Browse Topic: Heat treatment

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Study on Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride by g-C 3 N 4 /CoFe 2 O 4 Composite Photocatalysts2026-99-10078/7/2026
g-C₃N₄, a metal-free semiconductor photocatalyst, demonstrates remarkable potential, but its practical application in pollutant degradation is significantly limited by the rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and low photocatalytic efficiency. To address this, a series of magnetic recyclable g-C₃N₄/CoFe₂O₄ composite photocatalysts with different CoFe₂O₄ doping ratios were innovatively designed and prepared via thermal polymerization, sol- gel, and combined with ultrasonic and heat treatment processes. The novelty of this composite design lies in the effective integration of magnetic CoFe₂O₄ with g-C₃N₄ through a heterojunction structure. It substantially boosts the absorption of visible light. Concurrently, it effectively fosters the separation and mobility of photo-induced charge carriers. The composite materials were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Using tetracycline hydrochloride as the target pollutant, the photocatalytic activity of the composites was evaluated under visible light irradiation, and the effects of initial concentration, catalyst dosage, and the influence of solution pH on degradation efficiency were also examined. The results indicated that the composite with a CoFe₂O₄ to g-C₃N₄ mass ratio of 1:3 (denoted as 3-CN/CFO) exhibited the optimal performance: a TCH degradation rate of 80.29 % within 105 minutes and a total organic carbon removal rate of 61.63 %. After five consecutive cycling experiments, the degradation efficiency remained above 70 %, demonstrating good reusability and stability. The performance improvement is attributed to the formation of heterojunctions in the composite, which effectively facilitates charge separation, inhibits carrier recombination, and enhances visible light absorption. Furthermore, the inherent magnetism of the composite permits efficient recovery, streamlining its integration into practical applications. Toward the purification of antibiotic-contaminated water, this research proposes a viable method for fabricating highly effective and recyclable photocatalysts.
Hua, Longjun, Chai, Tian, Wang, Yiming, Zhang, Jing, He, Ting
Research and Application of Mechanical Voltage Stabilization Control Device2026-99-01197/31/2026
This study carefully designed and successfully developed a mechanical voltage stabilizing control device. The device uses silicone oil as the key component material of the liquid spring and 1Cr13 as the main material of the pressure control unit, enhancing its high-pressure resistance (up to 35 MPa), oxidation resistance, and acid-alkali corrosion resistance. By optimizing the transmission mechanism and simplifying the pressure regulation module, the device achieves a pressure regulation range of 0.1–21 MPa with an accuracy of ±0.01 MPa, significantly broader and more precise than traditional devices. To address manufacturing challenges, advanced CNC machine tools, ceramic cutting tools, and optimized heat treatment processes (e.g., quenching and tempering) were adopted, ensuring component machining accuracy within ±0.02 mm. Field applications in 13 oil wells demonstrated a 15.6% increase in daily oil production (from 25.5 t/d to 29.5 t/d) and a 17.9% increase in daily gas production (from 2800 m^3/d to 3300 m^3/d), with stable casing pressure control at 5.3 MPa. The device has created 1.225 million yuan in economic benefits while eliminating safety hazards, providing critical technical support for efficient and environmentally friendly oil and gas production.
Wang, Gang, Liu, Cuicui, Tong, Deshui, Cao, Jian, Mu, Taiji, Han, Baidong
Measurement and Regulation of Residual Stress in Door Opening Welds of Wind Turbine Towers2026-99-01977/31/2026
Weld residual stress is a critical factor affecting the structural integrity and service life of wind turbine towers. In this study, a systematic investigation was conducted on the residual stress distribution and control methods for door corner welds of an in-service wind turbine tower after approximately 20,000 hours of operation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed significant tensile residual stress in the weld and heat-affected zone, with peak values reaching 315 MPa, particularly concentrated at depths of 5-7 mm. To mitigate these stresses, two post-weld treatment methods were employed: ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) and localized heat treatment. UIT effectively transformed surface tensile stress into compressive stress, achieving a maximum compressive residual stress of -372 MPa within a depth of 3 mm, while simultaneously refining grains and increasing surface hardness. In contrast, localized heat treatment at 460 °C for 5 hours led to a broader stress relief effect, reducing residual stress by approximately 100 MPa without causing significant changes to the macrostructure, but inducing substructural rearrangements beneficial for stress relaxation. Mechanical testing confirmed that both treatments improved tensile strength, ductility, and toughness of the welds. The combined findings demonstrate that ultrasonic impact treatment is highly effective for enhancing fatigue performance at the surface, while localized heat treatment offers advantages for deep stress redistribution and long-term structural stability. This comprehensive approach provides valuable technical guidance for residual stress management in complex welded structures of wind turbine towers.
