Browse Topic: Electric drives

Items (484)
Design validation plays a crucial role in the overall cost and time allocation for product development. This is especially evident in high-value manufacturing sectors like commercial vehicle electric drive systems or e-axles, where the expenses related to sample procurement, testing complexity, and diverse requirements are significant. Validation methodologies are continuously evolving to encompass new technologies, yet they must be rigorously evaluated to identify potential efficiencies and enhance the overall value of validation tests. Simulation tools have made substantial advancements and are now widely utilized in the development phase. The integration of simulation-based or simulation-supported validation processes can streamline testing timelines and sample quantities, all the while upholding quality standards and minimizing risks when compared to traditional methods. This study examines various scenarios where the implementation of advanced techniques has led to a reduction in
Leighton, MichaelTuschkan, AlwinPlayfoot , Ben
In highly populated countries two-wheelers are the most convenient mode of transportation. But at the same time, these vehicles consume more fuel and produces emissions in urban driving. This work is aimed at developing a hybrid two-wheeler for reducing fuel consumption and emissions by incorporating electric vehicle technology in a conventional two-wheeler. The hybrid electric scooter (HES) made consisted of an electric hub motor in the front wheel as the prime mover for the electrical system. The powertrain of the HES was built using a parallel hybrid structure. The electric system is engaged during startup, low speeds, and idling, with a simple switch facilitating the transition between electric and fuel systems. The HES was fabricated and tested through trial runs in various operating modes. Before conversion to a hybrid system, the two-wheeler achieved a mileage of 34 km/liter. After conversion, the combined power sources resulted in an overall mileage of 55 km. It was observed
Rajesh, K.Chidambaranathan, BibinRaghavan, SheejaAshok Kumar, R.Arunkumar, S.Soundararajan, GopinathMadhu, S.
Electric Vehicles use Li-ion batteries due to their high energy and power densities. Performance of Li-ion cell is sensitive to temperature. Temperature control of these batteries becomes very important to provide safety and performance under different working conditions. This paper review different integrated thermal management system developed for Electric Vehicles. integrated thermal management content. Battery thermal management, Cabin thermal management and Electric drive thermal management. These systems share some common objectives and common parts. Integration of these systems will help to optimize the number of components in the Electric Vehicles thermal management system. The integrated thermal management system also helps to optimize the weight and use of waste heat to heat the cabin or battery. This will help in optimization of energy consumed by the thermal management system and range improvement. Integrating different systems which content refrigerant and coolant circuit
Mhaske, Pramodkumar Chimaji
A novel design for a radial field switching reluctance motor with a sandwich-type C-core architecture is proposed. This approach combines elements of both traditional axial and radial field distribution techniques. This motor, similar to an in-wheel construction, is mounted on a shared shaft and is simple to operate and maintain. The rotor is positioned between the two stators in this configuration. The cores and poles of the two stators are separated from one another both magnetically and electrically. Both stators can work together or separately to produce the necessary torque. This adds novelty and improves the design’s suitability for use with electrical vehicles (EVs). A good, broad, and adaptable torque profile is provided by this setup at a modest excitation current. This work presents the entire C-core radial field switched reluctance motor (SRM) design process, including the computation of motor parameters through computer-aided design (CAD). The CAD outputs are verified via
Patel, Nikunj R.Mokariya, Kashyap L.Chavda, Jiten K.Patil, Surekha
ABSTRACT The series Hybrid-Electric Drive (HED) architecture brings a significant range of potential benefits to military ground platforms. Electric-drive wheeled vehicles can feature electric traction motors in a conventional driveline, but also offer potential for motor incorporation into the axle or the wheel hub. The implementation of in-wheel hub drives presents challenges both in their design and to the overall vehicle system. However, by overcoming these challenges, the vehicle designer is rewarded with greatly increased freedom in vehicle hull and suspension design and numerous other benefits arising from the elimination of much of the mechanical driveline and the provision of individual wheel control. Many hub drive development programs of the previous two decades that have produced demonstrator vehicles have been typified by a large wheel rim size in order to accommodate a traction motor of sufficient power to achieve both peak output torque requirements and peak rotational
Mackey, J.Goldsack, S.Dick, S.
