Browse Topic: Hardening

Items (901)

Effect of Hardening and Tempering Temperatures on the Mechanical Behavior of Alloy Steel

2025-28-0027To be published on 02/07/2025

Alloy steel possesses high strength, hardenability, fatigue strength, and good impact toughness. It is widely used for making various machine parts, automobile components, shafts, gears, connecting rods, and more. Hardening and tempering develop the optimum combination of hardness, strength, and toughness in engineering steel, thereby providing components with high mechanical properties. Hardening and tempering temperatures are crucial factors that affect the mechanical and metallurgical properties of 42Cr4Mo steel. In this research work, 42Cr4Mo alloy steel samples were subjected to hardening and tempering processes. The hardening temperatures were set at 830°C, 850°C, and 870°C, while the tempering temperatures were maintained at 590°C and 650°C. The test results show that hardening at 830°C and tempering at 590°C achieve high strength, which decreases as the temperature increases. Different hardening temperatures and constant tempering temperatures will be optimized to achieve the

Murugesan, Venkatasudhahar, Ganesan, Dharmalingam, Tarigonda, Hariprasad

Compositional Sensitivity of High Mn, High Al Lightweight Steels

2024-01-3815

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT The family of lightweight high Mn, high Al steels (FeMnAl) exhibit lower density (6.5-7.2 g/cm3) than traditional military steels (7.9 g/cm3). These alloys are precipitation hardened, with κ-carbide dominating hardening performance. This carbide has an E21 perovskite structure with a nominal composition of (Fe,Mn)3AlC. In the literature, a number of studies have examined the sensitivity of mechanical properties to changing a single element in the composition. However, the covariance of the major elements has not been systematically explored. In this study, a series of small ingots were prepared according to a two-factor design of experiments, in addition to analysis of previously generated compositions. Methods of measuring alloy composition will be discussed, along with aging kinetics and key mechanical properties. Citation: K. Sebeck, I. Toppler, K. Limmer, D. Field, D. Wagner, A. Gafner, “Compositional Sensitivity of High Mn, High Al Steels”, In Proceedings of the Ground

Sebeck, Katherine, Toppler, Ian, Limmer, Krista, Field, Daniel, Wagner, Daniel, Gafner, Alyssa

Steel, Extra High Toughness, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions 13Cr - 8.0Ni - 2.2Mo - 1.1Al Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Melted, Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardened (H1050

AMS5934/H1050 (Current)10/01/2024

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product in the solution and precipitation heat-treated (H1050) condition, 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or, for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel, Extra High Toughness, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions, 13Cr - 8.0Ni - 2.2Mo - 1.1Al Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Melted, Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardened (H950

AMS5934/H950 (Current)08/27/2024

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product in the solution and precipitation heat-treated (H950) condition, 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or, for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

AMS5934/H1025 (Current)08/27/2024

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product in the solution and precipitation heat-treated (H1025) condition, 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or, for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel, Extra High Toughness, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions 13Cr - 8.0Ni - 2.2Mo - 1.1Al Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Melted Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardened (H1150

AMS5934/H1150 (Current)08/27/2024

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product in the solution and precipitation heat-treated (H1150) condition, 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or, for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

AMS5934/H1100 (Current)08/27/2024

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product in the solution and precipitation heat-treated (H1100) condition, 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or, for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides. The aged product may be supplied directly by a producer or by another entity performing the functions of a producer as defined in AS6279. The latter can be accomplished by precipitation heat treatment of solution treated material previously certified to AMS5934. The entity assuming responsibility for the aging operation is designated the producer of AMS5934/H1100

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

AMS5934/H1000A (Current)08/19/2024

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product in the solution and precipitation heat treated (H1000) condition, 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or, for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Minimization of High Temperature Oxidation, Aluminum Alloy Heat Treatment

ARP7500 (Current)

07/03/2024

This recommended practice provides recommendations for minimizing high temperature oxidation (HTO) during the heat treatment of aluminum alloy products and parts. HTO leads to deterioration of properties

