a significant effect on apparent heat release rate, laminar flame speed, flame thickness and flame surface area. While the flame speed decreased in a leaner operating condition, the flame thickness and surface area increased due to reduced reaction rates
da Silva, Cristian Douglas Rosa, França, Louise Bomfim Magalhães, Fagundez, Jean Lucca Souza, Lanzanova, Thompson Diórdinis Metzka, Martins, Mario Eduardo Santos
Evaluation of Fuel Consumption and Dynamic Performance of a Compressed Natural Gas Hybrid Electric Truck2023-01-165110/31/2023
The objective of the project was to compare the fuel consumption of a prototype hybrid electric CNG truck with that of two trucks: a CNG truck and a diesel truck for the similar market and operating conditions. The tests were conducted on a test route representative of the conditions encountered by these vehicles in normal driving operations. The test route length was 276 km with a maximum altitude difference of 374 m. The test route had four sections, including a hilly section with a length of 88 km. The result of the comparison between the two CNG trucks was expressed as fuel savings of CNG in percentage. The fuel consumption of the diesel truck was accurately measured using the gravimetric method. The hybrid electric CNG truck showed average fuel savings of 3.6% and demonstrated up to 7.7% in savings for the entire trip compared to the CNG truck. On the hilly section of the route, the hybrid electric CNG truck showed average fuel savings of 22% for the ascending portion and 9.7% for
Surcel, Marius-Dorin, Michaelsen, Jan, Bonsi, Adime Kofi
A Joint Work to Develop a Predictive 1D Modelling Approach for Heavy Duty Gaseous Fueled Engines through Experiments and 3D CFD Simulations2023-24-000708/28/2023
The present paper reports experimental and numerical research activities devoted to deeply characterize the behavior and performance of a Heavy Duty (HD) internal combustion engine fed by compressed natural gas (CNG). Current research interest in HD engines fed by gaseous fuels with low C/H ratios is related to the well-known potential of such fuels in reducing carbon dioxide emissions, combined to extremely low particulate matter emissions too. Moreover, methane, the main CNG component, can be produced through alternative processes relying on renewable sources, or in the next future replaced by methane/H2 blends. The final goal of the presented investigations is the development of a predictive 0D combustion submodel within the framework of a 1D numerical simulation platform. To this aim, an experimental campaign has been carried out on a six-cylinder HD spark ignition engine CNG engine, Euro VI d compliant, typically employed in road vehicle applications, at the test bench, in order
Fraioli, Valentina, Di Maio, Dario, Napolitano, Pierpaolo, Lanni, Davide, D'Antuono, Gabriele, Galloni, Enzo, Callu, Cyrille, Maestro, Dario
Simulation of CNG Engine in Agriculture Vehicles. Part 1: Prediction of Cold Start Engine-Out Emissions Using Tabulated Chemistry and Stochastic Reactor Model2023-24-000608/28/2023
Worldwide, there is the demand to reduce harmful emissions from non-road vehicles to fulfill European Stage V+ and VI (2022, 2024) emission legislation. The rules require significant reductions in nitrogen oxides (NOx), methane (CH4) and formaldehyde (CH2O) emissions from non-road vehicles. Compressed natural gas (CNG) engines with appropriate exhaust aftertreatment systems such as three-way catalytic converter (TWC) can meet these regulations. An issue remains for reducing emissions during the engine cold start where the CNG engine and TWC yet do not reach their optimum operating conditions. The resulting complexity of engine and catalyst calibration can be efficiently supported by numerical models. Hence, it is required to develop accurate simulation models which can predict cold start emissions. This work presents a real-time engine model for transient engine-out emission prediction using tabulated chemistry for CNG. The engine model is based on a stochastic reactor model (SRM
Siddareddy, Reddy Babu, Franken, Tim, Leon de Syniawa, Larisa, Pasternak, Michal, Prehn, Sascha, Buchholz, Bert, Mauss, Fabian
System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) Recommended Practices for Evaluations of Safety-Critical Systems in Any IndustryJ3187_202305 (Current)05/22/2023
This document provides recommended practices regarding how System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) may be applied to safety-critical systems in any industry.
