This SAE Recommended Practice defines requirements for equipment and supplies to be used in measuring shot peening intensity and other surface enhancement processes. It is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. Guidelines for use of these items can be found in SAE J443 and SAE J2597.

Surface Enhancement Committee

Recommendations for ADS-DVs to Accommodate the Needs of People with Disabilities

J3261_202602 (Current)

2/17/2026

ADS-DVs promise to expand transportation options for individuals who have been historically underserved in personal transportation. However, for this to be truly realized, the unique needs of persons with disabilities (PWDs; including those who are deaf and hard of hearing, blind, have low vision, have upper body limitations, have lower body limitations, are wheelchair users, and have cognitive disabilities) should be understood at the design stage of vehicle development. This document presents a list of recommendations for use in the design and development of ADS-DVs based on the identified needs of PWDs. It considers the accessibility of services used to interact with the ADS-DV before the trip and the complete trip (including planning the trip and requesting the vehicle, determining a pickup location, finding the vehicle, authenticating the user, entering the vehicle, interacting with the vehicle while inside, determining a drop-off location, exiting the vehicle, and finding the

On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) Committee

Automotive Engineering: February 2026

26AUTP022/5/2026

Qualcomm expands partnerships for more Snapdragons Bosch is ready to bring AI to your vehicle, likely to still be ICE-powered in 2035 Etching for a greener future How chemical etching is helping enable next-gen automotive technologies. Rewriting the engineer's playbook: What OEMs must do to spin the AI flywheel The automotive industry's future hinges on a new AI-native engineering workflow that accelerates iteration, strengthens system thinking, and preserves human judgment. From redundancy to resilience: building smarter safety systems through sensor collaboration ADAS sensor fusion can provide improved and required safety technologies by rethinking the best strategy for allowing a car to sense the world. Open Safety is the shortcut to safer ADAS/AD An open safety stack, shared scenarios, benchmarks, and core validation tools can speed certification, reduce duplicated V&V and build public trust while preserving vendor differentiation. Editorial Robots, physical AI shift the focus at

RDAS: A Shared Control Strategy Considering Real-Time Driving Ability in Driver Takeover Tasks

10-10-02-0014

1/24/2026

Autonomous vehicles require drivers to assume control of the vehicle in situations where the vehicle control system cannot perform its intended task. A shared control-based approach to driving authority transfer can effectively mitigate the driving risks associated with diminished driver capability due to prolonged disengagement, but it may readily precipitate human–machine conflicts—oscillatory steering behavior, excessive driver workload, and unstable control during weight transitions. Addressing the characteristics of driver capability variations during takeover tasks, a shared control strategy incorporating real-time driving ability, termed the real-time driving ability strategy (RDAS), is proposed. Initially, a real-time capability assessment strategy based on an expected steering angle model is developed. By collecting driving data under conditions of adequate driver capability to train an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) neural network, the expected steering angle

Qi, Zhenliang, Liu, Ping, Duan, Haotian, Zhou, Zilong, Huang, Haibo

Type Approval for ADS: Considerations for the ODD

2026-26-0245

1/16/2026

The rapid introduction of new Automated Driving Systems (ADS) in the last years has led to an urge for robust methodologies for the type approval of vehicles equipped with such technologies. As a result, different Regulations addressing this field have been adopted. These Regulations are mainly based in the New Assessment and Testing Methodology (NATM) developed within the World Forum for the Harmonisation of Vehicle Regulations (WP29). However, the complexity of the regulatory ecosystem extends beyond type approval. This complexity requires a thorough analysis in order to avoid any possible gap which may jeopardise the feasibility of Automated Driving Vehicles deployment. This paper analyses the possible mismatches among the different regulations currently in place or under development and proposes a holistic approach, where the concept of the Operational Design Domain (ODD) takes a relevant role.

