Browse Topic: Fuel economy

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Experimental Evaluation of Purge Strategies in the Recirculation Path of a PEM Fuel Cell System2025-01-0316To be published on 07/02/2025
PEM fuel cell technology plays a vital role in realizing an emission-free mobility and, depend-ing on the considered use case, offers significant advantages over battery electric solutions as well as hydrogen combustion engines. When high performance over a longer period of time as well as short refuelling times are key requirements, fuel cell powertrains show their core strengths. However, the adaption of fuel cells in the mobility sector strongly depends on their efficiency which directly relates to the vehicle’s fuel consumption, range and ultimately cost to operate. Therefore, the influence on efficiency and power of different purge strategies used to operate PEM fuel cells is experimentally investigated and compared. A concentration-dependant purge strategy is developed and examined in reference to a charge-dependant strategy. The concentration-dependent purge strategy manages the purge process based on the measured hydrogen concentration in the anode recirculation path. The
Hauser, Tobias, Allmendinger, Frank
Technical Paper
A New Electrified Planetary Gear Set - The Cost- and Fuel-Efficient Alternative to Continuously Variable Transmissions2025-01-0309To be published on 07/02/2025
In order to mitigate the effects of climate change, the global transport sector, one of the largest emitters of CO2, needs to drastically reduce its emissions. Although hybridization and electrification are becoming increasingly popular as a solution for a variety of applications, their use in two- and three-wheelers, as well as in recreational and powersports vehicles, remains limited due to their high costs and complexity compared to conventional drivetrains with continuously variable transmissions (CVTs). Despite their affordability and simplicity, CVTs suffer from low mechanical efficiency, with transmission losses ranging from 20–50 %, highlighting a significant opportunity for improvement. In response to these limitations, this study presents the development and experimental evaluation of an electrified planetary gear set (ePGS) in a lightweight off-road vehicle. It is designed to overcome the efficiency limitations of CVTs while maintaining high driving comfort and low system
Jakoby, Moritz, Engels, Michael, Fahrbach, Timm, Andert, Jakob
Technical Paper
Effect of Gasoline Component on Fuel Economy of WLTC Drive with EGR and Lean Combustion2025-01-0305To be published on 07/02/2025
It is becoming increasingly clear that research into alternative fuels, including drop-in fuels, is essential for the continued survival of the internal combustion engine. In this study, the authors have evaluated olefinic and oxygenated fuels as drop-in fuels using a single-cylinder engine and considering fuel characteristic parameters. The authors have assessed thermal efficiency by adding the EGR or air from 0 to the maximum value that allows stable combustion. Next, we attempted to predict fuel efficiency for four types of passenger cars (Japanese small K-car N/A, K-car T/C, Series-HV, and Power-split-HV) by changing the fuels. We created a model in OpenModelica to estimate fuel efficiency during WLTC driving. The results indicated that fuel economy could potentially be improved by adding an olefin fuel that burns stably even with a large amount of EGR or air and an oxygen fuel whose octane number increases. It was observed that the fuel economy improvement rate was particularly
Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Xu, Fuguo, Wang, Zhiyuan, Tanaka, Kotaro, Kuboyama, Tatsuya
Technical Paper
Effects of Injection and Intake Timing on Atomization and Combustion in a Hybrid Gasoline Direct Injection Optical Engine under the Low-Speed Low-Load Condition2025-01-0203To be published on 06/16/2025
With the growing trend of hybridization in modern engines, hybrid gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are typically designed for high-load, mid-to-high-speed operation to achieve optimal fuel economy. However, these engines inevitably operate under low-speed, low-load conditions where insufficient intake air often leads to poor air-fuel mixing and weak turbulence, resulting in suboptimal combustion. Adjusting intake and injection timing presents a simple and effective approach to optimizing the combustion process in hybrid GDI engines. In this study, an optical engine with a combustion system geometry identical to that of an advanced hybrid GDI engine is used. The engine features a compression ratio of 15.0:1 and is equipped with a variable timing camshaft for intake timing control and an electronically controlled system for injection timing. High-speed color imaging, using transparent pistons and cylinder liners, captures the in-cylinder spray development and combustion processes
Cui, Mingli, Fu, Jinhong, Man, Xingjia, Nour, Mohamed, Zhang, Weixuan, Li, Xuesong, Xu, Min
Technical Paper
Development of After-treatment Systems and Control Strategy for a Hybrid-dedicated Homogeneous Lean Burn Engine2025-01-0217To be published on 06/16/2025
Lean-burn gasoline engines can improve fuel economy thanks to the higher specific heat ratio of the mixture and the reduced cooling loss during the combustion process. In addition, when combined with hybrid technology, the technology can achieve more synergies by overcoming obstacles such as limited operating conditions. However, the challenge of this technology is to reduce exhaust emissions to a level suggested by future stringent regulations. In lean-burn gasoline engines, nitric oxide (NOx) emissions are difficult to convert using conventional three-way catalysts (TWCs). Therefore, developing an effective NOx after-treatment system has been a key technology in the development of lean-burn engines. In addition, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are also challenging because they increase under lean combustion conditions, while the lower exhaust temperature under lean conditions makes them hard to oxidize. Therefore, a catalyst technology capable of effectively converting HC, even at a low
Oh, Heechang, Lee, Jonghyeok, Sim, Kiseon, Lim, SeungSoo, Park, Jongil, Park, Minkyu, Kang, Hyunjin, Han, Donghee, Lee, Kwiyeon, Song, Jinwoo
Technical Paper
Decarbonisation of GDI Engines Utilising On-board Hydrogen Production in an Improved Design Thermochemical Exhaust Assisted Fuel Reformer2025-01-0186To be published on 06/16/2025
