As automotive manufacturers have tried to set themselves apart by reducing emissions, and increasing vehicle range/fuel economy by eliminating any energy loss from inefficiencies on the vehicle, the brake corners have been an area of interest to reduce off-brake torque to zero in all conditions. Caliper designers can revise some attributes like piston seal grooves, and pad retraction features to reduce drag, but even if a caliper is designed perfectly in all aspects, trying to measure it in a reliable and repeatable manner proves to be difficult. There are many ways to measure brake drag all with ranging complexity. Some of the simplest measurements are the most repeatable, but it excludes the majority of the vehicle inputs. The most vehicle representative testing requires the most complex equipment and comes with the most challenges. This paper will focus mainly on the different ways residual brake drag can be measured, the benefits and challenges to each of them, the problems trying

Retting, Joshua

Durable Aluminum Alloys for Brake Disc and Rotor Applications

2025-01-0358

09/15/2025

Lightweight materials are essential in reducing the overall weight and improving the efficiency and performance of ICE and electric vehicles. The use of aluminum alloys is critical in transitioning to a more energy sustainable and environmentally friendly future. The accessible combinations of high modulus to density and strength to weight ratios, as well as their excellent thermal conductivity, make them an ideal solution for overall weight reduction in vehicles, thereby improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions. Aluminum alloys with high strength and lifetime thermal stability have been industrialized for usage in brake rotor applications. Amongst the most used aluminum alloys with high thermal stability are 2618-T8 and 4032-T6 for use in aerospace and automotive industries, respectively. However, when it comes to prolonging the life of a product at temperatures that exceed 200°C, the properties of these alloys will quickly degrade within the first 300 hours of exposure

Duchaussoy, Amandine, Lorenzino, Pablo, Franklin, Jack, Tzedaki, Maria

Development of a Euro VII-Compliant Diesel Combustion System for Light Commercial Vehicles

2025-24-0035

09/07/2025

Recent European regulations introduced in the transportation sector have increased stringency on tailpipe CO2 and regulated emissions, starting from 2025. The development of advanced technologies and the utilization of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines play a key role in the short- to mid- term in complying with such regulations and supporting sustainable transition of the transportation sector. In this study, the focus has been to develop an advanced Diesel combustion system for light commercial vehicles application in compliance with the latest Euro VII regulations and with the primary aim to improve fuel economy. The adopted methodology began with the virtual development and optimization of the entire combustion system encompassing bowl shapes, injector nozzles, and intake port specifications, leveraging a Machine Learning approach based on high-fidelity 3D CFD combustion models. Two virtually optimized combustion system “recipes” have been identified and then

Belgiorno, Giacomo, Malagrinò, Gianfranco, Pezza, Vincenzo, Spedicato, Tonio, Storsillo, Vito, Gallone, Alessandro, Alletto, Massimiliano, Pesce, Francesco, Vassallo, Alberto, Colombo, Giovanni, Formica, Angelo, Lerda, Francesco, Mirzaeian, Mohsen, Vitiello, Michele

Experimental Assessment of ‘Drop-In’ and ‘Optimized’ HVO Usage in a 6.6l Diesel Engine for Low-Emissions Marine Applications

2025-24-0073

09/07/2025

All mobility sectors are facing the challenge to contribute actively to the reduction of environmental pollution and of the impact on climate change driven by Greenhouse Gas effect. One of the most active sectors in the research of environment-friendly propulsion propositions is the recreational and light-commercial boating. Presently, many of the boats operating in this sector are propelled by internal combustion engines derived from road applications. In this work, the effects of replacing conventional fossil-derived B7 diesel with Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) were experimentally investigated in a modern Medium-Duty Engine, using the advanced biofuel initially as drop-in replacement, and then repeating the testing after the recalibration of the engine combustion set points. Comparing the results of the replacement of diesel with HVO showed appreciable benefits in terms of NOx, Particulate Matter (PM), mass fuel consumption and Well-to-Wake (WtW) CO2 thanks to the inner properties

Cosseddu, Cinzia, Spedicato, Tonio, Pennazio, Davide, Vassallo, Alberto, Fittavolini, Corrado

Analysis and Simulation of Fuel Consumption and Emissions in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck under Real-World Driving Conditions for Hybridization and Waste Heat Recovery