Lujan Tutusaus, Carlos, Hidalgo, Justin, Flix, Oriol

Mileage Accumulation Target Identification for Autonomous Emergency Braking System Validation for Medium & Heavy Trucks Considering Real-World Accidents in India

2026-26-0036

1/16/2026

Robust validation of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) considering real-world conditions is a vital for ensuring safety. Mileage accumulation is a one of the validation method for ensuring ADAS system robustness. By subjecting systems to diverse real-world driving environments and edge-case scenarios, engineers can evaluate performance, reliability, and safety under realistic conditions. In accordance with ISO 21448 (SOTIF), known hazardous scenarios are explicitly tested during robustness validation in combination of virtual and physical testing at component, sub system and vehicle level, while unknown hazards may emerge through extended mileage by running vehicles on roads, allowing them to be identified and classified. However, defining a mileage target that ensures comprehensive safety remains a significant engineering challenge. This paper proposes a data-driven approach to define mileage accumulation targets for validating Autonomous Emergency Braking Systems (AEBS

Koralla, Sivaprasad, Ravjani, Amin, Tatikonda, Vijay, Gadekar, Ganesh

Realistic LiDAR Data Simulation for Autonomous Systems using Physics-Informed Learning

2026-26-0138

1/16/2026

Accurate and realistic simulation of LiDAR data is critical for the development and validation of autonomous driving systems. However, existing simulation approaches often suffer from a significant sim-to-real gap due to oversimplified modelling of physical interactions and environmental factors. In this work, we present a physics-informed deep learning framework that bridges this gap by enhancing the realism of simulated LiDAR data using generative adversarial networks guided by domain-specific physical constraints for LiDAR intensity. Our method incorporates key physical factors such as range, surface material properties, angle of incidence, and environmental conditions along with their underlying physical relationships as constraints into the Cycle-Consistent GAN architecture, enabling it to learn realistic transformations from synthetic to real-world LiDAR intensity data without requiring paired samples. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach across multiple datasets

Anand, Vivek, Yadav, Sourav, Limba, Mohit, Pandey, Gaurav, Lohani, Bharat

Integration and Proving Ground Evaluation of a Connected Highway Pilot System

2026-26-0136

1/16/2026

Highway Pilot (HWP) systems, classified as SAE Level 3 Automated Driving Systems (ADS), represent a potential advancement for safer and more efficient highway drives. In this work, the development of a connected HWP prototype is presented. The HWP system is deployed in a real test vehicle and designed to operate autonomously in highway environments. The implementation presented in this paper covers the complete setup of the vehicle platform, including sensor selection and placement, hardware integration and communication interfaces for both autonomous functionality and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity. The software architecture follows a modular design, composed of modules for perception, decision-making and motion control to operate in real-time. The prototype integrates Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, such as Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM), to enhance situational awareness and improve the overall system behaviour. The modular structure allows new functionalities

Domingo Mateu, Bernat, Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Facerias Pelegri, Marc, Perez, Marc

Vehicle Self-Soiling from Exterior Cleaning Mechanisms

2026-26-0425

1/16/2026

The automotive industry is rapidly advancing towards autonomous vehicles, making sensors such as Cameras, LiDAR, and RADAR critical components for ensuring constant information exchange between the vehicle and its surrounding environment. However, these sensors are vulnerable to harsh environmental conditions like rain, dirt, snow, and bird droppings, which can impair their functionality and disrupt accurate vehicle maneuvers. To ensure all sensors operate effectively, dedicated cleaning is implemented, particularly for Level 3 and higher autonomous vehicles. It is important to test sensor cleaning mechanisms across different weather conditions and vehicle operating scenarios to ensure reliability and performance. One crucial aspect of testing is tracking the trajectory of the cleaning fluid to ensure it does not cause self-soiling of vehicles and affects the field of view or visibility zones of other components like the windshield. While wind tunnel tests are valuable, digitalizing

Mane, Suvidya, Makam, Sri Lalith Madhav, Varghese, Rixson, Desu, Harsha

Towards AI-Driven Automated Driving Systems_Homologations Perspective

2026-26-0133

1/16/2026

This paper examines the challenges and opportunities in homologating AI-driven Automated Driving Systems (ADS). As AI introduces dynamic learning and adaptability to vehicles, traditional static homologation frameworks are becoming inadequate. The study analyzes existing methodologies, such as the New Assessment/Test Methodology (NATM), and how various institutions address AI incorporation into ADS certification. Key challenges identified include managing continuous learning, addressing the "black-box" nature of AI models, and ensuring robust data management. The paper proposes a harmonized roadmap for AI in ADS homologation, integrating safety standards like ISO/TR 4804 and ISO 21448 with AI-specific considerations. It emphasizes the need for explainability, robustness, transparency, and enhanced data management in certification processes. The study concludes that a unified, global approach to AI homologation is crucial, balancing innovation with safety while addressing ethical