Engine intake charge enrichment with hydrogen (H2) is one way to enhance engine thermal efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions while replacing carbon-based fuel. Waste energy from hot exhaust gas can be thermochemically recovered as hydrogen in catalytic exhaust gas fuel reforming, which can then be used in combustion. This study focuses on tailoring the design of the fuel reformer, including the catalyst chemistry and coating on ceramic and metallic structures, to benefit the whole system’s fuel economy and reduce engine out emissions. The main reformer improvements focused on exhaust flow management and interaction with the engine's after-treatment system, while the final stage focused on the reformer's internal design structure. The new design iteration enabled hydrogen production improvements in the range of 78% to 86% in the critical exhaust gas temperature range of 410 oC to 520 oC with gas hourly space velocities (h-1) in highly demanding engine operating conditions ranging
Lee, Seung Woo, Wahbi, Ammar, Herreros, Jose, Zeraati Rezaei, Soheil, Tsolakis, Athanasios, Millington, Paul
Technical Paper
Multi-Objective Robust Optimization for a Parallel Link Steering System: A Six Sigma and Monte Carlo Approach2025-01-5036To be published on 06/03/2025
The steering system is one of the most important assemblies for the vehicle. It allows the vehicle to steer according to the driver’s intention. For an ideal steering system, the steering angle for the wheel on the left and right side should obey the Ackman equation. To achieve this goal, the optimization method is usually initiated to determine the coordinates of the hard points for the steering system. However, the location of hard points varies due to the manufacturing error of the components and wear caused by friction during their working life. To decrease the influence of geometry parameter error, and system mass, and improve the robust performance of the steering system, the optimization based on Six Sigma and Monte Carlo approach is used to optimize the steering system for an off-road vehicle. At last, the effect is proved by the comparison of other methods. The maximum error of the steering angle is decreased from 7.78° to 2.14°, while the mass of the steering system is
Peng, Dengzhi, Deng, Chao, Zhou, Bingbing, Zhang, Zhenhua
Technical Paper
Plug-In Hybrid and Range Extender NVH – Challenges and Solutions2025-01-010105/05/2025
The automotive industry continues to develop new powertrain and vehicle technologies aimed at reducing overall vehicle-level fuel consumption. While the use of electrified propulsion systems is expected to play an increasingly important role in helping OEMs meet fleet CO2 reduction targets, hybridized propulsion solutions will continue to play a vital role in the electrification strategy of vehicle manufacturers. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and range extender vehicles (REx) come with unique NVH challenges due to their different possible operation modes. First, the paper outlines different driveline and vehicle architectures for PHEV and REx. Given the multiple general architectures, as well as operation modes which typically accompany these vehicles, NVH characterizations and noise source-path analysis can be more complicated than conventional vehicles. In the following steps, typical NVH related challenges are highlighted and potential solutions for NVH optimization are
Wellmann, Thomas, Ford, Alex, Pruetz, Jeffrey
Technical Paper
Process to Simulate Active Tuned Mass Dampers to Reduce Interior Noise during Cylinder De-Activation Events2025-01-011005/05/2025
During cylinder deactivation events, high amplitude torque pulsations are generated at the crankshaft of the engine over a wide frequency range creating a potential risk for noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) performance of the vehicle. As passive tuned mass dampers are effective only in a narrow frequency range, active tuned mass dampers (ATMD) have become a popular choice to mitigate the risk. Often, engineers rely on finite element (FE) models of vehicle structures to make design decisions during the early stages of vehicle development. However, there is limited literature on the simulation of ATMD using FE techniques. Consequently, several details related to the ATMD design are decided through physical testing at the latter stages of vehicle development which is not ideal. To address these issues, a novel methodology to simulate an ATMD during cylinder deactivation events using FE technique is presented here. In this study, an ATMD based on force feedback control method was
Maddali, Ramakanth, Mogal, Akbar Baig, Haider, Syed, Jahangir, Yawar
Technical Paper
Prediction and Optimization of Noise radiation from a Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicle Transmission using Statistical Energy Analysis2025-01-005105/05/2025
Heavy Duty (HD) linehaul vehicles are majorly used in transportation of goods and heavy loads between different cities or long distances. Considering the current trend, payload capacity of these heavy-duty trucks are increasing due to constant increase in the load demand. Due to which engine torques of these HD vehicles are increasing which in turn increases the transmission input torque. At higher torque levels, gear excitation also increases and transmission becomes more susceptible towards higher noise radiation. The transmission is an integral part of the driveline in a heavy duty commercial vehicle. Along with speed and torque conversion, the transmission design is crucial to achieve better fuel economy. Important factors to consider in the transmission design are duty cycle, torque capacity, fuel economy and overall weight. Global vehicle pass-by noise regulations for HD commercial vehicles are becoming more stringent and transmissions are expected to be very quiet. Historically
Rastogi, Sarthak, Milind, T. R.
Technical Paper
A Computational Process to Predict and Mitigate Liftgate Gap Noise2025-01-002805/05/2025
This study introduces a computational approach to evaluate potential noise issues arising from liftgate gaps and their contribution to cabin noise early in the design process. This computational approach uses an extensively-validated Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver to predict the transient flow field and exterior noise sources. Transmission of these noise sources through glass panels and seals were done by a well-validated statistical energy analysis (SEA) solver. Various sealing strategies were investigated to reduce interior noise levels attributed to these gaps, aiming to enhance wind noise performance. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating computational tools in the early design stages to mitigate wind noise issues and optimize sealing strategies effectively.