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, 2.5Mg - 0.25Cr (5052-H32), Strain Hardened, Quarter-Hard, and Stabilized

AMS4016N (Current)

04/25/2024

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.017 to 2.000 inches (0.43 to 50.80 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.6

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Comparison of Bake Hardening Effects on AHSSs and Extruded Aluminum Alloys Applied in BEV Reinforcement Structures

2024-01-2240

04/09/2024

At the dawn of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), protection of automotive battery systems as well as passengers, especially from severe side impact, has become one of the latest and most challenging topics in the BEV crashworthiness designs. Accordingly, two material-selection concepts are being justified by the automotive industry: either heavy-gauge extruded aluminum alloys or light-gauge advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs) shall be the optimal materials to fabricate the reinforcement structures to satisfy both the safety and lightweight requirements. In the meantime, such a justification also motivated an ongoing C-STARTM (Cliffs Steel Tube as Reinforcement) Protection project, in which a series of modularized steel tube assemblies, were demonstrated to be more cost-efficient, sustainable, design-flexible, and manufacturable than the equivalent extruded aluminum alloy beams as BEV reinforcement structures. Tangent to this comparative study, the present work shed some light on the

Hu, Jun, Sun, Yeting, Yu, Miao, Wang, Yu-Wei, Thomas, Grant

Induction Hardening of Steel Parts

AMS2745B (Current)

03/12/2024

This specification defines the requirements for locally hardening steel parts by the induction hardening method

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Methods of Determining Hardenability of Steels

J406_202402 (Current)

02/23/2024

This SAE Standard prescribes the procedure for making hardenability tests and recording results on shallow and medium hardening steels, but not deep hardening steels that will normally air harden. Included are procedures using the 25 mm (1 in) standard hardenability end-quench specimen for both medium and shallow hardening steels and subsize method for bars less than 32 mm (1-1/4 in) in diameter. Methods for determining case hardenability of carburized steels are given in SAE J1975. Any hardenability test made under other conditions than those given in this document will not be deemed standard and will be subject to agreement between supplier and user. Whenever check tests are made, all laboratories concerned must arrange to use the same alternate procedure with reference to test specimen and method of grinding for hardness testing. For routine testing of the hardenability of successive heats of steel required to have hardenability within certain limits, it is sufficient to designate

Metals Technical Committee

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Will 2024 Be the Year for AV Commercialization

1343502/09/2024

The commercialization of autonomous vehicles requires proficiency across many domains: engineering, product development, logistics, public policy, and more. But no matter the area of expertise, one theme is constant: safety must come first. But how do you measure AV safety in a tangible and transparent way? Just ask Aurora. As the company approaches their first commercial AV trial run from Dallas to Houston, they are laser focused on achieving their Aurora Driver Ready milestone by validating software, hardening hardware, and closing the Aurora Driver Safety Case, an industry first. At the recent Government/Industry Meeting in Washington, DC, we sat down in-person with Nat Beuse, Chief Safety Officer and member of the US Department of Transportation's Transforming Transportation Advisory Committee, to discuss Aurora's approach to AV safety and why scaling AVs will be a tremendous benefit to society

Hineman, Marcie

Steel, Bars and Forgings and Forging Stock, Nitriding, 1.6Cr - 0.35Mo - 1.1Al (0.38 - 0.43C) (135 Mod), Aircraft Quality, Hardened and Tempered, 112 ksi (772 MPa) Tensile Strength

AMS6472H (Current)

12/26/2023

This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of heat-treated bars and forgings, and of forging stock

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

A Comparative Analysis on Corrosion Behavior on Precipitation Hardened Stainless Steel Weldments for Car Parts

2023-28-0149

11/10/2023

Precipitation Hardened Stainless Steel (PHSS) is one of the martensitic steels that possess exceptional strength and corrosion resistance. Because of its characteristics, this PHSS is exclusively adopted in numerous engineering uses such as nuclear, chemical and marine industries. Welding is one of the important methods of joining that helps to make weldments with better performance characteristics. Corrosion behaviour is one of the important characteristics that contribute hugely to marine and other corrosion-related environments and also this is the most common problem for most of the manufacturing industries. The goal of this study was to analyze the PHSS weldments’ corrosive behavior and compare it with that of the two commonly used welding processes, namely MIG and TIG. The corrosive properties of the weldments were evaluated using various mediums, such as nitric acid, ferric chloride, and Oxalic acid. The weight loss procedure was utilized to calculate the PHSS weldments