2025-24-0096

09/07/2025

Heavy-duty vehicles contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions and are now facing challenges in meeting emission regulatory standards, particularly cold-start operations. These challenges are particularly significant during transient operations, where fuel efficiency drops and emissions peak due to suboptimal thermal conditions. Advanced powertrains that use hybridization and waste heat recovery with phase-changing materials offer potential pathways to mitigate fuel consumption and emissions under real-world driving conditions. Still, they need to be accurately sized, and the energy flows handled to overcome the disadvantages of increased mass and complexity. This investigation lays the groundwork for the development of advanced power systems by implementing a scalable, map-based model for heavy-duty diesel engines. The model is validated using an open-access dataset related to a heavy-duty vehicle equipped with a 6-cylinder diesel engine, which performed 28 different

Donateo, Teresa, Mujahid, Talha, Morrone, Pietropaolo, Algieri, Angelo

Multilevel Control Strategy Design and Optimization for Fuel Cell Hybrid Heavy-Duty Vehicles

2025-24-0107

09/07/2025

The heavy-duty transportation sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the urgent need for zero-emission solutions. This research develops a multilevel control architecture that optimizes fuel economy and minimizes emissions in fuel cell hybrid heavy-duty vehicles, equipped with proton exchange membrane fuel cell and battery pack as main power sources. The detailed fuel cell system model incorporates reactants and thermal dynamics, including air supply, hydrogen flow, water management and their effects on reaction kinetics, membrane conductivity, water balance, performance and durability. The low-level control strategy is designed using a physics-based approach that accounts for critical constraints, including temperature, membrane water content and differential pressure between the cathode and anode. By identifying optimal setpoints for key control variables, this methodology enables the development of accurate control maps for actuator management

Bove, Giovanni, Aliberti, Paolo, Simone, Christian, Sorrentino, Marco, Pianese, Cesare

Development of a Compact Hydrogen Engine for Commercial Applications

2025-24-0060

09/07/2025

As the individual and commercial vehicle industries seek sustainable alternatives to conventional internal combustion engines (ICEs), hydrogen-fueled rotary engines are emerging as a promising solution for several applications. This paper presents an innovative approach for the development of a hydrogen rotary engine that is integrated within a hybrid system. By exploiting the unique characteristics of rotary engines, such as compact size and high power-to-weight ratio, the electric machine, the battery and the rotary engine can be accommodated in the installation space of a conventional ICE with comparable power, despite the reduced power density of hydrogen as a fuel in ICEs. As a first step, the hydrogen engine is naturally aspirated and equipped with direct injection. To develop a suitable calibration for the engine’s application, the influence of calibration parameters such as ignition and injection are investigated. The study examines the influence of these on operating behavior

Endres, Jonas, Beidl, Christian, Hofmann, Silas

Overview of Current Developments of Pre-Chamber Spark Plugs for Passenger Car Applications

2025-24-0152

09/07/2025

The internal combustion engine (ICE) is projected to remain the dominant technology in the transport sector over the short to medium term, and there exists significant potential for further improvements in fuel economy and emission reductions. One promising approach to enhancing the efficiency of spark ignition engines is the implementation of passive pre-chamber spark plugs. The primary advantages of pre-chamber-initiated combustion include the mitigation of knocking, an increase in in-cylinder turbulence, and a combustion process that is both faster and more stable compared to that achieved with conventional J-gap spark plugs. Additionally, the higher ignition energy provided by pre-chamber spark plugs enables operation under higher intake pressures, maintains similar exhaust gas recirculation rates, and supports leaner combustion conditions. These benefits are predominantly attributed to volumetric ignition via hot, reactive jets. However, the pre-chamber spark plug also presents

Korkmaz, Metin, Juressen, Sven Eric, Rößmann, Dominik, Kapus, Paul E., Pino, Sandro

Testing and Modeling of a Passive SCR System for Hydrogen Engines

2025-24-0082

09/07/2025

Heavy-duty vehicles powered by hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICEs) present a compelling solution for sustainable transportation. When optimized for ultra-lean operation, H2-ICEs are capable of meeting the most stringent contemporary legislative emission standards. However, achieving optimal drivability necessitates occasionally an enriched operating mode, thereby presenting significant challenges in maintaining ultra-low emissions. In this context, the implementation of advanced exhaust after-treatment technologies becomes essential to ensure near-zero tailpipe emissions with minimal impact on fuel efficiency and drivability. This paper investigates the potential of a passive Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) exhaust configuration for a heavy-duty hydrogen (HD H₂) engine, employing testing and modeling of a Lean NOx Trap, utilized as an ammonia (NH3) generator, in conjunction with a downstream Selective Catalytic Reduction system. We underscore the complexities associated

