Browse Topic: Fuel economy

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Development of Plug-in Hybrid Motorbike and Analysis towards Sustainable Urban Mobility2026-28-0111To be published on 02/12/2026
The transportation system is one major catalyst to urban ecological imbalance. In developing countries, two-wheelers are considered a major mode of urban personal transportation because of their compactness, easy maneuver in heavy traffic and good fuel efficiency. In India, middle and lower middle-class people prefer to choose two wheelers and these vehicles are dominantly fueled by gasoline. Although, the energy consumption by a two-wheeler is comparatively less than that of a four-wheeler, they use about 60% of the nation's petroleum for on-road vehicles and the impact on urban air quality and climatic change is significantly high. This high proportion of gasoline utilization and emission contribution by two wheelers in cities demand greater attention as a way to improve urban air quality and near-term energy sustainability. Electrification of two-wheelers through the application of a plug-in hybrid idea is a promising solution. A plug-in hybrid motorbike was developed by putting
Kannan, Prashanth, Shaik, Amjad, Talluri, Srinivasa Rao
Intelligent Steering System to Improve Fuel Efficiency in Heavy Duty Vehicles2026-28-0103To be published on 02/12/2026
In commercial vehicles, conventional engine-driven hydraulic steering systems result in continuous energy consumption, contributing to parasitic losses and reduced overall powertrain efficiency. This study introduces an Electric Powered Hydraulic Steering (EPHS) system that decouples steering actuation from the engine and operates only on demand, thereby optimizing energy usage. Field trials conducted under loaded conditions demonstrated a 3–6% improvement in fuel economy, confirming the system’s effectiveness in real-world applications. A MATLAB-based simulation model was developed to replicate dynamic steering loads and vehicle operating conditions, with results closely aligning with field data, thereby validating the model’s predictive accuracy. The reduction in fuel consumption directly translates to lower CO₂ emissions, supporting regulatory compliance and sustainability goals, particularly in the context of tightening emission norms for commercial fleets. These findings position
Ayyappan, Rakshna
Impact of Biodiesel Blends from Methyl Esters of Karanja and Coconut Oil on Compression-Ignition Engine Performance at Constant Compression Ratio2026-28-0099To be published on 02/12/2026
This research investigates the use of biodiesel fuels derived from the methyl esters of Karanja and Coconut oils, which are both categorized as non-consumable vegetable oils. The primary focus of this research is to explore the viability of these oils as alternative fuels for compression ignition (C.I.) engines and to assess their potential for use as sustainable fuel options in the future. A major difference between these oils and traditional diesel fuel is their higher viscosity, which may influence engine performance and fuel efficiency. In the experimental phase, a series of biodiesel blends were prepared by combining Karanja and Coconut oils with pure diesel at varying proportions, from 20% to 50% biodiesel content (B20 to B50). These biodiesel blends were then tested to assess their performance, comparing them to pure diesel in terms of fuel consumption, combustion efficiency, and overall engine operation. The tests were performed under a uniform compression ratio of 18, and the
Sagaya Raj, Gnana
Performance Evaluation and Optimization of Engine Brake System using Chassis Dynamometer2026-26-0511To be published on 01/16/2026
Engine braking is a deceleration technique that leverages the internal friction and pumping losses within the engine. By closing the throttle and potentially selecting a lower gear, the engine creates a retarding force that slows the vehicle. This practice contributes to better fuel economy, decreased brake system load, and improved vehicle handling in specific driving scenarios, such as steep declines or slippery road surfaces. To alleviate stress on their primary braking systems and prevent overheating, heavy vehicles frequently incorporate engine-based braking. While older trucks relied on simple exhaust brakes with a butterfly valve to restrict exhaust flow, these had limited impact. Hence contemporary heavy vehicles almost exclusively use more advanced engine braking technologies. Traditionally, our heavy-duty vehicles use Exhaust brake system to elevate the braking performance on hilly terrains. Hence an improved sample of Engine brake was developed for enhanced braking
M, Vipin Prakash, Rajappan, Dinesh Kumar, R, Suresh, N, Gopi Kannan
Combustion noise quality improvement in a common rail Diesel Engine at Low idle for Agriculture Tractor2026-26-0329To be published on 01/16/2026
Vehicle level NVH performance plays major role in customer comfort criteria. Tractor low idle rpm Sound Quality can be one of the parameter which influences customer purchasing decision based on comfort criteria. Modern diesel engines with stringent emission norms together with fuel economy requirements pose challenges to noise control. Common rail engine technology has advantage of precise fuel delivery and combustion control which needs optimization to achieve the conflicting requirements of noise, emission and fuel efficiency. Engine noise at low idle condition is dominated by combustion noise which depends on rate of pressure rise inside the cylinder during combustion. The important parameters which influence cylinder pressure rise are fuel injection timing, pilot injection quantity and its separation, rail pressure and EGR valve position. The study is carried out to understand which combustion parameter is most influencing to achieve better sound quality of engine. Taguchi design
P, Priyadarshan, Chavan, Amit, A, Kannanswamy, Patil, Sandeep, Chaudhari, Vishal V
Effect of the Flow Forming Process on the Mechanical properties and Microstructure of GDC & LPDC cast aluminum alloy wheels.2026-26-0298To be published on 01/16/2026
Aluminum alloy wheels have become the preferred choice over steel wheels due to their lightweight nature, enhanced aesthetics, and contribution to improved fuel efficiency. Traditionally, these wheels are manufactured using methods such as Gravity Die Casting (GDC) [1] or Low Pressure Die Casting (LPDC) [2]. As vehicle dynamics engineers continue to increase tire sizes to optimize handling performance, the corresponding increase in wheel rim size and weight poses a challenge for maintaining low unsprung mass, which is critical for ride quality. To address this, weight reduction has become a priority. Flow forming [3,4], an advanced wheel production technique, offers a solution for reducing rim weight. This process employs high-pressure rollers to shape a metal disc into a wheel, specifically deforming the rim section while leaving the spoke and hub regions unaffected. By decreasing rim thickness, flow forming not only reduces overall wheel weight but also enhances strength and
Singh, Ram Krishnan, Medaboyina, HarshaVardhan, G K, Balaji, Gopalan, Vijaysankar, Sundaram, Raghupathi, Paua, Ketan
Numerical study of a hydrogen ejector with regulated inlet for extended PEMFC operating range in automotive application2026-26-0249To be published on 01/16/2026