Functional Safety Committee
Analysis of the Multi-Zone SI-Engine Model for Fuel-Flexible Engine Design Applications2023-01-018004/11/2023
Development of fuel-flexible spark-ignition engines, working on CNG, LPG, hydrogen-enriched fuels or with mixtures of gaseous fuel/gasoline requires models for prediction of heat release rate, which can capture the effect of fuel composition and combustion chamber geometry on engine performance and emissions. Multi-zone models with explicit tracking of turbulent flame surface can be used for this purpose. Coupled with detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms, these models can also predict self-ignition of unburned charge ahead of the flame front. When optimizing engine performance and emissions in a fuel-flexible mode, the key question is sensitivity of the multi-zone model parameters to the properties of the fuel. In the present work, the multi-zone model of the CFR engine is developed based on Blizard-Keck eddy burn-up flame propagation approach for prediction of flame propagation and heat release rate. Model parameters are time constant for flame development, eddy entrainment rate
Zaev, Ivan, Smirnov, Sergey, Kostukov, Andrey
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of an Active Pre-Chamber Engine Fuelled with Natural Gas2023-01-018504/11/2023
Increasingly stringent pollutant and CO2 emission standards require the car manufacturers to investigate innovative solutions to further improve the fuel economy and environmental impact of their fleets. Nowadays, NOx emissions standards are stringent for spark-ignition (SI) internal combustion engines (ICEs) and many techniques are investigated to limit these emissions. Among these, an extremely lean combustion has a large potential to simultaneously reduce the NOx raw emissions and the fuel consumption of SI ICEs. Engines with pre-chamber ignition system are promising solutions for realizing a high air-fuel ratio which is both ignitable and with an adequate combustion speed. In this work, the combustion characteristics of an active pre-chamber system are experimentally investigated using a single-cylinder research engine. The engine under exam is a large bore heavy-duty unit with an active pre-chamber fuelled with compressed natural gas. In first stage, an experimental campaign was
Riccardi, Marco, De Bellis, Vincenzo, Sforza, Lorenzo, Tunestal, Per, Bozza, Fabio, Beatrice, Carlo, Lucchini, Tommaso
Challenges and Opportunities with Direct-Injection Hydrogen Engines2023-01-028704/11/2023
Stringent emissions regulations and the need for lower tailpipe emissions are pushing the development of low-carbon alternative fuels. H2 is a zero-carbon fuel that has the potential to lower CO2 emissions from internal combustion engines (ICEs) significantly. Moreover, this fuel can be readily implemented in ICEs with minor modifications. Batteries can be argued to be a good zero tailpipe emission solution for the light-duty sector; however, medium and heavy-duty sectors are also in need of rapid decarbonization. Current strategies for H2 ICEs include modification of the existing spark ignition (SI) engines to run on port fuel injection (PFI) systems with minimal changes from the current compressed natural gas (CNG) engines. This H2 ICE strategy is limited by knock and pre-ignition. One solution is to run very lean (lambda >2), but this results in excessive boosting requirements and may result in high NOx under transient conditions. The volumetric efficiency of the engine is also
Kalaskar, Vickey, Conway, Graham, Handa, Gaurav, Joo, Shinhyuk, Williams, Daniel
PERFORMANCE AND FUEL CONSUMPTION EVALUATION OF HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES WITH CNG ENGINES IN REAL APPLICATION2022-36-011602/10/2023
The demand for alternative technologies to power internal combustion engines is increasing every day, as companies seek sustainable solutions that aim not only at a cleaner environment, but also at tangible economic advantages such as reduced fuel consumption. In Brazil, a large fraction of transport modes, especially freight transport, uses diesel as fuel, which led government agencies to implement strict regulations for pollutant emissions, such as Euro VI in Europe and the Proconve P8 in Brazil. In this context, compressed natural gas (CNG) offers a mature, clean, sustainable alternative contributing to the reduction of pollutant emission. Thus, the main objective of this work is to evaluate performance parameters such as specific fuel consumption, efficiency and economic analysis for extra heavy trucks fueled by CNG as an alternative to diesel in real applications in the country's freight transport. For the study we used two commercial engines, 4 stroke, turbocharged, 6 cylinders
