Browse Topic: Casting

Items (2,625)
ABSTRACT The US Army TARDEC has been researching an alternative to current armor steel that is both tough, and light-weight. The studied alloy is based on the Fe-Mn-Al-C system. This study was conducted to investigate and quantify this alloy’s susceptibility to hot cracking phenomena related to casting and welding. Very little research has been done on general weldability of this alloy system, so the results of these tests will be compared to other high Mn steels, and alloys that have undergone cast pin tear testing. Testing will be conducted utilizing button melting tests, autogenous spot welds, and cast pin tear testing. The cast pin tear testing was conducted to measure this alloys susceptibility to weld solidification cracking. The spot welds were used to quantify the susceptibility of the weld heat affected zone (HAZ) to liquation cracking, as well as to observe the solidification structure of the fusion zone. The testing results showed that the FeMnAl system in its current form
Evans, WilliamRamirez, Antonio J.Sebeck, Katherine
ABSTRACT Today’s combat vehicle designs are largely constrained by traditional manufacturing processes, such as machining, welding, casting, and forging. Recent advancements in 3D-Printing technology offer tremendous potential to provide economical, optimized components by eliminating fundamental process limitations. The ability to re-design suitable components for 3D-printing has potential to significantly reduce cost, weight, and lead-time in a variety of Defense & Aerospace applications. 3D-printing will not completely replace traditional processes, but instead represents a new tool in our toolbox - from both a design and a manufacturing standpoint
Deters, Jason
ABSTRACT Lower cost aluminum silicon carbide (Al-SiC) metal matrix composite (MMC) produced by stir-casting is emerging as an important material in cost effectively improving the reliability of high power electronic devices; e.g. electronic (IGBT) baseplates, thermal spreaders & stiffeners for flip-chip microelectronics, and heat slugs or MCPCB base layers for high brightness LEDs. This paper will review the properties and competitive cost of these new Al-SiC materials as well as the ability to tailor the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the Al-SiC to minimize thermal fatigue on solder joints and reduce component distortion. The impact on the final component cost through the use of conventional forming techniques such as (a) rolling sheet followed by stamping, and, (b) die casting, will be described, as will be the opportunity of eliminating a thermal interface material (TIM) layer by integrating the thermal spreader with the heat sink for high power microelectronic packages
Drake, AllenSchuster, DavidSkibo, Michael
Recent developments in manufacturing techniques and the development of Al7075 metal matrix composites (MMCs) with reinforcements derived from industrial waste have been steadily gaining popularity for aerospace and automobile applications due to their outstanding properties. However, there are still a lot of limitations with these composite materials. A great deal of research has been done to create new Al7075 MMC materials with the use of economic fly ash (FA) that possesses superior mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, density, and cycle cost. This review outlines different synthesis techniques used in the development of Al7075 MMCs using stir casting. Effects of FA along with other reinforcements on the mechanical, wear, machining, and microstructural properties of the composite are also discussed. Finally, a summary of the application of FA-based MMCs and a recap of the previous discoveries and challenges are reported. Future scope and potential areas of application are
Kumar, RandhirMondal, Sharifuddin
This specification covers a cast leaded-tin bronze in the form of sealing rings (see 8.5
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers an aluminum bronze alloy in the form of sand castings (see 8.5
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of sand castings
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification defines the requirements for in-process correction of foundry discontinuities by manual welding of castings
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Ultrahigh-strength steels are traditionally defined as those steels with a minimum yield strength of approximately 1380 MPa. Notable examples of steels in this category include AISI 4130, AISI 4140, and AISI 4340. In many cases, maximizing the performance of these alloys requires a rather complex approach that involves a series of tempering, annealing, or stress-relieving treatments. As a result, they are produced using a variety of traditional processing methods such as casting, rolling, extrusion, or forging. These traditional methods — combined with the ultrahigh strength of the steels — often meant that the production of complex, near-net shape parts of high quality was quite difficult. In addition, these production methods often entailed repetitive treatments or long production cycles, both of which resulted in elevated production costs
This specification establishes nondestructive testing methods, sampling frequency, and acceptance criteria for the inspection of metal castings
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Cast austenitic stainless steels, such as 1.4837Nb, are widely used for turbo housing and exhaust manifolds which are subjected to elevated temperatures. Due to assembly constraints, geometry limitation, and particularly high temperatures, thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) issue is commonly seen in the service of those components. Therefore, it is critical to understand the TMF behavior of the cast steels. In the present study, a series of fatigue tests including isothermal low cycle fatigue tests at elevated temperatures up to 1100°C, in-phase and out-of-phase TMF tests in the temperature ranges 100-800°C and 100-1000°C have been conducted. Both creep and oxidation are active in these conditions, and their contributions to the damage of the steel are discussed
Liu, YiHess, DevinWang, QiguiCoryell, Jason
Inconel 718 is a nickel-rich superalloy that can function in cryogenic to high-temperature applications. It has excellent mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties. This research focuses on developing Cu and Cu–alloy–tungsten disulfide (WS2) tools developed through a stir casting route, and the machining behaviour of Inconel 718 alloy in the EDM Process is investigated. The influence of output responses of Removal rate of material (RRM), surface roughness (SR), and tool wear loss rate (TWR) on input constraints pulse time-on, peak discharge current, and type of tool. The optimal parameters are studied with the aid of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) combination, in response to maximize and decrease the RRM, TWR, and SR, respectively. It is found that using the Cu-WS2 tool provides an optimum finding with a peak discharge current of 18 Amps, and pulse on time of 8 μs yields the best value for RRM, TWR, and SR. In addition, a three-dimensional
Dinesh, D.Sangaravadivel, P.Jeevith, R.Kishore, M.Deepith, N.Srikanth, M.
