Electric vehicles represent a shift towards sustainability in the automotive industry, with the Brake-by-Wire (BBW) system as an innovation to enhance safety, and performance. This study proposes an electromagnetic BBW system for Formula SAE vehicles, optimizing an electromagnet with a genetic algorithm as the actuator. Through a selection process from a million individuals, the system was modeled. Integrated with electric motors using CarMaker® software, the optimized electromagnet surpassed the minimum required force of 228.08 N without reaching its nominal current of 12.5 A, achieving a force of 231.1 N for 150 W power, indicating an energy efficiency of 0.706 N/Watt. The system also exhibited a response time of 17.92ms for an 80 bar increase, 1.52 times better than compared systems. Simulation under varying braking intensities demonstrated dynamic behavior, with settling times for slow, moderate, and sharp braking at 193 ms, 62 ms, and 21 ms, respectively. Efficiency during

Salgado, Vinícius Batista Alves, Gomes, Deilton Gonçalves, Andrade Lima, Cláudio

Optimization of a 2-D Multi-Element Rear Wing on a Formula 1 Car

2024-36-0103

12/20/2024

The aerodynamic force produced by external flows over two-dimensional bodies is typically decomposed into two components: lift and drag. In race cars, the lift is known as downforce and it is responsible for increasing tire grip, thereby enhancing traction and cornering ability. Drag acts in the direction opposite to the car’s motion, reducing its acceleration and top speed. The primary challenge for aerodynamicists is to design a vehicle capable of producing high downforce with low drag. This study aims to optimize the shape of a multi-element rear wing profile of a Formula 1 car, achieving an optimal configuration under specific prescribed conditions. The scope of this work was limited to a 2-D model of a rear wing composed of two 4-digit NACA airfoils. Ten control parameters were used in the optimization process: three to describe each isolated profile, two to describe their relative position, and two to describe the angles of attack of each profile. An optimization cycle by finite

Souza Dourado, Guilherme, Hayashi, Marcelo Tanaka

Enhancing Engine Lubrication: Design and Evaluation of Oil Sump Surge Control in Racing Vehicles

2024-36-0074

12/20/2024

During accelerations and decelerations of a race car whose engine has a wet sump, the forces generated by the vehicle’s motion cause the engine oil to vigorously shift towards the walls of the oil pan and crankcase, contributing to the phenomenon known as ‘sloshing.’ This phenomenon often leads to fluctuations in oil pressure, resulting in oil pressure surge, when the oil is pushed away from the pump pickup point. Via the logged data, the Formula UFSM FSAE Team had witnessed a recurrent lack of oil pressure in the race track during the 2023 Brazilian FSAE competition. In the AutoCross Event, the recurrence of this problem was 80% of the right corners on lateral accelerations between 0.80G and 1.30G. The average oil pressure in this condition was 0.80 bar, even reaching 0.10 bar above 5000 RPM. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a new set of baffles for the oil pan, capable of minimizing the effects of sloshing and, consequently, the oil surge. As a method of research, a test bench

Zimmermann, Natalia Diovana, Junior, Luiz Alfredo Coelho, Martins, Mario, Hausen, Roberto

Verification of Continuously Variable Transmission Performance Tuning Based on Bacha Racing Vehicle’s Power Matching and Transmission Performance

2024-01-5097

10/15/2024

Due to the compact structure of the Bacha Racing vehicle, the continuously variable transmission (CVT) serves as a crucial transmission component. It is essential to tune and verify its performance to ensure the power matching and transmission efficiency of the entire vehicle. This paper conducts a kinematic analysis of CVT based on transmission theory, designs real vehicle traction experiments, and CVT bench tests. Additionally, it proposes a method to utilize Hall sensors for real-time monitoring of CVT motion to assist in its tuning. The results demonstrate that the optimal performance tuning of the CVT for the Bacha Racing vehicle has been achieved through various experiments

Li, He

Gaussian Processes for Vehicle Dynamics Learning in Autonomous Racing

10-08-03-0019

06/12/2024

In high-speed autonomous racing, it is necessary to have an accurate racecar vehicle dynamics model in order to push the vehicle closer to its limits. The choice of the dynamics model has to be made by balancing the computational demands in contrast to model complexity. Learning-based methods, such as Gaussian processes (GP)-based regression, have shown promise toward approximating the vehicle dynamics model. In particular, such methods use a simplified model structure that is easy to tune and then use GP to model the mismatch between the output of the simple model and observed system dynamics. However, current GP approaches often oversimplify the modeling process or apply strong assumptions, leading to unrealistic results that cannot translate to real-world settings. This article presents a comprehensive GP-based design for modeling the dynamics of an autonomous racing car. We do so with high-fidelity simulation data, a 1/10-scale autonomous racing car platform, and a full-scale