Sun, Wanting, Zhong, Zhenqian, Zhang, Bo, Liu, Hui
Optimization of the Stewart Platform Based on Improved Genetic Optimization2026-99-01057/31/2026
Based on the improved genetic optimization, a new Stewart platform optimization design method is proposed in this paper. Through introducing chaotic mapping and simulation annealing strategy, combining the kinematic analysis of the Stewart platform and the constraint conditions of the workspace, aiming at maximizing the workspace and minimizing the motion error, the structural parameters of the platform are optimized. The experimental results show that the improved GA significantly improves the workspace and motion performance of the Stewart platform compared with the traditional ant colony optimization and basic genetic optimization.
Zhu, Ming, Wang, Baichao
Characterization and Fatigue Life Validation of a Mass-Reduced Drum Brake Spider Made from a Modified and Nanostructured Cast Iron2026-36-03037/30/2026
This study aimed at the characterization and validation of a drum-brake spider with mass reduction, using a new concept of a nanostructured ductile cast iron alloy. There is a well-known effort in developing lighter, more competitive products with higher safety and longer service life for brake systems. One of the approaches that enables this type of development is the use of new materials capable of delivering superior performance. Conventional ductile cast iron alloys used in brake spiders exhibit limited mechanical properties, which restricts mass reduction while still ensuring high durability in service. One way to obtain high-performance ductile cast iron alloys is through heat treatments such as austempering (ADI), which provides significant gains in mechanical strength but involves high cost and environmental liabilities due to the use of salt baths. The modified and nanostructured ductile cast iron alloy proposed in this work exhibited mechanical properties in the as-cast condition that meet the standards for ADI-treated ductile irons, showing an increase of 102% in tensile strength and 78% in yield strength compared to the baseline spider. Based on this new material, a topology optimization was performed on the baseline spider model, resulting in an optimized design with a 40% mass reduction. The model was validated using casting simulation software, and tooling was manufactured for producing the new optimized spider samples in the nanostructured ductile cast iron alloy. Static mechanical properties and microstructure were determined and approved, allowing the fatigue testing phase to proceed. Initially, the spider samples were instrumented with electrical strain gauges and subjected to the standard structural bench test known as the Chuker test, which can simulate real operating conditions of the brake system. Considering that this test requires extended bench time, an accelerated durability test was developed for the new spider model using three servo-controlled hydraulic cylinders, based on the stress levels obtained. The results from the accelerated durability bench test demonstrated superior fatigue life for the optimized spider compared to the baseline model, also validating the new testing procedure.
Titton, Angelo Pradella, Tuzzin, Matheus, Lopes, Carlos H. R., Marcon, Lucas, Pereira, Leonardo, Tedesco, Jaime Luiz, Boaretto, Joel, Vieceli, Alexandre, Klein, Aloísio N.
Heat Treatment, Precipitation-Hardening Corrosion-Resistant, Maraging, and Secondary Hardening Steel PartsAMS2759/3K (Current)7/21/2026
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for steel heat treatment covered in AMS2759, establishes the requirements for heat treatment of precipitation-hardening corrosion-resistant, maraging, and secondary hardening steel parts. Parts are defined in AMS2759. Parts made from steels other than those specified in this specification may be heat treated in accordance with the applicable requirements herein using processing temperatures, times, and other parameters recommended by the material producer unless otherwise specified by the cognizant engineering organization. General ordering instructions are specified in AMS2759.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Metal Injection Molded Nickel Based Alloy 718 Parts Hot Isostatically Pressed, Solutioned and AgedAMS5917 (Current)6/19/2026
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of metal injection molded (MIM) parts.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Carburizing and Heat Treatment of Carburizing Grade Steel PartsAMS2759/7F (Current)6/15/2026
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for steel heat treatment covered in AMS2759, establishes the requirements and procedures for three classes of gas, vacuum, liquid, and low-pressure carburizing (LPC) and related heat treatment of parts fabricated from carburizing-grade steels. Parts made from steels other than those specified in the detail specifications may be heat treated in accordance with the applicable requirements using processing temperatures, times, and other parameters recommended by the material producer. This specification does not cover pack carburizing.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Mitigating Cracking in COP Optics through Annealing and Step-Torquing2026-26-07646/1/2026
Polymeric optical materials such as Cyclo Olefin Polymer (COP) are adopted in aerospace lighting systems due to their excellent optical clarity, dimensional stability, moldability and weight saving advantages over glass. However, their relatively low toughness and the presence of residual molding stress make them prone to crack initiation during mechanical fastening. During its installation, crack formation was consistently observed around self-tapping screw interfaces, raising concerns over reliability, maintainability, and compliance with durability requirements. A structured Design of Experiments (DOE) was performed to identify root causes and evaluate potential mitigation methods. The investigation revealed that residual stresses in the COP material, combined with localized stress concentrations during screw tightening, were the primary drivers of crack initiation. Two complementary process improvements were identified and validated as part of mitigation plan: (i) annealing of the optics prior to assembly to relieve internal stress, and (ii) using step-torquing method to fasten the screws, to gradually distribute applied loads and reduce localized stress peaks. Post-assembly observation over three days confirmed a significant reduction in crack initiation. The combined annealing and step-torquing approach demonstrated a substantial reduction in crack generation probability, providing a practical and repeatable process for enhancing the robustness of polymeric optic assemblies. This work contributes a generalizable methodology for mitigating assembly-induced failures in advanced polymer materials and supports broader adoption of lightweight, high-performance optics in aerospace applications.