ABSTRACT For GDLS as an OEM in the defense industry working primarily as a system integrator, it is mission critical to develop a platform to weight/gauge/tradeoff requirements of various sub-systems in the final system product. Knowing sub-system performances in the final system on a physics bases, enables the system integrator more active roles in product R&D for requirement tradeoffs and price tag controls, instead of being passively driven solely by suppliers’ perspectives. Designing a light weight system while maintaining their mission profile, can lead to the use of more flexible structures thereby imposing additional dynamics affecting the integration of weapon systems into the vehicle structure. Added to this, the dynamics of electromechanical actuators, mechanical tolerances and discrete controllers, creates an environment, each of which is defined by its characteristic physics. This paper discusses a multi-physics approach used different brand named solvers best for different
D’Onofrio, DavidKuang, Zhian
ABSTRACT With the increase in electric power on military ground vehicle platforms, electrically driven accessories are replacing existing hydraulic, belt, and gear-driven loads. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSM) are often selected to drive these accessories, and are under consideration for the main engine generator, due to their torque density and efficiency being among the highest available. To maximize the efficiency of a PMSM, accurate knowledge of its parameters is required across the entire operating range. Efficient control of the onboard electric drives will help reduce fuel consumption in the ground vehicle fleet. This paper presents the effects of iron saturation on the performance of a PMSM drive. Iron saturation depends on the amount of current injected into the motor and it restricts the amount of flux linkage that can be generated. PMSMs are controlled using a two axis space vector representation. Ideally, the control is decoupled, such that the flux linkage
Cintron-Rivera, Jorge G.Foster, Shanelle N.Zanardelli, Wesley G.Strangas, Elias G.
ABSTRACT This paper highlights a range of available Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) and power-electronic controller designs for power generation and hybrid vehicle applications ranging from 35 – 160kW. It addresses the potential for improved integrated system efficiency over traditional alternator-based system solutions. Robustness of ISG-based systems is evaluated in the paper, particularly when integrated into military vehicles and placed in demanding environments. A range of product realizations is presented, from low-cost solutions intended for higher volume production, to high performance solutions employing state of the art technology. Experience in transitioning from high performance to production-ready realizations is included in support of this evaluation. ISG generators range up to 160 kW also providing considerable power at idling speed, and crank start capability at low voltage and low temperatures. Their slim design allows for flexible mounting conditions. A family of
Johnson, S. ArnieLarson, JodyEhrhart, PeterSteffen, Jens
ABSTRACT Future Military ground vehicle power trains can benefit from a hybrid-electric drive approach, particularly in packaging flexibility where drive train components can be modular and conveniently distributed. Small component size and operation with high-temperature liquid coolant are essential factors in the flexible packaging concept. This paper describes the development of one component, a 220 kW traction motor drive for a hybrid-electric power train. Challenging requirements for the motor-drive include power densities of at least 25 kW/liter and 15 kW/kg at 105°C coolant temperature. To achieve these densities, power modules capable of high-temperature operation were developed using SiC normally-off JFETs. This paper will discuss the unique custom packaging of the SiC JFET devices, as well as the arrangement of key components/packaging and thermal management issues
Wagner, EdwardHall, WilliamMahoney, Dennis
ABSTRACT There is continued demand for military vehicles to provide increased fuel economy. Recent trends have appropriately turned to the development of duty cycles that better represent the real-life usage of vehicles. The advent of hybrid electric propulsion and power system architectures offer opportunities for reducing fuel consumption and greater power generation flexibility. The challenge is to effectively quantify the predicted performance for the architectures under consideration using tools that are applicable to shorter development schedules. This paper discusses the importance of using multidomain physics-based computer simulations to perform the fuel consumption analyses. The models used include mechanical, electrical, magnetic and thermal effects, and their intimate interaction in order to predict the fuel consumption for a tracked vehicle traversing courses at varying speed, up and down hills, and negotiating turns. This paper also compares the fuel consumption
Nogueiro, Porfirio L.Combs, Charles S.
