Browse Topic: Protective structures

Items (289)
Car bumpers are protective structures for the occupants of a vehicle during a collision, absorbing impact energy, such a structure is located at the front and rear of the vehicle. Metals were used to manufacture the first bumpers, and it was subsequently assessed that using a different material would reduce their weight, for example plastic, resulting in increased fuel economy and impact absorption. Also, the use of polymers reinforced by glass fibers offer good mechanical strength. This work evaluates the replacement of conventional materials by an ecologically more viable alternative, natural fibers as plastic reinforcement, reducing costs, without considerable loss in the material mechanical properties. Specimens of reinforced composite material were produced with jute fiber. The fibers, obtained through fabrics, were standardized in length of 5.0 mm and 15.0 mm. The matrix phase applied was the unsaturated and pre-accelerated terephthalic polyester resin manufactured by Royal
Soares, Rafael VilhenaDias, Roberto Yuri Costade Mendonca Maia, Pedro VictorJunior, Waldomiro Gomes PaschoalFujiyama, Roberto Tetsuo
A serious problem of public healthcare around the world is the number of road vehicle accidents, every year almost 1,3 million people die and approximately 20 to 50 million people suffer a non-fatal accident because of a road vehicle accident [1]. As a result of that, in 2021 the World Health Organization stated the “The Second Decade of Action for Road Safety”, which the goal is to prevent at least 50% of deaths and injuries due traffic by 2030. To achieve this goal, the automobile companies have invested in technology and products that can enhance vehicle safety. Despite exist some control systems able to reduce roll, and consequently the roll over, such as active suspension, semi-active suspension, and stability control systems, none of them have as main purpose reduce the number of rollovers. The following study aims to examine the effects of an active anti roll bar, to improve the vehicle dynamics during corners and reduce the risk of a rollover by reducing the roll of the sprung
Gomes, Pedro CarvalhoTeixeira, Evandro Leonardo SilvaMorais, Marcus Vinicius GirãoFortaleza, Eugenio Liborio FeitoraSantos Gioria, Gustavo
This paper studies design parameters, selection of materials and structural analysis for an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) BAJA roll cage at the event site in any possible situation. SolidWorks 2022 was used for creating the prototype of the roll cage and then both static structural as well as dynamic crash analysis for the roll cage was done using Altair HyperWorks 2023 for various collisions like front, rear, side, rollover, torsional, front bump, rear bump, front roll over, side roll over and rear roll over. In addition to their corresponding deformation, Von Mises stresses were observed and a safety factor was calculated for these load cases which was found to be in the range of 1.5 to 3. Without reducing the roll cage’s strength, the roll cage designed for a four-wheel drive configuration is developed with driver comfort and safety in mind. Finding the optimal safety factor is the core objective of the analysis, as it ensures in any situation, the ATV’s roll cage will stay secure.
L, Ravi KumarSanjay P, ChiranjeevT J, Pravin ChanderMoses J, JebishD, ParthesunG, Sureshmani
The advent of neck braces for the helmeted motorcycle rider has introduced a pertinent research question: To what extent do they reduce measures related to the major mechanism of neck injury in unrestrained torso accidents, i.e., compression flexion (CF)? This question requires a suitable method of testing and evaluating the measures for a load case resulting in the required mechanism. This study proposes a weighted swinging anvil striking the helmeted head of a supine HIII ATD by means of a near vertex impact with a low degree of anterior head impact eccentricity to induce CF of the neck. The applied impact was chosen for the baseline (no neck brace) so that the upper and lower neck axial forces approached injury assessment reference values (IARV). The head impact point evaluated represents those typically associated with high-energy burst fractures occurring within the first 20 ms, with possible secondary disruption of posterior ligaments. The proposed test can be used to evaluate
de Jongh, Cornelis U.Basson, Anton H.Knox, Erick H.Leatt, Christopher J.