Hydrogen recirculation is a key requirement for enhancing fuel efficiency and anode stability in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) systems, particularly in automotive applications. Effective hydrogen recirculation is critical for maintaining high efficiency and fuel utilization. A hydrogen recirculation ejector equipped with a regulated pressure inlet, aimed at eliminating the need for mechanical pumps while maintaining optimal hydrogen utilization. The passive operation of the ejector eliminating the need for rotary components which significantly improves system reliability and reduces failure modes commonly associated with moving parts. This work presents a numerical investigation of a hydrogen recirculation ejector featuring a regulated pressure inlet, with the objective of extending its operating range across varying fuel cell power levels. A combination of 1D system-level modelling and 2D multi-species Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations was employed to
Khot, Ranjit Uttreshwar, T P, Muhammad, Chougule, Abhijeet, Achanur, Mallappa
First in the Industry 8.5 Ton GVW on Four Tyre Truck with 245/90R16 Tyre – A Global First2026-26-0602To be published on 01/16/2026
This project introduced a brand-new tire size—245/90R16—for the first time globally in the 16-inch tube-type category, designed specifically for commercial vehicles with Vehicles 8.5T -14T gross vehicle weight (GVW). The main goal was to create a compact vehicle that can carry more payload, reduce overall weight, and improve fuel efficiency with use of rear single tyre instead of twin tyre in 8.5T. This helps customers lower their operating costs and improve vehicle performance, especially on narrow roads. The new tire supports high load capacities: up to 2300 kg for single tire use and 2180 kg for dual tire fitment. It enables a new type of vehicle to be developed—an 8.5-ton GVW vehicle with rear single tires—offering better payload capacity without increasing the size of the vehicle. By using this new tire, the kerb weight of the vehicle is reduced, which increases the payload and helps improve fuel economy. It also helps lower the cost of the vehicle by allowing the use of lighter
Pawar, Dhondiram Dnyandeo, Shaikh, Matin, Ambekar, Prasad
Data-Driven Prediction of Global Automotive Trends: Forecasting Fuel Economy and CO₂ Emissions Using Machine Learning2026-26-0643To be published on 01/16/2026
In the pursuit of cleaner transportation and environmental sustainability, the global automotive industry is undergoing rapid transformation. This study leverages historical multi-decade vehicle data to develop predictive models for fuel economy and CO₂ emissions across a wide range of vehicle technologies. By utilizing advanced machine learning algorithms in Python and integrating insights through Power BI visualizations, the project identifies key correlations between vehicle attributes—such as weight, powertrain, and footprint—and their environmental performance. Results highlight the increasing impact of electric vehicle adoption, hybridization, and light weighting on overall emissions reduction. These insights help forecast the direction of fuel economy standards, emission patterns, and technology shifts across manufacturers and vehicle types. Beyond technical predictions, the study offers a decision-support framework for global policymakers, automotive designers, and
Hazra, Sandip, Tangadpalliwar, Sonali, Hazra, Sanjana
Design & analysis of Dual Mass flywheel during Engine startup condition in 3 Cylinder Gasoline application2026-26-0349To be published on 01/16/2026
Modern automotive powertrains are increasingly adopting engine downsizing and down speeding to meet stringent emission regulations and improving fuel efficiency However, these changes result in higher torsional vibrations and excitation amplitudes makes more challenge in NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) refinement. With growing customer expectations for premium driving experiences conventional clutch are no longer sufficient. To meet the NVH performance targets of the vehicle Dual Mass Flywheels (DMFs) are used In DMF due to lower stiffness and inertia separation there is a great advantage on torsional filtration in normal drive and idle condition. but the resonance frequency of the connected DMF is lower than the idle RPM. Engine startup is a key drawback with DMF equipped vehicles. The proper tuning of starter motor performance & DMF stiffness is required to cross the resonance zone faster otherwise it will lead to DMF to stay in the resonance zone for a longer time leading to
Jayachandran, Suresh Kumar, Vijayaragavan, Thirupathi, M, Devamanalan, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Ahire, Manoj, Vellandi, Vikraman
Testing Methodology to Calculate the Fuel Economy in Km/Kg of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) based on Current (Ampere) Method and Flow Method2026-26-0248To be published on 01/16/2026
The globe is looking headlong to set up new benchmarks for the reduction of GHG (Green House Gases) considering short-term and long-term strategies. Efforts in the Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) domain have been accelerating to find an alternative way to reduce harmful emissions. Hydrogen is considered as a promising fuel to leapfrog this transition. Hydrogen fuel can be categorized into vast mobility areas viz. ICE and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV). Hydrogen fuel has attracted global attention from engine researchers due to the crude oil crisis and its rise in prices in recent years. This will serve the nation's goal towards carbon neutrality. Hydrogen has a few advantages such as less fueling time, higher heating value and more efficiency making it an eye-touching fuel for the automotive industry. In the contemporary FCEV segment, many fuel cell technologies have evolved, wherein the development of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology has taken a new height for
Joshi, Ashish Rajendra, Kandalgaonkar, Siddhesh, Sontakke, Rushikesh
Evaluation of Intercooler Effectiveness with No Fan, Single Fan, and Dual Fan: A Simulation and Experimental Study2026-26-0579To be published on 01/16/2026
Turbochargers play a crucial role in modern engines by increasing power output and fuel efficiency through intake air compression, thereby improving volumetric efficiency by allowing more air mass into the combustion chamber. However, this process also raises the intake air temperature, which can reduce charge density, lead to detonation, and create emissions challenges-such as smoke limits in diesel engines and knock in gasoline spark-ignited (GSL) engines. To mitigate this, intercoolers are used to cool the compressed air. Due to packaging constraints, intercoolers are typically long and boxy, limiting their effectiveness, especially at low vehicle speeds where ram air flow is minimal. This study investigates the use of auxiliary fans to enhance intercooler performance. Two methodologies were adopted: 1D simulation using GT-Suite and experimental testing on a vehicle under different fan configurations-no fan, single fan, and dual fans (positioned near the intercooler inlet and outlet
Patra, Somnath, Hibare, Nikhil, Ganesan, Thanigaivel, Gharte, Jignesh Rajendra
Development of above 500 kW Diesel Engine & After treatment System to meet CPCB-IV+ Emission Norms2026-26-0234To be published on 01/16/2026