Integrated electric drive systems are characterized by high power density, reliability, and controllability, making them increasingly prevalent in the realm of electric commercial vehicles. However, the direct coupling between the motor shaft and the transmission system has introduced a series of undesirable torsional vibration phenomena. To investigate the dynamic characteristics of electric drive systems in operation for electric commercial vehicles, a comprehensive modeling approach is employed. This modeling framework takes into account key factors such as gear backlash, structural flexibility, and electromagnetic spatiotemporal excitations. Based on this model, the influence of the electrical system on time-varying gear mesh stiffness, gear transmission error, bearing forces, and other factors is investigated. Building upon this foundation, the article proposes an approach for active harmonic voltage injection. This method effectively reduces torque fluctuations, decreases the
Xi, XinChen, XiaoliZhao, HongyangZhao, XuanWei, JingLiu, Yonggang
The objective of the project was to evaluate the energy efficiency of a hybrid electric tractor-semi-trailer combination prototype. The prototype was developed for log hauling application by integrating an existing tractor with an electric semi-trailer to improve fuel consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One of the conventional axles of the quad axle semi-trailer was replaced with a drive axle powered by an electric motor. Tests were conducted on a 105 km test route with a maximum difference in elevation of 355 m, including a hilly section with a length of 89 km. The results indicated fuel savings ranging from 10.5% to 14% per test run, with an average fuel savings of 12% when the electric drive axle was engaged. The hybrid electric tractor semi-trailer consumed 17.5% less fuel up-hill and 9.4% less down-hill. Throughout each test run, the battery’s state of charge fluctuated, averaging between 88% at the start and 52% at the end. Prior to each run, the batteries were
Surcel, Marius-DorinMercier, SteveBonsi, Adime Kofi
Urban areas around the world are facing an increasing number of issues, such as air pollution, parking shortages, traffic congestion and inadequate transit options, all of which necessitate innovative solutions. Lot of people are becoming interested in micromobility in urban areas as a replacement for quick excursions and round trips to get to or from transportation services (e.g., Offices, Institutions, Hospitals, Tourist spots, etc.). This research examines the critical role that micromobility plays, concentrating on the effectiveness of micromobility smart electric scooters in resolving urgent urban problems. Micromobility, which includes both human and electric-powered vehicles, presents a viable substitute for normal and short-distance urban commuting. This study presents a micromobility smart electric scooter that is portable and easy to operate, with the goal of transforming urban transportation. 3D model was designed using SOLIDWORKS and analyzed using ANSYS. For strength and
Tappa, RajuSingh Chowhan, Sri AanshuShaik, AmjadMaroju, AbhinavTalluri, Srinivasa Rao
Original equipment manufacturers have already begun to transition their vehicles from traditional internal combustion engines (ICEs) to electric drives (EVs). As the industry continues to move towards electrification, the entire industry, and especially Valeo, is focusing on lean product development (LPD) with the help of numerical simulation. Optimization techniques help industry achieve the most accurate product at the lowest cost without sacrificing performance. Generally gears are mainly used for power transmission in the advanced technologies of electric vehicles. There are many factors that must be taken into account when designing a gear transmission system. Finding the most appropriate design parameters for a gear transmission system can be a challenge, and optimization parameters will help to find the best compromise between them. The main objective of this study is to increase the contact safety factor of the gear system by fulfilling 14 constraints, which are continuous (5
C, LokeshLawrence, LeonsDrouet, BenjaminG, Rajesh KumarGopalakrishnan, Hemanth Kumar
Electric Trucks offer one of the most promising alternatives to vehicles in the field of transport of goods. In battery electric trucks, heat is generated by components present in the electric truck such as battery of the electric vehicle, electric drive system, Endurance Brake System etc. which require cooling and Thermal management system to control and monitor the cooling system. The thermal management system considered here includes two coolant tanks. The first coolant tank performs thermal management for the battery and Electric-Drive(e-Drive) components which can heat up to 600C and the second coolant tank performs thermal management for HPR circuit, and it is used to break the charging circuit to protect the battery getting charged beyond 100% using regenerative braking concept. HPR (High performance resistor) is the component which can heat up to ~950C and make sure the battery is not getting charged beyond the safe limits. Since HPR is a critical component and operates at high
Pekala, Sagar MohanaZacharias, NevinKulkarni, Krathika
In conventional vehicles the shift strategy has a well-known impact on the system’s efficiency. An appropriate gear choice allows the internal combustion engine (ICE) to operate in efficient operating points (OPs) and thus contributes significantly to a reduced fuel consumption. Further efficiency improvements can be achieved by the hybridization of the powertrain. Due to the two propulsion systems, an additional degree of freedom arises, that requires an energy management strategy (EMS). The EMS controls the split of the requested power between the electric machine (EM) and the ICE. Accordingly, the system’s overall efficiency in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is highly influenced by the quality of the EMS. This paper proposes to adapt an existing method for deriving fuel-optimal rule-based EMS by including the shift strategy for parallel HEVs. It is shown that fuel-optimal control can be achieved. The analytically derived look-up tables can be used to automatically calibrate in