Moron, Philippe, Jantzen, Andreas, Kim, Minsuk, Senthooran, Sivapalan
Technical Paper
Designing and Controlling a Hybrid Fuel Cell System for Propelling a Turboprop Aircraft2025-01-015105/02/2025
In the context of aviation sector decarbonization, fuel cell hybrid electric aircrafts are a promising alternative to conventional fuels, presenting opportunities for more sustainable and efficient flight. Hence, the present work is focused on an alternative powertrain architecture, wherein a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system cooperates with a lithium-ion battery to fulfil the electrical power demand of a turboprop-based aircraft. Particularly, a mathematical tool is proposed to evaluate both the components size and performance, while a degradation aware rule-based control strategy guarantees an effective power split between the hybridizing components. Such an energy management approach introduces an idling level and a rate limiter to mitigate degradation associated with start-up/shut-down and transient phases, respectively. Moreover, to have a reliable estimation of the vehicle’s fuel economy, while also guaranteeing the correct components dimensioning, the fuel cell system
De Donato, Angelo, Aliberti, Paolo, Sorrentino, Marco, Cuomo, Fabrizio, Musto, Carmine
Technical Paper
Virtual Calibration Approach to the Development of Control Systems and Strategies for Hybrid L-Category Vehicles2024-32-006604/18/2025
Hybrid powertrain for motorcycles has not been widely adopted to date but has recently shown significant increased interest and it is believed to have great potential for fuel economy containment in real driving conditions. Moreover, this technology is suitable for the expected new legislations, reduced emissions and enables riding in Zero Emissions Zones, so towards a more carbon neutral society while still guaranteeing “motorcycle passion” for the product [1, 2]. Several simulation tools and methods are available for the concept phase of the hybrid system design, allowing definition of the hybrid components and the basic hybrid strategies, but they are not able to properly represent the real on-road behaviour of the hybrid vehicle and its specific control system, making the fine tuning and validation work very difficult. Motorcycle riders are used to expect instant significant torque delivery on their demand, that is not properly represented in legislative cycles (e.g. WMTC); rider
Antoniutti, Christian, Sweet, David, Hounsham, Sandra
Technical Paper
Development of the Mild Hybrid System for Off-Road Machinery2024-32-006704/18/2025
In recent years, the importance of achieving carbon neutrality has been highlighted in response to the escalating severity of climate change. In the leading automobile market, the share of electric vehicles is gradually expanding, especially in passenger car sector. However, it is not same in commercial vehicle sector. In the off-road machinery market, as with electrification in commercial vehicles, the factors such as the need to install charging infrastructure and the requirement for large batteries to expand operating duration are significant challenge to full electrification. As one of the realistic solutions toward carbon neutrality for off-road machines, methods to utilize both internal combustion engines (ICE) and their applied products are being reconsidered. Under the circumstances, we have developed a mild-hybrid (MH) system for small off-road machinery. This system adopts a 48V power supply in order to minimize size of the system offers as a “Drop-in” package solution. This
Koyama, Kazuaki, Kimura, Ryota, Nagamori, Yuko, Horita, Tatsuhiko, Nosaka, Kento
Technical Paper
Development of Cylinder Deactivation Control during Idle for Conventional Engines2024-32-001904/18/2025
This report examines the advancement and utilization of cylinder deactivation technology that enhances fuel efficiency in conventional engines without hardware modifications. It operates by halting fuel supply to some of the cylinders in multi-cylinder engines and increasing the output power of the remaining active cylinders to maintain an idle state. By implementing this technology in the mass-produced 90° V-twin engine, the U502, and deactivating one of its two cylinders, fuel consumption during idling is reduced by over 30%. The focus of this study is on the technology developed to minimize engine speed fluctuations during the transition to cylinder deactivation and reactivation for the engine. By making various modifications to the fuel injection control sequence and optimizing the throttle opening of each cylinder in idle and driving conditions, engine speed fluctuations were minimized. This allows users to reduce fuel consumption while maintaining the engine’s original
YANAGIDA, Shoji
Technical Paper
Development of a High-Frequency Measurement Apparatus for Evaluating Piston Friction in a Small Gasoline Engines2024-32-010004/18/2025
Efforts to enhance fuel efficiency in small gasoline engines, vital for reducing CO2 emissions, are concentrated on minimizing piston friction losses. Achieving this balance while addressing concerns such as piston seizure prevention and minimizing oil consumption presents challenges, particularly in small gasoline engines operating at higher speeds where the risk of piston seizure is significant. Hence, there is a critical need for accurate methods to measure piston friction. This study introduces the development of a measurement apparatus employing the floating liner method, initially devised by Takiguchi [1] and further adapted by Yamasaka for a mono-cylinder air-cooled gasoline engine [2, 3]. Yamasaka’s research successfully investigated the correlation between the apparatus’s natural frequency and the maximum engine speed measurable, achieving piston friction measurement up to 5000 rpm. Expanding on this achievement, this research aims to broaden the application of the floating
Honda, Riku, Ito, Akemi, Saika, Santa, Yamase, Ryouta, Hasegawa, Tatsuhiko, Sakioka, Takeru, Suda, Naoyuki, Ninomiya, Yoshinari
Technical Paper
Studying the Lean Burn Operation in Two-Wheelers to Increase Fuel Efficiency and Investigate the Use of Lean NOx Trap Catalyst (LNT) for Lean Burn System2024-32-005804/18/2025
This study offers an overview of the impact of lean burn technology in two-wheeler vehicles, specifically concentrating on enhancing the fuel economy and addressing the challenges associated with its adoption. Lean burn systems, characterized by a fuel-air mixture with a higher air content than stoichiometric ratio. The study focuses on technology which meets stringent emission standards while enabling the optimization of fuel efficiency. The lean burn system employs strategies to optimize air-fuel ratio using electronic fuel injection, ignition timing control, and advanced engine control algorithms like - updated torque modulation control algorithm for drivability, lambda control algorithm for rich and lean switch and NOx modelling algorithm for LNT catalyst efficiency tracking. The challenges related to lean burn systems, includes issues related to combustion stability, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, and their impact on drivability, is summarized in the study. Mitigation strategies
Somasundaram, Karthikeyan, Sivaji, Purushothaman, John Derin, C, Vishal, Karwa, Manoj Kumar, S, Maynal, Rajesh
Technical Paper
Learning-Based Energy Management Strategy of Fuel Cell City Buses Considering Power Source Degradation02-18-02-001204/02/2025
Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) offer a promising solution for achieving environmentally friendly transportation and improving fuel economy. The energy management strategy (EMS), as a critical technology for FCVs, faces significant challenges of achieving a balanced coordination among the fuel economy, power battery life, and durability of fuel cell across diverse environments. To address these challenges, a learning-based EMS for fuel cell city buses considering power source degradation is proposed. First, a fuel cell degradation model and a power battery aging model from the literature are presented. Then, based on the deep Q-network (DQN), four factors are incorporated into the reward function, including comprehensive hydrogen consumption, fuel cell performance degradation, power battery life degradation, and battery state of charge deviation. The simulation results show that compared to the dynamic programming–based EMS (DP-EMS), the proposed EMS improves the fuel cell durability while
Song, Dafeng, Yan, Jinxing, Zeng, Xiaohua, Zhang, Yunhe
Journal Article
Smart Boosting: A Control Strategy for Optimized Energy Management with Boost Converter in Hybrid Electric Vehicles2025-01-858004/01/2025
In hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), optimizing energy management and reducing system losses are critical for enhancing overall efficiency and performance. This paper presents a novel control strategy for the boost converter in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), aimed at minimizing energy losses and optimizing performance by modulating to a higher boost converter voltage only when necessary. Traditional approaches to boost converter control often lead to unnecessary energy consumption by maintaining higher voltage levels even when not required. In contrast, the proposed strategy dynamically adjusts the converter's operation based on real-time vehicle demands, such as driver input, Engine Start-Stop (ESS) events, Active Electric Motor Damping (AEMD), entry and exit transitions for Engine Fuel Cut-Off (DFCO), Noise-Vibration-Harshness (NVH) events like lash-zone crossing and other specific operational conditions. The control strategy leverages predictive algorithms and real-time monitoring
Basutkar, Ameya, Huo, Shichao, Sullivan, Claire, Berger, Daniel, Tischendorf, Christoph
Technical Paper
Spray Characterization in a Constant Volume Chamber of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles-Diesel Blends2025-01-845504/01/2025
Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles are considered a promising fuel additive to enhance combustion efficiency, reduce emissions, and improve fuel economy. This study investigates the spray characteristics of diesel fuel blended with aluminum oxide nanoparticles in a constant volume chamber. The blends were prepared by dispersing Al₂O₃ nanoparticles in diesel at varying concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg of aluminum oxide nanoparticles into 1 L of pure diesel, respectively) using a magnetic stirrer and ultrasonication to ensure stable suspensions. Spray characterization was conducted in a high-pressure and high-temperature constant volume chamber, simulating actual engine conditions. The ambient temperatures for this experiment were set from 800 to 1200 K, and the oxygen concentrations were set from 21% to 13%. The study focused on key spray parameters such as spray penetration length, spray angle, and spray area, analyzed using high-speed imaging and laser diffraction techniques
Ji, Huangchang, Zhao, Zhiyu
Technical Paper
A Comparative Analysis of Acceleration and Deceleration Profiles for Aggressive Driving Styles and Fuel Economy Test Cycles2025-01-860504/01/2025
Efficient and sustainable transportation in urban environments depends on understanding driving behaviors, and their implications. This study explores into the distinction between aggressive and non-aggressive driving patterns, leveraging an on-road driving dataset provided by an automotive company. By contrasting this data with established Fuel Economy cycles from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and employing curve-fitting techniques, the research not only reveals driving patterns but also predicts potential behaviors in unfamiliar scenarios. Results show significantly different acceleration profile patterns between different driving behaviors which has serious impact in fuel economy and environmental wellness. The findings highlights the environmental impact of driving behaviors, paving the way for environmentally responsible policy recommendations and sustainable driving practices.
Padmanaban, Gandhimathi, Feng, Fred, Dai, Edward, Saini, Ankit, Hu, Guopeng, Zhao, Yanan
Technical Paper
The Development and Real-Time Application of DP-Based Optimized A-ECMS Algorithm for Multi-Mode Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles2025-01-858904/01/2025
The hybrid electric drive system has the potential to make a significant contribution to the energy sustainability of the automotive industry. This paper investigates the improved adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS) for a multi-mode series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle. First, a basic ECMS algorithm for the series-parallel vehicle is established, which considers the instantaneous optimal torque matching in the electric, serial hybrid, and engine driving modes. Under the condition that the future traffic information scenario is known, it is desired to realize the global optimal planning based on the combination of dynamic programming (DP) and ECMS. The SOC, engine speed, and torque results calculated by the DP strategy are used as benchmarks to develop the improved SOC-AECMS and S-AECMS strategies, which better incorporate the advantages of the global optimization results. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform is set up to validate the real
Zhu, Jingyu, Han, Mengwei, Liu, Chongfan, Yang, Chenfan, Nishida, Keiya
Technical Paper
Configuration Design of Multi-Gear Power-Split Hybrid Systems Based on Topological Tree Graphs2025-01-837904/01/2025
Energy efficient configuration schemes are critical to the fuel economy and power of hybrid vehicles. Single planetary gear (PG) configurations are highly integrated, simple and reliable, but have limited fuel saving potential. To overcome these problems, a new multi-gear power split (PS) powertrain has been proposed because of their high efficiency and excellent overall performance. Only one PG and one synchronizer are required. In order to systematically explore all possible designs of multi-gear-PS hybrid designs, this paper proposes a topological tree graph method: 1) inspired by the “D” matrix automatic modeling method, a new configuration tree matrix is proposed, which is used to complete the isomorphism determination, mode feature classification, and dynamics modeling; a design synthesis method for the multi-gear PS configuration is investigated; 2) A new near-optimal energy management strategy, the improved Rapid-DP (IR-DP), is proposed for the fast computation of the near
Zou, Yunge, Zhang, Yuxin, Yang, Yalian
Technical Paper
Verification of the Impact of Coefficient of Drag Variation Due to Natural Wind on Fuel Consumption Based on Actual Driving Data2025-01-877804/01/2025
The natural wind experienced on public roads can increase the yaw angle and therefore drag coefficient (CD), which may contribute to the discrepancy between catalog fuel economy and actual fuel economy. The impact of yaw characteristics alone on fuel economy during actual driving has not been verified or proven as it is difficult to obtain actual driving data under uniform conditions. For this reason, shape optimization is normally performed at zero-yaw through the aerodynamic development phases. In this paper, two vehicles with different yaw sensitivity characteristics are driven simultaneously, and fuel economy measurements are performed simultaneously with ambient airflow, environment, and vehicle conditions. The results where the conditions of the two vehicles match are extracted to clarify the impact of the differences of yaw characteristics on fuel economy. The obtained results matched the values predicted by theoretical calculations for the impact of yaw angle on fuel economy