Ning , Jingyun, Behl, Madhur

A CONSUMER'S VIEW: Perry Parts 3D-printed bump stops

24AUTP06_01

06/01/2024

Making a Miata feel at home off-road takes ingenuity and some help from modern 3D-printing tech. I have always loved off-road racing. I love the innovation, grit and determination it takes to get across the finish line after 250, 500 or even 1,000 miles (402, 805 or 1,609 km) of racing. I have also always loved Miatas. I bought my first NA in 1994 and never looked back. I currently own a 2004 Mazdaspeed Miata and a 2001 lifted Miata

Hall, Emme

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Driven by Speed, Fueled by Engineering

1345605/28/2024

Who's better to design a sports car than the person who races it? Meet Kevin Boehm of Boehm Motorsports, a championship-winning professional racer and accomplished OEM principal engineer. Driven by speed and fueled by innovation, Kevin's ability to uncover automotive potential and translate it into on-track victories has made him a true standout both on and off the racetrack. As a principal engineer and test driver at Honda Research and Development, Inc., Kevin supports research design and product development for a wide array of Honda production vehicles. For insight on his professional journey, we sat down with Kevin to discuss his approach to racing, engineering, and coaching--and how Formula SAE played an instrumental role in his ascent into the world of motorsports. To learn more about how Formula SAE challenges students to conceive, design, fabricate, and compete with formula-style racing cars, visit fsaeonline.com

Hineman, Marcie

Optimizing High-Lift Airfoils for Formula Student Vehicles

2024-01-5059

05/13/2024

This document presents a study on the design and simulation of a high-lift airfoil intended for usage in multielement setups such as the wings present on open-wheel race cars. With the advancement of open-wheel race car aerodynamics, the design of existing high-lift airfoils has been altered to create a more useful and practical general profile. Adjoint optimization tools in CFD (ANSYS Fluent) were employed to increase the airfoil’s performance beyond existing high-lift profiles (Selig S1223). Improvements of up to 20% with a CL of 2.4 were recorded. To further evaluate performance, the airfoil was made the basis of a full three-dimensional aerodynamics package design for an open-wheel Formula Student car. CFD simulations were carried out on the same and revealed performance characteristics of the airfoil in a more practical application. These CFD simulations were calibrated with experimental values from coast-down testing data with an accuracy of 8

Karthikeyan, Prthik Nandhan, Radhakrishnan, Jayakrishnan

Electrification and Control of a 1:5 Scale Vehicle for Automotive Testing Methodologies

2024-01-2271

04/09/2024

The design and testing of innovative components and control logics for future vehicular platform represents a challenging task in the automotive field. The use of scale model vehicles constitutes an interesting alternative for testing assessment by decreasing time and cost efforts with a potential benefit in terms of safety. The target of this research work is the development of a customized scale vehicle platform for verifying and validating innovative control strategies in safe conditions and with cost reduction. Consequently, the electrification of a radio-controlled 1:5 scale vehicle is carried out and a customized remote real-time controller is installed onboard. One of the main features of this commercial product is its modular characteristics that allows the modification of some component properties, such as the viscous coefficient of the shock absorbers, the stiffness of the springs and the suspension geometry. The original vehicle is equipped with a 2-stroke internal

Vella, Angelo Domenico, Biondo, Luca, Tota, Antonio, Vigliani, Alessandro

CAATS - Automotive Wind Tunnel Test Techniques

2024-01-2543

04/09/2024

This paper contributes to the Committee on Commonized Aerodynamics Automotive Testing Standards (CAATS) initiative, established by the late Gary Elfstrom. It is collaboratively compiled by automotive wind tunnel users and operators within the Subsonic Aerodynamic Testing Association (SATA). Its specific focus lies in automotive wind tunnel test techniques, encompassing both those relevant to passenger car and race car development. It is part of the comprehensive CAATS series, which addresses not only test techniques but also wind tunnel calibration, uncertainty analysis, and wind tunnel correction methods. The core objective of this paper is to furnish comprehensive guidelines for wind tunnel testing and associated techniques. It begins by elucidating the initial wind tunnel setup and vehicle arrangement within it. Subsequently, it delves into a diverse array of test techniques, encompassing aerodynamic force measurements, ventilation drag assessments, flow field analyses, and surface

Wittmeier, Felix, Bianco, Antonello, Bratby, James, Howard, Kevin, Roper, Thomas, Senft, Victor

Design, Modeling, and Analysis of Heave and Roll Decoupled Suspension Geometry for a Formula Student Prototype