D, Palanisamy, A, Gnanarathinam, Pasupuleti, Thejasree, Natarajan, Manikandan, Kiruthika, Jothi, Polanki, Vamsinath

Steel Bars 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 to 0.33C) (SAE 4130) Aircraft Quality Hardened and Tempered, 125 ksi (862 MPa) Tensile Strength

AMS6346D (Current)

10/16/2023

This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of heat-treated bars 1.50 inches (38.1 mm) and less in diameter or least distance between parallel sides

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Effect of Varying Levels of Work Hardening and Bake Hardening on the Mechanical Properties of Dual Phase Steels

2023-28-1331

05/25/2023

In most cases, the properties of a metal are evaluated in their as rolled condition, prior to any work hardening or bake hardening. But in the Automotive World, these steels get work hardened during the forming process and bake hardened in the paint shop. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the variations in the performance of Dual Phase (DP) steels and understand the most optimized method of testing and property generation. This method can then be used to extrapolate to real automotive components. Dual Phase Steels or DP Steels contain a mixture of Ferrite & Martensite from which they derive their name. They are a part of the advanced high strength and ultra-high strength steels steel family according to World Auto Steels. The Ferrite phase, with its iron content contributes to the material displaying an increased level of ductility whilst, the martensitic phase provides the steel with increased mechanical strength. These two properties together enable the steel to be highly

Vegi, Nischay, Ragothaman, Balakrishnan

Development and Performance Studies of a Lightweight AA6061/Ti Particulate Surface Composite through Friction Stir Processing

2023-28-1303

05/25/2023

Surface engineering is becoming increasingly crucial for several automotive and aerospace components that involve intense surface interactions. Friction stir processing (FSP) has emerged as an effective surface modification and hardening technique in recent days. The technique also allows the incorporation of reinforcement into the modified surface to enhance the strength and hardness further. This work applied FSP to develop a pure Ti particulate reinforced AA6061 metal matrix composite (MMC). Six different strategies were adapted (in the form of micro grooves, micro drills on the surface) to effectively infuse reinforcement on the alloy surface. Microstructural changes before and after FSP were studied using SEM and EBSD. Other tests such as post-mortem EDS, XRD, hardness, and compression were also done to examine the performance of developed composite. Microstructural lineaments revealed a more uniform dispersion of reinforcement particles in the matrix when the particles were

Hussain, Ilyas, Immanuel, Jose

Methods of Measuring Case Depth

J423_202305 (Current)

05/22/2023

Case hardening may be defined as a process for hardening a ferrous material in such a manner that the surface layer, known as the case, is substantially harder than the remaining material, known as the core. The process embraces carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, cyaniding, induction, and flame hardening. In every instance, chemical composition, mechanical properties, or both are affected by such practice. This testing procedure describes various methods for measuring the depth to which change has been made in either chemical composition or mechanical properties. Each procedure has its own area of application established through proved practice, and no single method is advocated for all purposes. Methods employed for determining the depth of case are either chemical, mechanical, or visual, and the specimens or parts may be subjected to the described test either in the soft or hardened condition. The measured case depth may then be reported as either effective or total case depth

Metals Technical Committee

Prediction of Surface Finish on Hardened Bearing Steel Machined by Ceramic Cutting Tool