Employing the stir casting process, a unique hybrid composites were fabricated, using A356 as the matrix and reinforced with ZrSiO4 and TiB2 particulates. The produced specimens were initially in their as-cast state. Following that, the reinforcement particle concentrations were changed 2 and 4 weight percentages (wt%) of ZrSiO4 and keeping a constant 6 wt% of TiB2. Three samples were exposed to dry sliding conditions at room temperature using a tribometer. Two applied loads of magnitude 10N and 50N and a sliding velocity of 1m/s and 2m/s were selected as testing parameters. After measuring the wear rate (WR) and the coefficient of friction (COF), the worn-out pin surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the study indicated that, under different sliding parametric conditions, the hybrid composite sample with a weight percentage of A356, specifically with 4% ZrSiO4 and 6% TiB2, displayed a minimal WR and a higher COF compared with the remaining
Raghul, K.S.Kaviyarasan, K.Vinayagamoorthi, M.A.Velmurugan, Santhosh
The study will involve conducting analyses on microstructures consisting of 40% aluminium and 10% nickel, with variations in the rate of hardening. The aluminium and nickel, both of commercial grade, were subjected to a crucible furnace where they were heated to a temperature of 1600 degrees Celsius until they reached a molten state. The utilization of permanent moulds was necessary for casting the metal at temperatures of 20, 60, and 100 degrees Celsius. In order to document the freezing curvature of the castings, a centralized data collection technique was implemented. The microstructure and mechanical properties of this alloy were examined by researchers. The rate of solidification was observed to increase and the duration of the process was observed to decrease as the temperature of the mould was reduced. The microstructure has been modified due to disparities in solidification rates. An increase in the rate of solidification leads to a reduction in the spacing between secondary
Srinivasan, V.P.Selvarajan, L.Balu Mahandiran, S.Venkataramanan, K.Sasikumar, R.Shanthi, C.
The present investigation pertains to effect of different levels of modifiers (Na) in the Al-11.1Si hypo-eutectic alloy casting process. The investigation deals with the porosity analysis of the hypo-eutectic Al-Si alloy casting with varying master alloy, composition and holding time. The modifiers used for the investigation is sodium. Four levels of compositions addition of modifier as sodium is selected for the casting process which are 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.09%, &0.12%. The holding times selected for each composition are 10min, 20min and 30min respectively. The introduction sodium to an Al-Si alloy results in a complete transformation of Si particles, changing them from coarse plates to fine fibres, irrespective of the cooling conditions. The reduction in eutectic growth temperature due to sodium addition was consistently associated with the degree of modification, regardless of the initial microstructure coarseness. Employing modification treatment significantly enhances elongation to
Manivannan, S.Daniel Das, A.Suresh Balaji, R.Marimuthu, S.