Lujan Tutusaus, Carlos, Hidalgo, Justin

Vehicle-to-Vehicle Negotiation Via Manoeuvre Coordination Messages for Cooperative Cut-in Scenarios

2026-26-0274

1/16/2026

The automotive industry is rapidly extending the capabilities of automated systems by incorporating connectivity and cooperation features that enable real-time information exchange between vehicles and road infrastructure. Within the Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) framework, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is expected to play a key role in improving road safety, traffic efficiency, and driving comfort. This work addresses a practical implementation of the standardized Manoeuvre Coordination Messages (MCMs), as defined in the ongoing ETSI standard (ETSI TS 103 561). The proposed approach is demonstrated through a cooperative cut-in use case in which two vehicles negotiate a lane change manoeuvre. In the considered scenario, the ego vehicle, driven by a Highway Pilot (HWP) system, receives the intention to cut-in from a neighbouring cooperative vehicle through an MCM. In response, the ego vehicle adapts its behaviour by decelerating to generate a safe

Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Domingo Mateu, Bernat

Determining Absence of Unreasonable Risk: Proposed Criteria for the Evaluation of an Automated Driving System Deployment

12-09-04-0026

1/12/2026

This article provides an overview of how the determination of absence of unreasonable risk can be operationalized. It complements previous theoretical work published by existing developers of automated driving systems (ADS) on the overall engineering practices and methodologies for readiness determination. Readiness determination is, at its core, a risk assessment process. It is aimed at evaluating the residual risk associated with a new ADS deployment. The article proposes methodological criteria to ground the readiness review process for an ADS release. Specifically, it lists 12 readiness criteria connected with system safety, cybersecurity, verification and validation, collision avoidance testing, predicted collision risks, impeded progress, rules of the road compliance, vulnerable road users interactions, high-severity assessment, conservative estimate of severity, risk management, and field safety. The criteria presented are agnostic of any specific ADS technological solution and

Favaro, Francesca Margherita, Schnelle, Scott, Fraade-Blanar, Laura, Victor, Trent, Peña, Mauricio, Webb, Nick, Broce, Holland, Paterson, Craig, Smith, Daniel

SAE TOMORROW TODAY - How AI and Software-Defined Vehicles Are Transforming Automotive Culture

135501/9/2026

The automotive industry is undergoing a major shift -- not just toward AI-powered, software-defined vehicles, but also toward a new culture that challenges traditional ways of working. Listen in as we sit down with Amol Gulve, Software-Defined Vehicle and AI Expert, for a candid discussion on why the pace of innovation is both exhilarating and challenging for legacy automakers. Amol breaks down the traditional seven-year vehicle development cycle and why it's incompatible with an AI-driven world, challenging OEMs to rethink everything from architecture and procurement to culture and org structure. From the future of AI in vehicles to the cultural shifts inside OEMs, you'll get an inside look at the questions defining the next decade of mobility -- and why trust, transparency, and smarter standards will shape the road ahead. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE

Patterson, Lori

LWMOcc: Lightweight Monocular 3D Occupancy Prediction Method

2025-01-7312

12/31/2025

Environmental perception is the base of autonomous driving systems, and it directly affects both operational safety and intelligent decision-making capability. Among the emerging technologies, vision-based 3D occupancy prediction is gaining more attention because of its high cost-effectiveness and high-resolution scene understanding capability. However, existing methods often have too much model complexity and limited inference efficiency, which makes deployment on resource-constrained embedded platforms difficult. To address the limitations, we propose LWMOcc, a lightweight monocular 3D occupancy prediction framework. The main component of LWMOcc is the lightweight Encoder-Decoder module, which is a lightweight fine-grained scene perception module that combines a simplified backbone with an efficient decoding strategy. By performing structural simplification and parameter compression, LWMOcc effectively reduces computational overhead, while retaining high predictive accuracy