2024-01-2077

04/09/2024

This work aims to present the application of mode coupling to a Formula Student racing vehicle and propose a solution. The major modes of a vehicle are heave, pitch, roll, and warp. All these modes are highly coupled – which means changing suspension rates or geometry will affect all of them – while alleviating some and making others worse characteristics. Decoupling these modes, or at least some of them, would provide more control over suspension setup and more refined race car dynamics for a given layout of the racetrack. This could improve mechanical grip and yield significant performance improvements in closed-circuit racing. If exploited well, this approach could also assist in the operation of the vehicle at an optimal kinematic state of the suspension systems, to gain the best wheel orientations and maximize grip from the tires under the high lateral accelerations and varied excitations seen on a typical road course. Previous strategies used by other researchers to achieve

Panchal, Tanmay, Bastiaan, Jennifer

Regenerative Energy Control Technology of Charging Vehicles in Electric Road System

2024-01-2171

04/09/2024

This Electric Road System was devised that would provide electric power to EVs directly from the infrastructure so that EVs could undergo intermittent charging while driving. This system is a conductive dynamic charging system that operates from the side of the vehicle (roadside), and research has been underway on the application of this approach to passenger cars and race cars. This paper focused on resolving issues with freight vehicles, which account for most of the CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. This Electric Road System that operates by contact from the roadside was applied to heavy-duty trucks, which have been considered a challenge to convert to EVs, and at the same time the infrastructure technology was also expanded and evolved. And verification tests using actual vehicles were conducted for regenerative energy absorption control of a charging vehicle while driving. The results confirmed that this control system appropriately controls the distribution of power

Tajima, Takamitsu, Abe, Hiroyuki

Formula 1 Race Car Aerodynamics: Understanding Floor Flow Structures and Why It Is a Key Component in Modern Racing

2024-01-2078

04/09/2024

This paper delves into the intricate realm of Formula 1 race car aerodynamics, focusing on the pivotal role played by floor flow structures in contemporary racing. The aerodynamic design of the floor of a Formula 1 car is a fundamental component that connects the flow structures from the front wing to the rear end of the car through the diffuser, thus significantly influencing the generation of lift and drag. In this work, CFD was used to predict the structure of the vortices and flow pattern underneath a Formula 1 car using a CAD model that mimicked the modern Red Bull Racing Team’s car in recent years. Through comprehensive analysis and simulation, a detailed understanding of the complex flow patterns and aerodynamic phenomena occurring beneath the floor of the car and its vicinity is presented. This entails a close examination of how air interacts with the floor of the car and how the flow around the car can be manipulated to alter the flow rate and the quality of air going into the

Shaalan, Amr, Assanis, Dimitris, Raman, Aditya, Wijeyakulasuriya, Sameera, Senecal, Kelly

Automatic Optimization Method for FSAE Racing Car Aerodynamic Kit Based on the Integration of CAD and CAE

2024-01-2079

04/09/2024

In the process of designing the aerodynamic kit for Formula SAE racing cars, there is a lot of repetitive work and low efficiency in optimizing parameters such as wing angle of attack and chord length. Moreover, the optimization of these parameters in past designs heavily relied on design experience and it's difficult to achieve the optimal solution through theoretical calculations. By establishing a parametric model in CAD software and integrating it with CFD software, we can automatically modify model parameters, run a large number of simulations, and analyze the simulation results using statistical methods. After multiple iterations, we achieve fully automatic parameter optimization and obtain higher negative lift. At the same time, the simulation process is optimized, and simulations are run based on GPUs, resulting in a significant increase in simulation speed compared to the original. The results show that automated optimization saves a lot of manpower costs, and compared to

Chen, Yanjun

Analysis and Design of Suspension State Observer for Wheel Load Estimation

2024-01-2285

04/09/2024

Tire forces and moments play an important role in vehicle dynamics and safety. X-by-wire chassis components including active suspension, electronic powered steering, by-wire braking, etc can take the tire forces as inputs to improve vehicle’s dynamic performance. In order to measure the accurate dynamic wheel load, most of the researches focused on the kinematic parameters such as body longitudinal and lateral acceleration, load transfer and etc. In this paper, the authors focus on the suspension system, avoiding the dependence on accurate mass and aerodynamics model of the whole vehicle. The geometry of the suspension is equated by the spatial parallel mechanism model (RSSR model), which improves the calculation speed while ensuring the accuracy. A suspension force observer is created, which contains parameters including spring damper compression length, push rod force, knuckle accelerations, etc., combing the kinematic and dynamic characteristic of the vehicle. Subsequently, the

Zeng, Tianyi, Liu, Zeyu, He, Chenyu, Zeng, Zimo, Chen, Haotian, Zhang, Feiyang, Fu, Kai, Chen, Xinbo