Onishi, Yasuyuki, Nichols, Larry, Metka, Matt, masumitsu, Yasutaka, Inoue, Taisuke
Technical Paper
A Loss-Based Approach to Controlling the Optimum Power Request of an Energy Provider Such as a Fuel Cell2025-01-854804/01/2025
Optimizing energy providers like fuel cells and engines involves considering various factors, constraints, and requirements. These include NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness), durability, operating point efficiency, and customer expectations. Different energy providers prioritize these factors differently. For instance, NVH is crucial for engines due to customer expectations regarding start-up, sound, and power delivery based on accelerator input. In contrast, fuel cells face fewer constraints but must consider noise from electrical AC compressors and other devices, especially at lower vehicle speeds. However, operating point efficiency and durability are paramount for fuel cells, as they are expected to last as long as engines in conventional vehicles sold today. This paper proposes a holistic approach that begins at the vehicle or powertrain architecture level and designs an operating strategy that integrates all the aforementioned factors to enhance the operation of a fuel cell
Patel, Nadirsh, Kudupley, Harshal
Technical Paper
Model-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Powertrains for a Light Duty Pickup Truck Application2025-01-853204/01/2025
In recent years, the stronger push for reducing GHG and NOx emissions has challenged vehicle manufacturers globally. In USA, Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles released by EPA in April 2023 aims to reduce the CO2 emissions by 56% and 44%, respectively, for light and medium duty vehicles by 2032 from 2026 levels. It also includes the NMOG+ NOx standards, which require a 60 – 76% reduction by 2032 from 2026 levels for light to medium-duty vehicles. Europe also aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels and 100% by 2035. To achieve such low levels of CO2 emissions, especially in the near-term scenario of limited EV sales, hybridization of conventional powertrains has found renewed interest. While hybrid powertrains add complexity, if optimized well for the application, they can offer best tradeoff between upfront cost, range, payload, performance, emissions and off-ambient operation. This study
Fnu, Dhanraj, Correia Garcia, Bruno, Paul, Sumit, Joshi, Satyum, Franke, Michael
Technical Paper
Optimal Hybrid Drive Configuration for Synthesized ICE2025-01-853404/01/2025
Reducing emissions in individual transport requires electrification and hybridization. Emission reduction depends on the degree of electrification, the specific powertrain design and optimized components. This is especially true for hybrids with the highest number of components, consisting of combustion engine, transmission, electric motors and batteries. The integration of the electric motor in the transmission for dedicated hybrid transmissions leads to many possible concepts. Computer-aided powertrain synthesis is therefore needed to develop new powertrain architectures. In a publicly funded project, we have developed a powertrain synthesis that includes a combustion engine synthesis and a transmission synthesis. In this paper we focus on the impact of the engine concept on the powertrain dimensioning, fuel consumption, performance and operating behavior in a parallel hybrid configuration. In addition to different engine concepts, the electrical power is also varied to discuss the
Sturm, Axel, Henze, Roman, Küçükay, Ferit, Wolgast, Carsten, Eilts, Peter
Technical Paper
Effects of Intake and Exhaust Continuously Variable Valve Duration on Fuel Consumption and Emission Characteristics in Engine and Vehicle Tests2025-01-843704/01/2025
An experimental study was conducted on a multi-cylinder engine equipped with both intake and exhaust continuously variable valve duration (CVVD). Due to CVVD and continuous variable valve timing (CVVT), valve closing and opening timings of both intake and exhaust sides became decoupled, so that four valve timings (opening and closing timings of intake as well as exhaust sides) can be optimized under each engine condition. Theses independent valve timings allowed reductions of fuel consumption as well as particle number (PN) and stoichiometry combustion under full-load condition without compromise of performance. In addition, to reduce raw gaseous emissions and shorten light-off time of catalyst under catalyst heating condition, various valve timings were tested in the engine test bench. As results, nitrogen oxides (NOx) – total hydrocarbon (THC) trade-off relation was relieved by optimal valve timings including negative valve overlap duration compared to the base engine. As the last
Jung, Jinyoung, Han, Sangyeon, Park, Sangjae, Kwon, Ki Young, Son, Yousang, Kim, Back-Sik, Kim, Youngnam
Technical Paper
Development of a Test Course Selection Method for Natural Wind Data Collection on US Public Roads2025-01-878004/01/2025
The automotive aerodynamic development relies on wind tunnel testing and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), where the former provides reliable values to be used for fuel economy calculations, and the latter enables the investigation of flow features responsible for improvement/degradation of the average large-scale performances in terms of aerodynamic coefficients. The abovementioned procedure overlooks a crucial factor however: natural wind. The speed and the direction of natural wind encountered while driving alters the vehicle’s effective yaw angle. Such condition implies that the minimization of the drag coefficient at zero-yaw, commonly performed through wind tunnel and CFD simulations in an industrial context, may not yield real-world optimal shapes. While it is possible to reproduce natural wind-like conditions in a wind tunnel using flaps, for example, the input signal to the flap system must be available beforehand, and such key element is the focus of the present research
Nucera, Fortunato, Onishi, Yasuyuki, Metka, Matt
Technical Paper
The Impact of GCI Engines on Long-haul Trucks in the US and China2025-01-839604/01/2025
This study evaluates the impacts of the gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine on heavy duty long-haul trucks in both the Chinese and US markets. The study examines various aspects such as vehicle performance requirements, fuel consumption, emissions, and ownerships costs, and how they influence the implementation and impact of new technologies in these markets. By considering a wide variety of drive cycles, including standard regulatory cycles and real-world cycles, the study aims to identify the impact of varying degrees of powertrain electrification using diesel and GCI engines on fuel consumption and emissions. Additionally, this paper explores the viability of powertrain electrification in long-haul trucks by analyzing factors such as levelized cost of driving (LCOD), manufacturing costs, and energy costs. These considerations play a crucial role in determining the economic feasibility and attractiveness of electrification technologies in various driving scenarios and market
Nieto Prada, Daniela, Vijayagopal, Ram, Yan, Ziming, Sari, Rafael, He, Xin
Technical Paper
Innovative Use of Basic Technologies for a High-Efficiency, Low-Cost Small Displacement Gasoline Engine2025-01-839204/01/2025
India, with its low per capita income vast population and growing middle class, represents a significant market for low-cost, fuel-efficient automobiles. As the largest two-wheeler market globally, a transition to four-wheelers is underway, further driving the demand for affordable vehicles. This necessitates the design and development of low-priced vehicles equipped with efficient and economical powertrains. Globally, stringent regulations like Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE), Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC), and Real Driving Emissions (RDE) are pushing manufacturers to develop fuel-efficient vehicles. India has also adopted similar regulations, including CAFE2 and Bharat Stage 6-Phase 2 (BS6-2), to improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. These regulations, coupled with the growing demand for affordable vehicles, have spurred innovation in engine technology. In response to these challenges, Maruti Suzuki India Limited (MSIL) has consistently focused on