The CPCB-IV+ emission compliance for genset application is applicable with effect from 1st July 2023 as per as per GSR 804(E). The CPCB-II to CPCB-IV+ changeover in very stringent in emission front by almost 90 % emission reduction. It's a significant advancement in environmentally sustainable powertrain technology. To meet the CPCB-IV+ Emission, combustion development & ATS technology plays an important role. First is the base engine need to optimize enough with combustion & associated parts. Second is the after treatment system which will carry the battle further to the engine emission with 10% minimum engineering target. This paper present the systematic approach followed to meet CPCB-IV+ emission norms for upgradation of 21 liter TCIC engine for the power range (56 <P ≤ 560). Here the challenge is that we don't want to major changes in the existing CPCB-II FIE recipe & meet the CPCB-IV+ emission with ECU calibration & ATS system calibration with its potential. Here interesting
Rane, Vikas, Jagtap, Shailesh, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Pawar, Narendra V, Khedkar, Prasad, Kagade, Samadhan, Kendre, Mahadev, G Bhat, Prasanna, Thipse, S
Optimization of the Rodip CED Process Suitability through Strategic Fixture System for Enhanced Hood Gap and Flushness Control in Automotive Manufacturing2026-26-0486To be published on 01/16/2026
The Ro-dip Cathodic Electrodeposition (CED) process is latest technology used by Automotive Manufacturers for higher quality corrosion protection in new generation Automobiles. This process involves multiple 360-degree rotation of automotive body in white (BIW) which exert higher hydrostatic forces on large surface panels like Hood. For maintaining consistent gaps & flushness control at vehicle level, it is important to safeguard the dimensional stability of light weight (crash performance sensitive) steel Hood panel while undergoing through this CED process. This study investigates the enhancement of hood panel alignment through strategic optimization of support rod placement and quantity within the Ro-dip CED system. By conducting experimental trials and computational simulations, the research identifies critical deformation points and evaluates the impact of varying support rod configurations on dimensional stability. The outcome results demonstrate that positioning support rods at
Tile, Vikrant, Unadkat, Siddharth, Askari, Hasan, Jadhav, Devidas
E-drive System Selection Criterion for Hybrid Electric Heavy Commercial Vehicles Segments2026-26-0467To be published on 01/16/2026
Automotive industry expediting progress toward electrification since climate change driven by global warming represents a significant environmental challenge with far-reaching implications. While electric vehicles offer considerable potential for mitigating CO₂ emissions, their elevated upfront costs pose a notable challenge to large-scale market penetration. Hybrid electric vehicles can serve as an effective intermediary solution, bridging the gap between conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and fully electric vehicles, owing to their comparatively lower initial costs. Hybrid electric vehicle component selection is a complex process which has to fulfil multiple requirements fuel economy, performance, drivability, packaging, total cost of ownership of vehicle and comfort. In addition, Hybrid configuration selection also plays a vital role in cost of hybrid electric vehicle. Hence, it is a great challenge to select right powertrain configuration including architecture
Shendge, Raman, Jadhav, Vaibhav, Wani, Kalpesh, Warule, Prasad
Exploring the Influence of Wheel Rim Width on Tire Performance through rig testing and Vehicle-level Evaluation: A Comprehensive study2026-26-0603To be published on 01/16/2026
With increasing challenges for optimizing vehicle ride and handling performance along with efficiency, the synergy between major systems such as suspension, chassis, brakes & tires has been investigated in the past. In this regard, the interaction between wheel rim width and tire performance characteristics has become a topic of interest. Extensive research is being conducted in the automotive industry to understand their key interaction dynamics and make appropriate design selections. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of how variations in wheel rim width affect key tire performance parameters such as lateral force characteristics ,damping property, tire footprint, and pinch cut resistance. Also, the subsequent influence on vehicle-level performance parameters such as braking, ride & handling, steering, and durability is captured. Through rig level testing and full-vehicle evaluation data, several key observations have emerged. Firstly, it was observed that narrower
Singh, Ram Krishnan, Paua, Ketan, Sundaramoorthy, Ragasruoban, Lenka, Visweswara, ahire, Manoj, Adiga, Ganesh N
A High-Fidelity Transient Fluid-Structure-Interaction Methodology for Evaluation of Rear Bumper Flutter of a Vehicle2026-26-0410To be published on 01/16/2026
The need for fuel efficient and pedestrian safe cars leads to the use of thinner and lighter car exteriors. Interaction of these exterior car components at high speed with an aerodynamic load can lead to undesirable aero-elastic vibration and flutter. Early identification and mitigation of such vibration can bring significant cost and time benefit, by reducing dependence on prototype testing and recalibration of prototype tooling at later stages. The present work demonstrates a transient Fluid-Structure-Interaction based numerical methodology for estimation of aerodynamic-induced flutter of the rear bumper of an SUV. The proposed method performs coupled-high fidelity transient full vehicle aerodynamic Finite Volume based and dynamic rear bumper structural Finite Element based simulations required for flutter estimation. The method has been put through a two-step validation against experimental wind tunnel test data of a prototype car with modified bumper for the specific test-case. The
Choudhury, Satyajit, Yenugu, Srinivasa, Walia, Rajat, Zander, Daniel, Gullapalli, Atchyut, Balan, Arun, Astik, Pritesh
Representative Drive cycle velocity profiles Prediction using ML Algorithms for Energy Efficiency2026-26-0638To be published on 01/16/2026
Maximizing vehicle energy efficiency and performance is a high priority for the automotive industry as customer expectations rise. Engineers constantly face the challenge of balancing the conflicting goals of achieving superior performance and maximizing energy efficiency, all while meeting increasingly tight development timelines. Leveraging digital methods can potentially enable a considerable reduction in development lead times. Driving cycles act as standardized measurement procedures for certifying a vehicle's fuel efficiency and driving range. Representative velocity profiles condense numerous real-life driving cycles to enable quicker energy analysis and driver feedback evaluation. This paper introduces a novel methodology for generating synthetic drive cycles, such as average velocity cycles and ideal consumption velocity cycles, based on real-life driving scenarios. In this study, the importance of creating representative drive cycles to enhance vehicle performance and energy
Kanakannavar, Rohit, Kelkar, Kshitij, Sadalge, Anand
Driving behavior modelling with Graph Attention Networks using spatial data2026-26-0661To be published on 01/16/2026