Ehrenberg, BastianEngbroks, LukasSchmiedler, StefanHofmann, Peter
EV motors and transmissions operate at high speeds and handle high power densities, placing heavy demands on bearings, seals, and gears. TEHD and meshless CFD simulations open new ways to the design and optimization of lubrication and thermal management solutions for EV transmissions and e-axles. Properly parametrized CAE models can provide valuable insights into the effects of different lubricant properties on cooling and lubrication efficiencies, thereby helping in matching the lubricant and hardware characteristics for optimal performance. In the present communication, we demonstrate the effects of different lubricants and surface finishing technologies on the tribology of high-speed gears using tribological tests and simulations. Important roles of lubricity additives and surface finish optimization are highlighted in conjunction with a move towards ultralow viscosity fluids
Zhmud, BorisMerelli, Michele
Toyota, Mazda and Subaru announced a new technological effort to create new internal combustion engines and ways to use them in the electrification era, specifically for hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The companies said at a joint press conference in Japan that they would encourage increased use of petroleum alternatives like biofuels and eFuels in their effort to create carbon-neutral vehicles. A joint statement from the three OEMs claims this push for new and better ICEs comes with a focus on “carbon as the enemy” as they develop engines that can better work with electric motors, batteries, and other electric drive units. Toyota, Mazda and Subaru made clear they are not getting rid of EV-only vehicle plans. Here's how each company will approach the new ICE+EV era (quotes provided in English by on-site interpreters
Blanco, Sebastian
Electrified drives will change significantly in the wake of the further introduction of automated driving functions. Precise drive dimensioning, taking automated driving into account, opens up further potential in terms of drive operation and efficiency as well as optimal component design. Central element for unlocking the dimensioning potentials is the knowledge about the driving functions and their application. In this paper the implications of automated driving on the drive and component design are discussed. A process and a virtual toolchain for electric drive development from concept optimization to detailed dimensioning validation is presented. The process is subdivided into a concept optimization part for finding the optimal drive topology and layout and a detailed prototype environment, where more detailed component models can be assessed in customer operation to enable representative component dimensioning. Furthermore, the detailed simulation allows the drive investigation in
Sturm, Axel WolfgangBrandes, GerritSander, MarcelHenze, RomanKüçükay, Ferit
In recent years, the automotive industry has dedicated significant attention to the evolution of electric vehicles (EVs). The Electric-machine (as motor and generator, here and onward called E-machine as more general term) as the heart of the EDU (Electric Drive Unit) is very important component of powertrain and is the one of the main focuses of development. Traditionally, E-machine design has primarily focused on factors like efficiency, packaging, and cost, often neglecting the critical aspects of Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) specially at the early decision-making stages. This disconnect between E-machine design teams and NVH teams has consistently posed a challenge, which is the experience seen in many OEMs. This paper introduces an innovative workflow that unifies these previously separate domains, facilitating comprehensive optimization by integrating NVH considerations with other E-machine objectives, efficiency, weight, packaging and cost. This paper highlights AVL's
Mehrgou, MehdiGarcia de Madinabeitia, InigoAhmed, Mohamed Essam
Encapsulations of E-drive systems are gaining importance in electric mobility, since they are a simple measure to improve the noise behavior of the drive. Current experimental evaluation methods, however, pose substantial challenges for the test personnel and are associated with considerable effort in both time and cost. Evaluating the encapsulation on an e-drive test bed, for example, requires a functional e-drive and test bed resources. Evaluations in the vehicle on the other hand make objective assessments difficult and are subject to increasingly limited availability of prototype vehicles fit for NVH testing. To overcome these challenges, AVL has developed a new experimental evaluation method for the NVH efficiency of e-drive encapsulations. In this method, the e-drive is freely suspended in a semi-anechoic chamber and its structure is excited using shakers while the radiated noise with and without encapsulation is measured. The NVH efficiency of the encapsulation is evaluated by
Schecker, DanielUerlings, PeterGojo, JosefGraf, Bernhard