This SAE Standard is intended to provide personnel protection guidelines for skid steer loaders. This document is intended as a guide towards standard practice, but may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use. This document provides performance criteria for newly manufactured loaders and it is not intended for in-service machines.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
The Baja SAE Completion is an extreme off roading event that requires an effective suspension design to survive the many obstacles that make up the racecourses. Without an effective suspension the many participating teams will experience poor performance or even failure within their suspension. This research focuses on the development and optimization of a double wishbone suspension in both the front and rear. Additionally, the design and optimization of a sway bar attached to the rear suspension will be gone through. Both the front and rear suspension will be optimized through three simulations heave, roll, and steering through the use of Optimum Kinematics. The process for placing the coilovers to ensure they will move perpendicular to control arms throughout their travel and ensuring the coilovers length in fully compression and extension are not exceeded will be developed through the use of SolidWorks and Optimum Kinematics. An effective mounting location for the axles checking
Altmann, CraigWilliams, Keanu
In the automotive industry, the electric vehicle is the new era, and companies are committed to reducing carbon emissions by electrification of their vehicles. In the development of electric vehicles, the battery is the central power source for all the parts of the vehicle. Usually, it is placed under the body because of its size and mass. So, it is important to protect battery cells from leakage and damage from obstacles. For on-road electric vehicles, speed bumps are one of the crucial obstacles. This paper investigates and analyses the protection of battery pack systems in electric vehicles while encountering speed bump profiles at different speeds. During the physical test on a speed bump, there is a possibility of bump hit on the battery pack system and it is necessary to ensure the structural safety of the battery pack systems. In this study, CAE method has been developed to validate the battery pack system in the event of a speed bump crossing. Virtual simulation analysis was
Muthiah, Krishna KarthickArul, KarthikElango, CPandi, Sathish KumarAlugade, Nilesh
Gouges and scratches to rollover protection structures are informative to the reconstruction and analysis of real-world vehicle rollover crashes. Variations in ground surface composition can be correlated with accompanying witness marks on the vehicle rollover protection structure. This paper presents the results of rollover protection structure specimen tests using a variety of test speeds and surface compositions. The test results and analyses that follow are displayed for use in comparison to similar damage on subject crash vehicles. In addition, impact of steel rollover protection structures with various opposing ground surface materials can produce visible sparks in low light conditions. Tests were performed to show the ability of these structures to produce sparks from various surface impacts.
Warner, Mark H.Swensen, GrantWarner, Wyatt Y.
This SAE Standard applies to all forestry machines exposed to the hazard of objects penetrating the front of the operator station (other than the roof). This would include:
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
The design and analysis of the roll cage for the ATV car are the subjects of this report. The roll cage is one of the key elements of an ATV car. It is the primary component of an ATV, on which the engine, steering, and gearbox are mounted. The vehicle's sprung mass is beneath the roll cage. The initiation of cracks and the deformation of the vehicle are caused by forces acting on it from various directions. Stresses are consequently produced. FEA of the roll cage is used in this paper in an effort to identify these areas. We have performed torsional analysis as well as front, rear, side impact, and rollover crash analyses. These analyses were all completed using ANSYS Workbench 2020 R1. The design process complies with all guidelines outlined in the SAE rule book of E-Baja.
