Browse Topic: Metal refining

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Reduced Order Model for Viscosity and Mass Density Sensing by A U-Shaped Wire2025-01-84724/1/2025
This paper focuses on the basic principle of measuring viscosity and density with U-shaped tungsten wire sensor, and develops a model for measuring liquid viscosity and density with the help of oscillating ball model. Firstly, the working mechanism of the wire resonator is deeply analyzed. Then, by reducing the order of the fluid dynamic function, a simplified model is established for measuring the viscosity and density of liquid with U-shaped tungsten resonator. The experimental results show that the maximum error of viscosity is 7.22% and the average error is 2.81% when the viscosity ranges from 4.526mPa.s to 62.01mPa.s. In the range of 0.8486g/cm3 to 0.8711g/cm3, the maximum density error is 7.00% and the average density error is 1.89%. In summary, the simplified model proposed in this paper can accurately measure the viscosity and density of liquids.
Shan, Baoquan, Shen, Yitao, Yang, Jianguo, Zhang, Zhaoying, Wu, Dehong, Zhao, Yingke
Recycling opportunities for hybrid/electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries15MEIP09_029/1/2015
With limited reserves and strict environmental regulations, recyclers look to established extraction means to reuse, recycle, and dispose of the used batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are the preferred energy storage systems for electric vehicles due to their inherent advantages in energy and their power density characteristics. As more lithium batteries are generated, the topic of reuse, recycling, and disposal is critical to comply with the disposal norms of waste batteries. As lithium reserves are also limited, proper recycling methods would be of use to extract the same energy out of used batteries. Extractive metallurgy offers an excellent path for selective extraction and refining of a variety of metals from various sources, including naturally occurring ores, minerals, man-made products, etc. In a broader sense, it allows recyclers to selectively separate and refine the metals from various sources irrespective of their nature. However, the extraction process may vary with respect to the nature of metal source and aim of separation.
Metalworking Techniques Unlock a Unique AlloyTBMG-224747/1/2015
Half a century ago, a scientist at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory discovered that an alloy containing 60 percent nickel and 40 percent titanium could provide exceptional performance for rocket nose cones undergoing the rigors of atmospheric reentry. While the Navy experimented with this new material for a few years—in addition to rockets, it was also tested in mine detectors—it proved too difficult to work with to be of real practical value.
Magnesium Alloy Castings, Sand 6.0Zn - 0.80Zr (ZK61A-T5) Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4444D (Historical)4/3/2012
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of sand castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
A Case Study in Structural Optimization of an Automotive Body-In-White Design2008-01-08804/14/2008
A process for simultaneously optimizing the mechanical performance and minimizing the weight of an automotive body-in-white will be developed herein. The process begins with appropriate load path definition though calculation of an optimized topology. Load paths are then converted to sheet metal, and initial critical cross sections are sized and shaped based on packaging, engineering judgment, and stress and stiffness approximations. As a general direction of design, section requirements are based on an overall vehicle “design for stiffness first” philosophy. Design for impact and durability requirements, which generally call for strength rather than stiffness, are then addressed by judicious application of the most recently developed automotive grade advanced high strength steels. Sheet metal gages, including tailored blanks design, are selected via experience and topometry optimization studies. Full-vehicle CAE analysis of the stiffness, durability and impact performance are then used to further refine the sheet metal design. In the next round of iteration, individual components of the body-in-white, such as the shock towers, are optimized using the aforementioned optimization tools and process. In all, using a generic mid-sized SUV body as a test case, it is demonstrated that in using this process, there exists the opportunity to reliably reduce the mass of a body-in-white structure by between 6 and 15 percent while still meeting stiffness, durability and impact goals.
Baskin, Donald M., Reed, David B., Seel, Thomas N., Hunt, Martyn N., Oenkal, Mevluet, Takacs, Zoltan, Vollmer, Axel B.