S, Nikhil, Singh, Abhimanyu Kumar, Katageri, Praveen, SP, Pradeep, Chandra, Praveen
Optimizing Coil Structural Parameters to Enhance the Sensitivity of Wear Particle Sensor2026-01-50335/14/2026
If wear particles generated during the operation of automobile engines are not monitored in time, they will contaminate the lubricating oil, leading to system failures or even accidents. Therefore, real-time wear particle monitoring is crucial for the stable operation of engines. Among mainstream wear particle monitoring sensors, the three-coil inductive sensor demonstrates significant application potential due to its ability to distinguish wear particle materials and strong resistance to environmental interference. However, its insufficient sensitivity to small-diameter wear particles limits further performance improvement. This paper takes the three-coil inductive wear particle monitoring sensor as the research object. First, a mathematical model of the sensor’s operation is established based on the law of electromagnetic induction, clarifying the relationship between structural parameters (such as channel radius, turns, coil spacing, and length) and the peak induced voltage. Subsequently, Multiphysics simulation software is employed to quantitatively analyze the influence of each structural parameter on the induced voltage, identifying directions for parameter optimization. Furthermore, orthogonal experiments are conducted to optimize discrete parameters, determining optimal levels for key parameters such as channel radius and coil spacing. Then, the simulated annealing algorithm is applied to achieve precise optimization of continuous parameters, ultimately obtaining the optimal combination of coil structural parameters. Experimental validation based on the optimized parameters shows that the peak-to-peak induced voltage for 1000 μm wear particles measured by the sensor optimized with the simulated annealing algorithm reaches 2.43 V, which is approximately 41 times higher than the 0.06 V observed before optimization. Additionally, the optimization effect of the simulated annealing algorithm further improves by 38.86% compared to the orthogonal experiment. In addition, experimental tests were also carried out on small-diameter abrasive particles of 100 μm, with the peak-to-peak value of the induced voltage reaching 0.38 V. The results confirm that this coil structural parameter optimization method effectively enhances the sensor’s sensitivity to small-diameter wear particles, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the structural design and performance improvement of three-coil inductive wear particle monitoring sensors.
Yin, Hao, Zhao, Lijun, Shen, Yitao
Hardness and Conductivity Inspection of Wrought Aluminum Alloy PartsAMS2658E (Current)5/6/2026
This specification establishes hardness and electrical conductivity acceptance criteria for finished or semifinished parts made from wrought aluminum alloys after heat treatment (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
How Machina Labs is Reshaping Defense Manufacturing with AI-Driven 7-Axis Robotics26AERP05_015/1/2026
Machina Labs recently closed its latest round of financing with $124 million, enough to develop a facility featuring up to 50 of its RoboCraftsman cells capable of producing thousands of complex structural assemblies for aerospace and defense customers - a list that already includes Lockheed Martin and the U.S. Air Force, among others. Founded in 2019, Machina Labs is a California-based company that seeks to reinvent metal manufacturing with a robot that uses artificial intelligence (AI) to rapidly form and assemble complex military grade structures directly from digital design files. RoboCraftsman is the company's manufacturing robot that leverages its proprietary “RoboForming” process to integrate multiple manufacturing processes - including metal forming, trimming, scanning, and heat treating - into a single containerized machine.