This article presents the design and the analysis of a control logic capable of optimizing vehicle’s energy consumption during a braking maneuver. The idea arose with the purpose of enhancing regeneration and health management in electric vehicles with electro-actuated brakes. Regenerative braking improves energy efficiency and allows a considerable reduction in secondary emissions, but its efficiency is strongly dependent on the state of charge (SoC) of the battery. In the analyzed case, a vehicle equipped with four in-wheel motors (one for each wheel), four electro-actuated brakes, and a battery was considered. The proposed control system can manage and optimize electrical and energy exchanges between the driveline’s components according to the working conditions, monitoring parameters such as SoC of the battery, brake temperature, battery temperature, motor temperature, and acts to optimize the total energy consumption. The solution devised allows first to maximize the effects of
Tempone, Giuseppe Piode Carvalho Pinheiro, HenriqueImberti, GiovanniCarello, Massimiliana
The electrification of vehicles marks the introduction of new products to the automotive market and a continued effort to optimize their performance. The electric motor is an important component with which a further optimization of efficiency, power density and cost can be achieved. Additional benefits can be realized in the laminated core. This paper presents an innovative method to produce laminated stacks by a chain of processes different from conventional ways. The process chain presents a sequence of precision blanking, buffering, heat treatment and gluing. The effect of these processes is compared with existing solutions that typically contain some individual features but usually not the combination that enhances the overall effect. The heat treatment decreases residual stresses from previous process steps and reduces power losses in the laminated core. Depending on the design, benefits around 20% are found. The bonding of lamellae by gluing maintains their flatness and prevents
Van Der Sluis, FrancisSeitzinger, BennyDe Vet, SanderAlexandrov, OlegKruijswijk, EmileHerzberger, Andreas
In order to improve the trajectory tracking accuracy and yaw stability of vehicles under extreme conditions such as high speed and low adhesion, a coordinated control method of trajectory tracking and yaw stability is proposed based on four-wheel-independent-driving vehicles with four-wheel-steering. The hierarchical structure includes the trajectory tracking control layer, the lateral stability control decision layer, and the four-wheel angle and torque distribution layer. Firstly, the upper layer establishes a three-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model as the controller prediction model, the front wheel steering controller is designed to realize the lateral path tracking based on adaptive model predictive control algorithm and the longitudinal speed controller is designed to realize the longitudinal speed tracking based on PID control algorithm. Then, the middle layer decides the rear wheel steering angle and the additional yaw moment to maintain the vehicle's yaw stability based
Fu, YaoXie, RenminKaku, ChuyoZheng, Hongyu
The emergence of new electric vehicle (EV) corner concepts with in-wheel motors offers numerous opportunities to improve handling, comfort, and stability. This study investigates the potential of controlling the vehicle's corner positioning by changing wheel toe and camber angles. A high-fidelity simulation environment was used to evaluate the proposed solution. The effects of the placement of the corresponding actuators and the actuation point on the force required during cornering were investigated. The results demonstrate that the toe angle, compared to the camber angle, offers more effect for improving the vehicle dynamics. The developed direct yaw rate control with four toe actuators improves stability, has a positive effect on comfort, and contributes to the development of new active corner architectures for electric and automated vehicles
Skrickij, ViktorŠabanovič, EldarKojis, PauliusŽuraulis, VidasIvanov, ValentinShyrokau, Barys
The rise of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV) has rapidly advanced the development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), Autonomous Vehicle (AV), and Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) technology. While AVs need power to compute data from perception to controls, BEVs need the efficiency to optimize their electric driving range and stand out compared to traditional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. AVs possess certain shortcomings in the current world, but SAE Level 2+ (L2+) Automated Vehicles are the focus of all major Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). The most common form of an SDV today is the amalgamation of AV and BEV technology on the same platform which is prominently available in most OEM’s lineups. As the compute and sensing architectures for L2+ automated vehicles lean towards a computationally expensive centralized design, it may hamper the most important purchasing factor of a BEV, the electric driving range. This research asserts that the development of
Kothari, AadiTalty, TimothyHuxtable, ScottZeng, Haibo
With the rise in demand, advanced steering control and electric vehicle technology are rapidly developing in modern times. Due to a controller's role as a backbone for the modern vehicle, its study has become increasingly crucial. This research proposes a novel 4th axle steering (4AS) feedforward controller that utilizes the first, second and fourth axle steering control for an 8x8 scaled electric combat vehicle. The vehicle is tested using the predefined path following. The novel 4AS controller is then compared to the Ackermann steering condition at different speeds. In the scaled vehicle used for this research, each wheel is independently driven by an in-wheel motor, while the steering is carried out by linear actuators. Individual eight-wheel steering control systems are designed and installed on the scaled vehicle to evaluate the driving performance from low speed to high speed. The 4AS steering method is implemented to improve the stability of the scaled vehicle at high speeds
Kim, JunwooVaz, GlennEl-Gindy, MoustafaEl-Sayegh, Zeinab