05-16-03-0021

05/17/2023

Prediction of the surface finish of hardened bearing steels was estimated in machining with ceramic uncoated cutting tools under various process parameters using two statistical approaches. A second-order (quadratic) regression model (MQR, multiple quantile regression) for the surface finish was developed and then compared with the artificial neural network (ANN) method based on the coefficient determination (R 2), root mean square error (RMSE), and percentage error (PE). The experimental results exhibited that cutting speed was the dominant parameter, but feed rate and depth of cut were insignificant in terms of the Pareto chart and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum surface finish in machining bearing steel was achieved at 100 m/min speed, 0.1 mm/revolution (rev) feed rate, and 0.6 mm depth of cut. In addition, the ANN model revealed a better performance than that of MQR for predicting the surface finish when machining the hardened bearing steels because R 2 was about 0.787

Şahin, Yusuf

Design of a Test Geometry to Characterize Sheared Edge Fracture in a Uniaxial Bending Mode

2023-01-0730

04/11/2023

The characterization of sheet metals under in-plane uniaxial bending is challenging due to the aspect ratios involved that can cause buckling. Anti-buckling plates can be employed but require compensation for contact pressure and friction effects. Recently, a novel in-plane bending fixture was developed to allow for unconstrained sample rotation that does not require an anti-buckling device. The objective of the present study is to design the sample geometry for sheared edge fracture characterization under in-plane bending along with a methodology to resolve the strains exactly at the edge. A series of virtual experiments were conducted for a 1.0 mm thick model material with different hardening rates to identify the influence of gage section length, height, and the radius of the transition region on the bend ratio and potential for buckling. Two specimen geometries are proposed with one suited for constitutive characterization and the other for sheared edge fracture. It is shown that

Narayanan, Advaith, Butcher, Cliff

Effect of Pre-Strain and Baking Temperature on Bake-Hardening Behaviour of BH220 Steel

2023-01-0078

04/11/2023

Light weighting has been one of major driver in automotive industry for few decades. Today when automobile industry is in the transition from internal combustion engine to electric vehicles it becomes even more dominant driver. Many high strength or advanced high strength steels are used in different parts of automotive body for down-gauging and light weighting. BH 220 steel is used in automotive skin panels for its bake hardening property. BH220 provides excellent combination of formability during stamping process and dent resistance in skin panel parts post painting and baking cycle. This material uses CED oven temperature for baking and provide bake hardening effect (BH effect/BH Index) in parts due to increase in yield strength by 35-70 MPa. Current national and international standards specify requirement on BH Index at 170°C for 20 minutes with 2% pre-strain. In order to optimize paint shop CED oven baking temperature, study carried out to know baking temperature effect on BH

Jain, Vikas, Misal, Swapnali, Paliwal, Lokesh, Sathaye, Asmita

Shot Peening Coverage Determination

J2277_202301 (Current)

01/13/2023

This SAE Recommended Practice provides procedures for determining shot peening coverage and relating coverage to part exposure to the media stream. Effectiveness of shot peening is directly dependent on coverage. Inadequate or excessive coverage can be detrimental to fatigue strength and component life

Surface Enhancement Committee

Steel, Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.75Cr - 9.0Ni - 4.5Co - 1.0Mo - 0.09V (0.17 - 0.23C) Vacuum Consumable Electrode Melted, Annealed

AMS6523J (Current)

11/02/2022

This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions 15Cr - 4.5Ni - 0.30Cb (Nb) - 3.5Cu Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated (H900

AMS5659/H900 (Historical)09/14/2022

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness or, for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides, and having a maximum cross-sectional area of 144 in2 (930 cm2) in the solution and precipitation heat treated (H900) condition

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions 15Cr - 4.5Ni - 0.30Cb (Nb) - 3.5Cu Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated (H925

AMS5659/H925 (Historical)09/14/2022

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness or, for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides, and having a maximum cross-sectional area of 144 square inches (93 cm2) in the solution and precipitation heat treated (H925) condition

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions 15Cr - 4.5Ni - 0.30Cb (Nb) - 3.5Cu Consumable Remelted, Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated (H1025

AMS5659/H1025C (Current)09/14/2022

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness or for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides, and having a maximum cross sectional area of 144 square inches (930 cm2) in the solution and precipitation heat treated (H1025) condition

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions 15Cr - 4.5Ni - 0.30Cb (Nb) - 3.5Cu Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated (H1150