Chen, Feiyang, Li, Jihao, Fu, Pengyu, Hu, Jincheng, Liu, Ming, Liu, Chengjun, Hong, Yinuo, Cazorla, Miguel, González Serrano, Germán, Zhang, Yuanjian, Cadini, Francesco

STGT-Gen: Spatio-Temporal Graph Transformer for Multi-Vehicle Traffic Scenario Generation

2025-01-7316

12/31/2025

In the testing and validation of autonomous driving systems, scenario-based simulation is crucial to address the high costs and insufficient scene coverage of real-road testing. However, existing simulators rely on handcrafted rules to generate traffic scenarios, failing to capture the complexity of multi-agent interactions and physical rationality in real traffic. This paper proposes STGT-Gen, a data-driven Spatio-Temporal Graph Transformer framework, to generate realistic and diverse multi-vehicle traffic scenarios by integrating spatio-temporal interaction modeling, physical constraints, and high-definition (HD) map information.STGT-Gen adopts an encoder-decoder architecture: The encoder captures temporal dependencies of vehicle trajectories and spatial interactions via a Temporal Transformer and a Spatial Graph Transformer, respectively, while a hierarchical map encoding module fuses lane topologies and traffic rules. The decoder ensures physical feasibility during long-term

Qin, Xupeng, Lu, Chao, Wei, Yangyang, Fan, Sizhe, Song, Ze, Gong, Jianwei

Corner Scenario Generation Method Based on Feature-Optimized Combinations for Automated Driving Systems

2025-01-7317

12/31/2025

With the advancement of automated driving system levels, corner scenarios characterized by low probability and high risk have become critical for the safety validation of automated vehicles. However, due to the typical long-tail distribution of such scenarios, data-driven mining approaches face significant challenges in achieving efficient generation. To address this issue, this study proposes a feature-optimized combination-based method for generating corner scenarios in automated driving systems. Key scenario features related to functional failures are first identified using a combined approach of system theoretic process analysis (STPA) and hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP). Based on these features, an adaptive genetic algorithm is employed to optimize feature combinations and generate large numbers of corner scenario types that meet specified constraints. The proposed method is validated using cut-in and pedestrian-crossing scenarios as baseline cases. The results show that

Zhou, Shiying, Zhang, Dongbo, Zhao, Deyin, Zhu, Bing, Zhang, Peixing

Deconstructing Driver State in Smart Cockpits: Physiological Validation of Perceived Risk, Trust, and Fatigue during Automated Driving

2025-01-7345

12/31/2025

For driver-automation collaborative driving, accurately monitoring driver state in smart cockpits is crucial for enhancing safety, comfort, and human-computer interactions. However, existing research lacks clarity regarding the relationships among driver states, and there is no consensus on the optimal physiological channels to reliably capture these states. This study examined three critical psychological constructs (i.e., perceived risk, trust in the automated driving system, and driver fatigue) using a 37-participant driving simulation experiment. We manipulated multiple factors to induce distinct driver states among participants and recorded subjective scale ratings, heart rate variability, galvanic skin response, and eye movement data. Subjective scale ratings were adopted as the ground truth to examine the corresponding measurement relationships between different physiological signals and the three targeted dimensions of driver states. Our results proved that perceived risk

Wang, Zhenyuan, Li, Qingkun, Wang, Wenjun, Liu, Weimin, Sun, Zhaocong, Cheng, Bo

Dynamic Switching Control of Vehicle Platoon with Kalman Filter Compensator Considering Communication Delays and Packet Dropouts

2025-01-7341

12/31/2025

This paper presents a dynamic switching control strategy for vehicle platoons to address communication delays and packet dropouts in connected and autonomous vehicle systems. The proposed strategy combines adaptive cruise control (ACC), cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC), and a Kalman filter to compensate for time-varying delays, while employing an equidistant spacing policy to support reliable information flow within the platoon. A switching mechanism based on an acceleration threshold enables seamless transition between ACC, which depends on onboard sensor data, and CACC, which relies on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. This design reduces dependence on V2V communication, thereby lowering the risk of packet dropouts and improving platoon stability. The control architecture adopts a hierarchical structure: an upper-level sliding mode controller generates desired acceleration commands, and a lower-level PID controller converts them into throttle and brake actions. A