D.O., SILVA, T.A.A., MOREIRA, F.A.R., FILHO
Carbon-Neutral Powertrains for Future Mobility and its Impact on Thermal Management2022-28-041511/09/2022
In this article, we highlight the prime classification of hybrid powertrains for the automotive sector and quantify the scope and benefit of using gasoline and diesel as mono fuel or CNG and Flex-fuel (Ethanol blend) as duel fuel. Such powertrains have a high potential to achieve lower carbon emissions for the near future usage and implementation until the carbon-neutral powertrain reaches its majority in the market. H2 combustion engine powertrain is one of the potential solutions to achieve a carbon-neutral powertrain solution using the optimized IC engine. Further, this article also highlights the benefits and challenges in commercializing the H2 combustion engine powertrains against the e-fuel-based (new-energy) carbon-neutral powertrains for Battery powered (BEVs) and Fuel Cells powered (FCVs) electric vehicles. Finally, we discuss the link between the capacity and size of the thermal cooling system of an automotive vehicle and the type of powertrains chosen for future mobility
Muthu, Selvaraji, N, Sekarapandian, Kannaiyan, Ashok
Assessment of CNG & CBG Composition Variation on CO 2 Emissions, Engine Performance and Durability for a Small Size PFI Engine2022-28-002010/05/2022
Considering the stricter regulation norms to be imposed by the policymakers to reduce carbon footprint and to meet the goals of Paris Agreement, Automotive industry is now focusing on relatively cleaner fuels such as Compressed Natural-Gas (CNG), Compressed Biogas (CBG) etc. alternative to conventional fuels i.e., petrol and diesel. As emissions from conventional fuels are one of the biggest contributors to climate change and are the primal cause of global warming, the world needs to limit their usage and to explore the possibilities of renewable fuels with less carbon emission keeping carbon neutrality vision in mind. In current scenario, gaseous fuel composition varies from region to region, and it impacts CO2 emission, engine performance parameters etc. This encourages automotive manufacturers to understand impact on CO2 emissions for regulatory cycles, impact on engine power & torque as it impacts vehicle acceleration performance & engine peak pressure, temperature for impact on
Kaushik, Harshit Kumar, Rani, Abha, Sarna, Nishant
Study on Exhaust Particle and Unregulated Emission Characteristics of a Heavy Duty Natural Gas Engine with HCNG Fuel2022-28-032010/05/2022
This study investigated the exhaust particle and unregulated emissions emanating from a heavy duty six-cylinder natural gas engine with CNG and HCNG fuels. Experiments were performed at different speeds (1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm) and load conditions (30%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Exhaust gas samples at each speed-load combination were analyzed for particle number concentration and particle size distribution using engine exhaust particle sizing spectrometer. Unregulated emissions were also measured using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) analyzer. The results indicated that particle number (PN) concentration in exhaust is comparatively lower with HCNG fuel than CNG and it increases with increase in engine speed-load. At higher speed-load condition, engine emits high nucleation mode particles (NMP) and ultrafine particles (UFP). Total PN concentration in the NMP range is comparatively higher than UFP and accumulated mode particles (AMP) for both the test fuels. The surface area of
Sahu, Yaman, P, Sakthivel, Sithananthan, M, Maheshwari, Mukul
Allison's now open for hydrogen testing22TOFHP10_0510/01/2022
With the atomic number 1, hydrogen is the lightest element in the Periodic Table, but it's rapidly becoming a heavyweight for the mobility future. Development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) and hydrogen-fueled combustion engines for commercial-vehicle use is driving demand for specialized testing and validation facilities. Allison Transmission is in the vanguard of this movement, recently launching a comprehensive hydrogen test capability at its 60,000-ft2 (5,575-m2) Vehicle Electrification + Environmental Test Center in Indianapolis. Prior to its official debut, SAE Media was provided an exclusive look at the new facility - which also includes compressed natural gas (CNG) testing - courtesy of David Proctor, the test center's general manager, and Tim Szilveszter, Allison's sales account manager.
Brooke, Lindsay
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