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of investment castings
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Aluminum casting parts generally have inherent internal defects such as porosity which lowers the fatigue strength of such castings. Accounting for such a fatigue strength reduction for Aluminum casted parts is the primary purpose of this paper. Authors have used Murakami et al [1] approach to calculate porosity correction factor for fatigue. The actual material S-N curve is modified using fatigue factors to account for the fatigue strength reduction due to presence of porosity. This approach was then validated on one of the fatigue failure cases on Aluminum casted housing. There was a close match between the test data and proposed approach for fatigue prediction. With this approach, engineers will be able to do fatigue predictions in presence of material defects like porosity with simple porosity correction factor, rather than using complex modeling of porosity in FEA or using detailed fracture mechanics methods. Engineers can also be able to provide acceptable levels of porosity in
Kumar, RohitGawture, Majnoo M
Light weight and Robust manufacturing technologies are always needed for transformation drive in the Automotive industry for the next-generation vehicles with greater Power to weight ratio. Innovations and process developments in materials and manufacturing processes are key to this light weighting transformation. Aluminium material has been widely used for these light weighting opportunities. However, aluminum joining techniques, characterized by their poor quality and consistency are limiting this transformation. This technical paper represents one of such case, where the part is made up of Aluminium through conventional casting route which has affected the laser weld quality due to poor casting soundness. This experiment explains in detail about the importance of Casting soundness for laser weld quality, weld penetration, strength etc., and the Product consistency. Casting soundness improvement explored with the support of Ingot quality, Die design, Gating design & Size, Overflow
Umasankar, MaiyarasanVenugopal, SivakumarGopalan, Vijaysankar
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of investment castings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sand or centrifugal castings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant steel in the form of investment castings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant steel in the form of investment castings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant steel in the form of investment castings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant steel in the form of investment castings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Fuel-efficient motorcycles are essential for energy conservation and environmental load reduction. To achieve low fuel consumption, reducing the weight of the body parts of the motorcycle is important. This study focuses on reducing the weight of the swingarms, a relatively heavy body part. However, reducing the weight of swingarms is challenging owing to the low flexibility in their shape because swingarms are conventionally made of multiple pipes and casting parts welded together. Therefore, we utilized the integral casting technology and examined a new light weight shape. However, creating a new shape manually is difficult. Thus, we examined a new shape using the shape optimization technology, which has been recently used in additive manufacturing. The shapes fabricated using this technology are generally complex and difficult to manufacture by casting. Therefore, we adjusted optimization condition with casting. We derived a new shape which can not only be casted but also has good
Yamamoto, KodaiIto, TakafumiWatanabe, KentaroHosokawa, ShoheiNagasaka, KazuyaEndo, YudaiYoshihiro, MasudaImamura, YusukeMaeda, Fujio
This specification covers titanium Ti 6Al-4V alloy in the form of investment castings
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice pertains to blast cleaning and shot peening and provides for standard cast shot and grit size numbers. For shot, this number corresponds with the opening of the nominal test sieve, in ten thousandths of inches1, preceded by an S. For grit, this number corresponds with the sieve designation of the nominal test sieve with the prefix G added. These sieves are in accordance with ASTM E11. The accompanying shot and grit classifications and size designations were formulated by representatives of shot and grit suppliers, equipment manufacturers, and automotive users
Surface Enhancement Committee
Casting is unique manufacturing processes for variety of reasons. Perhaps the most important reason is, it can produce complex components in any metal and weight ranging from grams to several tons. It is age old technology used to produce complex shapes and for mass production. The defects produced specifically inside the component, during casting process are difficult to identify. These defects in turn become cause of component failure in operating condition. FEA tools gives better understanding of process and can predict any defect produced in the casting process. It also helps to optimize entire process. Thus, use of software are becoming necessity in the industry to avoid rejections / last minute surprise. This paper describes use of simulation to predict casting defects accurately in existing casting component. This provides in depth understanding of existing casting process. With understanding of existing process defects, suitable modifications in the casting design and process
Kumbhar, AbhijitGosavi, SanjayPawar MD, Anil
The automotive industry is facing a challenge as efficiency improvements are required to address the strict emission norms which in turn requires high performance downsized, lightweight IC engines. The increasing demand for lightweight engine needs high strength to weight ratio materials. To meet high strength to weight ratio, castings are preferable. However due to strength limitations for critical crankshaft applications, it forces to use costly forgings such as micro alloyed forging steel and Martensitic (after heat treatment) forging steel. To reduce the cost impact, high strength Austempered Ductile iron (ADI) casting is developed for crankshaft applications to substitute steel forgings. Austempered Ductile Iron is having an excellent mechanical properties due to aus-ferritic structure. The improved properties of developed ADI Crankshaft over steel forged crankshaft offers additional weight advantage. The ADI Crankshaft was subjected to rig test and meets the fatigue and
Yerra, UmamaheswaraGopal, ManishKolhe, Vivek MPalkar, VishalKumbhar, Dipak
