Browse Topic: Accident types

Items (2,513)
Find
A Sled Test Methodology for 25% Offset Crash Tests2025-01-8737To be published on 04/01/2025
Sled crash tests are an important tool to develop automotive restraint systems. Compared with full-scale crash tests, the sled test has a shorter development cycle of the restraint system and lower cost. The objective of the present study is to create a cost-effective sled test methodology, calculate the optimal static yaw angle and loading curves, and analyze the motion response and injuries of the dummy in the small-offset crash test. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was verified under two typical Small Overlap Frontal Crash (SOFC) modes “energy-absorption” and “sideswipe”. The results show that with the calculated yaw angle α, the head HIC was different from the SOFC model, but all remaining indices were within 5% of the injury criteria . All International Organization for Standardization (ISO) values between the combined accelerations of all parts of the dummy and those of the basic model exceeded 0.75, and some values were above 0.8. Therefore, the proposed sled test
Yu, Liu, Chen, Jianzhuo, Wan, Ming Xin, Fan, Tiqiang, Yang, Peilong, Nie, Zhenlong, Ren, Lihai, Cheng, James Chih
Technical Paper
Analysis and Comparison of Metrics to Assess Submarining Behavior with the Hybrid III 5th Percentile Dummy in the Rear Seat2025-01-8711To be published on 04/01/2025
Real-world data show that abdominal loading due to a poor pelvis-belt restraint interaction is one of the primary causes of injury in belted rear-seat occupants, highlighting the importance of being able to assess it in crash tests. This study analyzes the phenomenon of submarining using video, time histories, and statistical analysis of data from a Hybrid III 5th female dummy seated in the rear seat of passenger vehicles in moderate overlap frontal crash tests. This study also proposes different metrics that can be used for detecting submarining in full-scale crash tests. The results show that apart from the high-speed videos, when comparing time-series graphs of various metrics, using a combination of iliac and lap belt loads was the most reliable method for detecting submarining. Five metrics from the dynamic sensors (the maximum iliac moment, maximum iliac force drop in 1 ms, time for 80% drop from peak iliac force, maximum pelvis rotation, and lumbar shear force) were all
Jagtap, Sushant R, Jermakian, Jessica S, Edwards, Marcy A
Technical Paper
Development and Validation of Rear Head Surround Foam Performance Specification for Stock Car Racing2025-01-8353To be published on 04/01/2025
Over the last two decades many improvements have been made in stock car racing driver safety. The head surround of the NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, LLC) seating environment serves as an effective restraint for head protection during lateral and rear impacts. However, previous rear head foam material specifications did not address low severity impacts that occur frequently during typical driving, such as race restart vehicle nose to tail contact. This study focused on developing a test methodology for comprehensive evaluation of rear head surround foam materials for repeated helmet-to-foam impacts of varying severity. Specifically, this study aimed to formulate a specification that maintains previous material performance at high speed, while decreasing head accelerations at low speed. Quasi-static and dynamic drop tower testing of sample materials was used to analyze the energy absorption capabilities of various foams and served to develop finite element
Gray, Alexandra N., Harper, Matthew G., Mukherjee, Sayak, Patalak, John P.
Technical Paper
The Influence of Reclined Seatback Angles on Occupant Injury Risks in Frontal Impacts2025-01-8732To be published on 04/01/2025
The reclined seatbacks will be increasingly used with the advanced technologies of the intelligent automobile. The occupant collision protection must rise to the challenge facing to the new impact scenarios. It is necessary to understand the injury mechanisms of the reclined occupants in order to design the resistant system and testing protection regulations. In this study, the Frontal Full Width Impact (FRB) and Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier Frontal Impact (MPDB) tests were conducted as specified in China New Car Assessment Programme (C-NCAP, 2021 version). The simulation used the biomechanical model of the 5th female occupant exhibiting the detailed anatomical structures and a seat model with large-angle seatback. The occupant injury risks and mechanisms with 25°, 45° and 60° seating postures were investigated by analyzing the kinematic and biomechanical parameters, and the influence of the seatback angle on occupant injury was discussed. The results indicate that reclined
Wang, Yanxin, Pan, Ruyang, Lin, Yuyang, Liu, Yutao, He, Lijuan, Wang, Zhenqiang, zhu, he, Liu, Chong, Li, Kun, Lv, Wenle
Technical Paper
The Biomechanical Effects of Neck and Back Cushion/Support/Pillow Devices in Low-Speed Rear Impacts2025-01-8728To be published on 04/01/2025
There are numerous commercially available neck and back support/cushion/pillow devices which are oftentimes attached to seats by vehicle owners. To our knowledge, there has been no published research on the biomechanical effects of these devices in low-speed rear impact exposures. In this study, a series of 54 simulated low-speed rear impact tests were conducted using a validated remote-controlled crash sled system. All tests utilized an instrumented rear impact anthropomorphic test device (BioRID II) restrained using a 3-point seatbelt system in a 2018 Toyota Camry LE driver’s seat. Two delta-V ranges were used for the study: a lower range from 7.2 to 8.0 kph (4.5 to 5.0 mph) and a higher range from 10.5 to 11.3 kph (6.5 to 7.0 mph). Six neck only devices, one combination neck and back device, and three back only devices were assessed. Two tests per delta-V range for each device and each device adjustment position were conducted, in addition to control tests without any devices
Phan, Andrew, Gross, Jamie, Umale, Sagar, Crowley, Shannon, Glasser, Gabriel, Furbish, Christopher
Technical Paper
A Chronology of Research and Events To-Date Significant to Occupant Protection in Rear-End Automobile Impacts2025-01-8725To be published on 04/01/2025
Theory and principles of occupant protection for automobiles in rear-end collisions have experienced significant evolution over the decades. Performance of the seatback, specifically the stiffness of the structure, during such a collision has been a subject of particular interest and debate among design engineers, accident reconstruction experts, critics, etc. The majority of current seat designs rely on plastic deformation of the seatback structure to protect the occupant from the dynamics of the crash. In attempt to highlight and provide background information for understanding this subject, this work highlights significant events, research, and publications over the past five decades to illustrate how this subject, automobile design, government regulation and public opinion has evolved. It is observed that technology and design for improving rear-impact protection has received less attention than collisions of other principal directions of force. The different types of