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, Alclad 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024 -T361 Sheet/Plate with 1½% Alclad) Solution Heat Treated, 6% Cold Worked and Naturally AgedAMS4194F (Current)4/8/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate, alclad both sides, supplied in the -T361 temper.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, Alclad 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (Alclad 2024, -T361 Sheet and Plate) Solution Heat Treated, 6% Cold Worked, and Naturally AgedAMS4466C (Current)2/13/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of alclad sheet and plate 0.020 to 0.500 inch (0.508 to 12.70 mm), inclusive, in thickness, supplied in the -T361 temper (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Hand Forgings and Rolled Rings, 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061-T652), Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relief Compressed, and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4248E (Current)2/6/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of hand forgings up to 8 inches (203 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness and a cross-sectional area not over 256 square inches (1652 cm2) and rolled rings up to 3.5 inches (89 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness and with an OD to wall thickness ratio of 10:1 or greater (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Non-Metallic Inclusions in Carburizing Steels as a Contributory Factor for the Formation of Carbide Net2026-26-02901/16/2026
The article deals with the issue of identifying structural defects that contribute to the formation of a carbide net during thermochemical treatment of steel parts, which negatively affects the mechanical properties complex of finished products. Based on the available data, a theory has been put forward regarding the influence of the present non-metallic inclusions in the carburizing steels structure on carbide formation process in the hardened layer. As an experimentally the samples have been produced from the varying chemical composition alloy structure carburized steel (0.17-0.23 % C, 0.17-0.37 % Si, 0.80-1.10 % Mn, 1.00-1.30 % Cr, 0.03-0.09 % Ti). During microstructure analysis of the samples it has been establish that non-metallic inclusions, in particular sulfides, contribute to the formation of carbides and carbide net in steel due to their high chemical activity with carbon. Thus, contamination of the metal of carburizing steels with non-metallic inclusions is not only a defect in itself, but also causes the occurrence of other structural defects during subsequent thermochemical and thermal treatment.
Runova, Iuliia, Chatkina, Mariia, Musienko, Aleksandr
Hydrogen Embrittlement in Galvanized High Carbon Steel Components of Automotive Seat Slider Assembly2026-26-03021/16/2026
This research paper investigates the failure of an isolator clip used in the seat slider assembly, which guides and restricts the sliding motion of the tooth bracket within the seat. The component is made of C80 high-carbon spring steel, known for its high strength. According to the manufacturing process details, zinc plating was applied to the component for corrosion protection, as confirmed by EDS analysis. A fractographic examination of the failed part revealed a brittle, intergranular fracture morphology with visible cracks. Certain areas also exhibited micro-void coalescence, indicating a dimpled fracture surface. The primary failure mode was intergranular (IG) fracture. The delayed fracture was attributed to intergranular fracture mechanisms, micro-void coalescence, and the high strength of the steel, which made the component susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement occurs when hydrogen atoms become trapped along the grain boundaries, where they form hydrogen molecules, leading to crack initiation. Hydrogen embrittlement also impacts on mechanical properties by reducing ductility and increasing brittleness. This suggests that hydrogen absorption likely took place either during the pickling process before galvanization or during the galvanizing process itself. During zinc plating, the electrochemical reaction (H₂ → 2H+ + 2e-) generates cathodic hydrogen on the surface, ultimately causing hydrogen embrittlement and leading to the sudden and unexpected isolator clip failure under stress. To prevent such failures, a post-fabrication heat treatment (baking) at 200-300°C for a few hours was recommended to remove absorbed hydrogen from the material. Following the implementation of this measure, no further failures of the isolator clip have been reported.
Saindane, Mehul Kishor, Bali, Shirish
Hypoid Gear Performance Redefined: Addressing Scoring & Whine Noise Concerns2026-26-00781/16/2026
Rear drive vehicles transfer power to the rear wheels through the Gear Carrier Assembly, which is fit at the central section of the Rear Axle. The Gear Carrier Assembly includes hypoid ring and pinion gears, set at the heart of the system. However, one of the common issues with hypoid gears is gear scoring and whine noise, both of which can seriously affect durability and reduce the overall performance of a vehicle. In this study, the focus is on design changes as well as process improvements to address these problems and at the same time improve gear reliability. On the design side, changes such as refining the macro geometry, upgrading materials, and modifying the heat treatment cycle were carried out. These helped in improving properties like contact stress resistance, bending and impact strength, and also reduced motion transmission error (MTE). From the process point of view, careful control over carburizing, hardening, and quenching temperatures, along with adjustments in quenching pressure, played a major role in improving hardness distribution and the quality of the microstructure. Finishing steps after lapping, like vibro-deburring and manganese phosphating, were also introduced to achieve surface finishes that were very close to ground gears. With these combined measures, noticeable improvements were seen, MTE was reduced, the contact pattern shifted from being center-biased to diagonal-biased, drivetrain losses came down, NVH performance improved, and durability increased. Overall, the study highlights the steps taken to tackle scoring and noise issues in hypoid gears, with the aim of making them more reliable and efficient in operation.