Zafeiridis, Menelaos, Alexiadou, Panagiota, Koltsakis, Grigorios

An Optimized Particle Collection System for PM10 and PM2.5 Tyre Wear Emission Factors under Real-World Conditions

2025-24-0093

09/07/2025

The growing demand for improved air quality and reduced impact on human health along with progress in vehicle electrification has led to an increased focus on accurate Emission Factors (EFs) for non-exhaust emission sources, like tyres. Tyre wear arises through mechanical and thermal processes owing to the interaction with the road surface, generating Tyre Road Wear Particles (TRWP) composed of rubber polymers, fillers, and road particles. This research aims to establish precise TRWP airborne EFs for real-world conditions, emphasizing in an efficient collection system to generate accurate PM10 and PM2.5 EFs from passenger car tyres. Particle generation replicates typical driving on asphalt road for a wide selection of tyres (different manufacturers, price ranges, fuel economy rating). Factors such as tyre load, speed and vehicle acceleration are also considered to cover various driving characteristics. The collection phase focuses on separating tyre wear particles from potential

Kontses, Dimitrios, Dimaratos, Athanasios, Kaimakamis, Thomas, Vizvizis, George, Ouzounis, Rafail, Koutsokeras, Odysseas, Samaras, Zissis

Optimizing Hybrid Powertrains for Off-Highway Vehicles

02-18-03-0024

08/23/2025

This article details the development of a plug-in hybrid electric powertrain system for a wheel loader. The work included both computer modeling and fired engine testing. A methodical approach was utilized, which included identifying system requirements, an architecture study, component sizing, and cost analysis. After the optimal system was designed, the engine and hybrid motor were installed in a powertrain test cell and evaluated over an in-use duty cycle. A bespoke utility factor, relevant for wheel loader operation, was developed to enable realistic fuel economy and emissions weighting between charge depleting and charge sustaining operation. Finally, an exhaust heater was used to ensure rapid warmup of the aftertreatment system. Compared to an internal combustion engine–only baseline, the hybrid powertrain system resulted in a 48% reduction in CO2 and an 84% reduction in NOX emissions when operated over an 8-h shift, with daily recharging.

Bachu, Pruthvi, Michlberger, Alexander, Meruva, Prathik, Bitsis, Daniel Christopher

Advanced Energy and Thermal Management Control Strategy for Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Powertrains

02-18-03-0022

08/14/2025

Medium- and heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) have gained attention over the battery electric vehicles, offering long vehicle range, fast refueling times, and high payload capacity. However, FCEVs face challenges of high upfront system cost and fuel cell system durability. To address the cost sensitivity of the fuel cell powertrain, it is imperative to maximize the operating efficiency of the energy and thermal management system while meeting the fuel cell durability requirements. This article presents an advanced adaptive control strategy for each of the energy and thermal management systems of a FCEV to maximize operating efficiency as well as vehicle performance. The proposed adaptive energy management strategy builds upon a real-time equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), which is updated based on a horizon prediction algorithm using GPS and navigation data of the route. The algorithm predicts the battery state of charge (SOC) for a defined horizon, which

Batool, Sadaf, Baburaj, Adithya, Sadekar, Gaurav, Joshi, Satyum, Franke, Michael

Alternative Fuels and Hybridization as Cost-Effective Pathways to Medium-Duty Greenhouse Gas Phase 3 Compliance

02-18-03-0019

07/23/2025

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Phase 3 regulation targets a substantial reduction in GHG emissions across model year (MY) 2027–2032 class 2b-8 vehicles. This article explores the implementation of alternative fuels, such as compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), along with powertrain hybridization as viable pathways for achieving these stringent standards in a cost-effective manner. A detailed analysis is performed on a Class-7 medium–heavy-duty (MHD) truck configuration, featuring an inline 4-cylinder 5.2-L spark-ignited (SI) engine, modeled with both CNG and LPG fuels. The vehicle’s powertrain is simulated to evaluate GHG emissions and fuel efficiency. The study further examines the impact of low rolling resistance (LRR) tires and varying tire rolling resistance coefficients (Crr) on vehicle performance. For further lowering the GHG emissions, a hybrid powertrain sizing study was performed. The simulation

Patil, Shubham V., Smith, Edward M., Bachu, Pruthvi R., Ross, Michael G.