Singh, Amandeep, Singh, Jaspreet, Jalan, Ankit, Kumar, Narinder
Technical Paper
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Different Dilution Techniques in a High-Performance H2 - Fueled SI Engine2025-01-842404/01/2025
Nowadays, hydrogen (H2) is rising as a key solution to fuel internal combustion engines (ICE) since it allows carbon free combustion process. At the same time, ICE fueled with H2 can reach similar performance and driving experience of gasoline fueled ones. In stoichiometric conditions, hydrogen shows higher flame speed, lower ignition energy and lower quenching distance than gasoline. Mainly for these reasons, H2 combustion is characterized by a high risk of abnormal combustion (i.e. knock and pre-ignition), relevant NOx emissions and high heat losses. On the other hand, the wide flammability range and high combustion stability of H2 allow the use of different techniques to reduce combustion reactivity. This work presents a combined approach, experimental and numerical, to assess the benefits of three mixture dilution methods. The experimental campaign, in different operating conditions, was carried out on a production derived high specific power gasoline Single Cylinder Engine (SCE
Tonelli, Roberto, Medda, Massimo, Gullino, Fabrizio, Silvestri, Nicola, Zaffino, Francesco, Mariconti, Roberto, Rossi, Vincenzo
Technical Paper
Assessing the Impact of Mirror Technology on Driver Perception and Safety: Traditional vs. Camera-Based Systems2025-01-866404/01/2025
Camera-based mirror systems (CBMS) are being adopted by commercial fleets based on the potential improvements to operational efficiency through improved aerodynamics, resulting in better fuel economy, improved maneuverability, and the potential improvement for overall safety. Until CBMS are widely adopted it will be expected that drivers will be required to adapt to both conventional glass mirrors and CBMS which could have potential impact on the safety and performance of the driver when moving between vehicles with and without CBMS. To understand the potential impact to driver perception and safety, along with other human factors related to CBMS, laboratory testing was performed to understand the impact of CBMS and conventional glass mirrors. Drivers were subjected to various, nominal driving scenarios using a truck equipped with conventional glass mirrors, CBMS, and both glass mirrors and CBMS, to observe the differences in metrics such as head and eye movement, reaction time, and
Siekmann, Adam, Prikhodko, Vitaly, Sujan, Vivek
Technical Paper
Development of the New 2.0L In-Line 4 NA Gasoline Direct Injection Engine2025-01-839504/01/2025
Honda Motor Corporation has developed a new naturally aspirated in-line 4-cylinder direct injection gasoline engine for C segment sedans that combines high environmental performance and power output. Development time and cost were greatly reduced by utilizing basic structures and components that had previously been developed engine for hybrid vehicles. In addition to the environmental performance at which hybrid engines excel, the driving performance required from a pure gasoline engine for C segment sedans with a low environmental impact was aimed to achieve by optimizing the shape of the combustion chamber to obtain rapid combustion, adjusting intake and exhaust valve timing, employing fuel injection control and adopting a two-piece water jacket that protects the exhaust system component by lowering the exhaust gas temperature at high load. As a result, the newly developed engine achieves a maximum thermal efficiency of 40% with knock suppression effect through rapid combustion
Kondo, Takashi, Ohmori, Takeyuki, Yamamoto, Junpei, Miki, Kentaro
Technical Paper
Projected Perceived Cost of Ownership for Commercial Vehicle Powertrains in China by 20402025-01-859004/01/2025
The rapid advancement of alternative energy and energy-saving technologies in China underscores the importance of conducting a comprehensive analysis of the total cost of ownership (TCO) for commercial vehicles such as buses and trucks. To address the challenges of quantifying time-sensitive and implicit costs, this study has developed an extensive database and a web-based modeling tool to evaluate the TCO of these vehicles for the period 2020–2040. The tool allows for user-customized inputs and generates TCO estimates across multiple technology evolution scenarios, encompassing nearly 200 vehicle types categorized by class, intended use, and powertrain technology, within diverse technology development pathways. The model integrates critical cost factors, including vehicle purchase costs, financing costs, energy expenditures, and inconvenience costs, providing a detailed assessment of long-term ownership costs. Key findings indicate that under the reference scenario, battery electric
Tan, Xiaolu, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn), Wu, Shuhong, Chen, Yongjian, Lin, Zhenhong
Technical Paper
Research on the Parameter Optimization Method for a Dual-Motor Coupled Integrated Single-Axle Drive System2025-01-828404/01/2025
This paper explores a parameter optimization calculation method for a dual-motor coupled integrated single-axle drive system, aiming to achieve the optimal balance between vehicle dynamics, fuel efficiency, and system efficiency under this configuration. By constructing a vehicle longitudinal dynamics model and referencing motor models, the effective operating range is calculated. Vehicle acceleration time, gradeability, and maximum speed are used as constraints, while the proportion of the high-efficiency operating area of the drive system is taken as the objective function for optimizing relevant system parameters. This method improves computational efficiency by dividing the contour lines, thus eliminating the need to traverse all points in the constraint area and converting them into an intuitive analysis of the operating range, which reduces the need for point-by-point calculations across the entire working area.
Gu, Zhuangzhuang, You, Jianhui, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing
Technical Paper
Evaluating the Potential of a Turbo-Compound System for a Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Engine: A Modelling Study2025-01-835504/01/2025
Combining a low-carbon content fuel, such as natural gas, with a high-efficiency engine can reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly in hard-to-electrify long-haul trucking applications. Turbo-compounding, where an additional power turbine is installed in the exhaust stream after the turbocharger turbine, can extract useful amounts of energy from diesel engine exhaust at high loads. This work assesses the net benefits of combining turbo-compounding with a high-efficiency, natural gas fuelled heavy-duty engine. The effects on brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), greenhouse gas emissions, and engine-out emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and methane (CH4) are considered. The experimentally validated 1D model for a 13L diesel pilot- direct injection of natural gas, heavy-duty engine in GT-SUITETM is used to develop a series turbo-compound model. The effects of turbine sizes and flow capacities in fixed-geometry turbocharging and power turbines are evaluated on the engine’s
Balazadeh, Navid, Munshi, Sandeep, Shahbakhti, Mahdi, McTaggart-Cowan, Gordon
Technical Paper