Ayyakkannu, VadivelSri Ram, P.Vijayakumar, Vishnu
Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is a routinely used technology for the design and testing of road vehicles, including the simulation of their response to an impact. To increase automotive industry competitiveness by reducing physical test-based type approval and to improve road safety, recent initiatives have been taken by both industry and public authorities to promote the use of virtual testing through numerical simulation as an alternative way to check regulatory compliance. [1] To ensure acceptance of this alternative method, the accuracy of the simulation models and procedures needs to be assured and rated independently of the modelling process, software tools, and computing platform. Similarly, it is also imperative to understand the uncertainties emerging out of different component design parameters and analyze their sensitivity towards producing deviations in the reported results as per the requirements of the regulatory standard. Simulations are however deterministic in
Deshpande, SaurabhMahajan, RahulJones, Gavin
Motor grader is self-propelled, versatile machine widely used for road construction and maintenance in mining and construction applications. It required working in rugged terrain with uneven and slippery surfaces. Probability of rollover in motor grader is more due to the vehicle profile and high centre of gravity. In light of the above, Roll over Protective Structure (ROPS) is essential to safe guard the operator from any fatal injuries / life during the operation of the equipment at different terrain conditions. Considering DGMS (Directorate of General Mines and safety) requirements, a rugged two post Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) was designed as per ISO 3471 criteria for ROPS and Falling object Protection Structure (FOPS) as per ISO 3449 Material selection for ROPS and FOPS is one of significant factor in design process by meeting the design criteria. It should have dual characteristic, firstly, it is expected to tough enough to withstand sudden impact forces. Secondly, it
Varadaraj, Kumarhs, Satish Chandra
This specification covers established inch/pound manufacturing tolerances applicable to copper and copper alloy sheet, strip, and plate ordered to inch/pound dimensions. These tolerances apply to all conditions, unless otherwise noted.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Enhanced protection against high speed crashes requires more aggressive passive safety countermeasures as compared to what are provided in vehicle structures today. Apart from such collision-related scenarios, high energy explosions, accidentally caused or otherwise, require superior energy-absorbing capability of vehicle body subsystems. A case in point is a passenger vehicle subjected to an underbody blast emanating shock wave energy of military standards. In the current study, assessment of the behavior of a “hollow” countermeasure in the form of a depressed steel false floor panel attached with spot-welds along flanges to a typical predominantly flat floor panel of a car is initially carried out with an explicit LS-DYNA solver. This is followed up with the evaluation of PU (polyurethane) foam-filled and liquid-filled false floor countermeasures. In all cases, a charge is detonated under the false floor subjecting it to a high-energy shock pressure loading. For the case of the
Ramachandra, SankethDeb, AnindyaChou, Clifford
This study focused on occupant responses in very large pickup trucks in rollovers and was conducted in three phases. Phase 1 - Field data analysis: In a prior study [9], 1998 to 2020 FARS data were analyzed; Pickup truck drivers with fatality were 7.4 kg heavier and 4.6 cm taller than passenger car drivers. Most pickup truck drivers were males. Phase 1 extended the study by focusing on the drivers of very large pickup trucks. The size of 1999-2016 Ford F-250 and F-350 drivers involved in fatal crashes was analyzed by age and sex. More than 90% of drivers were males. The average male driver was 179.5 ± 7.5 cm tall and weighed 89.6 ± 18.4 kg. Phase 2 – Surrogate study: Twenty-nine male surrogates were selected to represent the average size of male drivers of F-250 and F-350s involved in fatal crashes. On average, the volunteers weighed 88.6 ± 5.2 kg and were 180.0 ± 3.2 cm tall with a 95.2 ± 2.2 cm seated height. The volunteers were lap-shoulder belted in the driver seat of a 2002 Ford F
Burnett, RogerParenteau, ChantalVogler, MichelleToomey, DanielOrlowski, KennethKrishnaswami, Ram
The battery pack is usually mounted at the bottom of electric vehicles and the clearance between the battery pack and the ground is usually small, which makes the battery pack easily contact the uneven road and hard obstacles on the ground. The hard obstacles on the ground can hit and penetrate into the battery pack and the battery pack may cause fire accidents or failures due to the ground impact. To analyze the ground impact process of the battery pack from the view of the whole vehicle level, the coupling model of multi-rigid bodies and finite element model is built for the whole vehicle. Then the ground impact experiments with a production car are made and the simulation results and experiment results are compared. The result shows that the simulation results match well with the experiment results and the coupling model of the whole vehicle model is demonstrated. Finally, the impact processes of the whole vehicle in the ground impact condition are analyzed based on the demonstrated
Zhang, RongrongDuan, YuexingZhang, FengliLiao, Yangyang
This SAE Recommended Practice applies only to excavators, as defined in ISO 6165, working above ground, near an excavated or free-standing bank or mine face which is higher than the top of the cab, or in demolition applications of freestanding buildings or objects higher than the top of the cab.
OPTC4, Protective Structures
This SAE Standard defines the safety and performance requirements for low-speed vehicles (LSVs). The safety specifications in this document apply to any powered vehicle with a minimum of four wheels, a maximum level ground speed of more than 32 km/h (20 mph) but not more than 40 km/h (25 mph), and a maximum gross vehicle weight of 1361 kg (3000 pounds), that is intended for operating on designated roadways where permitted by law.