Effect of Water Dilution and Homogenous Lean Operation on Combustion and Detailed Emissions in a Spark Ignited Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

04-19-01-0004

07/10/2025

Twenty-nine percent of the greenhouse gas emissions in the US are produced by the transportation sector according to the US Environmental Protection Agency. The combination of increasingly stringent regulations on emissions and fuel economy, along with the current practical limitations of electrification motivate continued development efforts for improving internal combustion engine efficiency and emissions. Ethanol, an extensive fuel additive or drop-in replacement for gasoline, is already recognized as a promising transition fuel in decarbonization efforts. Furthermore, lean combustion in spark-ignited (SI) engines has been pursued extensively for engine efficiency and emissions improvements. Lean combustion, however, faces the challenges of decreased combustion stability and strong increases to engine-out NOx at conditions where conventional SI engines are stable (ϕ > 0.7). Water dilution, historically used as a knock inhibitor in performance engines, has shown potential for

Voris, Alex, Lundberg, Matt, Puzinauskas, Paulius

Modular Thermal Management Framework for Electric Drive System Development

2025-01-0262

07/02/2025

The automotive industry is undergoing a major shift from internal combustion engines to hybrid and battery electric vehicles, which has led to significant advancements and increased complexity in drivetrain design and thermal management systems. This complexity reflects the growing need to optimize energy efficiency, extend vehicle range, and ensure system reliability in modern electric vehicles. At the Institute of Automotive Engineering, a specialized synthesis tool for drivetrain optimization is used to identify the best drivetrain configurations based on specific boundaries and requirements. Building up on this toolchain a modular and adaptable thermal management framework has been developed, addressing another critical aspect of vehicle and drive development: efficient thermal circuit layout and its impact on energy consumption and overall system reliability. The thermal framework emphasizes the dynamic interactions between key components, such as electric machines, power

Notz, Fabian, Sturm, Axel, Sander, Marcel, Kässens, Christoph, Henze, Roman

A New Electrified Planetary Gear Set - The Cost- and Fuel-Efficient Alternative to Continuously Variable Transmissions

2025-01-0309

07/02/2025

In order to mitigate the effects of climate change, the global transport sector, one of the largest emitters of CO2, needs to drastically reduce its emissions. Although hybridization and electrification are becoming increasingly popular as a solution for a variety of applications, their use in two- and three-wheelers, as well as in recreational and powersports vehicles, remains limited due to their high costs and complexity compared to conventional drivetrains with continuously variable transmissions (CVTs). Despite their affordability and simplicity, CVTs suffer from low mechanical efficiency, with transmission losses ranging from 20–50 %, highlighting a significant opportunity for improvement. In response to these limitations, this study presents the development and experimental evaluation of an electrified planetary gear set (ePGS) in a lightweight off-road vehicle. It is designed to overcome the efficiency limitations of CVTs while maintaining high driving comfort and low system

Jakoby, Moritz, Engels, Michael, Fahrbach, Timm, Andert, Jakob

Effect of Gasoline Component on Fuel Economy of WLTC Drive with EGR and Lean Combustion

2025-01-0305

07/02/2025

It is becoming increasingly clear that research into alternative fuels, including drop-in fuels, is essential for the continued survival of the internal combustion engine. In this study, the authors have evaluated olefinic and oxygenated fuels as drop-in fuels using a single-cylinder engine and considering fuel characteristic parameters. The authors have assessed thermal efficiency by adding EGR or excess air from zero to the maximum value that allows stable combustion. Next, we attempted to predict fuel efficiency for four types of passenger cars (Japanese small K-car N/A, K-car T/C, Series HV, and Power-split HV) by changing the fuels. We created a model to estimate fuel efficiency during WLTC driving. The results indicated that fuel economy could potentially be improved by adding an olefin fuel that burns stably even with a large amount of EGR or air and an oxygen fuel whose octane number increases. It was observed that the fuel economy improvement rate was particularly notable for

Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Xu, Fuguo, Wang, Zhiyuan, Tanaka, Kotaro, Kuboyama, Tatsuya

Experimental Evaluation of Purge Strategies in the Recirculation Path of a PEM Fuel Cell System