Magnesium Alloy Sand Castings 3.2 Rare Earths - 2.5Zn - 0.70Zr (EZ33A-T5) Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4442F (Historical)1/9/2007
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of sand castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Magnesium Alloy Castings, Permanent Mold 9.0Al - 2.0Zn (AZ92A-T6) Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4484J (Historical)9/22/2000
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of permanent mold castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Magnesium Alloy Sand Castings 3.2Ce - 2.5Zn - 0.70Zr (EZ33A-T5) Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4442E (Historical)9/1/2000
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of sand castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Magnesium Alloy Castings, Sand 6.0Zn - 0.80Zr (ZK61A-T5) Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4444C (Historical)9/1/2000
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of sand castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Evaluation of Recycled AZ91D Magnesium Alloy for Steering Column Components9703322/24/1997
A pilot production program was initiated to evaluate the suitability of recycled AZ91D magnesium alloy ingot in a production steering column component. Class I A291D magnesium alloy scrap was remelted and refined using an argon flotation technique. The non-metallic inclusion content of the metal was continually monitored by a newly developed light reflectance technique. In addition, chemistry was checked and adjusted to bring the metal into ASTM chemistry specifications. Analysis of the refining operation with respect to cleanliness showed that modifications to the argon gas distribution were necessary. After the necessary modifications were implemented, metal refining efficiency increased. The refined alloy was cast into 11 kg (25 lb.) ingots that were subsequently remelted at Contech's production facility. Parts were produced under the same conditions used for “virgin” metal, and the metal quality was again assessed with the light reflectance technique. Castings from the recycled material were examined by microscopy, and tested for mechanical properties and corrosion performance. Properties of the castings produced from refined AZ91D magnesium alloy were indistinguishable from the production die castings.
Jacques, Richard P., DasGupta, Rathindra, Haerle, Andrew G.
Rapid Solidification Materials Synthesis with Nano-Liter Droplets9325669/1/1993
A new method of materials synthesis which uses precisely controlled nano-liter droplets and results in significant microstructure refinement is described. Streams of nano-liter droplets are delivered in their molten state to a temperature controlled substrate where they impinge and undergo rapid solidification. Nano-liter droplets travel in a vacuum environment where they experience a measured angular dispersion of the order of 1 micro-radian. The droplets are generated by capillary stream break-up. Novel methods of initiating the capillary wave instability are employed so that precise control and manipulation of inter-droplet separations, speeds and sizes can be achieved. Substrate motion allows lateral material growth by successive droplet deliveries. Initial experiments demonstrate microstructure refinement with two low-melting point alloys (Rose's metal and a bismuth-tin alloy). The method is also designed for use with higher melting point materials as well.
Orme, Melissa
Magnesium Refining: A Fluxless Alternative9200712/1/1992
A method for refining magnesium scrap which produces consistent, high quality magnesium metal has been developed. High quality magnesium metal is defined in this paper as metal which has heavy metal contaminants controlled within high-purity ASTM chemical specification, and is relatively free of internal impurities such as non-metallic inclusions (oxides and flux) and dissolved gas. The refining process utilizes a protective gas atmosphere, inert gas sparging and filtration techniques, rather than salt based fluxes, to remove both non-metallic inclusions and dissolved gases. Experimentation results of this refining process indicate magnesium scrap can be remelted and refined to a quality equal to or better than virgin ingot, without the introduction of salt based fluxes or a large capital investment.
Housh, Susan E., Petrovich, V.