In automotive engineering, understanding driving behavior is crucial for decision on specifications of future system designs. This study introduces an innovative approach to modeling driving behavior using Graph Attention Networks (GATs). By leveraging spatial relationships encoded in H3 indices, we construct a graph-based model that captures dependencies between various vehicle operational parameters and their operational regions using H3 indices. The model utilizes CAN signal features such as speed, fuel efficiency, engine temperature, and categorical identifiers of vehicle type and sub-type. Additionally, regional indices are incorporated to enrich the contextual information. The GAT model processes these heterogeneous features, learning to identify patterns indicative of driving behavior. This approach offers several significant advantages. Firstly, it enhances the accuracy of driving behavior modeling by effectively capturing the complex spatial and operational dependencies
Salunke, Omkar
Structural analysis and Design optimization of Cylinder Head of Cummins Light duty Engine for Medium Wheelbase (MWB) pick-up truck2026-26-0495To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the design, structural analysis, and risk assessment done by Cummins to evaluate the structural integrity of Light Duty engine cylinder head for a Medium Wheelbase (MWB) pick-up truck. Initially, Cummins used F2.5L (4-cylinder) engine that has 154hp, but rising market demands for more power, fuel efficiency, lower cost and weight, and future emission compliance led to customer requirements for 177hp (Drive New F2.5L, 15% uprate) and 197hp+ (Drive New F3.0L, 22% uprate) from the same base engine. The increase in power requirement possesses challenges on critical components, especially cylinder heads in terms of thermal and structural limits. This paper addresses the challenges and risks in current cylinder head design driven by new power demands, specifically reduced fatigue margins in the water jacket area and increased temperatures on the combustion face under high thermomechanical loads. It explores the design modifications made to the cylinder head design to
Pathak, Arun Jyoti, Adiverekar, Vaidehi, Singh, Rahul, Biyani, Mayur
Exploring advanced additive chemistry for achieving fuel economy in passenger car motor oils2026-26-0529To be published on 01/16/2026
Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM’s) are focusing towards fuel economy of passenger cars to meet the next generation emission norms. Few techniques such as downsizing of engines, raising lubricant temperature, reducing combustion time and regulating the start-stop system of engines are various efforts being considered by Automobile OEMs to attain fuel efficiency along with next generation emission norms. On the other hand, lubricants used for such engines are also to be modified accordingly to meet more fuel efficiency. Lowering viscosity along with addition of friction modifiers for normalizing frictional losses is widely practiced as the most economical techniques. To achieve this lubricant formulator and additive manufacturers have moved towards modern base oils and advanced additive technologies. This study is done to understand key parameters which reduce friction and increase fuel economy using same viscosity grade oils. In the current study, we have formulated different low
Vabbina, Shiv Kumar, Katta, Lakshmi, Joshi, Ratnadeep, Chaudhary, Rameshwar, Seth, Sarita, Bhardwaj, Anil, Arora, Ajay Kumar
For CNG and FFV fuel application robustness improvement of Exhaust Valve2026-26-0125To be published on 01/16/2026
Today, globally, automotive manufacturers are striving to meet the increasing demand for fuel economy, high performance, and silent engines. The fundamental approach to achieving these requirements is through designing low friction mechanisms, resulting in less wear and higher durability. The demand for CNG vehicles has surged exponentially in recent years, prompting increased government focus on alternative fuels such as CNG and hydrogen. These dry fuels lack lubricating properties, unlike conventional fuels like petrol, diesel, and biofuels, which are wet and liquid. Consequently, the operations and failures associated with these fuels differ. The materials and designs of engine parts, such as fuel lines, ECU, exhaust valves, and cylinder heads, vary depending on the fuel used. This study discusses the countermeasures adopted to address the high seat and guide wear in cylinder heads and valves. The investigation focuses on material, design, and manufacturing process improvements
Poonia, Sanjay, Kumar, Chandan, Sharma, Shailender, Khan, Prasenjit, Bhat, Anoop, P, Prasath, Neb, Ashish
Study of Drive Trace Indices and their correlation with CO2 in Chassis Dynamometer testing2026-26-0517To be published on 01/16/2026
With introduction of CAFÉ norms in India, the manufacturers of all M1 Category vehicles (not exceeding 3,500kg GVW) must ascertain that they comply with Annual Corporate average CO2 target as defined in regulation. Moreover, this target will become stricter in different stages in upcoming years. Hence CO2 emissions are becoming one of the major focus parameters during vehicle development. There are various factors that can impact CO2 emissions during measurement in test cycle such as MIDC/WLTC. One such major factor is driving variations. Although speed and time tolerances are provided during the test (as part of AIS 137/AIS 175) limit the variation, even within these tolerances, drive-related effects can be significant contributors to test results variability. Monitoring and control of such variations is important to understand the true fuel economy potential of the vehicle. Drive Trace indices are standardized metrics that can be used to evaluate the driving variations. The aim of
ER, Shivram, Rawat, Vijaypal, Khandelwal, Vineet, Kumar, Arun, Malhotra, Jitendra
Experimental approach to investigate VVT malfunction in SI gasoline engine.2026-26-0558To be published on 01/16/2026
Variable Valve Timing (VVT) is an advanced technology implemented in internal combustion engines to optimize the opening and closing timing of the intake and exhaust valves. Its primary objective is to improve engine performance, fuel efficiency, and reduce emissions by dynamically adjusting the valve timing based on the engine's operating conditions i.e. engine speed and load conditions. However, the VVT system may experience various operational issues caused due to low engine oil levels, contaminated engine oil, solenoid malfunctions, and camshaft phaser issues, which can adversely affect engine performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of VVT malfunctions, specifically attributed to the resonance effect of VVT components at various engine RPMs & oil temperature. The study also explains the phenomenon causing VVT sluggishness during advance phase due to resonance between oil pulsation & VVT components. Other factors contributing to VVT
Jha, Ankur, Sau, Sanjoy, Kumar, Bharat, Sandeep, Sandeep
Multibody Dynamic Analysis of Belt-Type CVT Systems in Two-Wheelers: A Study on Slip, Misalignment, and Transmission Efficiency2026-26-0079To be published on 01/16/2026