Improve the Durability and Maintenance Feasibility of the Universal Joint Based on the Original Half-Shaft Foundation

2024-01-2441

04/09/2024

Based on the particularity of the racing field of the Baja SAE China, the Baja Racing Team of our university has adopted rzeppa universal joint for vehicle design and field competition in the semi-axle parts of the race car in previous years. In view of the complex conditions of the Baja Competition, such as gravity test, climb test, handling test, endurance test, etc., it is necessary to optimize and develop a more convenient maintenance model. Installation and use of better performance, more suitable for off-road conditions of the shaft. In this paper, based on the development dynamics of automobile axles and the transverse comparison of various axles, a kind of telescopic cross-shaft universal joint axles is designed by using CATIA software to model and simulate kinematics and dynamics by using ANSYS software. At the same time, the stress and strain of the model are continuously optimized according to the change of axle wheel Angle and the torque matching of Baja Racing. The object

Zhang, Hengyu, He, Li, Xiao, Miaoqi

Lightweight Design of Integrated Hub and Spoke for Formula Student Racing Car

2024-01-2080

04/09/2024

In the racing world, speed is everything, and the Formula Student cars are no different. As one of the key means to improve the speed of the car, lightweight plays an important role in the racing world. The weight reduction of unsprung metal parts can not only improve the driving speed, but also effectively optimize the dynamic of the car, so the lightweight design of unsprung parts has attracted much attention. In the traditional Formula Student racing car, the hub and spoke are two independent parts, they are fixed by four hub bolts or a central locking nut, the material of these fasteners is usually steel, so it brings a lot of weight burden. In order to achieve unsprung lightweight, a new type of wheel part design of Formula Student racing car is proposed in this paper. The hub and spoke are designed as integrated aluminum alloy parts, effectively eliminating the mass of hub bolts or central locking nuts. After proper iterative optimization, the part achieves a weight reduction of

Cui, Jiarui, Chen, Yichao

Full speed ahead for second-generation Indy autonomous racers

24AUTP04_04

04/01/2024

Major hardware and software upgrades underpin the Indy Autonomous Challenge racecar for 2024, proving self-driving vehicle capabilities at triple-digit speeds. After three years and more than 7,000 miles (11,265 km) of racing, the Indy Autonomous Challenge (IAC) enters year four with an updated platform and embedded software upgrades. Among the highlights for the second-generation open-wheel racecars are pending patents and first-time applications. “We've achieved several impressive milestones since our start in 2020,” IAC President Paul Mitchell said. The achievement list includes setting a speed record for passing in autonomous racing (170 mph [273 km/h]), netting the autonomous vehicle land speed record (192.2 mph [309.3 km/h]) and establishing the fastest lap speed for an autonomous vehicle (180 mph [289.68 km/h]). “More than anything, we consider the IAC an applied-research platform for industry and academia to work together on advancing high-speed autonomy,” Mitchell said

Buchholz, Kami

Enhancing Aerodynamic Performance of a Formula Car through Modification and Evaluation

2023-01-5167

02/23/2024

Aerodynamic resistance stands as a pivotal factor impacting the performance of race cars, creating significant impedance to their movement. Diverse strategies exist to alleviate this resistance, including the integration of aerodynamic elements and refinement of the vehicle's body contours. By emphasizing drag reduction without altering the powertrain, race car designs can effectively curtail drag. This study centers on the exhaustive examination, analysis, and experimentation with a model representing a Formula Student (FS) car, with the primary objective of augmenting its aerodynamic efficiency for motorsport applications. In compliance with the SAEINDIA Supra regulations, a meticulously crafted CAD model of the formula car is developed. After this, the model undergoes simulation utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, facilitating the identification of turbulent zones and areas of enhanced drag. A scaled-down 3D printed model is then employed for comparative analysis

Rangarajan, Kishore, Velayudhan, Gautham

Design and Optimization of the Steering System in Go-Kart

2023-01-5147

02/23/2024

The steering system is one of the most critical and important systems in the vehicle. The steering system of the vehicle must be highly accurate and sensitive to the inputs given by the driver through the steering wheel, such that the vehicle must be able to take high-speed corners and tight corners with high stability without any mechanical failure. In this study, the development and optimization of the steering system in the go-kart are studied elaborately. Go-karts are small racing vehicles with a low center of gravity, low ground clearance, and high speed. The steering system in the go-karts must be highly precise to initiate the tight corners. This study involves the design and optimization of the steering system for the go-karts, which uses the Pitman steering mechanism as the primary steering mechanism and relies on Ackermann steering geometry. In this study of the steering system in a go-kart vehicle, the modeling of the steering system is carried out in SolidWorks and Catia

YUVARAAJ KUMAR, S., Srivarshani, P., Nitin Sanjeeth, S.V., Sudhakar, M.