2025-01-0316

07/02/2025

PEM fuel cell technology plays a vital role in realizing an emission-free mobility and, depending on the considered use case, offers significant advantages over battery electric solutions as well as hydrogen combustion engines. When high performance over a longer period of time as well as short refueling times are key requirements, fuel cell powertrains show their core strengths. However, the adaption of fuel cells in the mobility sector strongly depends on their efficiency which directly relates to the vehicle’s fuel consumption, range and ultimately cost to operate. Therefore, the influence on efficiency and power of different purge strategies used to operate PEM fuel cells is experimentally investigated and compared. A concentration-dependent purge strategy is developed and examined in reference to a charge-dependent strategy. The measurements are carried out on a fuel cell system test bench which corresponds to a fully functional fuel cell system including all commonly used

Hauser, Tobias, Allmendinger, Frank

Computational Investigation of Advanced Compression Ignition with Wet Ethanol in an OP-2S

04-19-01-0002

06/30/2025

Alcohol fuels have inherent properties that make them suitable candidates to replace conventional fossil fuels in internal combustion engines by reducing the formation of harmful emissions such as lifecycle carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and particulate matter (PM). There is an increasing amount of work to use fuels such as ethanol or methanol in mixing-controlled compression ignition (MCCI) as a replacement for diesel fuel. However, employing these fuels in a strictly MCCI strategy results in an evaporative cooling penalty that lowers indicated fuel efficiency. This work proposes the use of an advanced compression ignition (ACI) strategy with a high autoignition resistant fuel, where a fraction of the fuel is premixed and autoignited in conjunction with a fraction of fuel that is burned in a mixing-controlled manner to achieve diesel-like efficiencies with significant emission reductions. A computational model for MCCI with diesel and wet ethanol in an opposed piston two

O’Donnell, Patrick Christopher, Gainey, Brian, Bhatt, Ankur, Huo, Ming, Lawler, Benjamin

Lifecycle Assessment of Battery Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Internal Combustion Engine-Powered Cars in India

13-06-02-0012

06/28/2025

Battery electric vehicles have gained popularity in the transport sector of late and are considered to emit lower greenhouse gas emissions than their internal combustion engine-powered counterparts. This study conducted a “cradle-to-grave” lifecycle assessment for two sets of battery electric, hybrid electric, and internal combustion engine vehicles sold in India to assess which powertrain emits lower greenhouse gas emissions during their lifetime. The system boundaries of the “cradle-to-grave” analysis consist of vehicle manufacturing, usage, maintenance, recycling of components, and finally, disposal. The “well-to-wheel” analysis includes oil extraction, feedstock cultivation, transportation, refining, fuel production, blending, and supply. This study considered India’s electricity generation mix from thermal, nuclear, solar, wind, and hydropower plants in different regions for 2020–2021. Greenhouse gas emissions from all three categories of vehicles were calculated for a lifespan of

Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, Singh, Rahul Kumar, Biswas, Srijit

Enhanced Equivalent Consumotion Minimization Strategy Based on Bayesian Optimization

2025-01-0194

06/16/2025

The Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is an effective approach for managing energy flow in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), balancing the use of electric energy and fuel consumption. The strategy’s performance depends heavily on the Equivalent Factor (EF), which governs this trade-off. However, the optimal EF varies under different driving conditions and is influenced by the inherent randomness in factors such as traffic, road gradients, and driving behavior, making it challenging to determine through traditional methods. This paper introduces Bayesian Optimization (BO) as a solution to address the stochastic nature of the EF parameter tuning process. By using a probabilistic model, BO efficiently navigates the complex, uncertain performance landscape to find the optimal EF parameters that minimize fuel consumption and emissions across variable conditions. Simulation results under WLTP cycles show that the proposed method reduces fuel consumption by 0.9% and improves

Zhang, Cetengfei, Zhou, Quan, Jia, Yiqi, Xiong, Lu

Effects of Injection and Intake Timing on Atomization and Combustion in a Hybrid Gasoline Direct Injection Optical Engine under the Low-Speed Low-Load Condition

2025-01-0203

06/16/2025

With the growing trend of hybridization in modern engines, hybrid gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are typically designed for high load at BMEP of 6 to 10 bar, low-to-mid speed of 2000 to 3000 rpm to achieve optimal fuel economy. However, these engines inevitably operate under low-speed, low-load conditions, such as during engine startup and low-speed cruising, where insufficient intake air often leads to poor air-fuel mixing and weak turbulence, resulting in suboptimal combustion. Adjusting intake and injection timing presents a simple and effective approach to optimizing the combustion process in hybrid GDI engines. In this study, an optical engine with a combustion system geometry identical to that of an advanced hybrid GDI engine was used. The engine featured a compression ratio of 15.0:1 and was equipped with a variable timing camshaft for intake timing control and an electronically controlled system for injection timing. High-speed color imaging, using transparent pistons