More efficient drivetrain technologies are in greater demand in the two-wheeler market as a result of the introduction of BS6.2 emission standards. In order to satisfy these performance and regulatory requirements, Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) systems—which are renowned for their stepless gear shifting and increased fuel efficiency—are being given more and more consideration. However, because CVT is nonlinear and multibody dynamic, accurately predicting its behavior is still a difficult task. With an emphasis on variables like belt slip, pulley misalignment, and transmission efficiency, this study provides a thorough multibody dynamic analysis of a belt-type CVT system used in two-wheelers. High-fidelity analysis of the belt-pulley interaction under various load and speed conditions is now possible thanks to the development of a novel modeling methodology using advanced multibody dynamics simulation software – Virtual Dynamics. The method makes early design validation
Shah, Swapnil, Mane, Prashant, Voncken, Antonius, Emran, Ashraf
Feasibility Study of Cylinder Deactivation (CDA) Technology for an Off-Highway Tractor Engine2026-26-0074To be published on 01/16/2026
Cylinder Deactivation Technology is explored as an effective mechanism for enhancing the fuel economy and reducing emissions in internal combustion engines. The current exercise focuses upon the feasibility of Cylinder Deactivation Technology on a 3-cylinder, 3.3-liter naturally aspirated water-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application. A meticulous 1D thermodynamic simulation with individual cylinders deactivated one by one, proved that deactivating the second cylinder yielded the most favorable fuel economy, emissions and engine balancing, particularly at the loads lower than 55% and engine speeds higher than 1600 rpm. Upon deactivating the cylinders at Top Dead Centre (TDC) and Bottom Dead Centre (BDC), it was concluded that the most effective deactivation point occurred at TDC, where the minimum air mass is trapped inside the cylinder. This resulted in a reduction of pumping losses by maximum 29% and an increase in brake thermal efficiency by maximum 4%, as
Choudhary, Vasu, Saini, Sanjay, Mukherjee, Nalini, Nene, Devendra
Auto Braking system for preventing commercial vehicle overloading.2026-26-0032To be published on 01/16/2026
Overloading in commercial vehicles is a widespread issue that creates serious safety, operational, and regulatory concerns. Excessive loads can result in mechanical breakdowns, diminished braking performance, accelerated tire wear, and a higher likelihood of accidents, posing risks to drivers and other road users. Moreover, overloading accelerates road deterioration and increases infrastructure maintenance costs. To tackle this pressing problem, this study introduces a novel integrated system that merges advanced load-sensing technology with the vehicle's braking system. The system utilizes high-precision sensors placed at key locations, such as the suspension or axle, to monitor the vehicle's load in real time. These sensors send data to a central control unit, which triggers the braking mechanism if the load surpasses a predetermined safety limit. Importantly, the braking system activates only when the vehicle is stationary, ensuring it does not disrupt normal driving operations. The
Raj, Amritesh, Pujari, Sachin, Londhe, Mahesh, Shirke, Sumeet, Shinde, Akshay
Hybrid Topology Selection & Optimization of a Compact SUV to Meet Future CO2 Norms - an Indian Case Study2026-26-0077To be published on 01/16/2026
Rising environmental concerns and stringent emissions norms are pushing automakers to adopt more sustainable technologies. There is no single perfect solution for any market and there are solutions ranging from biofuels, green hydrogen to electric vehicles. For Indian market, especially in the passenger car segment, hybrid vehicles are favoured when it comes to manufacturers as well as with consumer because of multiple reasons such as reliability, performance, fuel efficiency and lower long-term cost of ownership. For automakers planning to upgrade their fleets in the context of upcoming CAFE III (91.7 g CO2 / km) & CAFE IV (70 g CO2 / km) norms, hybridization emerges as the next natural step for passenger cars. Lately, various state governments have also promoted hybrid vehicle sales by offering certain targeted tax breaks which were previously reserved for EVs exclusively. Current study focuses on various parallel hybrid topologies for an Indian compact SUV, which is the highest
Warkhede, Pawan, Keizer, Ruben, Sandhu, Rouble, Emran, Ashraf
A Comparative Analysis of Passenger Car Fuel Economy between Laboratory and Real Driving Testing2026-26-0225To be published on 01/16/2026
In India, fuel economy is one of the most critical factors influencing a customer's decision to own a passenger car. Beyond consumer preference, fuel consumption also plays a significant role in the nation's energy security. Inline of this, the government promotes fuel-efficient vehicles and technologies through various regulations, policies, and mandates. Vehicle manufacturers, in response, focus on designing vehicles that align with both customer expectations and regulatory requirements. Fuel economy certification is typically based on standardized laboratory tests that simulate controlled environmental conditions, driving cycle (MIDC), vehicle load, and operation of electrical and electronic systems. However, actual on-road driving conditions by end user vary significantly due to factors such as traffic conditions, ambient temperature, air conditioning use, driving behaviour and variable loading of the vehicle. With implementation of Bharat Stage VI, Real Driving Emission (RDE
Singh, Abhay Pratap, Bathina, Revanth Kumar, Tijare, Shantanu
NVH Refinement on the Agriculture Tractor using Coupled Test and Simulation Approach2026-26-0316To be published on 01/16/2026
The Indian farmers choice of agriculture tractor brand is driven by the ease of operation and fuel efficiency. However, the customer preference for operator comfort is driving many tractor OEMs for improvement in noise and vibration at the operator location. Also, the compliance to CMVR regulation for noise at operator ear location and vibration at driver touch point location are mandatory for all the tractors in India. NVH refinement development of the tractor plays a critical role in achieving the regulated noise level and improved tactile vibration In presented work, Noise Source Identification (NSI) is carried out to identify and rank airborne and structure borne noise sources at tractor level through elimination method followed by engine level testing in hemi anechoic chamber to identify the major noise radiating components by using noise and vibration measurement, sound intensity mapping tools. The outcome of NSI has revealed silencer, timing gear cover and oil sump to be highest
Gaikwad, Atul Annasaheb, Harishchandra Walke, Nagesh, Yadav, Prasad S, Bankar, Harshal
Electroluminescent Coating Systems for Heavy-Duty Trucks: Advancing Safety and Sustainability through Smart Surface Technology2026-26-0275To be published on 01/16/2026
As the transportation industry pivots towards safer and more sustainable mobility solutions, the role of advanced surface technologies is becoming increasingly critical. This paper presents a novel application of electroluminescent (EL) coating systems in heavy-duty trucks, exploring to enhance safety and environmental impact through lightweight, energy-efficient lighting integration. EL coatings, capable of emitting light uniformly across painted surfaces when electrically activated, offer a transformative alternative to conventional lighting systems and reflective materials. In the context of heavy-duty trucks, these systems can significantly improve visibility under low-light and adverse weather conditions, thereby reducing the risk of road accidents. Furthermore, illumination achieved without bulky fixtures and without interface gaps contributes to aerodynamic efficiency, fuel economy and reducing carbon emissions. use of this coating system, can optimize tooled up plastic part and