Pan, Deng, Yao, Zhiyong, Wang, Chang, Ji, Jie, Zhang, Bohan

CANet: A Lightweight Cross-Attention Guided Network for Unstructured Road Segmentation

2025-01-7309

12/31/2025

To address the issues of multiple background interferences and blurred road boundaries in unstructured scene road segmentation tasks, a lightweight and precise unstructured road segmentation model based on cross-attention (CANet) is proposed. This model constructs an encoder using the lightweight neural network MobileNetV2. By doing so, it ensures light weight while enhancing the feature discrimination ability of unstructured roads, thus achieving efficient feature extraction. The decoder integrates the cross-attention mechanism and a low-level feature fusion branch. The attention mechanism improves the model’s perception of road boundaries by capturing long-distance context information in the feature map, thereby solving the problem of blurred edges. The low-level feature fusion branch enhances the detail accuracy and edge continuity of the segmentation results by incorporating high-resolution information from shallow features. Experimental results show that the proposed model attains

Wang, Xuewei, Cao, Guangyuan, Liang, Xiao, Li, Shaohua

3D Point Cloud Object Detection for Autonomous Driving Based on Improved PointPillars

2025-01-7308

12/31/2025

Aiming at the problem of low detection accuracy in 3D object detection for autonomous driving, this paper proposes an improved PointPillars framework that enhances feature representation while reducing computational cost. Accurate perception of surrounding vehicles, pedestrians, and obstacles is critical to ensure the safety and reliability of autonomous driving systems, yet the widely used PointPillars model is often constrained by limited global feature extraction and vulnerability to environmental interference, which restricts its effectiveness in complex real-world scenarios. To address these limitations, the backbone network is reconstructed with a lightweight MobileViTv2 module to strengthen global feature capture and robustness, enabling better modeling of long-range dependencies without significantly increasing model complexity. In addition, a dynamic upsampling strategy is introduced to replace the original upsampling module, which not only improves detection performance but

Ye, Xin, Zhang, Lele, Li, Xiangdong, Cao, Qi, Ye, Ming

Automating Concrete Simulation Scenario Generation for Autonomous Driving with Large Language Models

2025-01-7318

12/31/2025

The need for high-quality simulation scenarios to verify the safety of autonomous driving systems is growing, but there are still obstacles to overcome, like the high cost and low efficiency of creating scenario files that satisfy simulation platform standards. To address the issues, this study suggests an automated approach for creating concrete autonomous driving simulation scenarios using a large language model. This approach enables the automated conversion of natural language input into standard scenario file output. The functional scenario generation stage uses the fine-tuned large language model for structured expression and improves the lightweight model deployment efficiency through knowledge distillation; the logical scenario generation stage involves mapping the standard parameter space and introducing constraint rules to ensure rationality; and the concrete scenario generation stage involves generating high-risk key parameters through data mining and generative adversarial

Li, Jiwei, Wang, Runmin

A Framework for Multi-Scenario Performance Evaluation of Modular Autonomous Driving Systems

2025-01-7319

12/31/2025

Currently, we face the challenge that ensuring ADS safety remains the primary bottleneck to large-scale commercial deployment—while benchmarks such as the CARLA Leaderboard have spurred progress, their coarse evaluation granularity, inability to quantify procedural risks, and lack of differentiation among algorithms in complex scenarios make in-depth diagnostics and functional safety validation exceedingly difficult. To address these challenges, we propose EvalDrive, a framework that seems to offer a more comprehensive approach to multi-scenario performance evaluation for modular autonomous driving systems. Within this broader analytical framework, EvalDrive appears to provide what seems to be three key contributions. (1) It constructs what appears to represent a structured and extensible scenario library, comprising a majority of 44 interactive scenarios, 23 weather conditions, and 12 town environments, which are then systematically expanded through parameterized variations. (2) Our

Jia, Chunyu, Kong, Yan, Ma, Yao, Pei, Xiaofei

Research on the Influencing Factors of Driver’s Trust in Autonomous Driving System