Praveen, Abhinav, Deshpande, Praveen, Jain, Saurabh Kumar, Parmar, Mayur, Karle, Nilesh, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Pagar, Pawan
Advancing Welding Excellence Through Numerical Simulation Based Approach: A Multi Pass Welding Case Study on Cast Iron Coupons2026-26-04571/16/2026
The Automotive industry widely uses cast iron due to its better mechanical performance and cost-effectiveness. However, repair welding or assembly of cast iron components remain highly challenging due to the material’s high carbon content, inherent brittleness, rapid thermal conductivity, and complex microstructural transformations. Multi-pass welding exacerbates these challenges by subjecting materials to repeated thermal cycling, accumulating residual stress, and inducing distortion – all of which potentially degrade the integrity of welded joints. A comprehensive understanding of welded joint behavior is essential to effectively mitigate these effects. Finite element analysis (FEA) serves as a powerful tool, enabling accurate prediction of thermal profiles, phase transformations, residual stress development, and resulting deformations. These valuable insights are critical for optimizing welding processes and enhancing overall joint quality. This study investigates and validates the use of FEA-based simulation tools for multi-pass MIG welding of ductile cast iron plates, highlighting the effectiveness of virtual modeling in complex welding scenarios. A numerical simulation of 20 mm thick cast iron plates welded with Ni-Fe filler wire was conducted using SYSWELD software. The distortion, temperature distribution, microstructure, hardness, and residual stresses of the weld coupon were predicted using a thermo-metallurgical-mechanical model. The simulation incorporated a double-elliptical heat source for welding and an imposed thermal cycle model for pre- and post-weld heat treatments. Metallurgical analysis was performed utilizing a phase transformation model and Continuous Cooling Transformation diagram to estimate microstructural phase fractions and hardness. The mechanical analysis, based on the thermo-metallurgical profile and boundary conditions, evaluated weld distortion and residual stresses on weld coupon. Predicted results, including thermal cycles, fusion zone, distortion, hardness, and residual stresses, were validated against experimental data showed strong coherence. This study demonstrates the efficacy of FEA tools in accurately predicting dissimilar weld properties, reinforcing their reliability for welding and repairing cast iron components in industrial applications.
Vidhate, Digambar, Nalawade, Rahul, Dabhadkar, Mandar, Vaidya, Abhijit, Ammasi, Vinoth, Rajagopalan, Sridhar
Advancement in Analytical Characterization of NBR: Py-GC-MS as an Alternative to NMR for Acrylonitrile Quantification2026-26-05461/16/2026
Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR), known for its superior resistance to hydrocarbon oil, low gas permeability, and excellent thermal stability, finds extensive use in seals, O-rings, conveyor belts etc. Importantly, these performance attributes are chiefly governed by acrylonitrile content in NBR. Analytical characterization of raw NBR is relatively straightforward using conventional techniques such as elemental analysis (CHNS) and liquid state 13C NMR. In contrast, the analysis of vulcanized NBR presents considerable challenges due to its crosslinked structure, which renders it insoluble in most organic and inorganic solvents, thereby restricting direct molecular-level analysis. While solid-state 13C NMR is an established technique for structural characterization in rubber vulcanizates, its high-cost curbs routine industrial analysis. In this study, Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) technique has been explored as a robust, precise, cost-effective alternative. Quantitative determination of acrylonitrile (ACN) content in vulcanized NBR, covering a compositional range of 15% to 52% is carried out using Py-GC-MS. For sequence distribution of ACN units, liquid-state 13C NMR, is utilized exclusively for soluble, uncured NBR. The absolute ACN content values thus obtained serve as reference standards for validating the Py-GC-MS method, enabling robust quantification across both raw and cured material forms.
Samanta, Rajyasree, Ghosh, Debojit, Anjana, Kanhaiya, Sen, Amit, Guria, Biswanath, Chanda, Jagannath, Samui, Barun, Ghosh, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Development of a Localized Heat Treatment Route for Stamped Automotive Parts2025-36-008912/18/2025
The increasing demand for sustainable and space-efficient manufacturing solutions in the automotive industry has driven the search for alternative processes to conventional hot stamping. This study proposes a novel localized heat treatment technique based on Joule heating, aiming to reduce the physical footprint of production equipment, simplify the thermal processing of structural components, and minimize the carbon footprint of the process. The method consists of cold stamping followed by localized austenitization of 22MnB5 steel using electrically powered copper electrodes, eliminating the need for large-scale gas-fired furnaces. The process is particularly advantageous in the Brazilian context, where the electric energy matrix is predominantly hydroelectric, contributing to lower CO2 emissions. Experimental trials were conducted using a Gleeble® thermomechanical simulator to optimize thermal cycle parameters (heating rate, austenitization temperature, and soaking time) ensuring the formation of a martensitic microstructure in the treated region while preserving the original ferritic-pearlitic structure elsewhere. The resulting microstructural gradient enables localized mechanical properties, with potential application in crash-relevant automotive components. The proposed route demonstrates technical feasibility and industrial relevance, offering a compact and sustainable alternative to conventional hot stamping.