Harel, Samarth Dattatraya, Borse, Manoj, L, Kavya
Wheel Corner Module Energy Losses and Potential Improvements2026-26-0096To be published on 01/16/2026
With the inevitable shift of automotive industry towards E-mobility and mandatory fuel efficiency targets, there is a need to evaluate the energy losses in the vehicle & identify potential areas of improvement. Energy losses are calculated for different components in the corner module system of a passenger car. Contribution of losses (Resistances) from respective component are depicted using simple analytical models. Potential energy saving improvements were identified and analyzed basis emerging technologies in respective areas.
Raghatate, Kumar Shreyas, Vedartham, Raghavendra, Khanger, Rakesh, Bisht, Arun
Mathematical Modeling and Genetic Algorithm-Based Energy Management in Hydrogen PEM Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles2026-26-0257To be published on 01/16/2026
Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) present a promising solution to environmental challenges such as emissions, global warming, and fossil fuel depletion. By utilizing hydrogen as a clean energy source, FCEVs achieve zero tailpipe emissions while maintaining high efficiency and extended driving ranges. Their development focuses on optimizing fuel cell architecture, hydrogen storage systems, and advanced power management strategies to enhance energy conversion under varying operational conditions. This requires precise design, simulation, analysis, and system integration to improve performance, durability, and sustainability. This study develops a high-fidelity mathematical model of a hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell vehicle and implements advanced Energy Management Strategies (EMS). Using the forward approach method, the model accounts for the physical constraints of the powerplant. Detailed fuel cell system modeling accurately represents voltage loss
Mulik, Rakesh Vilasrao, E, Porpatham, Senthilkumar, Arumugam
"Parametric Evaluation of Rolling Resistance in Bias & Radial Tyres and influence of key operational parameters under varying conditions."2026-26-0606To be published on 01/16/2026
Tyre rolling resistance is a fundamental parameter in automotive engineering, directly impacting vehicle fuel efficiency and overall performance. The Rolling Resistance Coefficient (CRR) is influenced by tyre construction, material properties, and operational conditions such as inflation pressure, vehicle speed, load, ambient temperature, and road surface roughness. This study investigates the influence of critical parameters—including test speed, inflation pressure, load, temperature, and slip angle—on the rolling resistance of tyres of various sizes. While previous research has predominantly focused on radial tyres, this paper extends the analysis to include bias-ply tyres, which remain widely used in ASEAN countries, including India. The findings aim to offer valuable insights for policymakers and researchers by examining the behaviour of bias tyres under real-world conditions. Special focus is given to the influence of slip and camber angles, with experiments conducted on passenger
Joshi, Amol, Khairatkar, Vyankatesh, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara
Advancing Circular Economy in India's Automotive Sector: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions2026-26-0238To be published on 01/16/2026
This research examines the fundamental principles of the Circular Economy in relation to the automotive industry in India, a sector that plays a vital role in the country's economy. However, it also presents significant challenges concerning energy consumption and environmental impact. The circular economy framework offers a transformative approach throughout a vehicle’s lifecycle, guiding the automotive industry toward a more sustainable transportation system. One of the key strategies defined by the global automotive commission for decarbonizing this sector involves increasing the recycled plastic content in vehicles to 20-25% by 2030. This target necessitates the recovery of plastics from end-of-life vehicles, though these materials are rarely integrated into compounds today. The automotive industry's reliance on plastics has grown substantially due to their lightweight properties, which enhance fuel efficiency, reduce CO₂ emissions, and improve versatility and mechanical
Kumar, Vijay Bhooshan
Feasibility Analysis of a Hybrid CVT-Manual Transmission: A Comparative Performance Study2025-36-019712/18/2025
Transmission systems play a crucial role in vehicle performance, efficiency, and adaptability. Conventional transmissions, such as Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVTs) and Manual Transmissions (MTs), each offer distinct advantages—CVTs provide smooth gear transitions and optimized fuel efficiency, whereas MTs deliver superior driver control, mechanical simplicity, durability, and high torque efficiency. This study explores the feasibility of integrating a dual-mode CVT-MT transmission into passenger vehicles to enhance driving dynamics and fuel efficiency. The proposed system uses the first gear to improve initial acceleration, a critical factor in urban driving, stop-and-go traffic, and high-load scenarios where CVTs struggle with torque delivery. After launch, the drivetrain transitions into CVT mode, leveraging its continuously adjustable gear ratios for efficiency and smooth power delivery. A simulation model based on MATLAB / Simulink will analyze the performance of the
Baldi, Eduardo, Lopes, Matheus Carlos Sinobio Elias D, Rodrigues, Gustavo Simão
Performance Analysis of Methanol- Ethanol Blend Fuel in a Spark-Ignition Flex-Fuel Engine2025-36-014812/18/2025
Flex-fueled vehicles (FFV) dominate the Brazilian market, accounting for over 75% of the national fleet. Ethanol fuel is widely used, primarily in the form of hydrated ethyl alcohol fuel (HEAF). Given the similar physicochemical properties of ethanol and methanol, fuel adulteration is a growing concern, often involving the addition of anhydrous ethanol, methanol, or even water to hydrated ethanol. These adulterants are visually imperceptible and can only be detected through analyses conducted by regulatory agencies using specialized instruments. However, they can significantly affect vehicle performance and accelerate engine component deterioration. The experiment was performed with a small displacement 3-cylinder port fuel injection flex-fuel engine on an engine test bench (dynamometer) and compared when fueled with ethanol and methanol. Data acquisition included combustion pressure, spark plug temperature, torque, air-fuel ratio, fuel flow, spark maps, and the overall effects of
Mascarenhas, Giovana Rebellato, Gomes, Ederson, Cruz, Diego, Duque, Edson Luciano
Influence of Wind Tunnel Floor Configuration and Ground Height on the Aerodynamic Behavior of a DrivAer Model2025-36-005812/18/2025