AMS5659/H1150 (Current)09/14/2022

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness or for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides, and having a maximum cross-sectional area of 144 square inches (930 cm2) in the solution and precipitation heat treated (H1150) condition

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions 15Cr - 4.5Ni - 0.30Cb (Nb) - 3.5Cu Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated (H1100

AMS5659/H1100 (Current)09/14/2022

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness or for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides, and having a maximum cross-sectional area of 144 square inches (930 cm2) in the solution and precipitation heat treated (H1100) condition

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions 15Cr - 4.5Ni - 0.30Cb (Nb) - 3.5Cu Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated (H1075

AMS5659/H1075 (Current)09/14/2022

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness or for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides, and having a maximum cross-sectional area of 144 square inches (930 cm2) in the solution and precipitation heat treated (H1075) condition

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Induction Hardening of Steel Parts

AMS2745A (Historical)

06/05/2022

This specification defines the requirements for locally hardening steel parts by the induction hardening method

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Steel, Investment Castings 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.25 - 0.35C) (4130 Mod) Normalized or Normalized and Tempered

AMS5336J (Current)

06/05/2022

This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of investment castings

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Steel, Investment Castings 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.11 - 0.17C) (SAE 8615) Normalized

AMS5333G (Current)

06/05/2022

This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of investment castings

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Steel, Investment Castings 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.35 - 0.45C) (4140 Mod) Normalized or Normalized and Tempered

AMS5338H (Current)

06/03/2022

This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of investment castings

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Nonlinear Finite Element Calculation of Cold Gas Inflator Housing Ultimate Breakage Load

2022-01-0766

03/29/2022

For cold gas Inflator, high refinement of ultimate pressure load forecast of inflator housing is one key of Inflator development. For inflator housing hydro-burst test ultimate load calculation, nonlinear finite element software for high precision results. At beginning, the material parameters of inflator housing for simulation is correlated. The FEA material model adopts the stress-strain data from uniaxial tensile experiments. Considering the geometrical nonlinearity resulting from large deformation as well as material nonlinearity from plastic hardening, the whole tensile process from tensile deformation to failure of the specimen is simulated. Numerical results show that the simulation is appropriate to predict the entire deformation process, and simulation results of ultimate tensile load, X-shape distribution of concentrated instability zone, the fracture location and inclined angle all agrees with that of test results. After finishing the correlation of uniaxial tensile test and

Shan, Jinhui, Wang, Cheng, Xue, Lele

Thermomechanical Behavior of an Automotive Exhaust Aftertreatment Application

2022-01-0277

03/29/2022

An aftertreatment system is the back-end component of an automotive exhaust system, used mainly to reduce pollutant emissions. This system is exposed to high thermal loads which can exceed temperatures of 900 oC, usually they operate at temperatures under 600 oC - 700 oC, depending on the engine application. The durability assessment of a system under thermomechanical loads can be challenging due to the complexity of the technical problem, which involves complex material behavior at high temperatures and results in high thermomechanical strains and stresses. This study presents a computational approach for the lifetime assessment of an exhaust aftertreatment system subjected to thermomechanical loading. The method is composed of a fluid flow analysis to compute the temperature fields which are mapped to a mechanical analysis combined with a nonlinear elasto-viscoplastic material behavior. Lastly, the lifetime of the overall assembly is assessed through a fatigue analysis. The elasto

Serban, Alexandru

An Experimental and Simulation of Active Control of Springback Effects in Deep Drawing Processes

2022-01-0240

03/29/2022

During deep drawing processes, the metal blank is radially drawn by mechanical action of the punch forcing the metal into a forming die. As a result, the workpiece goes through some work hardening where some residual energy is released in final stage which results in further deformation of the part (so called “springback”). This research paper is focused on development of a real-time control strategy to reduce springback effects in deep drawing. It reports on the results of the experimental study of springback in drawing and the parameters involved. In this regard, an experimental setup is designed and developed that is used for design of experiment study and simulation validation of the process. Design of experiment technique is utilized to systematically analyze the effects of the process parameters and their relative contribution in springback phenomenon. It is also used to validate process simulation model utilized to study performance of a control strategy developed to reduce