Santana, Jessica, Curti, Gustavo, Lima, Tiago, Sarmento, Matheus, Callegari, Bruna, Folle, Luis
Aluminum Alloy, Plate, 5.7Zn - 2.2Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.22Cr (7475-T651), Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved, and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4090H (Current)12/15/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate from 0.250 to 1.500 inches (6.35 to 38.10 mm), inclusive, in thickness (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Collaborative Pushback and Taxiing Coordination Departure Control Method for Multi-Runway Airports2025-99-043612/10/2025
In order to improve the operational efficiency of a multi-runway airport, an aircraft pushback and taxiing cooperative departure operation control method is proposed. First, a Markov decision process (MDP) model for dynamic pushback control is established based on the two-runway model. Then, the genetic simulated annealing algorithm is used as the optimization algorithm, and the DPC-GSAA algorithm solution model is proposed to find the conflict-free path with the least fuel consumption for the aircraft and runway selection. Finally, the effectiveness of the model and algorithm is verified by simulation experiments in Beijing International Airport, and the results show that the method can significantly reduce the taxiing waiting time of aircraft and improve the overall operational efficiency of the airport.
Luo, Weizhen, Lian, Guan, Wu, Yingzi, Li, Wenyong, Huang, Haifeng
Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing (BJAM) ProcessAMS7022 (Current)11/26/2025
This specification establishes process controls for the repeatable production of sintered parts by binder jet additive manufacturing (BJAM). It is primarily intended to be used to manufacture metallic or ceramic aerospace parts, but usage is not limited to such applications.
AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals
Additively Manufactured Aluminum-Lithium Alloys—Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions2025-01-507611/18/2025
Aluminum-lithium alloys are extensively used across various industries due to their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, excellent fatigue/corrosion resistance and good thermal stability. These attributes, combined with improved weldability and ease of fabrication, make them ideal for lightweight engineering applications in sectors such as aerospace, automotive, and defense. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers unique opportunities to fully leverage the potential of aluminum-lithium alloys by enabling the fabrication of complex geometries, minimizing material waste, and supporting on-demand production. This paper explores the significance of lightweight materials, traces the evolution of aluminum-lithium alloys and provides a comprehensive overview of their AM. It discusses the properties and real-world applications of these alloys and examines various AM techniques employed in their processing. Key advancements in the AM of aluminum-lithium alloys are reviewed, including novel alloy formulations, development of high-lithium-content variants, microstructural and mechanical property enhancements through heat treatment, defect mitigation strategies, and surface treatment methods for performance improvement. Challenges associated with the AM of aluminum-lithium alloys are also addressed. The paper concludes by outlining future research directions and technological developments aimed at advancing AM processes for next-generation lightweight engineering solutions.
Santhana Babu, A.V., Antony Benson, B., Danusha, M.
Design for Welding Automation for Construction Equipment2025-28-024811/6/2025
Over the past 25 years, the heavy fabrication and construction equipment industry has experienced significant transformation. Driven by a global surge in demand for construction machinery, manufacturers are under increasing pressure to deliver higher volumes within shorter timelines and at competitive costs. This demand surge has been compounded by workforce-related challenges, including a declining interest among the new generation in acquiring traditional manufacturing skills such as welding, heat treatment, and painting. Furthermore, the industry faces difficulties in staffing third-shift operations, which are essential to meet production targets. The adoption of automation technologies in heavy fabrication and construction equipment manufacturing has been gradual and often hindered by legacy product designs that were optimized for conventional manufacturing methods. As the industry transitions toward smart, connected manufacturing environments under the industry 4.0 paradigm, it becomes imperative to re-evaluate existing design and production strategies. This paper aims to establish a framework for aligning product and process design with emerging automation capabilities and strategic business objectives. It advocates for a design-for-automation approach, wherein components are engineered to be compatible with robotic handling, automated guided vehicles (AGVs), conveyors, and other intelligent systems. By doing so, manufacturers can enhance operational efficiency, improve safety and reliability, and reduce time-to-market for new products.