Accelerated adoption of electric propulsion system in mobility industry has stressed the time and iterations of product development cycle which was traditionally known to go over multiple iterations and phases. Current market demands a timely introduction of compelling products that brings high value to end user. Further, a growing emphasis over reducing mineral content using sustainable options and process, adds further complexity to multi-objective-optimization of electric drive systems. At BorgWarner our engineers use Digital-Twins, physics-based models which closely represent BorgWarner products in greater dept (physics) thus allowing an improved assessment of product design (components and systems) to target application at very early stage in product development. The spring success with Digital-Twin, BorgWarner furthered enhanced the model through introducing Artificial Intelligent (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies in both modelling and virtual sensing. This paper will
David, PascalOueslati, SkanderBourniche, EricNanjundaswamy, Harsha
The hybrid system's thermal strategy is centered around controlling the cooling of the motor, inverter, DCDC and evaporator. In this electric drive circuit system, the water temperature sensor is positioned at the radiator outlet rather than within it. Consequently, when determining the required air volume for radiator cooling and water demand for sub-components of the electric drive circuit, an estimation of the inlet water temperature becomes necessary. This estimation relies on a heat transfer formula that converts heat released by circuit sub-components into their contribution to temperature rise within the circuit plus the outlet temperature from the previous round through the radiator to determine inlet water temperature. The inverter's heat transfer power depends on voltage and current levels. Adjusting motor torque leads to rapid changes in current flow while maintaining a low speed for optimal flow rate through the electric drive pump. As a result, there should be a
Jing, JunchaoWang, ZhentaoLiu, YiqiangHuang, WeishanDai, Zhengxing
The challenges concerning noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance in the vehicle cabin have been significantly changed by the powertrain shift from a conventional drive unit with an internal-combustion engine (ICE) to electric drive units (eAxles). However, there is few research regarding the impact of electrification on NVH considering the influence of the context such as multi-stimuli and traffic rules during a real-life driving. In this study, the authors conducted test drives using EVs and ICEVs on public roads in Europe and conducted a statistical analysis of the difference in driver impression of NVH performance based on interviews during actual driving. The impression data were categorized into clusters corresponding to related phenomena or features based on driver comments. Furthermore, the vehicles data (vehicle speed, acceleration, GPS information, etc.) were recorded to associate the driver impressions with the vehicle’s conditions when the comments were made
Mise, ShionTorii, KenjiSellerbeck, PhilippHank, StefanIwano, HidetakaNishikoji, Takuya
In the process of automobile industrialization, integrated electric drive systems turn to be the mainstream transmission system of electric vehicles gradually. The main sources of noise and vibration in the chassis are from the gear reducer and motor system, as a replacement of engine. For improving the electric vehicles NVH performance, effective identification and quantitative analysis of the main noise sources are a significant basis. Based on the rotating hub test platform in the semi-anechoic chamber, in this experiment, an electric vehicle equipped with a three-in-one electric drive system is taken as the research object. As well the noise and vibration signals in the interior vehicle and the near field of the electric drive system are collected under the operating conditions of uniform speed, acceleration speed, and coasting with gears under different loads, and the test results are processed and analyzed by using the spectral analysis and order analysis theories. Combining the
Jin, MingxinZuo, ShuguangShi, LeiMao, Qingshao
Owing to its remarkable simplicity, high torque density, and expansive speed range, the switched reluctance motor (SRM) garners significant attention in the automotive industry, particularly in propelling electric vehicles. Nevertheless, the most prominent challenge faced by SRMs in their role as hub motors for electric vehicles is the unbalanced radial electromagnetic forces resulting from air gap eccentricity, which will induce motor vibration and noise, even seriously jeopardizing the driving safety of electric vehicles. Building upon the foundation of a nonlinear model for the SRM, this paper presents an analytical approach to assess the unbalanced radial forces arising from both radial and tilt air gap eccentricities. Furthermore, a test platform is constructed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, and comparative analyses of experiments, finite element simulations, and numerical analytical results are provided. These investigations have provided valuable
Deng, ZhaoxueMa, Tianji
Electrified vehicles represent mobility’s future, but they impose challenging and diverse requirements like range and performance. To meet these requirements, various components, such as battery cells, electric drives, fuel cells, and hydrogen vessels need to be integrated into a drive and storage system that optimizes the key performance indicators (KPI). However, finding the best combination of components is a multifaceted problem in the early phases of development. Therefore, advanced simulation tools and processes are essential for satisfying the customer´s expectation. EDAG Engineering GmbH has developed a flat storage platform, which is suitable for both, BEV and FCEV. The platform allows for the flexible and modular integration of batteries and hydrogen vessels. However, package space is limited and the impact of the design choices regarding the vehicle’s KPI need to be considered. Therefore, EDAG has developed a simulation model that combines automated 3D design and packaging