Numerical Analysis and Optimization of Heat Transfer for FSAE Radiator for Various Sidepod Designs

2023-28-0055

11/10/2023

Heat transfer optimization is a crucial aspect of the design process for Formula Student race cars, particularly for the radiator, usually housed in a side pod. For the car to operate at peak performance, a well-designed radiator-sidepod system is essential such that it can dissipate heat generated by the engine faster, for the car to run in optimal performance. Testing the car physically for various radiator-sidepod design iterations is a very difficult task, also considering the costs to manufacture the radiator-sidepod setup. The objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive methodology for analysing heat transfer through radiator setup using Computational Fluid Dynamics and to validate it through experimental investigations, to enhance performance and efficiency of the radiator setup. It further explains how to find out its heat transfer efficiency, and to choose the right radiator-sidepod setup, giving optimal performance. The flow of coolant inside the radiator, as well

Suresh, Sankar, Sundar, Mahima, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu

Numerical Iterative Analysis of Drag Reduction System for a Racing Car Rear Wing

2023-01-5079

11/08/2023

In Formula Student competitions, the active adaptation of the aerodynamic components to the current race track conditions can significantly enhance the overall dynamic performance of the car. Due to the abundant low-speed corners, angles of attack of fixed aerodynamic components are usually exaggerated, preventing the car from achieving higher acceleration capabilities due to induced drag. This issue can be tackled by introducing an active drag reduction system (DRS). In this work, a strategy for performing iterative numerical simulations is proposed, with the goal of obtaining a range of different configurations suitable for certain track conditions. Specifically, the case of lowest drag is exploited. Different macros were developed to couple the utilization of computational fluid dynamics tools for aerodynamic analysis with an extensive iterative process with minimal user interference. An initial mesh refinement study was conducted. Afterward, angles of attack and centers of rotation

Monteiro, Carlos, Brito, Moisés, Vieira, Diana Filipa da Conceição

Aerodynamic Analysis of the Ride Height Dependency of a High-Performance Vehicle Equipped with a Multichannel Diffuser in Ground Effect

2023-01-5064

09/22/2023

Racing and high-performance vehicles utilize their underbody floor and diffuser as efficient mechanisms to generate the majority of their downforce. Previous work has primarily been focused on simplified bluff bodies with plane diffusers. The little published work on more complex multichannel diffusers has shown improved downforce generation over plane diffuser, but with limited understanding of the flow features and their response to ride height. This study analyses the performance and complex flow features of a high-performance vehicle equipped with a multichannel diffuser at various ride heights. A comparative assessment between RANS and DDES simulations is performed, which shows that both models adequately predict downforce and underbody flow features at high to medium ride heights, but only the DDES model is able to capture the unsteady flow behavior, which dominates the diffuser at low ride heights. Subsequently, an in-depth aerodynamic analysis of the vehicle’s ride height

Rijns, Steven, Teschner, Tom-Robin, Blackburn, Kim, Brighton, James

A FORMULA FOR REAL-WORLD EXPERIENCE

23AUTP08_03

08/01/2023

Student engineers soak up the lessons from an army of auto-industry and racing volunteers at Formula SAE Michigan. On a hazy, cool day in late May, a massive throng of thousands of collegiate engineers and hundreds of volunteers descended on Michigan International Speedway to put the teams' engineering, wrenching and problem-solving skills to the test at Formula SAE Michigan 2023. For newcomers like the team of students from Liberty University, the scope can be overwhelming. The competition calls for teams of college students to design and build a formula-style racecar. Then they're judged on design, cost, presentation and a series of dynamic events that include acceleration and brake tests, an autocross, and an endurance session

Clonts, Chris

We Were The Ramchargers: Inside Drag Racing's Legendary Team, Second Edition

R-53707/24/2023

With over 200 new images, the new edition of We Were the Ramchargers is perfect for drag racing enthusiasts. This book takes readers behind the scenes with the group of Chrysler engineers who, from the 1950s through the 1970s, became one of the most successful and influential drag racing teams of all time. The only team of engineers from an automobile manufacturer to drag race successfully, the Ramchargers broke the most time barriers in drag racing history and earned the most National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) Super Stock titles during the sport’s golden era of factory competition. Author Dave Rockwell, a Ramcharger himself, interviewed more than 40 team members, competitors, and track operators for We Were the Ramchargers, making it the first and only book to provide inside details on all elements of the Ramchargers story. In addition to chronicling the races they won and legendary cars they developed (including the High and Mighty, 426 Hemi, and first Funny Car), Rockwell opens