Validation of a New Road and Contact Model for Vehicle-Soft Soil Terrain Interaction through an Elaborate Modeling of the FED-Alpha Vehicle2025-01-880004/01/2025
Employing multibody dynamic simulations with semi-empirical tire models is widely recognized as a cost-effective approach. A recent development introduces a novel road and tire-soil contact model that is not only swift and memory-efficient but also addresses limitations in classical semi-empirical models. This study conducts a thorough validation of the new road and contact model by creating a detailed multibody model of the four-wheeled vehicle, Fuel Efficiency Demonstrator (FED) – Alpha, integral to NATO's Next-Generation reference mobility model. The comprehensive model encompasses the chassis, suspension, tires, engine, transmission and various other components. Through simulations of various driving scenarios, accounting for complex terrain geometries, spatially varying soil properties, and multi-pass phenomena, the model's performance is evaluated. The simulation results are compared with physical measurements, providing a detailed assessment of the tire-soil model's predictive
Papapostolou, Lampros, Koutras, Evangelos, Leila, Felipe, Ribaric, Adrijan, Natsiavas, Sotirios
Technical Paper
10 % Fuel Economy Benefit at Part Load and up to 33 % at Idle for a Diesel Engine via Reducing Friction. Testing the Rotating Liner Engine and an Identical Baseline Under Load2025-01-839004/01/2025
The Rotating Liner Engine (RLE) is a design concept where the cylinder liner of a heavy-duty Diesel engine rotates at about 2-4 m/s surface speed to eliminate the piston ring and skirt boundary friction near the top and bottom dead center. Two single cylinder engines are prepared using the Cummins 4BT 3.9 platform, one is RLE, the other is baseline (BSL), i.e. conventional. In 2022, we published the test results of the RLE under load, but we lacked detail test data for the baseline. In this new set of experiments, we compare the RLE performance at idle and under load of up to about 7 bar IMEP (indicated mean effective pressure) to the baseline under similar conditions. It has been proven that the elimination of metallic contact between the compression rings and cylinder wall takes place with a liner speed of 1.5-2.3 m/s surface speed (283-426 rpm for the 102 mm bore) for the 850-1280 rpm crankshaft speed. The RLE FMEP is substantially reduced under load, which is a trend opposite to
Dardalis, Dimitrios, Hall, Matthew, Riley, Sebastian, Basu, Amiyo, Matthews, Ron
Technical Paper
A Novel Co-Simulation Framework for Optimizing Human Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in a Vehicle2025-01-819104/01/2025
A major portion of the energy consumed in a vehicle is spent on keeping the occupants thermally comfortable in all environmental conditions when the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is turned on. Maintaining the thermal comfort of a passenger is critical in terms of fuel consumption and emission for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. In electrified vehicles, where range is of major concern, this gains further-more importance. SC03 is a test defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to measure tailpipe emissions and fuel economy of passenger cars with the air-conditioner on. The current study would focus on this drive cycle on an ICE vehicle. The co-simulation framework would include a 1D thermal system model, associated thermal controls, a vehicle cabin model, and a human thermal model. 1D model will be predicting the energy consumption via compressor power, refrigerant pressure and temperature across the loop, component heat rejection, etc
Natarajan, Shankar, Balasubramanian, Sudharsan
Technical Paper
Development of Prediction Model for Vehicle Road Load Using Machine Learning2025-01-825804/01/2025
In the modern automotive industry, improving fuel efficiency while reducing carbon emissions is a critical challenge. To address this challenge, accurately measuring a vehicle’s road load is essential. The current methodology, widely adopted by national guidelines, follows the coastdown test procedure. However, coastdown tests are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, which can lead to inconsistencies across test runs. Previous studies have mainly focused on the impact of independent variables on coastdown results, with less emphasis on a data-driven approach due to the difficulty of obtaining large volumes of test data in a short period, both in terms of time and cost. This paper presents a road load energy prediction model for vehicles using the XGBoost machine learning technique, demonstrating its ability to predict road load coefficients. The model features 27 factors, including rolling, aerodynamic, inertial resistance, and various atmospheric conditions, gathered from a
Song, Hyunseung, Lee, Dong Hyuk, Chung, Hyun
Technical Paper
Experimental Study of DOC-on-Filter Using Next Generation Filter Solutions for Non-Road Applications2025-01-847904/01/2025
Upcoming California Tier 5 non-road limits mandate 90% and 75% reductions in NOx and PM respectively, from current Tier 4F emission standards. Similarly, lower NOx and PN/PM limits can be expected from a next round of European Non-Road regulations. To meet these limits, more SCR volume for greater NOx reduction, and better filtration efficiency filters for greater PN/PM reduction, may be required. The challenge is to accommodate larger SCR volume while maintaining oxidation (DOC) and filtration (DPF) functionality of the aftertreatment system within a limited packaging space on non-road machineries. Consolidating DOC and DPF into a single component as DOC-on-filter instead of separate DOC and DPF substrates to achieve space saving has been previously discussed in literature. This study expands on the current understanding and explores various functional performance characteristics of the DOC-on-filter concept in comparison with DOC + bare DPF, DOC + PGM coated DPF. The three test
Dam, Mrinmoy, Warkins, Jason, He, Suhao
Technical Paper
Impact of Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Energy Consumption and Emission Reduction for Agricultural Applications2025-01-854004/01/2025
As the agricultural industry seeks to enhance sustainability and reduce operational costs, the introduction of mild hybrid technology in tractors presents a promising solution. This paper focuses on downsizing internal combustion (IC) engine, coupled with integration of electric motor, to reduce fuel consumption and meet stringent emission regulations while maintaining power requirement for agricultural applications in India. The hybridization aims to deliver instant power boosts during peak loads and capitalizes on energy recovery during part loads and braking. Furthermore, the idle avoidance feature minimizes fuel consumption during periods of inactivity thus improving fuel efficiency. The hybridization also aims to hybridize auxiliary systems for flexible power management, enabling operation of either engine, auxiliaries, or both as needed. A newly developed hybrid supervisory control prototype efficiently manages electric power and mechanical power, enabling intelligent management
Prasad, Lakshmi P., PS, Satyanarayana, Paygude, Tejas, Gangsar, Purushottam, Thakre, Mangesh, Choudhary, Nagesh, Gitapathi, Ajinkya
Technical Paper
Series and IMMD+: Performance Comparison and Analysis of Hybrid Vehicles with Additive Clutches2025-01-853804/01/2025
In hybrid vehicle systems, the addition of a clutch at the engine end can significantly enhance the overall energy efficiency of the vehicle. In this paper, a novel multi-mode series-parallel configuration is proposed based on the Honda IMMD system and a comprehensive comparison is made with series and series-parallel configurations. Firstly, this paper analyses the various operational modes induced by the inclusion of a clutch at the engine end based on the IMMD system. Subsequently, the fuel consumption of the novel optimized series-parallel configuration is assessed using a rapid dynamic programming method aimed at minimizing fuel consumption during the powertrain operation; additionally, its dynamic performance is analyzed through dynamic programming algorithms. Finally, the performance of different configurations is quantitatively evaluated in terms of acceleration and fuel consumption. The findings reveal that the IMMD + Clutch configuration significantly enhances dynamic