Viehmann, AndreasNauck, NiklasEsser, ArvedSchramm, Michael
Accurate prediction temperature variation of electric drive transmission (EDT) can effectively monitor its abnormal temperature rise that may occur under high speed and heavy load working conditions, so as to ensure the vehicles’ safe operation. In this paper, combined with real temperature and input/output characteristic data collected from EDT test platform under different working conditions, a spatio-temporal relationship dynamic graph convolution neural network based on least square method (OLS-DRGCN) for temperature prediction is proposed. Firstly, OLS is used to estimate the EDT’s internal temperature based on partial sensor information as the input of OLS-DRGCN. Secondly, the spatial dependence relationship of each temperature node is dynamically learned through node embedding and the dynamic thermal network topology of EDT is constructed. Meanwhile, the timing rule of each temperature node is obtained through the gated recurrent unit. The analysis results show that the proposed
Tang, PengZhao, ZhiguoLi, HaodiYang, Jianyu
Considering the current trend towards the electrification of commercial vehicles, the development of Beam eAxle solutions has become necessary. The utilization of an electric drive unit in heavy-duty solid axle-based commercial vehicles presents unique and demanding challenges. These include the necessity for elevated peak and continuous torque while meeting packaging constraints, structural integrity requirements, and extended service life. One such solution was developed by BorgWarner to address these challenges. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of the design and development process undertaken for this Dual Motor Beam eAxle system. This includes the initial comparison of various eAxle solutions, the specifications of components selected for this design, and the initial results from dyno and vehicle development
Guo, ChengyunVan Maanen, KeithLiu, Xiaobing
Recently, the market share of electric vehicles is becoming increasingly obvious. It is expected that electric vehicles are quieter than fuel vehicles. Actually, without the cover of low-frequency engine noise, the high-frequency noise of electric vehicles is more prominent, which seriously affect the perceived sound quality. The present work is related tonal noise resulted from electric drive system (EDS), which is one of the fundamental noise sources for battery electric vehicle (BEV). The dominant noise sources observed in the vehicle interior are 26th and 36th orders for reducer and drive motor separately. Poor vibration isolation of right mounting system is the fundamental cause identification of EDS noise which has been investigated with objective measurements and simulation tools. Dynamic stiffness analysis is carried out to optimize the passive bracket. An engineering solution is implemented to enhance bracket to improve resonance effect. The test results after improvement
Ding, ChaoJiang, XiaodongHe, WeikangYu, HuiqiangMa, Yan
An analytic first-order fuel consumption model is developed for FWD 2-motor HEV vehicles which on average achieve 36% EPA Combined efficiency. The premise of this paper is that this is primarily the result of new functionality specific to HEV. Detailed benchmarking data show that in such an HEV the engine not only provides traction power but simultaneously charges the battery. This combined operation of engine and electric powertrain is unique to HEV and is studied using their linear transfer functions. Charging by the engine enables extended electric driving at low traction power, which reduces engine running time and the associated overhead. The analysis predicts an engine duty cycle proportional to the traction power and inversely proportional to the engine output power: the electric driving is limited by the engine’s ability to deliver the required traction work. The model equations in terms of the major functional parameters predict engine running time fractions of 15% for the EPA
Phlips, Patrick
As part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) continuing assessment of advanced light-duty automotive technologies in support of regulatory and compliance programs, a development project was started to study various test methods to benchmark Electric Drive Units (EDUs) consisting of an electric motor, inverter and a speed-reduction gearset. Several test methods were identified for consideration, including both in-vehicle testing of the complete EDU and stand-alone testing of the EDU and its subcomponents after removal from the vehicle. In all test methods explored, sweeps of speed and torque test points were conducted while collecting key EDU data required to determine efficiency, including motor torque and speed, direct current (DC) battery voltage and current into the inverter, and three-phase alternating current (AC) phase voltages and currents out of the inverter and into the electric motor. In addition, EDU operational data were collected to ensure consistent
Schauer, EthanMoskalik, AndrewKargul, JohnStuhldreher, MarkButters, KarlaBarba, DanielDrallmeier, JosephGross, Michael