Warner, Wyatt
Technical Paper
Multi-objective optimization of the electric bus body frame based on the PSO-BP-MOMVO approach2025-01-8652To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper focuses on the design optimization of a commercial electric bus body frame with steel-aluminum heterogeneous material orienting the performances of strength, crashworthiness and body lightweight. First, the finite element (FE) model of the body frame is established for static and side impact analysis, and the body frame is partitioned into several overall regions according to the thickness distribution of the components. The thickness of each region is regarded as the variable for the sensitivity analysis by combining the relative sensitivity method and the Sobol index method, and nine variables to which the performance indexes are more sensitive are selected as the final design variables for design optimization. Then the surrogate models are developed, and in order to improve the accuracy of the surrogate models, a model-constructing method called the particle swarm optimization BP neural network (PSO-BP) data regression prediction is proposed and formulated. In this method
Yang, Xiujian, Tian, Dekuan, Cui, Yan, Lin, Qiang, Song, Yi
Technical Paper
Design and Optimization of a Novel Aluminum-Intensive Spaceframe-Based Electric Mailvan Prototype Driven by CAE2025-01-8323To be published on 04/01/2025
Despite the known advantages of aluminum in terms of its lower density and comparable strength-to-weight as well as stiffness-to-weight ratios as those of steel, superior recyclability and high residual value, etc., there are only a handful of vehicles in global markets, mostly outside the reach of the common man, made primarily of aluminum. As cost of material and joining of parts is a deterrent in large scale adoption of aluminum as a material of choice for vehicle body design, a novel architecture is necessary for minimizing weight, maximizing performance and lowering cost of tooling. Additionally, a lightweight vehicle cannot be behind in terms of crash safety compared to its predominantly steel body-based counterparts. With these objectives in mind, a novel aluminum-intensive electric mailvan based on a spaceframe body architecture comprised mainly of low-cost extrusions has been designed and prototyped primarily driven by CAE. The design methodology consists of selective testing
Deb, Anindya, Karthika, M R
Technical Paper
Sideswipe Testing with an Instrumented Hybrid III Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD2025-01-8702To be published on 04/01/2025
Sideswipe collisions pose a challenge to analyze for several reasons, however the most significant factor is that the vehicles do not reach a common velocity at impact. To better understand the dynamics of a sideswipe, vehicle testing can be performed to find the relationship between variables related to the impact, such as closing speed, relative angle, and overlap depth. This paper discusses data collected for three oblique (sideswipe) impact tests conducted by Calspan Corporation at their Transportation Test Operations facility in Buffalo, New York. The tests were conducted using a 2015 Toyota Corolla as the bullet vehicle, which impacted a stationary 2016 Ford Transit van. The Corolla was towed into the Transit at relative angles ranging from 8 to 15 degrees and at velocities of 5 to 20 mph. Two different (but identical) Toyota Corollas and Ford Transit vans were used during the testing series, depending on the test conditions. One instrumented Hybrid III 5th dummy was placed in
Danaher, David, Neale, William, Donaldson, Andrew, McDonough, Sean, Cochran, Reece, Reed, Titus
Technical Paper
The influence of out-of-position displacement during emergency braking on occupant whiplash injury in subsequent rear-end collisions2025-01-8720To be published on 04/01/2025
During emergency braking condition, the occupant inside the vehicle will move forward due to the iner-tia, deviating from the standard upright seating posture assumed in the design of restraint systems. Pre-vious studies have focused on the influence of this out-of-position displacement on occupant injuries in frontal collisions, but few attention has been paid to the effect on whiplash injury during a subsequent rear-end collision. In this study, the MADYMO simulation platform and its active human body model were used to setup a vehicle interior sled test model for rear-end collision research. By setting different braking strength (0.8 and 1.1g), the trigger time of active pretensioning seatbelt (from 0.2s before to 0.2s after the braking initiation), and the pretensioning force (from 100N to 600N), various forward out-of-position displacements of the occupant were obtained. The corresponding whiplash injury met-rics including neck shear force, tension force, and neck injury criteria
Fei, Jing, Tan, Puyuan, Zhou, Qing, Qiu, Hang, Liu, Yu
Technical Paper
The Investigation of Upper Thorax Rib Deflections in WorldSID 50th Male ATDs in Vehicle Side Oblique Pole Tests2025-01-8724To be published on 04/01/2025
WorldSID dummy is currently adopted extensively in vehicle regulatory testing (1) and third party evaluation testing (2) like in EURO-NCAP and C-NCAP. As one of many side impact dummies, WorldSID dummy is a highly biofidelic, advanced side impact crash test dummy. However, as testing modes are expended, there are some of observations, which affect occupant protection negatively in side impact situations. One of the observations is that the interaction between arm and thorax rib causes excessive deflection of top thorax rib in side oblique pole impact crash with a large side airbag, which has better protection to the shoulders of an occupant. This paper will present the observation of excessive top thorax rib deflection of WorldSID dummy in a side oblique pole crash testing while no such phenomena observed in a side barrier crash testing. A study of both physical and CAE testing in a side oblique pole (75 degree to longitudinal vehicle direction) crash were carried out to investigate
Liu, Chong, Chen, Shaopeng, Pan, Ruyang, Zhou, Dayong, Yang, Heping, Wang, Pengxiang
Technical Paper
Predicting Head Injury Criterion in Real-World Frontal Impacts2025-01-8709To be published on 04/01/2025
Research on modeling head injury metrics and head acceleration waveforms from real-world collisions has been limited compared to vehicle crash pulses. Prior studies have used simple pulse functions to model vehicle crash pulses and have employed more complex approximations for head injury metrics. This study aimed to develop a method to predict 15 ms Head Injury Criterion (HIC15) in frontal passenger vehicle impacts using simple pulse functions, where only occupant peak head acceleration and head impact duration are known. Vehicle crash tests from the New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) were selected for frontal impacts that include driver occupants, then separated for training and testing. The resultant head acceleration-time curves of the driver Hybrid III 50th percentile male anthropomorphic test devices were collected. Rectangular, triangular, quadratic, half-sine, and half-haversine pulse functions were modeled using peak head acceleration and the duration of significant head