Rockwell, David

Dynamic Charge System Verified in Application under Various Road Conditions

2023-01-0705

04/11/2023

The electric vehicle (EV) is one means of realizing carbon neutrality for automobiles, but at present, EVs still faces a number of issues. The main issues include, for example, (1) cruising range, (2) installed battery capacity, (3) charging time, (4) infrastructure facilities, and (5) support for Heavy-duty commercial vehicles. Full electrification of heavy-duty trucks, in particular, requires high power output. This means that enormous installed battery capacity is necessary, and as a result, cruising range on a par with engine-driven vehicles cannot be readily achieved. Therefore a dynamic charge system was devised here that would provide electric power to EVs directly from the infrastructure so that EVs could undergo intermittent charging while driving. This is a conductive charging system that operates from the side of the vehicle (roadside), and research has been underway on the application of this approach to passenger cars and race cars. Attention was further directed to

Tajima, Takamitsu, Noguchi, Wataru, Aruga, Tomohisa, Abe, Hiroyuki, Sato, Kouichi, Togami, Hiroyuki, Shigi, Hiroka

Comparison of Deep Learning Architectures for Dimensionality Reduction of 3D Flow Fields of a Racing Car

2023-01-0862

04/11/2023

In motorsports, aerodynamic development processes target to achieve gains in performance. This requires a comprehensive understanding of the prevailing aerodynamics and the capability of analysing large quantities of numerical data. However, manual analysis of a significant amount of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) data is time consuming and complex. The motivation is to optimize the aerodynamic analysis workflow with the use of deep learning architectures. In this research, variants of 3D deep learning models (3D-DL) such as Convolutional Autoencoder (CAE) and U-Net frameworks are applied to flow fields obtained from Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations to transform the high-dimensional CFD domain into a low-dimensional embedding. Consequently, model order reduction enables the identification of inherent flow structures represented by the latent space of the models. The resulting data from the 3D-DL study are compared to a traditional dimensionality reduction method

Reck, Michaela, Hilbert, Marc, Hilhorst, René, Indinger, Thomas

Simulation Analysis and Experimental Study of Baja Racing Car Frame Based on Special Working Conditions

2023-01-0812

04/11/2023

As an off-road racing car, driving conditions for a Baja racing car are particularly complex. Extreme working conditions such as deep pits and rocky roads have put higher demand on structural strength and frame safety. To solve this problem, extreme working conditions are first studied to check the safety of the steel tube frame of Baja racing cars. Secondly, based on Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) to explore the frame's characteristics, analyze the frame's six-order mode, make the corresponding optimization, and solve the resonance problem caused by engine excitation and other factors. Finally, the natural frequency of the frame is measured to verify the effectiveness of the NVH characteristic optimization results, and it is found that the experimental results match the theoretical values. The theoretical analysis results are mainly based on ANSYS software's static and modal analysis. Through the above steps, a set of finite element analyses and structural optimization schemes

Wang, Bin, Yuan, Zilong, Hu, Jiale, Yao, Wentao

Hierarchical Motion Planning and Control Algorithm of Autonomous Racing Vehicles for Overtaking Maneuvers

2023-01-0698

04/11/2023

This paper describes a hierarchical motion planning and control framework for overtaking maneuvers under racing circumstances. Unlike urban or highway autonomous driving conditions, race track driving requires longer prediction and planning horizons in order to respond to upcoming corners at high speed. In addition, the subject vehicle should determine the optimal action among possible driving modes when opponent vehicles are present. In order to meet these requirements and secure real time performance, a hierarchical architecture for decision making, motion planning, and control for an autonomous racing vehicle is proposed. The supervisor determines whether the subject vehicle should stay behind the preceding vehicle or overtake, and its direction when overtaking. Next, a high level trajectory planner generates the desired path and velocity profile in a receding horizon fashion. In order to reduce the computational burden despite maintaining a sufficiently long planning horizon, a low

Kim, Changhee, Yi, Kyongsu, Park, Jaeyong

Scale-Resolved and Time-Averaged Simulations of the Flow over a NASCAR Cup Series Racecar

2023-01-0735

04/11/2023

In spite of growing popularity of scale resolved transient simulations, like the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES), among the mainstream automotive OEMs for the aerodynamic optimization of the production vehicles, Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations is still the most widely used Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach in motorsports. This is partially due to the usage-limitations imposed by the sanctioning bodies like, the FIA and NASCAR, restricting not only the hours of wind tunnel operation but also limiting the amount of CFD compute resource. This, coupled with speed requirements for aerodynamic development prevent the widespread use of scale-resolved modeling, such as Large Eddy Simulation (LES) or Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) methodologies that require an order of magnitude more computational resources. However, a number of investigations on the efficacy of turbulence modeling approaches using the Ahmed body and DrivAer showed that the hybrid turbulence modeling