The paper solves the problem of increasing the accuracy of measuring torque and use of an electronic torque meter as a feedback sensor of synchronous and induction machines of an electric traction drive. Relevance of the problem and methods for its solving by indirect means using simulation models of electric machines are considered. The theoretical development of the meter is based on the energy model of electric machines in the form of differential equations for active and reactive power balance. This eliminates the direct influence of instability and nonlinearity of inductive elements and takes into account electrical, magnetic, mechanical, and harmonic losses using the simplest algorithms. Key variables of the model in the form of total active power and angular velocity are measured directly, and the high nominal efficiency of traction machines (95%) provides a wide tolerance range for calculating total losses. The information support of the meter is based on the traditional
Smolin, ViktorGladyshev, SergeyGoon, Valentina
This paper presents the analysis of an innovative braking system as an alternative and environmentally friendly solution to traditional automotive friction brakes. The idea arose from the need to eliminate emissions from the braking system of an electric vehicle: traditional brakes, in fact, produce dust emissions due to the wear of the pads. The innovative solution, called Zero-Emissions Driving System (ZEDS), is a system composed of an electric motor (in-wheel motor) and an innovative brake. The latter has a geometry such that it houses MagnetoRheological Fluid (MRF) inside it, which can change its viscous properties according to the magnetic field passing through it. It is thus an electro-actuated brake, capable of generating a magnetic field passing through the fluid and developing braking torque. A performance analysis obtained by a simulation model built on Matlab Simulink is proposed. The model is able to simulate the transient 1D motion of an electric vehicle equipped with four
Tempone, Giuseppe PioImberti, Giovannide Carvalho Pinheiro, HenriqueCarello, Massimiliana
The modern luxurious electric vehicle (EV) demands high torque and high-speed requirements with increased range. Fulfilling these requirements gives rise to the need for increased efficiency and power density of the motors in the Electric Drive Unit (EDU). Internal Permanent Magnet (IPM) motor is one of the best suited options in such scenarios because of its primary advantages of higher efficiency and precise control over torque and speed. In the IPM motor, permanent magnets are mounted within the rotor body to produce a resultant rotating magnetic field with the 3-phase AC current supply in the stator. IPM configuration provides structural integrity and high dynamic performance as the magnets are inserted within the rotor body. Adhesive glue is used to install the magnets within the laminated stack of rotor. High rotational speed of rotor introduces centrifugal loading on the magnets which can result in multiple failure modes such as the debonding of the magnet, and high radial
Karmakar, NilankanP, PraveenGoel, Ashish
In view of the vibration and noise problem in the electric drive system, the vibration characteristics of its high-speed reducer are analyzed and studied. Through the vibration and noise bench test of the integrated electric drive system, the contribution of high-speed reducer gear meshing order vibration noise to the vibration noise of the electric drive system was studied. A rigid-flexible coupling dynamic model of high-speed reducer was established, and the accuracy of the model was verified. At the same time, based on the gear modification theory, the effects of different gear modification parameters on the peak-to-peak value of high-speed reducer gear transmission error, the amplitude of each order harmonic of the transmission error, and the vibration acceleration response of the high-speed reducer shell surface were studied. Genetic algorithm was used to optimize the gear modification parameters, and the optimization method was simulated and verified. The results show that the
Zhang, LijunWang, YujieMeng, DejianLi, Wenbo
Compared to passenger cars, commercial vehicles have relatively high fuel and energy consumption, relatively high average annual driving mileage, and a wide range of use. Therefore, energy-saving management of commercial vehicles is crucial. For multi-axle distributed pure electric drive commercial vehicles, a dynamic allocation control strategy for driving torque based on energy consumption optimization is proposed. First, the basic idea of the driving torque distribution control strategy was analyzed and a relevant mathematical model was established. Then, the offline optimization of the distribution coefficients of the driving torque for each axle was carried out through a genetic algorithm, and the entire vehicle driving force distribution strategy using the distribution coefficients as an online lookup table was determined. Finally, through the joint simulation platform of TruckSim and MATLAB/Simulink, simulation analysis was conducted for different driving conditions, and the
Huang, BinWang, QizhengPeng, DengzhiShengshi, Zhong
To enhance the precision of trajectory tracking for an intelligent vehicle driven by a multi-axle wheel hub motor, a lateral control strategy based on the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is proposed. First, a two-degrees-of-freedom dynamics model of the four-wheeled vehicle and a trajectory tracking error model are established. Second, a trajectory tracking controller employing the lateral LQR control algorithm is designed, while the longitudinal velocity is controlled using a PID controller. Furthermore, direct yaw moment control is incorporated to enhance the control precision and stability during trajectory tracking. Through joint simulations in TruckSim and Simulink under both low-speed and high-speed conditions, the control algorithm is evaluated. The simulation results demonstrate that the control algorithm is capable of effectively conducting joint simulation experiments under various operational scenarios. It accurately follows the predefined path model, maintaining a tracking
Huang, BinFu, WenqiYuan, ZhijunShengshi, Zhong
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