Aerodynamics plays an important role in fuel economy and vehicle stability, aiming to deliver full performance while moving on the road. To develop the aerodynamics of vehicles at the early stages of a project, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and wind tunnel test are the main tools used by automakers to help achieve the desired aerodynamic performance. One of the most relevant factors of CFD and wind tunnel test is how the floor under the vehicle is represented, which may lead to different aerodynamic behaviors. This work aims to investigate the effect of two types of floor configuration on a generic vehicle, with open geometry using CFD simulations. The DrivAer model has been widely studied both numerically and experimentally and provides an interesting source of comparison for 5-belt and static floor configurations, proposed by the study. In addition to the floor configuration analysis, the study also presents a comparison of ground heights for the previous cases
Buscariolo, Filipe Fabian, Schaffazick, Luiz, Camargo, Daniel, Bedante, Murillo, Peres, Matheus, Lattari, Mateus, Kelley, Michael, Silveira, Rafael
Fuel-Efficient Large-Spacing Truck Platooning in Windy Environments Considering Longitudinal and Lateral Motions2025-99-041912/10/2025
Large-spacing truck platooning offers a balance between operational safety and fuel savings. To enhance its performance in windy environments, this study designs a control system integrating both longitudinal and lateral motions. The longitudinal control module regulates the inter-vehicle spacing within a desired range while generating a fuel-optimal torque profile by minimizing unnecessary decelerations and accelerations. The lateral control module ensures lateral stability and maintains alignment between the trucks to achieve the expected fuel savings. A two-truck platoon is simulated with a 3-sec time gap under varying wind conditions, using experimental data from the on-road cooperative truck platooning trials conducted in Canada. The control system effectively remains spacing errors within the preset safety buffer and limits lateral offsets to 0.07 m, ensuring safe and stable platooning in windy environments. Additionally, the smoother speed profiles and reduced lateral offsets
Jiang, Luo, Shahbakhti, Mahdi
Komatsu augments intelligent machine control in new excavator25TOFHP12_0612/01/2025
Komatsu has launched a new excavator, the PC220LCi-12, that features its latest intelligent machine control technology. IMC 3.0 incorporates automation enhancements and a reported “construction-industry first” technology - factory-integrated 3D boundary control - designed to boost operator productivity. The intelligent machine, displayed previously at Bauma 2025 in Munich, Germany, has many of the same features as the new PC220LC-12 excavator, including a cab that is 28% larger, with 30% more legroom and 50% improved visibility compared to the PC210LC-11 model. Other advantages the new machines offer are up to a 20% increase in fuel efficiency thanks to a new electrohydraulic system and 129-kW (173-hp) next-generation engine, and up to a 20% reduction in maintenance costs due to longer replacement intervals for hydraulic oil and oil filters and longer cleaning intervals for the particulate filter.
Gehm, Ryan
Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster ResponseEPR202501711/24/2025
The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the
Doo, Johnny
Evaluation of Noise, Vibration, and Harshness–Optimized Cylinder Deactivation on a Class 8 Diesel Truck with Impact on Emissions and Fuel Consumption: A Development of Strategy to Reduce Emissions and Fuel Consumption with Cylinder Deactivation While Providing an Acceptable Cabin Environment2025-01-507411/10/2025
Anticipated NOX emission standards will require that selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems sustain exhaust temperatures of 200°C or higher for effective conversion performance. Maintaining these temperatures becomes challenging during low-load conditions such as idling, deceleration, and coasting, which lower exhaust heat and must be addressed in both regulatory test cycles and day-to-day operation. Cylinder deactivation (CDA) has proven effective in elevating exhaust temperatures while also reducing fuel consumption. This study investigates a flexible 6-cylinder CDA system capable of operating across any combination of fixed firing modes and dynamic skip-firing patterns, where cylinders transition between activation states nearly cycle-by-cycle. This operational flexibility extends the CDA usable range beyond prior implementations. Data was primarily collected from a test cell engine equipped with the dynamic CDA system, while a matching engine in a 2018 long-haul sleeper cab
Baltrucki, Justin, Matheaus, Andrew Charles, Janak, Robb
Assessing Engine Dynamics, Fuel Efficiency, and Emission Characteristics with HHO-Enriched Fuel: A System-Level Evaluation of a HydroBoost™ Technology03-18-07-004211/08/2025
In the present work, the effect of HHO addition to gasoline was investigated using HHO produced via the HydroBoost™ electrolysis technology—a system specifically designed to overcome the limitations of conventional electrolysis methods, such as electrode degradation, low efficiency, and safety concerns. Engine performance, fuel behavior, and emission characteristics were evaluated both with and without HHO enrichment. A comprehensive four-phase testing protocol was adopted to simulate various real-world driving conditions. Through a multi-parameter assessment—including fuel economy (FE), engine response under different load conditions, fuel savings accounting for parasitic load, total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—it was demonstrated that HHO addition significantly enhances both the performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. Statistical significance of these parameters was assessed across four
Sherman, Gregory, Singh, Amit Pratap
Optimization of Shuttle Shifting Process of Agricultural Tractor using Simulation Environment2025-28-028511/06/2025
Transmission tuning involves adjusting parameters within a vehicle's transmission control unit (TCU) or transmission control module (TCM) to optimize performance, efficiency, and driving experience. Transmission tuning is beneficial for optimizing performance, improving fuel efficiency, smoother shifting and enhancing drivability particularly when a vehicle's power output is increased or for specific driving conditions. Especially in offroad and agricultural machines, transmission tuning is vital to significantly improve vehicle performance during different operations. The process of transmission tuning is quite time consuming as multiple tuning iterations are required on the actual vehicle. A significant reduction in tuning time can be achieved using a simulation environment, which can mimic the actual vehicle dynamics and the real time vehicle behavior. In this paper, tuning during the forward and reverse motion of the tractor is described. A two-level PI control-based shift strategy
Varghese, Nithin
Enhancing Diagnostic Efficiency and Customer Support for Off-Highway Vehicles in India2025-28-030111/06/2025
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) are vital for India’s construction, mining, agriculture, and infrastructure sectors. With growing demand for productivity and sustainability, the need for efficient customer support and precise diagnostic techniques has become paramount. This paper presents a comprehensive study of challenges faced in India, current and emerging diagnostic technologies, troubleshooting techniques, and strategies for effective customer support. Case studies, tables, and diagrams illustrate practical solutions.