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, INVESTMENT 8.7Al - 0.70Zn - 0.22Mn (AZ91C-T6)AMS4452 (Historical)11/15/1972
This specification covers a magnesium-base alloy in the form of investment castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, INVESTMENT 10Al (AM100A-T6)AMS4455B (Historical)5/15/1972
This specification covers a magnesium-base alloy in the form of investment castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, PERMANENT MOLD 10Al (AM100A-T6)AMS4483A (Historical)5/1/1968
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, SAND 6Al - 3Zn (AZ63A-T6)AMS4424G (Historical)5/1/1968
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, PERMANENT MOLD 9.0Al - 2.0Zn (AZ92A-T6)AMS4484F (Historical)5/1/1968
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, SAND 9Al - 2Zn (AZ92A-T6)AMS4434G (Historical)5/1/1968
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, INVESTMENT 10Al (AM100A-T6)AMS4455A (Historical)5/1/1968
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, SAND 8.7Al - 0.7Zn (AZ91C-T6)AMS4437A (Historical)5/1/1968
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, INVESTMENT 9A1 - 2Zn (AZ92A-T6)AMS4453A (Historical)5/1/1968
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, SAND 6Al - 3Zn (AZ63A-T4)AMS4422K (Historical)5/1/1968
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, SAND 6AI - 3Zn (AZ63A-F)AMS4420J (Historical)5/1/1968
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, INVESTMENT 10Al (AM100A-T6) Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4455 (Historical)7/15/1961
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, PERMANENT MOLD 10Al (AM100A-T6) Solution and Precipitation TreatedAMS4483 (Historical)6/30/1960
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, INVESTMENT 9A1 - 2Zn (AZ92A-T6) Solution and Precipitation TreatedAMS4453 (Historical)1/15/1960
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
ALUMINUM ALLOY CASTINGS, SAND 4.5Cu (195-T6) Solution and Precipitation TreatedAMS4231C (Historical)6/15/1959
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, SAND 4.5Zn - 0.7Zr (ZK51A-T5) AgedAMS4443A (Historical)8/15/1958
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, SAND 3.3Th - 0.8Zr (HK31A-T6) Solution and Precipitation TreatedAMS4445 (Historical)1/15/1957
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS, SAND AZ63 As CastAMS4420F (Historical)12/1/1951
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS Sand 6 Al 3 Zn Solution Heat TreatedAMS4422D (Historical)1/1/1946
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS Sand 6Al 3Zn Solution and Precipitation TreatedAMS4424D (Historical)1/1/1946
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS Permanent Mold 9 Al 2 Zn Solution and Precipitation TreatedAMS4484A (Historical)1/1/1946
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS Sand 9 Al 2 Zn Solution and Precipitation TreatedAMS4434C (Historical)1/1/1946
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS Sand 6 Al 3 Zn As CastAMS4420C (Historical)1/1/1946
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS (Sand) 6 Al 3 Zn (Solution-Precipitation)AMS4424C (Historical)8/1/1944
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS (Sand) 9 Al 2 Zn (Solution-Precipitation)AMS4434B (Historical)8/1/1944
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS (Sand) 6 Al 3 Zn (Solution)AMS4422C (Historical)8/1/1944
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS (Sand) 6 Al 3 Zn (Solution)AMS4422B (Historical)10/1/1943
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS (Sand) 6 Al 3 Zn (Solution Precipitation)AMS4424B (Historical)12/1/1942
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS (Sand) 9 Al 2 Zn (Solution Precipitation)AMS4434A (Historical)12/1/1942
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS (Sand) 6 Al 3 Zn (As Cast)AMS4420B (Historical)12/1/1942
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
CAST MAGNESIUM ALLOY Solution Heat TreatedAMS4422A (Historical)11/1/1941
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
CAST MAGNESIUM ALLOY Solution Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4424A (Historical)11/1/1941
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
CAST MAGNESIUM ALLOY As CastAMS4420A (Historical)11/1/1941
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
CAST MAGNESIUM ALLOY Solution Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4434 (Historical)9/1/1941
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Safety in Body Design Through Chassisless Construction3601481/1/1936
THE successful development of the chassisless motorcoach and its relation to safety, weight reduction and automotive design are discussed by the author. Pioneer design of this type, made back in 1927 after encountering various difficulties with conventional frames, was followed by successive improvements in design, resulting in the highly developed unit of today. A study is included of the engineering fundamentals primarily involved in the integral or chassisless design versus conventional-frame design from a strength and weight standpoint. This study involves a comparison with other more concrete objects to establish a definite insight to the why and wherefore of these structural changes. The relation to body safety design and its interconnection to weight distribution, vehicle balance, and resistance to crushing are also covered by the author. The remainder of the paper is devoted to present and coming improvements in body design, notably new metal alloys, refinements in projection welding, and possibly light-box structures for weight reduction and increased safety. In conclusion, the author states that the present vehicle is still entirely too heavy and inefficiently constructed and predicts that the future vehicle will have radical weight reduction and increased safety.
Fageol, Frank R.
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