Said, Ramzi, Mehrabi, Mostafa

A Comparative Study on Fatigue Damage of Caldie™ from Different Manufacturing Routes

2022-01-0245

03/29/2022

In automotive body manufacturing the dies for blanking/trimming/piercing are under most severe loading condition involving high contact stress at high impact loading and large number of cycles. With continuous increase in sheet metal strength, the trim die service life becomes a great concern for industries. In this study, competing trim die manufacturing routes were compared, including die raw materials produced by hot-working (wrought) vs. casting, edge-welding (as repaired condition) vs. bulk base metals (representing new tools), and the heat treatment method by induction hardening vs. furnace through-heating. CaldieTM, a Uddeholm trademarked grade was used as trim die material. The mechanical tests are performed using a WSU developed trimming simulator, with fatigue loading applied at cubic die specimen’s cutting edges through a tungsten carbide rod to accelerate the trim edge damage. The tests are periodically interrupted at specified cycles for measurement of die edge damage. The

Lu, Pengyan, Chen, Xingyu, Yang, Qingyu, Wu, Xin, Miller, Patricia

Local Thermomechanical Processing for Improving Formability of High Strength Aluminum Sheets

2022-01-0244

03/29/2022

Limited room temperature formability hinders the wide-spread use of high strength aluminum alloys in body parts. Forming at warm temperatures or from softer tempers are the current solutions. In this work, our approach is to start with age-hardened sheets from 7xxx and 6xxx family of alloys and improve their formability using local thermomechanical processing only in the regions demanding highest ductility in the forming processes. We achieved local formability improvements with friction stir processing and introduce another process named roller bending-unbending as a concept and showed its feasibility through finite element simulations. Initial results from FSP indicated significant deformation in the processed zones with minimal sheet distortion. FSP also resulted in dynamically recrystallized, fine grained (d < 5 μm) microstructures in the processed regions with textures significantly different from the base material. This resulted in formability improvements of > 30% in 7085-T76

Nasim, Wahaz, Das, Hrishikesh, Kulkarni, Shank, Rohatgi, Aashish, Herling, Darrell, Grant, Glenn, Upadhyay, Piyush, Efe, Mert

Steel, Corrosion Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing and Rings 16Cr - 4.0Ni - 0.30Cb (Nb) - 4.0Cu Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated (H1025

AMS5643/H1025B (Current)

01/20/2022

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product 8 inches (203 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness or for hexagons least distance between parallel sides, and having a maximum cross-sectional area of 64 in2 (413 cm2) in the solution and precipitation heat treated (H1025) condition

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel, Corrosion Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Rings 16Cr - 4.0Ni - 0.30Cb (Nb) - 4.0Cu Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated (H1150

AMS5643/H1150A (Current)

01/20/2022

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product 8 inches (203 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness or for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides, and having a maximum cross-sectional area of 64 in2 (413 cm2) in the solution and precipitation heat treated (H1150) condition

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Rings 16Cr - 4.0Ni - 0.30Cb (Nb) - 4.0Cu Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated (H1100

AMS5643/H1100A (Current)

01/14/2022

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product 8 inches (203 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness or for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides, and having a maximum cross-sectional area of 64 square inches (413 cm2) in the solution and precipitation heat treated (H1100) condition

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

WASHER, FLAT - AMS6350

AS9320C (Current)

12/16/2021

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

High-Pressure Soft Lithography for Microtopographical Patterning of Molded Polymers and Composites

TBMG-39575

08/01/2021

NASA Langley developed a method to apply soft lithography to mold microscale structures into the surface of polymer and composite parts. This technology provides an efficient means to fabricate microtopographical surface patterns or features. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), or similar elastomer, would incorporate a master pattern, which acts as a mold through which liquid resin material flows and hardens to create a rigid, inverse replica of the mold specific to its intended surface applications