Misar, Adit Sunil, Uddin, Mesbah, Pandaleon, Ted, Wilson, Josh

Design and Optimization of Steering Assembly for Baja ATV Vehicle

2023-01-0161

04/11/2023

The steering assembly is a part of an automotive suspension system that provides control and stability. It provides control of direction, stability, and control over placement of the car. Optimization of the vehicle in weight results in enhanced performance and low fuel consumption, more so for an all-terrain race car. Optimization in this paper loosely refers to weight reduction and achieving the optimum stiffness to weight ratio of each component. This research encompasses various aspects linked to conceptualizing, designing, analysing, optimizing, and finally manufacturing the steering sub-system. Analytical calculations for mechanical design were performed using data from various experiments and jigs. CAD was developed using SolidWorks, and various analyses were performed using Altair HyperWorks. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was primarily used to build stress plots and locate weak spots aiding optimization. This paper also focuses on using composites and compound designs to

Bhardwaj, Vasu, Chauhan, Ojasvi, Arora, Rishabh

An Analysis of Software Latency for a High-Speed Autonomous Race Car—A Case Study in the Indy Autonomous Challenge

12-06-03-0018

02/07/2023

Autonomous driving faces the difficulty of securing the lowest possible software execution times to allow a safe and reliable application. One critical variable for autonomous vehicles is the latency from the detection of obstacles to the final actuation response of the vehicle, especially in the case of high-speed driving. A prerequisite for autonomy software is that it enables low execution times to achieve superhuman reaction times. This article presents an in-depth analysis of a full self-driving software stack for autonomous racing. A modular software stack especially developed for high-speed autonomous driving is used and the latency of the software is analyzed in four main autonomy modules: perception, prediction, planning, and control. With the help of a trace point measurement method, it is possible to investigate the end-to-end latency and runtimes of the individual modules. This analysis is conducted for different scenarios (high-speed runs, object avoidance, and multi

Betz, Tobias, Karle, Phillip, Werner, Frederik, Betz, Johannes

Measurement Technology Drives Vehicle Development Forward

TBMG-47518

02/01/2023

Vehicle development would not be possible without thorough vehicle dynamics tests. They provide the data that will inform the final setup of the chassis and the characteristics of the control systems. Passing the ISO tests for stable driving behavior is the fundamental requirement for developing a distinctive driving experience and a feeling of safety while driving, both for passenger vehicles on public roads and racing cars in motorsports. At the same time, maximum passenger comfort in terms of noise and vibration is also one of the top objectives

A Novel Approach for Generative Design and Performance Analysis of an Additively Manufactured Formula Vehicle Knuckle

2022-28-0496

12/23/2022

Generative Design is 3D CAD technique that uses AI to autonomously create optimal and productive design. Unlike regular designs, generative design applies algorithms to parameters that generate several possible design variations to review and choose from. The important and necessary factor of a formula vehicle is components that show high strength with light weight exhibiting higher performance. The un-sprung weight reduction is the most prevalent consideration while designing a formula vehicle. Our proposed study is focused to design and develop a formula vehicle knuckle through generative design method. Considering the manufacturing complications, continuous Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) with Onyx – Carbon Fibre composite is contemplated with all the test samples and response dataset taken into consideration. The primary work involves the designing of steering knuckle with the help of computation software. Design and optimization are performed under varying loading conditions for

R, Soundararajan, D, Praveen, PG Shastry, Prajwal, C, Pradeep

Computational Analysis of Pitch Sensitivity for a Concept Race Car

2022-01-5065

10/06/2022

The present numerical study investigates the design and analysis of a concept model Le Mans Grand Touring Prototype (LMGTP) car. Through analysis, aerodynamic pitch sensitivity and related factors are found to be detrimental to the straight-line stability of these high-speed race cars. Simulations are carried out on a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool for varying pitch angles of the car from −1° to +2.5°. For each pitch angle, steady-state pressure contours, velocity contours, and streamlines are presented. Additionally, coefficients and force values of lift and drag are calculated with the k-omega turbulence model implemented. Obtained numerical results are validated via Ahmed Body studies reported in the literature, and an average error deviation of 1.013% is exhibited. It is observed that lift force at the front axle increases with increasing pitch angles, leading to reduced pitch stability. At a peak of 2.5° pitch angle, the destabilizing lift force peaks at 1872 N