Saseendran, Unnikrishnan, Bhorge, Pankaj
Evaluating the Influence of Material Properties and Hardness on Tightening Torque2025-28-025511/6/2025
Earthmoving machines are equipped with a variety of ground-engaging tools that are joined by bolted connections to improve serviceability. These tools are made from heat-treated materials to enhance their wear resistance. Attachments on earthmoving machines, including buckets, blades, rippers, augers, and grapples, are specifically designed for tasks such as digging, grading, lifting, and breaking. These attachments feature ground-engaging tools (GET), such as cutting bits or teeth, to protect the shovel and other earthmoving implements from wear. Torquing hardened plates of bolted joint components is essential to ensure uniform load distribution and prevent premature failure. Therefore, selecting the proper torque is an important parameter. This study focuses on analyzing various parameters that impact the final torque on the hardened surface, which will help to understand the torque required for specific joints. Several other parameters considered in this study include hardware material, coefficient of friction, end bit and cutting-edge material, and their hardness. Understanding the influence of surface hardness on bolted joint torque is crucial for optimizing performance, reliability, and longevity of bolted connections in various engineering applications
Parameswaran, Sankaran Potti, Bhosale, Dhanaji, Kumar, Rajeev
Higher-Strength, Higher-Toughness Die Cast Wheel Material using Recycled Aluminum2025-32-000711/3/2025
In an attempt to reduce CO2 release from alloy wheel production, we have developed an aluminum alloy for casting that satisfies necessary property requirements using recycled aluminum, but without heat treatment. The wheel is a critical safety feature of any vehicle, and it should have toughness and strength .In many wheels, virgin aluminum containing small amounts of impurities is used to maintain toughness, and heat treatment (T6), which is post-casting quick heating and quenching, is applied to provide strength. At the start of this project, we focused on two wheel-manufacturing processes, production of virgin aluminum and heat treatment, from which a large amount of CO2 is released. By switching to recycled aluminum, CO2 was reduced to one-ninth the original amount. The issue with recycled material is that impurities grow in the metal structures as intermetallic compounds and this reduces toughness. To deal with this issue, we have chosen high-pressure die casting (HPDC), in which the hot material after the casting is quenched to allow dispersion of intermetallic compounds in the form of fine particles. As for the chemical composition, we determined the amounts of additives (Mn) that facilitated fine particles of Fe, which is a common impurity that lowers toughness. Combining with the quenching effect, the amounts of additives (Si and Mg) were determined to obtain the target strength without heat treatment. With this process, we achieved a wheel using recycled aluminum and ordinary casting equipment without heat treatment that is the same weight as one made of virgin aluminum. The elimination of heat treatment helps to enhance wheel production efficiency by 15% and reduce CO2 release by 80%.
Suzuki, Noritaka
Rubber: Fluorosilicone (FVMQ) High Temperature Fuel and Oil Resistant For Seals In Fuel Systems and Specific Engine Oil SystemsAMS7273D (Current)10/24/2025
This specification covers a fluorosilicone (FVMQ) rubber in the form of molded rings.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
CRIMPING TOOL, TYPE II, WIRE HEATLESS TERMINATION, HAND ACTUATED, WIRE SIZES 26-12AS22520/44A (Current)10/3/2025
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Investigation of the Effect of Rotation Speed and Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties and Structure of Friction Stir Welding AA6061 Joints05-19-02-00169/25/2025
This study aims at examining the effect of tool rotational speed on the microstructural and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints of AA6061 aluminum alloy, both pre- and post-heat treatment. The quality of the joints was assessed initially through tensile, hardness, and charpy impact tests, as well as microscopic observations. During the second stage, solid solution heat treatments were conducted at 535°C, followed by aging on additional specimens welded at identical speeds. The latter underwent hardness tensile tests and microscopic examinations. A comprehensive assessment of the outcomes from various tests validated the influence of metallurgical phenomena, including recrystallization, precipitation, and structural defects on overall resistance. The results showed an improvement in strength, ductility, and impact energy was observed in the case of welding at high rotation speed (1400 rpm). At the same speed, ductility almost doubled after post-weld heat treatment. However, the treatment leads to a slight increase in strength and a decrease in ductility and impact energy at low speeds.
Bouchelouche, Fatima, Debih, Ali, Ouakdi, Elhadj
Rings, Flash Welded Corrosion and Heat-Resistant Austenitic Steels, Austenitic-Type Iron, Nickel or Cobalt Alloys, or Precipitation-Hardenable AlloysAMS7490R (Current)9/23/2025
This specification covers flash welded rings made of corrosion and heat-resistant austenitic steels and austenitic-type iron, nickel, or cobalt alloys, or precipitation-hardenable alloys.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Rings, Flash Welded Ferritic and Martensitic Corrosion-Resistant SteelsAMS7493L (Current)9/23/2025
This specification covers flash welded rings made of ferritic and martensitic corrosion-resistant steels.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Heat Treatment Austenitic Corrosion-Resistant Steel PartsAMS2759/4D (Current)9/18/2025
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for steel heat treatment covered in AMS2759, establishes the requirements for annealing of austenitic corrosion-resistant steel parts. Parts are defined in AMS2759. General ordering instructions are specified in AMS2759.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Modernization of Integrated Technologies for Ground Systems (MINT-GS) – Screening OF 17-4PH SS Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Process2025-01-04939/16/2025
Additive Manufacturing is currently being utilized to improve military readiness by transforming maintenance operations and the supply chain associated with repairing or replacing parts or components on legacy vehicles. The National Institute for Aviation Research at Wichita State University is collaborating with the Army Ground Vehicle Systems Center in the creation of a rapid qualification framework for various additive manufacturing materials and processes to support the modernization and sustainment of ground vehicles. Currently, a rapid qualification 17-4PH stainless steel material is being executed utilizing Laser Powder Bed Fusion and Direct Energy Deposition additive manufacturing processes. Prior to entering the rapid qualification, pre-qualification screening studies are performed to select the feedstock and develop process control to limit risk within the qualification. An overview of the pre-qualification screening studies performed in selecting the feedstock and heat treatment parameters for the laser powder bed fusion process are described throughout this paper.
