Browse Topic: Automated driving systems
Reproducing driving scenarios involving near-collisions and collisions in a simulator can be useful in the development and testing of autonomous vehicles, as it provides a safe environment to explore detailed vehicular behavior during these critical events. CARLA, an open-source driving simulator, has been widely used for reproducing driving scenarios. CARLA allows for both manual control and traffic manager control (the module that controls vehicles in autopilot manner in the simulation). However, current versions of CARLA are limited to setting the start and destination points for vehicles that are controlled by traffic manager, and are unable to replay precise waypoint paths that are collected from real-world collision and near-collision scenarios, due to the fact that the collision-free pathfinding modules are built into the system. This paper presents an extension to CARLA’s source code, enabling the replay of exact vehicle trajectories, irrespective of safety implications
Safety Management Systems (SMSs) have been used in many safety-critical industries and are now being developed and deployed in the automated driving system (ADS)-equipped vehicle (AV) sector. Industries with decades of SMS deployment have established frameworks tailored to their specific context. Several frameworks for an AV industry SMS have been proposed or are currently under development. These frameworks borrow heavily from the aviation industry although the AV and aviation industries differ in many significant ways. In this context, there is a need to review the approach to develop an SMS that is tailored to the AV industry, building on generalized lessons learned from other safety-sensitive industries. A harmonized AV-industry SMS framework would establish a single set of SMS practices to address management of broad safety risks in an integrated manner and advance the establishment of a more mature regulatory framework. This paper outlines a proposed SMS framework for the AV
The rapid development of open-source Automated Driving System (ADS) stacks has created a pressing need for clear guidance on their evaluation and selection for specific use cases. This paper introduces a scenario-based evaluation framework combined with a modular simulation framework, offering a scalable methodology for assessing and benchmarking ADS solutions, including but not limited to off-the-shelf designs. The study highlights the lack of clear Operational Design Domain (ODD) descriptions in such systems. Without a common understanding, users must rely on subjective assumptions, which hinders the process of accurate system selection. To address this gap, the study proposes adopting a standardised ISO 34503 ODD description format within the ADS stacks. The application of the proposed framework is showcased through a case study evaluating two open-source systems, Autoware and Apollo. By first defining the assumed system’s ODD, then selecting a relevant scenario, and establishing
The rapid development of autonomous vehicles necessitates rigorous testing under diverse environmental conditions to ensure their reliability and safety. One of the most challenging scenarios for both human and machine vision is navigating through rain. This study introduces the Digitrans Rain Testbed, an innovative outdoor rain facility specifically designed to test and evaluate automotive sensors under realistic and controlled rain conditions. The rain plant features a wetted area of 600 square meters and a sprinkled rain volume of 600 cubic meters, providing a comprehensive environment to rigorously assess the performance of autonomous vehicle sensors. Rain poses a significant challenge due to the complex interaction of light with raindrops, leading to phenomena such as scattering, absorption, and reflection, which can severely impair sensor performance. Our facility replicates various rain intensities and conditions, enabling comprehensive testing of Radar, Lidar, and Camera
This SAE Edge Research Report explores advancements in next-generation mobility, focusing on digitalized and smart cockpits and cabins. It offers literature review, examining current customer experiences with traditional vehicles and future mobility expectations. Key topics include integrating smart cockpit and cabin technologies, addressing challenges in customer and user experience (UX) in digital environments, and discussing strategies for transitioning from traditional vehicles to electric ones while educating customers. User Experience for Digitalized and Smart Cockpits and Cabins of Next-gen Mobility covers both on- and off-vehicle experiences, analyzing complexities in developing and deploying digital products and services with effective user interfaces. Emphasis is placed on meeting UX requirements, gaining user acceptance, and avoiding trust issues due to poor UX. Additionally, the report concludes with suggestions for improving UX in digital products and services for future
Autonomous vehicles utilise sensors, control systems and machine learning to independently navigate and operate through their surroundings, offering improved road safety, traffic management and enhanced mobility. This paper details the development, software architecture and simulation of control algorithms for key functionalities in a model that approaches Level 2 autonomy, utilising MATLAB Simulink and IPG CarMaker. The focus is on four critical areas: Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), Lane Detection (LD) and Traffic Object Detection. Also, the integration of low-level PID controllers for precise steering, braking and throttle actuation, ensures smooth and responsive vehicle behaviour. The hardware architecture is built around the Nvidia Jetson Nano and multiple Arduino Nano microcontrollers, each responsible for controlling specific actuators within the drive-by-wire system, which includes the steering, brake and throttle actuators. Communication
This article provides a comprehensive review of existing literature on AI-based functions and verification methods within vehicular systems. Initially, the introduction of these AI-based functions in these systems is outlined. Subsequently, the focus shifts to synthetic environments and their pivotal role in the verification process of AI-based vehicle functions. The algorithms used within the AI-based functions focus primarily on the paradigm of deep learning. We investigate the constituent components of these synthetic environments and the intricate relationships with vehicle systems in the verification and validation domain of the system. In the following, alternative approaches are discussed, serving as complementary methods for verification without direct involvement in synthetic environment development. These approaches include data-oriented methodologies employing statistical techniques and AI-centric strategies focusing solely on the core deep learning algorithm.
The application trend of automated driving is gaining significant concern, making it increasingly crucial to validate automated driving within the stochastic simulated traffic flow environment from both time and cost perspectives. The stochastic traffic flow model attempts to encapsulate the variability inherent in traffic conditions through a stochastic process. This approach is particularly important as it accounts for the unpredictable nature of traffic, which is often not fully captured by traditional deterministic testing scenarios. However, while stochastic traffic flow models have made strides in simulating the behavior of traffic participants, there remains a significant oversight in the simulation of vehicles’ driving trajectories, leading to unrealistic portrayals of their behaviors. The trajectories of vehicles are a critical component in the overall behavior of traffic flow, and their accurate representation is essential for the simulation to reflect real-world driving
To establish and validate new systems incorporated into next generation vehicles, it is important to understand actual scenarios which the autonomous vehicles will likely encounter. Consequently, to do this, it is important to run Field Operational Tests (FOT). FOT is undertaken with many vehicles and large acquisition areas ensuing the capability and suitability of a continuous function, thus guaranteeing the randomization of test conditions. FOT and Use case(a software testing technique designed to ensure that the system under test meets and exceeds the stakeholders' expectations) scenario recordings capture is very expensive, due to the amount of necessary material (vehicles, measurement equipment/objectives, headcount, data storage capacity/complexity, trained drivers/professionals) and all-time robust working vehicle setup is not always available, moreover mileage is directly proportional to time, along with that it cannot be scaled up due to physical limitations. During the early
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