Anbalagan, Satheesh, Deepak, Chirag, Virmani, Kartik, Madhogaria, Tanishq, Ramesh, Rathan, Narendhra, Tharun M.V., Panneerselvam, Padmanathan

Brake Systems and Composite Rotors: How Racing can be a Vision for High Performance Cars

2022-01-1174

09/19/2022

Carbon/Carbon brakes in Racing are in use since the 80’s, directly derived from aircraft brake materials. Racing cars evolved so much since then that dedicated materials, design, quality tools, simulation & testing tools have been developed through the years. Today a Racing car brake is no longer just a brake but it’s a very integrated system in the vehicle aerodynamics, a way to control tyre temperature and to optimize BBW system strategy in order to improve overall performance. Brembo effort on C/C brake materials will be shown, including: new patented/patent pending fiber architectures to tune desired final mechanical/thermal properties self-developed CFD and chemical simulation of CVD furnaces to optimize product variability and maximize production efficiency self-developed non-destructive quality tests to check 100% of actual production advanced structural and CFD models to achieve efficient extreme cooling patterns materials that may be tuned to the thermal, mechanical, friction

Cividini, Omar, Passoni, Raffaello

Brake Systems and Composite Rotors: How Racing Can be a Vision for High Performance Cars

1327809/12/2022

Carbon/Carbon brakes in Racing are in use since the 80?s, directly derived from aircraft brake materials. Racing cars evolved so much since then that dedicated materials, design, quality tools, simulation & testing tools have been developed through the years. Today a Racing car brake is no longer just a brake but it?s a very integrated system in the vehicle aerodynamics, a way to control tyre temperature and to optimize BBW system strategy in order to improve overall performance. Brembo effort on C/C brake materials will be shown, including: new patented/patent pending fiber architectures to tune desired final mechanical/thermal properties self-developed CFD and chemical simulation of CVD furnaces to optimize product variability and maximize production efficiency self-developed non-destructive quality tests to check 100% of actual production advanced structural and CFD models to achieve efficient extreme cooling patterns materials that may be tuned to the thermal, mechanical, friction

Cividini, Omar

Energy Optimal Control for Formula One Race Car

2022-01-1043

08/30/2022

Formula One (F1) is considered to be the forefront of innovation for the automotive and motorsport industry. One of the key provisions has been towards the inclusion of the Energy Recovery System (ERS) since 2014 in F1 regulations. ERS comprises Motor Generator Unit-Heat (MGU-H), Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K) and an Energy Storage (ES). This has not only converted the conventional powertrain into a hybrid power-split device, but also imposed constraints on the fuel energy available, energy recovered and deployed by MGU-K, and charge stored in ES, along with various other parameters. Although the objective for a F1 race is to minimize lap-time, it is obvious that there is no unique control path or decision to meet this objective. This builds up needs to optimally control the power-split and energy of the system. In this study, we propose an energy optimal control strategy for a F1 car by constructing a detailed force-balanced mathematical model of the F1 powertrain, identifying

Javed, Hassan, Samuel, Stephen

Energy Assessment of the Electric Powertrain System of a Formula Student Electric Race Car

2022-01-1124

08/30/2022

While the shift to vehicle electrification plays a pivotal role in governments’ targets towards carbon neutrality, there exists certain technical challenges that need to be addressed. The motorsport car industry is also affected by this policy with the electric cars being included in the formula SAE and formula E competitions as one of the main categories. Moreover, there is a gap in the literature in energy assessment of the electric powertrain used in Formula SAE (FSAE) and Formula Student (FS) cars. In this paper, a Formula Student electric car powertrain was designed as a case study for energy analysis. The proposed electric powertrain is equipped with a four-wheel drive system. The vehicle was modelled in AVL CRUISE M software using technical and measured lab data as input parameters. Simulations were run in a transient driving cycle for a real circuit layout used in previous SAE competitions. The results of this study showed that, at maximum speed, the battery pack voltage and

Salek, Farhad, Azizi, Aydin, Resalati, Shahaboddin, Babaie, Meisam

Pushing the Boundaries of Automated Driving

22AVEP07_04

07/01/2022

The Indy Autonomous Challenge stages events in which high speed defines the operational design domain. In late April 2022, SAE Media editor Bruce Bennett spoke with Paul Mitchell, CEO of Energy Systems Network, a 13-year-old nonprofit organization that organizes and manages various public-private partnerships in the energy and transportation sectors. Energy Systems Network created the Indy Autonomous Challenge (IAC), a technical competition involving nine teams from 21 universities competing in a series of driving challenges to develop software and systems capable of controlling fully automated racecars at speed. An edited version of their exchange

Bennett, Bruce

Items per page:

1 – 50 of 675