Westrom, Clyde, Tanczos, Rachel, Adanty, Kevin, Shimada, Sean
Technical Paper
A study on affections of active neck muscle force on neck injury responses in frontal impact with Automatic Emergency Braking conditions2025-01-8742To be published on 04/01/2025
Neck injury is one of the most common injuries in traffic accidents, and its severity is closely related to the posture of the occupant at the time of impact. In the current era of smart vehicle, the triggered AEB and the occupant's active muscle force will cause the head and neck to be out of position which has significant affections on the occurrence and severity of neck injury responses. Therefore, it is very important to study the influences of active muscle force on neck injury responses in in frontal impact with Automatic Emergency Braking conditions. Based on the geometric characteristics of human neck muscles in the Zygote Body database, the reasonable neck muscle physical parameters were obtained firstly. Then a neck finite element model (FEM) with active muscles was developed and verified its biofidelity under various impact conditions, such as frontal, side and rear-end impacts. Finally, using the neck FEM with or without active muscle force, a comparative study was
Junpeng, Xu, Gan, Qiuyu, Jiang, Binhui, Zhu, Feng
Technical Paper
A preliminary study of occupant kinematics and injuries in a frontal crash with occupant face-to-face scenario2025-01-8736To be published on 04/01/2025
Intelligent cockpits often feature seats that can be adjusted in multiple ways to suit different needs. This includes not only traditional adjustments (such as recline, lumbar support, and headrest positioning) but also more advanced configurations where seats can rotate, slide, or fold flat to create different cabin layouts. This paper presents a preliminary study of occupant face-to-face scenario in a 50 km/h frontal impact. Injuries of three cases, including rear-facing 50th occupant, forward facing 50th occupant and interaction between rear facing and forward facing occupants, were carried out. The injury of the occupants in vehicle are different depending on the occupant seating positions. For rear facing occupant, the primary injury is dependent on seat design while for the forward facing occupant, the primary injury caused by a larger space between two occupants, in which there is without reaction surface to support (or slow) occupant itself. The injury caused by interaction of
Liu, Chong, Li, Kun, Liu, Yutao, Lv, Xiaojiang, wang, Yonghui, Zhou, Dayong, Yang, Heping
Technical Paper
Application of 1.7GPa Martensitic Steel in Dash Lower Cross Member to Enhance Automotive Frontal Impact Safety2025-01-8218To be published on 04/01/2025
The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to a significant increase in vehicle mass due to the integration of large and heavy battery systems. This increase in mass has raised concerns about collision energy and the associated risks, particularly in high-speed impacts. As a consequence, crashworthiness evaluations, especially front-impact regulations, have become increasingly stringent. Crash speed between the vehicle and the Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier (MPDB) is increasing, reflecting the growing emphasis on safety in the automotive industry. Moreover, a new frontal pole crash scenario is under consideration for future regulatory standards, highlighting the continuous evolution of crash testing protocols. To ensure occupant protection and battery safety, manufacturers have traditionally used Hot Blow Forming technology for producing closed-loop dash lower cross member components. However, this process is both costly and energy-intensive, necessitating more
Lee, Jongmin, Kim, Donghyun, JANG, MINHO, Kim, Geunho, Seongho, Yoo, Kim, Kyu-Rae
Technical Paper
Aggregation of Cervical Loads in Rear Impact Crash Tests and Comparison to Activities of Daily Living2025-01-8708To be published on 04/01/2025
Peak upper and lower neck load data from rear impact crash testing were reviewed, aggregated, and analyzed from over 1,800 tests of existing peer-reviewed literature and research as well as available testing conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Both human volunteers and anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) were subjects of the reviewed studies and testing. Peak upper and lower neck axial forces (compression and tension), sagittal shear forces, and sagittal moments (flexion and extension) from available crash testing were reported and analyzed as functions of measured change in velocity (delta-V) ranging from approximately 3 to 60 km/h (1.9 to 37 mph). This load data was then further analyzed for possible trends amongst various testing conditions, such as seat type, ATD used, and subject seating position within the vehicle chassis and seat. The linear regressions developed from rear impact crash
Kazmierczak, Alex, Umale, Sagar, Visalli, Alyssa, Webb, Ella, Kashdan, Aryeh, Randles, Bryan, Welcher, Judson
Technical Paper
Lightweight optimization of an electric bus body frame based on the C2oDE algorithm2025-01-8654To be published on 04/01/2025
This work focuses on the design optimization of the electric bus body frame orienting the lightweight while ensuring the performance of stiffness, strength and crashworthiness. Based on the entropy weight-TOPSIS comprehensive contribution analysis method, the components of the bus body frame, which have significant impact on the output response of the static mode model and the rear-end collision model are determined. The thickness of the top five components with the highest contribution in the two models is used as the final design variables. Design of experiment (DOE) is carried out based on the Latin Hypercube sampling method, and then the surrogate models are fitted by the least squares regression method (LSR) based on the DOE sampling data, and the accuracy of the models are validated by error analysis. With the minimization of the body mass being as the objective and other performance responses as constraints, an optimization problem is formulated for the lightweight design
Yang, Xiujian, Tian, Dekuan, Liu, Jiaqi, Cui, Yan, Lin, Qiang
Technical Paper
Improving Modal Frequencies in Class 5 Truck Fuel Cell Tank Structure through Topology Optimization2025-01-8648To be published on 04/01/2025
In addition to electric vehicles (EVs), hydrogen fuel cell systems are gaining attention as energy-efficient propulsion options. However, designing fuel cell vehicles presents unique challenges, particularly in terms of storage systems for heavy hydrogen tanks. These challenges impact factors such as NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) and safety performance. This study presents a topology optimization study for Hydrogen Energy Storage System (HESS) tank structure in Class 5 trucks, with a focus on enhancing the modal frequencies. The study considers a specific truck configuration with a HESS structure located behind the crew cab, consisting of two horizontally stacked hydrogen tanks and two tanks attached on both sides of the frame. The optimization process aimed to meet the modal targets of this hydrogen tank structure in the fore-aft (X) and lateral (Y) directions, while considering other loadcases such as a simplified representation of GST (global static torsion), simplified side