Mulla, Tosif, Thakur, Anil, Tripathi, Ashish
Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI Engines Using Ethanol- Cottonseed Biodiesel Blended with Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles2025-28-021011/06/2025
As global energy demands continue to grow and environmental challenges intensify, Biodiesel stands out as an environmentally sound and technically feasible alternative to curb fossil fuel use and emissions. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the performance and emissions profile of a compression ignition (CI) engine running on a renewable diesel fuel blend made from ethanol and cottonseed (Cs) combinations enhanced with aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles. The experimental fuel blends, consisting of 10%, 20%, and 30% cottonseed biodiesel with 5% ethanol and remaining with conventional diesel, were analyzed under varying engine load conditions. The inclusion of ethanol improved fuel atomization due to its lower viscosity and higher volatility, while Al2O3 nanoparticles acted as advanced combustion catalysts, promoting enhanced oxidation rates and thermal efficiency. Among the blends, B10 (10% cottonseed biodiesel) exhibited superior performance metrics, achieving a brake
T, Karthi, G, Manikandan, Saminathan, Sathiskumar, M E, Chandhuru, S, Bavanya, S, Arunkumar
Adaptive Terrain Morphing Chassis for Off-Highway Vehicles: Enhancing Fuel Efficiency through Dynamic Structural Adaptation2025-28-034211/06/2025
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) routinely navigate unstable and varied terrains—mud, sand, loose gravel, or uneven rock beds—causing increased rolling resistance, reduced traction, and high energy expenditure. Traditional rigid chassis systems lack the flexibility to adapt dynamically to changing surface conditions, leading to inefficiencies in vehicle stability, maneuverability, and fuel economy. This paper proposes an adaptive terrain morphing chassis (ATMC) that can actively modify its structural geometry in real-time using embedded sensors, hydraulic actuators, and soft robotic elements. Drawing inspiration from nature and recent advances in adaptive materials, the ATMC adjusts vehicle ground clearance, track width, and load distribution in response to terrain profile data, thereby optimizing fuel efficiency and performance. Key contributions include: A multi-sensor fusion system for real-time terrain classification Hydraulic actuators and morphing polymers for variable chassis
Vashisht, Shruti
Fuel Differentiation for Energy Efficiency in Heavy-Duty Diesel Applications: A Case Study for the Determination of Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy2025-28-023111/06/2025
For the achievement of Net Zero Emission goals, various corporates have started with the planning towards the achievement of short-term goals which are well defined with the implementation of energy conservation and efficiency. In this direction, high cetane diesel is an optimized combination of diesel fuel with higher Cetane Number fortified with Novel & Optimized multi-functional additives (MFAs) formulation for improved performance and specially designed for heavy duty diesel engines & off-highway applications. This innovative concept is based on enhancement of fuel economics by enhancement in fuel combustion, injector cleaning characteristics and reduction of frictional losses. The benefits associated with high cetane diesel include superior cleanliness to keep high pressure diesel injectors clean, better lubricity providing longer injector life, superior combustion leading to lower noise and products formulated for benefits in overall reduction in emissions specially developed for
Kumar, Prashant, Mayeen, Hafiz, Saroj, Shyamsher
Effective Power Management on Diesel Engine Using Electrified Turbocharger2025-28-024211/06/2025
The growing demand for improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions in diesel engines has led to significant advancements in power management technologies. This paper presents a dual-mode functional strategy that integrates electrified turbochargers to enhance engine performance, provide boost and generate electrical power. This helps in optimizing the overall engine efficiency. The engine performance is enhanced with boosting mode where the electric motor accelerates the turbocharger independent of exhaust flow, effectively reducing turbo lag and provides immediate boost at low engine speeds. This feature also improves high altitude performance of the engine. Conversely, in generating mode, the electric turbocharger recovers or harvest energy from exhaust gases depending on engine operating conditions, converting it into electrical energy for battery recharging purpose. Advanced control systems enable real-time adjustments to boost pressure and airflow in response to dynamic driving
Borle, Shraddha, Prasad, Lakshmi, Couvret, Sebastien, Fournier, Hugo, Chenuet, Laurent
Off-Highway Electrification: A Case Study beyond Propulsion and Emission2025-28-022311/06/2025
To provide needs of food, clothing and infrastructure for growing population of the world, off-highway vehicles such as those in construction, agriculture and commercial landscaping are moving towards electrification for enhanced precision, productivity, efficiency and sustainability. It has also paved way to adopt autonomy of these vehicles to address challenges like skilled labour shortage for timely and efficient execution. There are many challenges and opportunities of electrification in off-highway domain, be it through completely replacing engine in vehicles or efficiency improvements using hybrid architecture for powertrain and auxiliary power demands, electrification being key enabler precision and speed of the complex operations, automation of complex operation. This paper explains the need of electrification in electric off-highway vehicles and shows how the electrification solves the current challenges faced by off-highway heroes like farmers, construction site owners and
Deshpande, Chinmay Vasudev, Mujumdar, Chaitanya, Bachhav, Kiran
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