Cast Aluminum Alloy Composite 4.6Cu - 3.4Ti - 1.4B - 0.75Ag - 0.27Mg (205.0/TiB2/3p-T7P) Investment Cast, Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4471B (Current)

04/22/2021

This specification covers a dilute aluminum/TiB2 metal matrix composite in the form of investment castings

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

A Numeric Study of the Strength for the Riveted Plates during the Riveting Operation

2021-01-0353

04/06/2021

Using rivets to join the metal parts has always been commonplace, not only in aerospace but also in automotive industries. In order to have a rivet joint work properly upon assembly, It is a common practice that the rivet shank has to be radially expanded and fit tightly with the holes of the jointed components, under a great amount of pressing loads on it. When the stiffness around these holes is insufficient due probably to the design limitation, the deformation may be severe enough to induce high stresses on them. It is very beneficial to use numeric methods to simulate the riveting process and predict whether a rivet joint will be sustainable in the manufacturing process. In this work, analyzed is a specific type of riveted assembly in which its rivet hole is at the close proximity to the edge of plate. In addition, the material characteristics for the riveted plates with case hardening are accounted for by modeling them as bi-layered structures. The primary interests of this study

Yang, Zane

Strain Amount and Strain Path Effects on Instrumented Charpy Toughness of Baked Third Generation Advanced High Strength Steels

2021-01-0266

04/06/2021

Third generation advanced high strength steels (AHSS) that rely on the transformation of austenite to martensite have gained growing interest for implementation into vehicle architectures. Previous studies have identified a dependency of the rate of austenite decomposition on the amount of strain and the associated strain path imposed on the sheet. The rate and amount of austenite transformation can impact the work hardening behavior and tensile properties. However, a deeper understanding of the impact on toughness, and thus crash performance, is not fully developed. In this study, the strain path and strain amounts were systematically controlled to understand the associated correlation to impact toughness in the end application condition (strained and baked). Impact toughness was evaluated using an instrumented Charpy machine with a single sheet v-notch sample configuration. The instrumented striker provides a load - displacement curve as well as a total impact energy measurement

Hodges, Adam D., Tedesco, Sarah, Anderson, Shane M., Golem, Lindsay, Huang, Gang

Plasma Nitride Surface Hardening of Titanium for Aerospace and Armament Applications

21AERP04_0204/01/2021

Titanium is irreplaceable in many industrial applications including high strength-efficient and corrosion resistant structures [1,2,3]. It is a nonmagnetic and a low-density element (approximately 60% density of steel) that can be easily strengthened by proper alloying, heat treatment and deformation processing [1]. Mechanical components used in aerospace and chemical industries are typically made of titanium alloyed with aluminum and vanadium and a two-phase structure. Those alloys have very high strength-to-weight ratios and have been preferred as the materials for special applications at very low temperatures from −196° to −269°C (−320° to −452°F)[2]. Also, the high-temperature properties of titanium alloys are unique and further enhance application of this metal

Microstructure Evolution during the Sintering of Blended Elemental Ti-23Nb-0.7Ta-2Zr-1.2O Gum Metal Alloy

2020-36-0046

03/26/2021

Gum metal alloy Ti-23Nb-0.7Ta-2Zr-l .20 (%at.) was developed based on theoretical calculations to reduce titanium elastic modulus by the addition of β stabilizing elements Nb and Ta, and Zr to provide increased strength without unduly increase in elastic modulus. Gum metal alloy presents unique properties, differing significantly from β-Ti traditional alloys, and enabling a wide range of possible applications. The alloy can be highly cold workable without work hardening, resulting in an elastic modulus as low as 40 GPa and elastic deformation further than 2.5%, thus the name gum metal. This investigation aimed to fabricate the alloy by powder metallurgy and to evaluate the microstructure evolution after sintering from 700 to 1200 °C. Elemental powders of Ti, Nb, Ta e Zr were produced by hydriding followed by milling. Compaction of samples was carried out by uniaxial and isostatic cold pressing. Micro structural characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy and

Silva, Daniela Gomes, de Salvo, Joao Guilherme Jacon, Rodrigues Henriques, Vinçcius Andrç

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