Yoo, Dong Yeon, Chavare, Sudeep, Viswanathan, Sankar, Mouyianis, Adam
Technical Paper
Literature Review and Framework for Identifying Seat Belt Misuse and Misrouting in Frontal Collisions2025-01-8721To be published on 04/01/2025
The effect of seat belt misuse and/or misrouting is important to consider because it can influence occupant kinematics, reduce restraint effectiveness, and increase injury risk. One of the objectives of this study was to identify types of lap-shoulder belt misuse/misrouting and associated injury patterns from a literature review. Belt misuse included shoulder belt only, lap belt only, or shoulder belt under the arm, for example, while belt misrouting included lap belt on the abdomen, shoulder belt above the breasts, or shoulder belt on the neck. The literature review also highlighted the lack of information on the prevalence of belt misuse and misrouting, partially due to assessment complexity. The literature review also identified various methods used to assess misuse/misrouting including testimonies and physical evidence on the occupant (i.e., belt marks/ injury pattern) and on the vehicle interior and/or restraint system (i.e., loading marks). The second objective was to develop an
Gu, Emily, parenteau, Chantal
Technical Paper
Design of an integrated crash safety test —— rear impact in subsequence of emergency braking2025-01-8747To be published on 04/01/2025
The integrated vehicle safety design provides larger pre-crash preparation time and design space for in crash occupant protection. However, the occupant's out-of-position (OOP) displacement caused by vehicle’s pre-crash emergency action also poses challenges to the conventional restraint system. Despite the long-term promotion of various integrated restraint systems by vehicle manufacturers, safety regulations and assessment protocols still basically focus on several standard crash testing. In this study, based on the findings that OOP displacement prior to a rear-end impact may significantly increase the injury parameters associated with whiplash injuries, we aimed to design a sled test protocol representing for a moderate rear impact in subsequence of emergency braking and explore the protective effectiveness of restraint systems provided by the vehicle manufacturers. The kinematic responses of BioRID II dummy and its finite element model, volunteer test and THUMS human body model
Fei, Jing, Puyuan, Tan, QIU, Hang, shen, Jiajie, Zhou, Qing, Yu, Liu
Technical Paper
Path planning and path following control of all-wheel steering vehicle with dual modular chassis2025-01-8793To be published on 04/01/2025
Abstract: A large-scale logistics transport vehicle composed of two four-wheel drive and four-wheel steering skateboard chassis is investigated in this paper. This unmanned vehicle with dual-modular chassis (VDUC) is suitable for transporting varying size of goods. The two chassis can be used jointly or driving separately as needed, which enhancing the reconfigurability of transport vehicle. Considering the road environment uncertainty and the rollover safety problem associated with large transport vehicle, this paper proposes the path planning of VDUC using the APF+MPC while incorporating the rollover stability index. Due to the independent operation of the two modular chassis, based on the hierarchical control approach, the path following controller of the two modular chassis are designed separately according to the vehicle’s planned path. Distributed model predictive control is applied to coordinate the front and rear modular chassis, thus it can realize the path following for the
Liu, Zuyang, Shen, Yanhua, Wang, Kaidi, wang, Haoshuai
Technical Paper
Analyzing EV Battery Package Responses during Side Pole Impacts with Multiple Speeds and Locations2025-01-8730To be published on 04/01/2025
Electric vehicles (EV) have experienced significant growth recently. Battery safety of EV has drawn increased attention. However, battery mechanical responses due to crash have rarely been studied. Hence, the objective of this study was to understand EV battery package mechanics during side pole crashes with different impact locations and speeds. A full EV finite element (FE) model with detailed battery package was used. Eight side pole impact simulations were conducted to study four impact locations, including the baseline impact location according to side-pole impact regulation, plus three positions by moving the rigid pole 400 mm toward the back of EV, and moving the pole 400 and 800mm toward the front of the EV. Different from 32 km/h impact velocity as specified in regulations, two higher impact speeds of 50 km/h and 80 km/h were applied. The relative displacement, change of the gap between the battery and the inner wall, and battery peak stress were analyzed. In addition, frontal
Chen, Jian, Bian, Kewei, Mao, Haojie
Technical Paper
Assessment of Injuries in Rear Impacts2025-01-8727To be published on 04/01/2025
Rear impacts make up a significant portion of crashes in the United States. To date, regulations on rear impacts have focused on fuel system integrity and seat performance, while most research has focused on seat performance in relation to occupants’ injuries, with some analyses of crash severity and seat belt effects. The performance of seats and seat belts may vary depending on the size of the occupant. Understanding how occupant characteristics, as well as crash scenarios, affect injury outcomes can show opportunities for further enhancements in rear impact occupant protection. This paper presents analyses using survey weighted logistic regression models to understand the factors affecting serious injury outcomes (i.e., MAIS 3+) in rear impacts, exploring the potential for improving occupant outcomes. Three separate models are evaluated, focusing on 1) overall injury level, 2) head, neck and cervical-spine injuries, and 3) thorax, abdomen, thoracic- and lumbar-spine injuries for
Greib, Joshua, jurkiw, Renee, Kryzaniwskyj, Tanja, Owen, Susan, Van Rooyen, Paul, Whelan, Stacey, Williamson, John
Technical Paper
Development and Numerical and Experimental Validation of an Anti-Intrusion Device for Protecting the Battery Compartment in Electric Buses2024-36-009112/20/2024
The behavior of mechanical structures subjected to impacts is a topic of great relevance, with one of its applications being in the context of collisions on urban roads. According to data obtained from the electric bus monitoring platform E-Bus Radar, the fleet of vehicles with this means of propulsion has grown significantly in the last 6 years. Just from 2022 to 2023, the growth was 51%, jumping from 2669 to 4020 registered vehicles in Latin America. In this context, the present study investigated the behavior of the rear structure of an electric bus - EB in a rear-end collision scenario. The study of this region was motivated by the fact that it houses 4 out of the 12 battery packs and other electrical components. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the efficiency of the anti-intrusion and impact absorption mechanism to ensure the integrity of the batteries. Since damage in a collision can release different types of flammable electrolytes and even trigger a fire, posing a