Special Purpose Vehicle Committee
This SAE Standard defines requirements relating to the elements of design, operation, and maintenance of light utility vehicles (LUVs). The safety specifications in this document apply to any self-propelled, operator-controlled, off-highway vehicle 1829 mm (72 inches) or less in overall width, exclusive of added accessories and attachments, operable on three or more wheels or tracks, primarily intended to transport material loads or people, with a gross vehicle weight of 2500 kg (5500 pounds) or less, and a maximum design speed less than or equal to 40.23 km/h (25 mph). This document is not intended to cover go-karts (ASTM F2007-07a), fun-karts (ASTM F2011-02e1), dune buggies, and all terrain-vehicles (ATVs) complying with ANSI/SVIA 1.
Special Purpose Vehicle Committee
This SAE Standard establishes the minimum performance requirements for pelvic restraint systems (seat belts, anchorages, and the fastening elements of seat belts) necessary to restrain an operator or rider within a roll-over protective structure (ROPS) in the event of a machine roll-over, as defined in ISO 3471, ISO 8082-1, ISO 8082-2, ISO 12117-2, and ISO 13459, or tip-over protection structure (TOPS), in the event of a machine tip over as defined in ISO 12117. This standard provides guidance and recommendations for information included in the machine operator manual.
HFTC4, Operator Seating and Ride
This SAE Recommended Practice applies only to excavators, as defined in ISO 6165, working above ground, near an excavated or free-standing bank or mine face which is higher than the top of the cab, or in demolition applications of free standing buildings or objects higher than the top of the cab.
OPTC4, Protective Structures
The scope of this document is to provide an overview of the techniques found in the published literature for rollover testing and rollover crashworthiness evaluation at the vehicle and component levels. It is not a comprehensive literature review, but rather illustrates the techniques that are in use or have been used to evaluate rollover crashworthiness-related issues.
Impact and Rollover Test Procedures Standards Committee
ABSTRACT Midé Technology Corporation (Midé), a Hutchinson company, in collaboration with The University of Texas at Austin (UTA), have investigated the potential for novel negative stiffness (NS)-based structures as blast resistant vehicle panels. Protecting vehicles from blast shockwaves would ideally minimize added weight and maximize reusability. Homogenous metal panels provide such protection but without the benefit of reusability, absorbing energy via plastic deformation, while also adding significant weight to a vehicle, thereby sacrificing mobility. Although various emergent approaches, including the use of hexagonal honeycombs and auxetic materials, have proved promising in terms of higher energy absorption per unit mass, such approaches also rely on plastic deformation additionally suffering from the drawback of occasionally transmitting a higher peak force as compared to the incident.
Nersessian, NersesseKeegan, JaredCourt, JeffGunsbury, ConnorSeepersad, Carolyn
ABSTRACT Heavily armored vehicles contain a thick base armor, yet it is insufficient for protection against shaped charges of high explosive anti-tank warheads. Add on armors such as non-explosive reactive armors (NERA) and explosive reactive armors (ERA) have been developed to increase protection levels of armored vehicles. ERA elements are composed of plates and explosive materials. ERA requires a rugged enclosure that reduces the collateral damage during a ballistic event by controlling the effects of the ensuing blast. An attempt is made to simulate the enclosure tests and capture sandwich plate’s behaviors subjected to detonating energetic explosives by using LS-DYNA nonlinear explicit solver, widely used in simulating detonation, impact, ballistics, and other structural problems. Successful simulation of ERA enclosures will allow an evaluation of the influences of some of the parameters, such as thickness of plate and attack angle, and different materials to improve design
Babu, VenkateshVunnam, MadanKlann, Shawn C.Filar, Charles A.
AS5259 covers design requirements, performance requirements, and methods of procurement for tools and associated accessories used to crimp wire barrels of aircraft electrical wiring components including ferrules, terminals, splices, and connector contacts on wire/cable sizes 8 to 4/0.
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
This SAE Standard applies to self-propelled, rider operated sweepers and scrubbers as defined in SAE J2130 with maximum machine level surface speeds up to 32 km/h. Machines capable of speeds equal to and greater than 32 km/h are not covered by this document.