2025-01-7344

12/31/2025

Although autonomous driving system is being used more frequently, its widespread adoption is still in its infancy. As a result, drivers may perceive the autonomous driving system as unreliable, which hinders the spread of automated driving. The goal of this study is to investigate the major variables influencing drivers’ trust in autonomous driving system. Significant positive correlations between the variables were found using the questionnaire survey, reliability validity test, and factor analysis of the questionnaire data. In order to measure the impact of system performance, user comprehension, system feedback mechanism, individual characteristics, and environmental factors on trust perception, a structural equation modeling (SEM) as an analytical tool. A total of 274 valid data were retained. By modeling and analyzing the recovered data, it showed that the fit are all in the acceptable range, the model construction is reasonable, and therefore the subsequent path analysis can be

Wang, Caiyong, He, Xingmiao, Tang, Yu, Chen, Rong, Li, Chuzhao

Modeling and Validating Foreseeable Misuse in Safety of the Intended Functionality: A Case Study of Automated Emergency Braking

12-09-03-0017

12/31/2025

This study presents a structured evaluation framework for reasonably foreseeable misuse in automated driving systems (ADS), grounded in the ISO 21448 Safety of the Intended Functionality (SOTIF) lifecycle. Although SOTIF emphasizes risks that arise from system limitations and user behavior, the standard lacks concrete guidance for validating misuse scenarios in practice. To address this gap, we propose an end-to-end methodology that integrates four components: (1) hazard modeling via system–theoretic process analysis (STPA), (2) probabilistic risk quantification through numerical simulation, (3) verification using high-fidelity simulation, and (4) empirical validation via driver-in-the-loop system (DILS) experiments. Each component is aligned with specific SOTIF clauses to ensure lifecycle compliance. We apply this framework to a case of driver overreliance on automated emergency braking (AEB) at high speeds—a condition where system intervention is intentionally suppressed. Initial

Kang, Do Wook, Kim, Woojin, Jang, Eun Hye, Chang, Mi, Yoon, Daesub, Jang, Youn-Seon

Commercial Vehicles: Vol. 2

EPRCOMPV05202512/29/2025

Hsu, Tsung-Ming, Muelaner, Jody Emlyn

Infrastructure Enablers for Automation: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV022025

12/29/2025

Coyner, Kelley, Bittner, Jason, Ercisli, Safak, Razdan, Rahul

SAE TOMORROW TODAY UNPLUGGED - I Don't Want to Drive Anymore...Here's Why

1354812/19/2025

What happens when driving becomes a burden? In this Unplugged episode of SAE Tomorrow Today, join host Grayson Brulte for a candid conversation sparked by his own realization: he simply doesn't want to drive anymore. Listen in to discover why more people are finding comfort, calm, and even joy in autonomous driving systems like Tesla's Full Self-Driving (FSD) -- and why traditional driving suddenly feels antiquated. Have your own thoughts on this topic? We'd love to hear from you! Share your comments, questions or ideas for future topics with Grayson on Twitter or send them to podcast@sae.org. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.

Patterson, Lori

Current Challenges and Technological Opportunities for Implementing Autonomous Vehicles in Urban Public Transport

2025-36-0085

12/18/2025

Driven by technological advances in artificial intelligence, sensors, connectivity and sustainable mobility, autonomous buses are a reality in many contexts where their application is viable and efficient. The potential of the technology is a clear theme and has been widely discussed over the last two decades, due to various factors such as reducing accidents, increasing operating cost efficiency, improving the efficiency of public transport, reducing environmental impact and offering mobility solutions for increasingly congested urban areas. Due to the implementation of the General Safety Regulation (GSR II) in the European Union, with the aim of reducing traffic accidents and paving the way for fully autonomous vehicles, autonomous vehicles are getting closer to becoming a viable reality on the streets and highways of developed countries [1]. In order to guarantee the necessary safety in autonomous systems, data reliability is fundamental. To this end, it is essential to implement

Gameiro, João, Pirocchi, Amanda, Matias, Brenda, Paterlini, Bruno, Souza, Kerylli de, Angelone, Luca, Gama, Ulisses

2025 International Conference on Transportation Infrastructure and Engineering (ICTIE 2025)

2025-99-0300

12/17/2025

TOC

AVSC Information Report on Automated Driving System-Dedicated Vehicle (ADS-DV) Stopped Conditions

AVSC-I-06-202512/11/2025

AVSC Information Report on Automated Driving System-Dedicated Vehicle (ADS-DV) Stopped Conditions provides a taxonomy of stopped conditions and definitions of key terms and concepts that can support stakeholder discussions around these topics. By offering guidance on appropriate use of terminology related to ADS-DV stops, this report clarifies complex technical concepts and contributes to a more unified understanding across the industry.

Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium

Autonomous Driving Takeover Requests: The Influence of Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Human-Machine Interface Elements on Driving Trust

2025-99-0440

12/10/2025

Takeover safety in conditional automation depends heavily on effective Takeover Requests (TORs). This study investigated the implication of the temporal distribution of takeover interface elements (temporal distribution: takeover cues appear first/last, spatial distribution: left/center/right) on driving trust in scenarios with different levels of urgency (low: road construction/high: traffic accidents). The results suggest that driver perceptions of the reliability of an automated driving system during control transitions may be influenced by the temporal characteristics of the distribution of human-machine interface elements. Drivers need to supervise the operation status of the autopilot system, and presenting timely information about the system at critical nodes can help improve driver trust. The central spatial distribution contributes to trust in high emergencies, while the right spatial distribution enhances driver trust more in low emergencies. This study informs takeover

Wu, Jianfeng, Li, Zihan

Automated Driving System (ADS) Marker Lamp

J3134_202512 (Current)

12/1/2025

This SAE Recommended Practice provides guidelines for the use, performance, installation, activation, and switching of marking lamps on Automated Driving System (ADS) equipped vehicles.

Signaling and Marking Devices Stds Comm

IAA 2025

25AUTP12_01

12/1/2025

One of the biggest splashes at IAA Mobility 2025 in Munich was the debut of the technology-packed iX3, the first of the BMW Neue Klasse line. Inside its shapely contours lie four Superbrains, including the Heart of Joy. These units represent the hometown OEM's big bet on zonal architecture - and on Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. as a co-development partner. That's because Qualcomm co-developed the Snapdragon Ride AD software stack in the Heart of Joy, which uses Qualcomm's Snapdragon Ride Pilot automated driving system, with BMW. The version of Ride Pilot that made its global debut in the iX3 uses a newly developed Snapdragon Ride AD software stack that runs on the Snapdragon Ride Platform.

Blanco, Sebastian

Full-State Decoupling Motion Control Strategy for Distributed Vehicle via Bayesian Parameter Optimization

10-10-01-0007

11/26/2025

With the rapid development of autonomous driving technology, unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are gradually replacing humans to perform tasks such as reconnaissance, target tracking, and search in special scenarios. Omnidirectional mobility based on rapid adjustment of vehicle heading posture enhances the applicability of UGVs in specialized scenarios. Omnidirectional mobility signifies the capability for rapid adjustments to the vehicle’s heading angle, longitudinal velocity, and lateral velocity. Traditional vehicles are constrained by the limitations of under-actuation, which prevents active regulation of lateral movement. Instead, they rely on the coordinated regulation of longitudinal and yaw movements, failing to meet the requirements for omnidirectional mobility. Distributed vehicles featuring steering distributed between the front/rear axles and four-wheel independent drive leverage the over-actuation advantages provided by multi-actuator coordinated control, making them

Chen, Guoying, Dong, Jiahao, Wang, Xinyu, Zhao, Xuanming, Bi, Chenxiao, Gao, Zhenhai, Zhang, Yanping, He, Rong

CARLA Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Environment for Autonomous Driving

12-09-02-0015

11/20/2025

This article suggests a validation methodology for autonomous driving. The goal is to validate front camera sensors in advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS) based on virtually generated scenarios. The outcome is the CARLA-based hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation environment (CHASE). It allows the rapid prototyping and validation of the ADAS software. We tested this general approach on a specific experimental application/setup for a vehicle front camera sensor. The setup results were then proven to be comparable to real-world sensor performance. The CARLA simulation environment was used in tandem with a vehicle CAN bus interface. This introduced a significantly improved realism to user-defined test scenarios and their results. The approach benefits from almost unlimited variability of traffic scenarios and the cost-efficient generation of massive testing data.

Cardozo, Shawn Moses, Hlavác, Václav

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