Menino, Bruno G., Sordi, Alexsandro, Braida, Claudio A. B., Biondo, Felipe, Spengler, Felipe, Magnabosco, Guilherme
Technical Paper
Optimizing Side Impact with Metaheuristics coupled with Penalty Methods2024-36-003612/20/2024
In the automotive industry, a good vehicle is one that not only provides comfort and adequate on-road performance but also ensures safety for its users. Therefore, various standards have been created to qualify and ensure that cars meet minimum requirements. Assays include frontal and side impact tests. However, physical tests end up being costly if performed frequently, and thus, increasing the correlation between these and computational simulations has been explored in recent years. Within the computational scope, given the nonlinear nature of the functions involved in such studies, the use of metaheuristics (MH) with constraint handling techniques (CHT) has been employed to obtain better results for such scenarios. In this work, three MH algorithms are used: Archimedean Optimization (AOA), Sine-Cosine Algorithm (SCA), and Dung Beetle Optimization (DBO). They are coupled with CHTs of the penalty methods (PM) type in their most basic character, such as Static Penalty Method (SPM
Souza Silva, Paulo, Dezan, Daniel Jonas, Ferreira, Wallace Gusmão
Technical Paper
Biofidelity Assessment of the GHBMC M50-O Seated in a Honda Accord Seat in a Rear-Facing Configuration during a High-Speed Frontal Impact09-12-03-001412/10/2024
Vehicles equipped with automated driving systems (ADS) may have non-traditional seating configurations, such as rear-facing for front-row occupants. The objectives of this study are (1) to generate biomechanical corridors from kinematic data obtained from postmortem human subjects (PMHS) sled tests and (2) to assess the biofidelity of the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) 50th male (M50-O) v6.0 seated in an upright (25-deg recline) Honda Accord seat with a fixed D-ring (FDR) in a 56 km/h rear-facing frontal impact. A phase optimization technique was applied to mass-normalized PMHS data for generating corridors. After replicating the experimental boundary conditions in the computational finite element (FE) environment, the performance of the rigidized FE seat model obtained was validated using LSTC Hybrid III FE model simulations and comparison with experiments. The most recent National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Biofidelity Ranking System (BRS) method was
Pradhan, Vikram, Ramachandra, Rakshit, Stammen, Jason, Kracht, Corey, Moorhouse, Kevin, Bolte, John H., Kang, Yun-Seok
Journal Article
Influence of Discrete Load Cases on Optimization of Chain Guide Design of Crawler Dozers under Various Ground Conditions2024-28-027012/05/2024
The undercarriage is a critical component in machines such as crawlers, excavators, and compact track loaders. It includes vital elements such as the track frame, chain guides, rollers, track chains, idlers, carrier rollers, final drive, and sprockets. Among all these machines, crawler dozers encounter harsh environments with various ground conditions. During operations, the chains are subjected to traverse and side loads, which cause the chains to tend to slip out of the bottom rollers. The chain guide plays a crucial role in assisting and maintaining the chain in the correct position. The forces acting on chain guides are influenced by factors such as track chain tension, roller wear, chain link wear, and counter-rotation (where one track moves forward while the other moves in reverse). Among all the load cases, there are two critical load cases which are vital to be studied in order to determine the required number of chain guides along with other attributes like profile or section
Masane, Nishant, Bhosale, Dhanaji, Sarma, Neelam K
Technical Paper
DYNAMIC MODELING AND PREDICTION OF ROLLOVER STABILITY FOR ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLES2024-01-387011/15/2024
ABSTRACT With the particular passage capability, all-terrain vehicle (ATV) has been widely used for off-road scenarios. In this research, we conduct a lateral sway stability analysis for the suspension mechanism of a general vehicle and establish a mathematical model of static and dynamic stability based on the maximum lateral sway angle and lateral sway acceleration, by considering the combined angular stiffness of independent suspension, angular stiffness of the lateral stabilizer bar and vertical stiffness of tires. 3D point cloud data of a terrain environment is collected using an RGB-Depth camera, and a triangular topography map is constructed. The results in ADAMS show that the proposed stability model can accurately predict the critical tipping state of the vehicle, and the method deployed for real-world terrain modeling and simulation analysis is generalizable for the stability assessment of the interaction between ATV and real-world terrain. Citation: H. Luo, Z. Chen, A
Luo, Haitao, Chen, Zhimin, Naveen, Aryan, Li, Bing
Technical Paper
REDUCED ORDER MODELLING METHOD (ROMM) FOR GROUND VEHICLE ROLLOVER PROTECTION M&S2024-01-390311/15/2024
ABSTRACT The performance of ground vehicles during a rollover event is an important safety and occupant protection requirement for military vehicles. Modeling and simulation is a very useful tool in study and investigation of vehicle rollover characteristics and countermeasure concepts. This study presents two methods of simulating the rollover events. The first one uses Full System Method (FSM), where all the components are modelled as is and are evaluated. The second method is a reduced order modelling method (ROMM) using integration of the resulted kinematics data from FSM into the vehicle model with occupant & restraints. The FSM & ROMM methods were applied to simulate two HMMMV rollover events, and the results from both methods show that simulation and test data agreed fairly well. Computational time reduced by the ROMM was about 53% of that of the FSM. ROMM approach not only saves significant computational time but also increases robustness of the simulation. Citation: V. Babu, J
Babu, V., Kang, J., Kankanalapalli, S., Sheng, J., Vunnam, M., Karwaczynski, S. K., Jessup, C., Duncan, M., Paulson, K.
Technical Paper
Benefits of Semi-Active Damping in Up-Armored Vehicles for Ride, Handling, and Rollover Prevention2024-01-331911/15/2024
ABSTRACT The need for up-armored vehicles has increased over the years. This has put a greater emphasis on suspensions that can provide improved ride and handling capabilities while facing the additional weight. One of the challenges with these vehicles traditionally has been increased likelihood of rollover. Increased rollover is due to high center of gravity, kinematics of the overloaded suspension, and the low damping that is needed to satisfy 6-Watt ride speed performance criteria. The Lord magneto-rheological (MR) suspension system addresses these issues by improving the ride quality and handling characteristics thereby increasing safety and mission effectiveness. During handling maneuvers, algorithms inside the controller unit apply corrective forces to minimize peak roll angle and peak roll rate. The benefit of this has been tested on a vehicle comparing the stock passive dampers to the MR dampers over NATO Lane change events. Furthermore, the controller has the capability to