Cui, Mingli, Fu, Jinhong, Man, Xingjia, Nour, Mohamed, Zhang, Weixuan, Li, Xuesong, Xu, Min

Decarbonisation of GDI Engines Utilising On-Board Hydrogen Production in an Improved Design Thermochemical Exhaust-Assisted Fuel Reformer

2025-01-0186

06/16/2025

Engine intake charge enrichment with hydrogen (H2) is one way to enhance engine thermal efficiency and decrease pollutant emissions while replacing carbon-based fuel. Waste energy from hot exhaust gas can be thermochemically recovered as hydrogen in catalytic exhaust gas fuel reforming, which can then be used in combustion. This study focuses on tailoring the design of the fuel reformer, including the catalyst chemistry and coating on ceramic and metallic structures, to benefit the whole system’s fuel economy and decrease engine out emissions. The main reformer improvements focused on exhaust flow management and interaction with the engine's after-treatment system, while the final stage focused on the reformer's internal design structure. The new design iteration enabled hydrogen production improvements between 78% and 86% in the critical exhaust gas temperature range of 410°C to 520°C with gas hourly space velocities (GHSVs) in highly demanding engine operating conditions ranging from

Lee, Seung Woo, Wahbi, Ammar, Herreros, Jose, Zeraati Rezaei, Soheil, Tsolakis, Athanasios, Millington, Paul

Development of After-Treatment Systems and Control Strategy for a Hybrid-Dedicated Homogeneous Lean Burn Engine

2025-01-0217

06/16/2025

The development of lean-burn gasoline engines has continued due to their significant improvements in thermal efficiency. However, challenges associated with NOx emissions have hindered their mainstream adoption. As a result, the development of an effective NOx after-treatment system has become a key focus in lean-burn engine research. Additionally, HC emissions pose another challenge, as they tend to increase under lean combustion conditions while their conversion efficiency simultaneously declines. This study presents a novel after-treatment system incorporating a lean NOx trap(LNT) and a passive SCR(pSCR) system. This configuration enables efficient NOx reduction at a competitive cost while maintaining operational simplicity. Moreover, conventional catalyst technologies, including three-way catalysts (TWCs) and fuel-cut NOx traps (FCNTs), were optimized to maximize conversion performance under lean operating conditions. To further enhance system performance, various control

Oh, Heechang, Lee, Jonghyeok, Sim, Kiseon, Lim, SeungSoo, Park, Jongil, Park, Minkyu, Kang, Hyunjin, Han, Donghee, Lee, Kwiyeon, Song, Jinwoo

Multi-Objective Robust Optimization for a Parallel Link Steering System: A Six Sigma and Monte Carlo Approach

2025-01-5036

06/03/2025

The steering system is one of the most important assemblies for the vehicle. It allows the vehicle to steer according to the driver’s intention. For an ideal steering system, the steering angle for the wheel on the left and right side should obey the Ackman equation. To achieve this goal, the optimization method is usually initiated to determine the coordinates of the hard points for the steering system. However, the location of hard points varies due to the manufacturing error of the components and wear caused by friction during their working life. To decrease the influence of geometry parameter error, and system mass, and improve the robust performance of the steering system, the optimization based on Six Sigma and Monte Carlo approach is used to optimize the steering system for an off-road vehicle. At last, the effect is proved by the comparison of other methods. The maximum error of the steering angle is decreased from 7.78° to 2.14°, while the mass of the steering system is

Peng, Dengzhi, Deng, Chao, Zhou, Bingbing, Zhang, Zhenhua

Maintaining protection for next-gen HD engine lubricants

25TOFHP06_09

06/01/2025

The American Petroleum Institute's (API) Proposed Category 12 (PC-12) is currently under development. A target first license date has been set for January 2027, and industry stakeholders are currently at work on PC-12's testing requirements, limits and other criteria that will make up the final performance category. That means change is coming to the heavy-duty diesel lubricants space. The introduction of a new category provides opportunities for enhanced lubricant performance in areas such as improved drain intervals, fuel economy and engine deposit protection. However, one major area of focus for next-generation lubricants will be greater protection and enablement of aftertreatment devices, helping heavy-duty OEMs comply with stringent new emissions standards set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 2022.

Rodgers, Zachary L.

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