In today’s Automotive world, there is NO need to advocate “Light weighting”. Government policies for carbon footprint reduction combined with high safety standards are driving OEMs to adopt advanced manufacturing technologies. Steel hot forming is selected as most preferred way to reduce weight as it is easy to adopt and commercially known. It had many advantages compare to conventional cold stamping of standard and high tensile steel. The process consists of heating blank to nearly 1000 °C and quenching it in tool to for martensitic structure. Higher strength up to 2000 MPa can be achieved by this process. There are many examples where part weight is reduced by 15 to 20 % by this method. But Steel hot forming has limitation as specific density of steel is still high. Thus, there is limitation to its weight reduction capability. For further reduction, OEMs have started exploring Aluminium hot forming. This process, similar to steel hot forming improves hardness of the part by series of
NIRGUDKAR, SACHIN SURESHMelotti PhD, Federico
This specification covers steel cleanliness requirements in inch/pound units for aircraft-quality, ferromagnetic, hardenable, corrosion-resistant steels as determined by magnetic particle inspection methods. This specification contains sampling, specimen preparation, and inspection procedures and cleanliness rating criteria (see 8.2
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the forms of investment castings having four grades of permissible discontinuities
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant, vacuum melted, nickel alloy in the form of investment castings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant, air-melted, nickel alloy in the form of investment castings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Light weight technologies are inevitable in the automotive industry to increase fuel efficiency and meet emission norms. An engine cylinder block is one of the major elements contributing approximately 3-4 % of the automobile weight. Aluminum cylinder block with cast-in liner is almost 40-55 % lighter than a conventional cast iron block [1] and hence the manufacturing processes and challenges associated with them are of high interest. A heterogeneous cast-in liner of gray cast iron in cast aluminum offers a low cost option, but the mechanical bond created between the liner and aluminum interface is prone to gap formation which affects the engine in terms of in-effective heat transfer, distortion and higher blow-by, and thereby high oil consumption & higher emissions. This study aims at reducing this interface bonding gap by in-depth study of critical process parameters involved in manufacturing of cylinder blocks. The study involved a single cylinder petrol engine block manufactured
D, BalachandarNataraj, Naveenkumar
A driveline differential gear housing or diff-case is the heaviest component of a driveline that rotates at high velocities. core shift during diff-case casting is a major source of imbalance as casting cores can never be placed at the exact intended location. Core shift in the present case is defined as combination of pure translation along the parting plane and tilting about two orthogonal axes. Given the ranges of variation of these shift parameters, large numbers of random sampling of these variations are generated through Monte Carlo method where normal distribution of each of the core shift parameters is assumed. Static unbalance values of the diff-case from each of the instances of core shift is calculated using Boolean operation in MSC Adams View and a nonlinear data set is created. Next, a statistical model is created based on a neutral network-based fitting method to appropriately represent the set. The validity of the model is checked based on specific core shift cases to
Chowdhury, SanjibRavuri, SusheelRoy, NantuMehta, Yogesh
This specification covers requirements and recommendations for the heat treatment of wrought aluminum alloy raw materials (see 2.2.1) by producers. It supersedes AMS-H-6088 and replaces MIL-H-6088
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Process simulation has a growing role in the casting industry, considered as an essential tool by most foundries that aim to develop systems that deliver quality parts, with the highest possible yield and lowest scrap rate. The challenges of performing casting simulation as part of tool construction projects for permanent molds are presented here. Real schedules from tooling companies are analyzed and their bottlenecks are explored. Using the concepts of agile project management and the Scrum framework applied to a cast part, it was possible to verify that integration between tool construction and simulation can increase quality and robustness with no impact to product development time
de Sá, Diogo AlvesWillian Gomes, CleberPaulieli Colossetti, AdrianeSchmidt, JoernRodolfo Abraham, Emerson
A gigantic furnace slowly started spinning underneath the stands of Arizona Stadium at the University of Arizona in March 2021. Fire-engine red, massive in size and resembling a sci-fi version of a Dutch oven, the furnace is the only one of its kind, and its sole purpose is to produce the world’s biggest and most advanced telescope mirrors
This specification covers a corrosion and moderate heat-resistant steel in the form of investment castings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion resistant steel in the form of investment castings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion resistant steel in the form of investment castings
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended to document and provide access to information obtained by an industry survey. It summarizes and documents data regarding possible alternatives to the use of cadmium plating on general connectors and connector accessories typically used in aerospace and military defense electrical interconnect systems
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Blast cleaning may be defined as a mechanical pre-treatment process in which a suitable stream of solid particles is propelled with sufficient velocity against a work surface to cause a cleaning or abrading action when it comes in contact with the workpiece. Blast cleaning may be employed for a variety of purposes. It is a well-established method for removing sand from castings and burrs or scale from forgings, mill products, or heat treated parts; to promote machinability; and to minimize the possibility of interference in actual operation. In addition to this use, blast cleaning also produces a suitable surface for downstream industrial coatings. All these objectives are often accomplished in the one operation. As a general understanding, this document pertains to blast cleaning only. Any reference to shot peening or other processes is only to explain a context or concept related to blast cleaning. Processes prior to and/or after blast cleaning are entirely possible, but they do not
Surface Enhancement Committee
This specification covers a zinc alloy in the form of die castings
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
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