Hildebrand, Stephen, Margolis, Donald, Mathew, Abraham, Mattson, Michael
Technical Paper
SEATBELT-MOUNTED AIRBAG DESIGN FOR OCCUPANT PROTECTION IN TACTICAL VEHICLES DURING FRONTAL CRASHES2024-01-379611/15/2024
ABSTRACT Seatbelt-mounted airbag is a new type of occupant restraint system, in which the airbag is integrated into the seatbelt and hence can be easily and quickly implemented into the current tactical vehicles without significant vehicle structure or interior changes. The objective of this study was to develop, optimize, and demonstrate seatbelt-mounted airbag designs for reducing occupant injury risks in a light tactical vehicle under frontal crashes. A total of 19 sled tests and over 30 FE simulations were performed to find the optimal seatbelt-mounted airbag designs for protecting occupants represented by three sizes of ATDs and two military gear configurations. Various lap-belt-mounted airbag and shoulder-belt-mounted airbag designs were evaluated for driver, front-seat passenger, and rear-seat passenger locations in a tactical vehicle. The test and simulation results showed that the optimized designs substantially reduced the occupant injury risks to the head, neck, and chest
Hu, Jingwen, Orton, Nichole, Boyle, Kyle, Ashok, Nikhil, Klima, Julie, Staniak, Celia, Scherer, Risa, Reed, Matthew
Technical Paper
INTERIOR HEAD IMPACT PROTECTIVE COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS FOR USE IN US ARMY VEHICLES2024-01-354411/15/2024
ABSTRACT TARDEC researched head impact protective, energy attenuating materials for use in U.S. Army Ground System Vehicle (GSV) applications. The purpose of the project is to reduce potential head impact related mounted crew injuries and deaths which may occur during underbody blast, crash and rollover events. Commercial-off-the-shelf materials were evaluated for their energy attenuating performance. Exposed surface materials in combination with core material were also researched and evaluated. Baseline vehicle testing was conducted to understand the current head impact criterion. The results of this effort identified solutions which may potentially meet the needs of the Army to reduce head impact related injuries which may occur during crash, rollover and blast events. TARDEC used the knowledge gained from this project to create performance specification requirements for interior head impact protective components and materials for use in U.S. Army vehicles
Klima, Julie, Marquardt, Rebecca
Technical Paper
MODIFYING MILITARY TIRES FOR IMPROVED WINTER TRACTION2024-01-401911/15/2024
ABSTRACT As a continuation of previous collaborative efforts between several US Army organizations and industry leaders which led to the procurement of a National Stock Number (NSN) for a near commercial-off-the-shelf winter tire/wheel assembly for the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), this study investigates a low-cost, postproduction modification known as ‘siping’ which may incrementally improve standard tires deployed on the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) in cold regions. Data from engineering tests will quantify performance differences as well as driver feedback from the 11th Airborne Division Soldiers in Alaska show moderate improvement from cutting razor-thin grooves known as ‘sipes’ on conventional winter tire sets. However, Army winter performance specifications developed in 2021 from HMMWV testing quantify greater available improvement to traction available, necessitating further development for winter traction in the JLTV family of tire sets as well as
Witte, Clifford, Welling, Orian, Parker, Michael, Kamprath, Nathan
Technical Paper
A RUNTIME MONITOR FOR PLATFORM PROTECTION AGAINST SKID-STEER UNTRIPPED ROLLOVERS2024-01-406011/15/2024
ABSTRACT Unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) that autonomously maneuver over off-road terrain are susceptible to a loss of stability through untripped rollovers. Without human supervision and intervention, untripped rollovers can damage the UGV and render it unusable. We create a runtime monitor that can provide protection against rollovers that is independent of the type of high-level autonomy strategy (path planning, navigation, etc.) used to command the platform. In particular, we present an implementation of a predictive system monitor for untripped rollover protection in a skid-steer robotic platform. The system monitor sits between the UGV’s autonomy stack and the platform, and it ensures that the platform is not at risk of rollover by intercepting mobility commands sent by the autonomy stack, predicting platform stability, and adjusting the mobility commands to avoid potential rollovers. We demonstrate our implementation through experiments with skid-steer UGVs in Gazebo simulation
Dietrich, Elizabeth, Pohland, Sara, Genin, Daniel, Schmidt, Aurora, Vallabha, Gautam, Composto, Anthony, Randolph, Marcus
Technical Paper
OPTIMIZING OCCUPANT RESTRAINT SYSTEMS FOR TACTICAL VEHICLES IN FRONTAL CRASHES2024-01-361011/15/2024
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to optimize the occupant restraint systems (including both seatbelt and airbag) in a light tactical vehicle under frontal crash conditions through a combination of sled testing and computational modeling. Two iterations of computational modeling and sled testing were performed to find the optimal restraint design solutions for protecting occupants represented by three size of ATDs (namely Hybrid-III 5th percentile female ATD, 50th percentile male ATD, and 95th male ATD) and two military gear configurations, namely improved outer tactical vest (IOTV) and SAW Gunner configuration using a tactical assault panel (TAP). The sled tests with the optimized seatbelt and airbag designs provided significant improvement on the head, neck, chest, and femur injury risks compared to the baseline tests. This study demonstrated the benefit of adding a properly designed airbag and advanced seatbelt to improve the occupant protection in frontal crashes for a light
Hu, Jingwen, Orton, Nichole, Chen, Cong, Rupp, Jonathan D., Reed, Matthew P., Gruber, Rebekah, Scherer, Risa
Technical Paper
EFFECTS OF OCCUPANT SIZE, MILITARY GEAR, SEATBELT TYPE, AND ADVANCED SEATBELT FEATURES ON OCCUPANT KINEMATICS IN TACTICAL VEHICLES DURING FRONTAL CRASHES2024-01-354711/15/2024
ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to understand the occupant kinematics and injury risks in a light tactical vehicle under frontal crash conditions using a combination of physical tests and computer simulations. A total of 20 sled tests were conducted in a representative environment to understand occupant kinematics, and quantify the effects from occupant body size (5th/50th/95th), military gear (helmet/vest/varying gear configurations), seatbelt type (5point/3point), and advanced seatbelt features (pre-tensioner/load limiter) on occupant kinematics and injury risks in frontal crashes. These tests have been used to validate a set of finite element (FE) models of occupants, gear, and restraints. Kinematics exhibited often included submarining due to the lack of knee bolster and the added weight from the military gear. Body size, seatbelt type, and advanced belt features also showed significant effects on occupant kinematics