OPTC2, Braking
Off-road trucks, tractors and earth-moving machines are at high risk of accidents involving falling objects or rollovers. Therefore, these machines need proper protective structures to protect operators. This study investigates the crashworthiness optimization of a hydraulic excavator cab roof rail based on an improved bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) method considering two different load cases (a lateral quasi-static load and an impact load from the top of cab, respectively). In the crashworthiness optimization problem, a weighted summation of external works done by the two different load cases is treated as the objective function while the volume of design domain is treated as the constraint. A mutative weight scheme is proposed to stabilize the optimization and balance the two load cases. Finite element (FE) model is established and two prototypes are fabricated based on the optimal design. Explicit FE analysis is used to predict the performance of roll
Ma, ChaoLiu, ZheDuan, YuexingGao, Yunkai
Tractor weight transfer is the most common farm-related cause of fatalities nowadays. As in India it is getting mandatory for all safety devices across all HP ranges. Considering any changes in the weight from an attachment such as Rops, PTO device, tow hook and draw bar etc. can shift the center of gravity towards the weight. center of gravity is higher on a tractor because the tractor needs to be higher in order to complete operations over crops and rough terrain. Terrains, attachments, weights, and speeds can change the tractor’s resistance to turning over. This center of gravity placement disperses the weight so that 30 percent of the tractor’s weight is on the front axle and 70 percent is on the rear axle for two-wheel drive propelled tractors and it must remain within the tractor’s stability baseline for the tractor to remain in an upright position. In our present study formulating the prediction of tractor CG by using a modified excel spreadsheet package employing the parameters
vivekanandan cEng, thirugnanamk, Hariharan
Tractor roll over is the most common farm-related cause of fatalities nowadays. ROPS (Roll-Overprotective Structures) are needed to prevent serious injury and death. It creates a protective zone around the operator when a rollover occurs. In India the ROPS is getting mandatory across all HP ranges except narrow track. In the present study states the customized ROPS application for configurable design such as Automated safety zone for all homologation standards, ROPS A0-D excel calculator for selection of material at concept stage and bolt calculator for selection of size. For the above applications below aspects need to consider such as Tractor weight, Rear housing mounting, Operator seat index position (SIP), Seat reference points (SRP) and all ROPS homologation standards. This ROPS application is to reduce the timeline, manual error and ensure the reliability of the modular optimal design for various platforms and variants. Nowadays it is important to perform configurable design at
k, HariharanRavi cEng, Praveenvivekanandan cEng, thirugnanam
An All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) as defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a vehicle that travels on low pressure tires and with a seat that is straddled by the operator, along with the handlebars for steering control. A roll cage can be defined as a skeleton of an ATV. It forms a structural base and 3-D shell around the driver. In case of impacts and roll over incidents, the roll cage is responsible for the protection of driver. The objective is to design, analyze and optimize the roll cage under a set of particular rules given by Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). The static analysis is carried out using CATIA V5 software for different collisions like front, side, rear and roll over. The main objective of the analysis is to obtain a roll cage enough strong to bear such adverse conditions as well as light in weight for better performance. The safety of roll cage can be ensured by obtaining optimum factor of safety.
Dua, MohitRaj, Prince
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center has developed a magnetic shielding design that features simplicity, ease of use, reproducibility, longevity, and scalability. It does not require activation, monitoring, or wiring. The invention uses the superconducting “proximity effect” and/or the “inverse proximity effect” to form a spatially varying order parameter. When designed to expel magnetic flux from a region of space, the proximity effect(s) are used in concert to make the superconducting order parameter strongly superconducting in the center and more weakly superconducting toward the perimeter. The shield is then passively cooled through the superconducting transition temperature.