Tomblin, John, Andrulonis, Rachael, Saathoff, Brandon, Thomas, Annika, Daharsh, Cole, Lowney, Matthew, Walker, Eric
Automated Gaseous Nitrocarburizing Controlled by PotentialsAMS2759/12C (Current)9/10/2025
This specification covers the requirements for producing a continuous compound zone (white layer) with controlled extent of porosity by means of a gaseous process, automatically controlled to maintain nitriding and carburizing potentials that determine properties of the nitrocarburized surface. Automatic control is intended to ensure repeatability of nitrogen and carbon content of the compound zone, which influences properties such as wear and corrosion resistance, ductility, and fatigue strength.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Aluminum Alloy Castings, Investment, 7.0Si - 0.32Mg (356.0-T51), Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4261H (Current)8/22/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of investment castings (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Training and Approval of Thermal Processing PersonnelARP1962C (Current)8/22/2025
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes training and approval of personnel performing certain thermal processing and associated operations that could have a material impact on the properties of materials being processed. It also recommends that only approved personnel perform or monitor the functions listed in Table 1.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Aluminum Alloy Castings, Permanent Mold 7.0Si - 0.30Mg (356.0-T6) Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4284L (Current)8/1/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of permanent mold castings (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Cobalt Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Investment Castings 50.5Co - 26Cr - 15Ni - 6.0Mo (Stellite® 30) As-CastAMS5380H (Current)7/22/2025
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant cobalt alloy in the form of investment castings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusion 2.7Cu - 1.8Li - 0.7Zn - 0.3Mn - 0.3Mg - 0.08Zr (2099-T81) Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching 1 to 3% and AgedAMS4459C (Current)7/22/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, and profiles (shapes) from 0.375 to 1.300 inches (9.53 to 33.02 mm) in diameter or thickness, produced with cross-sectional area of 22.5 square inches (145 cm2), maximum, and a circumscribing circle diameter (circle size) of 17.4 inches (44.2 cm), maximum (see 2.4 and 8.8).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Investment Castings 30Fe - 21Cr - 20Ni - 20Co - 3.0Mo - 2.5W - 1.0Cb - 0.15N (N-155) As-CastAMS5376J (Current)7/16/2025
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant iron alloy in the form of investment castings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Investment Castings 47.5Ni - 22Cr - 1.5Co - 9Mo - 0.60W - 18.5Fe (Hastelloy® X) As-CastAMS5390H (Current)7/16/2025
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of investment castings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Beryllium Near-Net Preforms, Standard Grade, Hot Isostatic PressedAMS7908F (Current)7/16/2025
This specification covers beryllium in the form of bar, rod, tubing, and shapes fabricated from beryllium powder consolidated by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) (see 8.5).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet and Strip 18Cr - 8Ni (SAE 301) Cold Rolled, 3/4 Hard, 175 ksi (1207 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS5902E (Current)7/16/2025
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet and strip over 0.005 inch (0.13 mm) in nominal thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate 17Cr - 13Ni - 2.5Mo (316L) Solution Heat TreatedAMS5507J (Current)7/16/2025
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate over 0.005 inch (0.13 mm) in nominal thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel Bars, Forgings and Forging Stock 0.25Mo (0.35 - 0.40C) (SAE 4037) Aircraft QualityAMS6300J (Current)7/16/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Stress Relief of Steel PartsAMS2759/11B (Current)7/16/2025
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for steel heat treatment in AMS2759, establishes requirements for thermal stress-relief treatments of parts manufactured from the following materials: a Carbon and low-alloy steels b Tool steels c Precipitation-hardening, corrosion-resistant, and maraging steels d Austenitic corrosion-resistant steels e Martensitic corrosion-resistant steels
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate 18Cr - 9.0Ni (302) Solution Heat TreatedAMS5516S (Current)7/16/2025
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate 0.002 inch (0.05 mm) and above in nominal thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Brazing, Gold-Nickel Alloy Filler MetalAMS2662A (Current)7/16/2025
This specification covers the engineering requirements for producing brazed joints in parts made of steels, iron alloys, nickel alloys, and cobalt alloys using gold-nickel alloy filler metal.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
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