Hu, Jingwen, Wood, Lauren, Orton, Nichole, Chen, Cong, Rupp, Jonathan, Reed, Matthew, Gruber, Rebekah, Scherer, Risa
Technical Paper
CALIBRATION AND VERIFICATION OF DETAILED HYBRID III 50TH PERCENTILE MALE ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICE (ATD) BASED ON EXTENSIVE MINE BLAST TESTS2024-01-364511/15/2024
ABSTRACT The work presented here comprises preliminary results for calibrating the IMPETUS Afea Hybrid III 50th percentile Male ATD for a blast scenario. The calibration of the ATD model based upon the requirements defined for frontal crash impact are presented followed by a discussion of the blast survivability tests that were performed at General Dynamics Edgefield Test Center in South Carolina. The model setup for the calibration based upon the blast tests are presented which includes a discussion of the seating and blast models. Preliminary numerical results for Lumbar and Lower Tibia forces are compared with the experimental results. The correlation was good and calibration of the remaining critical parameters continues
Jensen, Morten Rikard, Honaker, Mike, Boglaev, Alex
Technical Paper
TELEOPERATED GROUND VEHICLE ROLLOVER PREVENTION VIA HAPTIC FEEDBACK OF THE ZERO-MOMENT POINT INDEX2024-01-399411/15/2024
ABSTRACT Many rollover prevention algorithms rely on vehicle models which are difficult to develop and require extensive knowledge of the vehicle. The Zero-Moment Point (ZMP) combines a simple vehicle model with IMU-only sensor measurements. When used in conjunction with haptic feedback, ground vehicle rollover can be prevented. This paper investigates IMU grade requirements for an accurate rollover prediction. This paper also discusses a haptic feedback design that delivers operator alerts to prevent rollover. An experiment was conducted using a Gazebo simulation to assess the capabilities of the ZMP method to predict vehicle wheel lift-off and demonstrate the potential for haptic communication of the ZMP index to prevent rollover. Citation: K. Steadman, C. Stubbs, A. Baskaran, C. G. Rose, D. Bevly, “Teleoperated Ground Vehicle Rollover Prevention via Haptic Feedback of the Zero-Moment Point Index,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
Steadman, Kathleen, Stubbs, Chandler, Baskaran, Avinash, Rose, Chad G., Bevly, David
Technical Paper
LATERAL ROLLOVER SIMULATION OF HIGH MOBILITY MULTIPURPOSE WHEELED VEHICLE (HMMWV) AND EFFECTIVENESS OF RESTRAINTS SYSTEMS ON OCCUPANT RESPONSES2024-01-400811/15/2024
ABSTRACT Non-combat tactical vehicle incidents such as rollover are one of the major causes of soldier injuries and deaths. Rollover incidents are usually associated with multiple impacts which result in complex interactions between occupants and hard structural components. Detailed information of occupant responses in such rollover incidents are lacking, and to design effective occupant protection system and safety restraints systems, understanding the vehicle to occupant interaction is essential. The performance of ground vehicles during a rollover event is an important safety and occupant protection requirement for military vehicles. Modeling and simulation are a very useful tool in study and investigation of vehicle rollover characteristics and countermeasure concepts. The main goal of this research is to develop an M&S model of a HMMWV full vehicle system and evaluate the effectiveness of the different restraints systems in a lateral 25 mph rollover tests and its effect on
Babu, Venkatesh, Kang, Jian, Kankanalapalli, Sanjay, Sheng, Jim, Vunnam, Madan, Karwaczynski, Sebastian K., Jessup, Chris, Duncan, Mike
Technical Paper
MODELING OFF-ROAD ROLLOVER USING TERRAMECHANICS FOR REAL TIME DRIVING SIMULATOR2024-01-348711/15/2024
ABSTRACT There have been several hundred rollovers in military vehicles in the last decade of deployment, of which approximately fifty percent are fall-based that occur during off-road operations. Off-road fall-based rollovers occur at lower speeds when the soft road gives way underneath the vehicle on one side as the soil is unable to support the vehicle load. During these sudden events, drivers, who are generally not prepared, often make impromptu driving decisions that quickly lead to rollover situations. A real-time driving simulator can be instrumental in reducing rollover incidents when used as a training tool. The current research takes a comprehensive approach in understanding this rollover phenomenon, and develops a novel real-time terramechanics approach with a vehicle dynamics model validated on the N-post shaker. TARDEC’s Ride Motion Simulator is then used to examine rollover performance in response to various driving styles under various soil conditions. The results are
Singh, Amandeep, Holtz, Dale A, Megiveron, Michael, Paul, Victor
Technical Paper
ROAD BREAKAWAY ROLLOVER MITIGATION WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEMS2024-01-353811/15/2024
ABSTRACT There have been several hundred rollovers in military vehicles in the last decade of deployment, of which approximately fifty percent are fall-based that occur during off-road operations. Off-road fall-based rollovers occur at lower speeds during road breakaway when the soft road gives way underneath the vehicle on one side as the soil is unable to support the vehicle load (Figure 1). A simulation-based study was conducted to explore potential off-road rollover mitigation benefits for the heavy vehicles with higher center of gravity such as MRAPs, MATV, and JLTV through the use of high performance active suspension systems. The study developed a system architecture based on the ElectroMechanical Suspension (EMS) technology and developed a medium fidelity MATLAB-Simulink-DADS model. Simulation results indicated substantial rollover mitigation benefits for MRAP/JLTV class vehicles, especially in road breakaway scenarios. Potential DoD beneficiaries include the Army and Marines
Beno, Joseph, Bryant, Adam, Singh, Amandeep, Kovnat, Alexander, Hayes, Richard, Weeks, Damon
Technical Paper
SIMULATION-BASED PROTOTYPING OF STABILITY CONTROL CONCEPTS FOR HIGH-SPEED TELEOPERATION OF HEAVY VEHICLES2024-01-356211/15/2024
ABSTRACT Teleoperated ground vehicles are an integral part of the U.S. Army and Marine Corps long range vision and a key transition technology for fully autonomous vehicles. However, the combination of marginally-stable vehicle dynamics and limited perception are a key challenge facing teleoperation of such platforms at higher speeds. New technologies for enhancing operator perception and automatically detecting and mitigating rollover risk are needed to realize sufficient safety and performance in these applications. This paper presents three rollover mitigation concepts for high speed teleoperation of heavy tactical vehicles, including model-predictive warning, negative obstacle avoidance, and reactive brake controls. A modeling and simulation approach was used to evaluate these concepts within the Autonomous Navigation Virtual Environment Laboratory (ANVEL). Vehicle models for both the M1078 cargo truck and RG-31 MRAP were used throughout concept evaluation over terrain ranging from
Lo, Jia-Hsuan, Eye, Sean, Rohde, Steve M., Rohde, Mitchell M.