To protect ship equipment of river and sea transport, it is suggested to use polymeric protective coatings based on epoxy diane oligomer ED-20, polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) curing agent and filler, which is a departure from industrial production. Thus the purpose of the work is analysis of major dependency of the properties on the content of fillers that allowed to revealed the critical filler content (furnace black) in composites to form a protective coating with the required set of characteristics. The infrared (IR) spectral analysis was used to investigate the presence of bonds on the surface of particles of the PM-75 furnace black, which allows us to assess the degree of cross-linking of the polymer. The influence of the content of dispersed furnace black on the physicomechanical and thermophysical properties and the structure of the protective coating is investigated. For the formation of the coating with increased adhesive properties, the optimum content of the additive is q
Sapronov, OleksandrBuketov, AndriySapronova, AnnaSotsenko, VitaliiBrailo, MykolaYakushchenko, SerhiiMaruschak, PavloSmetankin, SerhiiKulinich, AndriyKulinich, ViacheslavPoberezhna, Liubov
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to three-point hitch (Type A) backhoes as defined in SAE J326 when mounted on either an agricultural tractor as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390 or other off-road self-propelled work machine as defined in SAE J1116. This criterion is intended for the manufacturer of the backhoe, whether or not the backhoe is manufactured or marketed by the same company that manufactures or markets the propelling machine.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
This SAE Standard is intended to provide personnel protection guidelines for skid steer loaders. This document is intended as a guide towards standard practice, but may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use. This document provides performance criteria for newly manufactured loaders and it is not intended for in-service machines.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
This standard covers self-propelled off-road work machines as categorized in SAE J1116 and Agricultural Tractors as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
These general operator precautions apply to off-road work machines as defined in SAE J1116, and Agricultural Tractors as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390, Nov 2004. These should not be considered as all-inclusive for all specific uses and unique features of each particular machine. Other more specific operator precautions not mentioned herein should be covered by users of this recommended practice for each particular machine application.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
This paper discusses a simplified analytical/experimental method for evaluating and designing large buses and motor coaches for rollover protection. The proposed method makes use of the work-energy principle in analyzing the energy-absorbing capacity of the roof and sidewall structure of the vehicle. The basic structural unit is treated as a nonlinear, elastoplastic, 4-bar linkage, with the links connected at hinge points. During rollover, the deformation of the structure is focused at these hinge points and energy absorption is achieved through plastic bending and rotation of the hinge material. The proposed method allows the evaluation and design of these plastic hinges to achieve the energy-absorbing requirements for the vehicle. This paper demonstrates the proposed methodology by evaluating an exemplar large bus design against the European ECE-R.66 rollover design standard. This same vehicle was similarly evaluated in a referenced study, using the finite element analysis (FEA
Pauls, Lonney S.
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a numerical method to find solutions to real world problems and is now commonly used for product development. Various finite element analyses are performed to validate the system performance. Many finite element codes are also available for this purpose. Now-a-days, product development not only deals with the validation of design performance, but also focuses on design optimization. Methods such as one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) experiments are generally used in which one input factor is varied at a time and its effect on system performance is studied. Design of Experiments (DOE) is a systematic approach in which more than one input factors are purposefully varied to study their effect on system performance. Finite Element Analysis and Design of Experiments approach can be used in combination for design optimization. This paper deals with the process for design optimization that can be followed using FEA and DOE in conjunction. This methodology is
Jain, Pritesh
This SAE standard applies to all forestry machines exposed to the hazard of objects penetrating the front of the operator station (other than the roof). This would include:
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
The objective of this research is to design and analyze a roll cage structure for an off-road vehicle that was used for SAE Baja competition by UNLV SAE Baja team. Baja SAE is an intercollegiate competition to design, fabricate, and race a small, single passenger, off-road vehicle powered by a 10 HP Briggs Stratton 4-Stroke gasoline engine. Since the off-road vehicle is powered by a small capacity engine, the weight of the structure is very critical and must be optimized to improve the performance of the vehicle. In an effort to optimize the structure, a finite element analysis (FEA) was performed and the effects of stress and deformation were studied for a linear static frontal impact analysis on roll cage structure. The frame was further modified for structural rigidity. Additional strengthening gussets were added at the locations of high stresses to reduce the stress concentration. Further analysis was carried out to study the influence of other auxiliary structures attached to the
Noorbhasha, NagurbabuO'Toole, Brendan J.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is applicable to any type of aerospace ground support vehicle, powered or unpowered.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
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