Technical Paper
Intracranial Displacements due to Blunt Force Impact in a Postmortem Human Surrogate Brain09-12-02-001111/12/2024
Prevention and diagnosis of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are reliant on understanding the biomechanical response of the brain to external stimuli. Finite element models (FEM) and artificial head surrogates are becoming a common method of investigating the dynamic response of the brain to injurious impact and inertial stimuli. The accuracy and validity of these models is reliant on postmortem human subject (PMHS) research to produce biofidelic brain tissue responses. Previous PMHS research has been performed to measure intracranial pressures, displacements, and strains when subjected to impact and inertial loading; however, there remains a need for additional PMHS datasets to improve our understanding of the brain’s dynamics. The purpose of this study is to measure the relative brain–skull displacement in a PMHS specimen when subjected to blunt force impacts. A high-speed X-ray (HSXR) imaging system and embedded radiopaque elastomeric markers were used to record PMHS impacts at
Demiannay, Jean-Jacques, Rovt, Jennifer, Brannen, MacKenzie, Xu, Sheng, Kang, Gia, Yip, Ashley, Azadi, Amir Hossein, Dehghan, Parisa, Goodwin, Shannon, Taylor, Reggie, Poon, Katherine, Brien, Susan, Hoshizaki, Blaine, Karton, Clara, Petel , Oren
Journal Article
Neck Injury Risk in Out-of-Position Rear Impact Scenarios Using a Reference Geometry-Based Head Repositioning09-12-02-002011/12/2024
Rear-end vehicle collisions may lead to whiplash-associated disorders (WADs), comprising a variety of neck and head pain responses. Specifically, increased axial head rotation has been associated with the risk of injuries during rear impacts, while specific tissues, including the capsular ligaments, have been implicated in pain response. Given the limited experimental data for out-of-position rear impact scenarios, computational human body models (HBMs) can inform the potential for tissue-level injury. Previous studies have considered external boundary conditions to reposition the head axially but were limited in reproducing a biofidelic movement. The objectives of this study were to implement a novel head repositioning method to achieve targeted axial rotations and evaluate the tissue-level response for a rear impact condition. The repositioning method used reference geometries to rotate the head to three target positions, showing good correspondence to reported interverbal rotations
Reis, Matheus Seif, Cronin, Duane
Journal Article
Summary of Poster Abstracts09-12-02-002211/12/2024
Seventeen research posters were prepared and presented by student authors. The posters covered a wide breadth of works-in-progress and recently completed projects. Topics included a variety of body regions and injury scenarios: Biofidelity Corridors of Powered Two-Wheeler Rider Kinematics from Full-Scale Crash Testing Using Postmortem Human Subjects, Meringolo et al. Cervical Vertebral and Spinal Cord Injuries Remain Overrepresented in Rollover Occupants, Al-Salehi et al. The Effect of Surfaces on Knee Biomechanics during a 90-Degree Cut, Rhodes et al. Investigating the Variabilities in the Spinal Cord Injury in Pig Models Using Benchtop Test Model and Ultrasound Analyses, Borjali et al. Relationship between Tackle Form and Head Kinematics in Youth Football, Holcomb et al. Comparing Motor Vehicle Collision Injury Incidence between Pregnant and Nonpregnant Individuals: A Case–Control Study, Levine et al. Development of an Automated Pipeline to Characterize Full Rib Cage Shape
Bautsch, Brian T., Cripton, Peter A., Cronin, Duane
Journal Article
Design, Modeling and Analysis of Roll Cage for SAE BAJA Vehicle2024-28-001210/17/2024
This paper studies design parameters, selection of materials and structural analysis for an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) BAJA roll cage at the event site in any possible situation. SolidWorks 2022 was used for creating the prototype of the roll cage and then both static structural as well as dynamic crash analysis for the roll cage was done using Altair HyperWorks 2023 for various collisions like front, rear, side, rollover, torsional, front bump, rear bump, front roll over, side roll over and rear roll over. In addition to their corresponding deformation, Von Mises stresses were observed and a safety factor was calculated for these load cases which was found to be in the range of 1.5 to 3. Without reducing the roll cage’s strength, the roll cage designed for a four-wheel drive configuration is developed with driver comfort and safety in mind. Finding the optimal safety factor is the core objective of the analysis, as it ensures in any situation, the ATV’s roll cage will stay secure
L, Ravi Kumar, Sanjay P, Chiranjeev, T J, Pravin Chander, Moses J, Jebish, D, Parthesun, G, Sureshmani
Technical Paper
Effects of Head Restraint (HR) Interference on Child Restraint System (CRS) Performance in Frontal and Far-Side Impacts2024-22-000310/10/2024
Forward-facing child restraint systems (FF CRS) and high-back boosters often contact the vehicle seat head restraint (HR) when installed, creating a gap between the back surface of the CRS and the vehicle seat. The effects of HR interference on dynamic CRS performance are not well documented. The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of HR interference for FF CRS and high-back boosters in frontal and far-side impacts. Production vehicle seats with prominent, removeable HRs were attached to a sled buck. One FF CRS and two booster models were tested with the HR in place (causing interference) and with the HR removed (no interference). A variety of installation methods were examined for the FF CRS. A total of twenty-four tests were run. In frontal impacts, HR interference produced small but consistent increases in frontal head excursion and HIC36. Head excursions were more directly related to the more forward initial position rather than kinematic differences caused by HR
Mansfield, Julie A.
Journal Article
Comprehensive Study on Challenges to Introduce Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEBS) Feature in Indian Perspective2024-01-305009/08/2024
India is a diverse country in terms of road conditions, road maintenance, traffic conditions, traffic density, quality of traffic which implies presence of agricultural tractors, bullock carts, autos, motor bikes, oncoming traffic in same lane, vulnerable road users (VRU) walking in the same lanes as vehicles, VRU’s crossing roads without using zebra crossings etc. as additional traffic quality deterrents in comparison to developed countries. The braking capacity of such vivid road users may not be at par with global standards due to their maintenance, loading beyond specifications, driver behavior which includes the tendency to maintain a close gap between the preceding vehicle etc. which may lead to incidents specifically of rear collisions due to the front vehicle going through an emergency braking event. The following paper provides a comprehensive study of the special considerations or intricacies in implementation of Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEBS) feature into Indian traffic
Kartheek, Nedunuri, Khare, Rashmita, Sathyamurthy, Sainathan, Manickam, Praveenkumar, Kuchipudi, Venkata Sai Pavan
Technical Paper
Exploration of the Heterogeneity among Elderly Drivers by Analyzing Traffic Crash Data: A Case Study in Pennsylvania, USA09-12-03-000805/07/2024
With population aging and life expectancy increasing, elderly drivers have been increasing quickly in the United States and the heterogeneity among them with age is also increasingly non-ignorable. Based on traffic crash data of Pennsylvania from 2011 to 2019, this study was designed to identify this heterogeneity by quantifying the relationship between age and crash characteristics using linear regression. It is found that for elderly driver-involved crashes, the proportion leading to casualties significantly increases with age. Meanwhile, the proportions at night, on rainy days, on snowy days, and involving driving under the influence (DUI) decrease linearly with age, implying that elderly drivers tend to avoid traveling in risky scenarios. Regarding collision types, elderly driver-involved crashes are mainly composed of angle, rear-end, and hit-fixed-object collisions, proportions of which increase linearly, decrease linearly, and keep consistent with age, respectively. The increase
Zhang, Zihao, Liu, Chenhui
Journal Article
Anti-Rollover Control for All-Terrain Vehicle Based on Zero-Moment Point2024-01-505504/30/2024
To investigate the rollover phenomena experienced by all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) during their motion caused by input from the road surface, a combined simulation using CarSim and Simulink has been employed to validate an active anti-rollover control strategy based on differential braking for ATVs, followed by vehicle testing. In the research process, a nonlinear three-degrees-of-freedom vehicle model has been developed. By utilizing a zero-moment point index as a rollover warning indicator, this approach could accurately detect the rollover status of the vehicle, particularly in scenarios involving low road adhesion on unpaved surfaces, which are characteristic of ATV operation. The differential braking, generating a roll moment by adjusting the amount of lateral force each braked tire can generate, was proved as an effective method to enhance rolling stability. Simulation and on-road testing results indicated that this control strategy effectively monitored the state of the ATV and
Hong, Hanchi, Wang, Kuan, d’Apolito, Luigi, Quan, Kangning, Yao, Xu
Technical Paper
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 2513