Zhang, Yuxin, Zou, Yunge, Yang, Yalian
Technical Paper
Optimization-Oriented Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles2025-01-855204/01/2025
Fuel economy and the ability to maintain the state of charge (SOC) of the battery are two key metrics for the energy management of a full-power fuel cell hybrid vehicle fitted with a small-capacity battery pack. To achieve stable maintenance of SOC and near-optimal fuel consumption, this paper proposes an adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (PA-ECMS) based on power prediction. The strategy realizes demand power prediction through a hybrid deep learning model, and periodically updates the optimal equivalent factor (EF) based on the predicted power to achieve SOC convergence and ensure fuel economy. Simulation results show that the hybrid deep learning network model has high prediction accuracy with a root mean square error (RMSE) of only 0.733 m/s. Compared with the traditional ECMS based on SOC feedback, the PA-ECMS effectively maintains the battery SOC in a more reasonable range, reduces the situation of the fuel cell directly charging the power cell in the high
Gao, Xinyu, Ju, Fei, Chen, Gang, Zong, Yuhua, Wang, Liangmo
Technical Paper
Spectral Estimation to Quantify Road/Track Surface Degradation2025-01-825204/01/2025
Track testing methods are utilized in the automotive industry for emissions and fuel economy certification. These track tests are performed on smooth road surfaces which deteriorate over time due to wear and weather effects, hence warranting regular track repaves. The study focuses on the impact of repaving on track quality and surface degradation due to weather effects. 1D surface profiles and 2D surface images at different spatial frequencies were measured at different times over a span of two years using various devices to study the repave and degradation effects. Data from coastdown tests was also collected over a span of two years and is used to demonstrate the impact of track degradation and repaving on road load characterization parameters that are used for vehicle certification tests. Kernel density estimation and non-parametric spectral estimation methods are used to visualize the characteristic features of the track at different times. In the pre-processing stage, outliers
Singh, Yuvraj, Jayakumar, Adithya, Rizzoni, Giorgio
Technical Paper
The Development of JASO GLV-2: Next Generation Specification for Ultra-High Viscosity Index Gasoline Engine Oils2025-01-846804/01/2025
Carbon neutrality has become a global initiative, prompting automobile manufacturers to introduce electrified vehicles such as HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs, and FCEVs. Although interest in BEVs is rising, HEVs, PHEVs, and other internal combustion engine vehicles are expected to remain in use in regions where transitioning to BEVs is challenging. For these vehicles, low-viscosity engine oil is a key measure to further reduce CO2 emissions. Moreover, high-efficiency engines in electrified vehicles typically operate at lower oil temperatures than conventional engines due to reduced thermal loss to coolant and oil. Lowering viscous resistance in the mid- to low-temperature range below 80°C is significant for improving fuel economy. However, viscosity must be maintained above a certain level to ensure the performance of hydraulic devices at higher temperatures. To achieve both characteristics, oils with a low temperature dependence of viscosity (ultra-high viscosity index) are required. This
Yamamori, Kazuo, Hirano, Satoshi, Yoshida, Satoru, Matsui, Noriyuki
Technical Paper
Effects of Lower Carbon Intensity Fuels on Performance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity Reduction for Conventional and Next Generation Powertrains Part II2025-01-843904/01/2025
Renewable Gasoline Blends can deliver greater than 50% reduction in vehicle Well-to-Wheel (WtW) greenhouse gas emissions when used in current vehicles. When paired with a state-of-the-art hybrid vehicle (relative to an average vehicle on U.S. roads today), a greater than 70% reduction in WtW emissions can be achieved. Importantly, Renewable Gasoline Blends can be formulated to align with existing market standards for gasoline, thereby functioning as a drop-in fuel solution compatible with all gasoline-powered vehicles. Renewable Gasoline Blends can also be formulated with higher ethanol blend ratios to meet a variety of fuel grades and market standards. These varying formulations can result in tradeoffs across engine performance, fuel economy, and potentially cost. For example, higher ethanol blends investigated lead to slight decreases in fuel economy across FTP, HWFE, and US06 cycles (typically ~1 - 2%, despite 2 – 5% lower heating values); however, significant decreases in PM
Vuilleumier, David, Morlan, Brian, Ohta, Satoshi, Loeper, Paul, Lorenz, Robert, Takada, Keishi, Sugata, Kenji, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Takahashi, Daishi
Technical Paper
The New China Automotive Engineering Research Institute co., Ltd Full-Scale Aero-Acoustic Wind Tunnel2025-01-877904/01/2025
China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd (CAERI) has completed a new vehicle aero-acoustic wind tunnel (AAWT), which is located in Chongqing, China, and has been in operation for 5 years. To help addressing the Chinese vehicle market’s need to improve fuel economy, reduce exhaust emissions, and decrease product development period, the wind tunnel was designed and implemented to achieve a high degree of automation for vehicle testing next to a high aerodynamic and acoustic test accuracy for product development. The CAERI wind tunnel was in operation in June 2019, achieving a top speed of 250 km/h. A 5-belt rolling road system with a long center belt for proper wake simulation is installed inside, a test section with very low static pressure gradient and background noise. Wind tunnel calibration and customized measurement activities can be performed with an overhead traversing system. In the present paper, the main facilities of the AAWT are described next to necessary
Xu, Lei, Zhu, Xijia, Wang, Qingyang, Bu, Han, Peng, Chao, Shi, Feng, Yang, Chao, Huang, Tao, Zeng, Yi, Zeng, Xiangyi, Wallmann, Steffen, Münstermann, Henning, Wittmeier, Felix, Mercker, Edzard, Blumrich, Reinhard
Technical Paper
Fuel Consumption Estimation Using Spatio-Temporal Modeling and Traffic Flow Predictions: A Comparative Analysis2025-01-810104/01/2025
Effective traffic management and energy-saving techniques are increasingly needed as metropolitan areas grow and traffic volumes rise. This work estimates fuel consumption over three selected routes in an urban context using spatio-temporal modeling essentially building on a previously developed approach in traffic prediction and forecasting. A weighted adjacency matrix for a Graph Neural Network (GNN) is constructed in the original approach which combines graph theory frameworks with travel times obtained from average speeds and distances between traffic count stations. Next, the traffic flow estimate uncertainty is measured using Adaptive Conformal Prediction (ACP) to provide a more reliable forecast. This work predicts fuel consumption under different scenarios by utilizing Monte Carlo simulations based on the expected traffic flows providing insights into energy efficiency and the best routes to take. The study compares passenger vehicles' and heavy-duty trucks' mean fuel
Patil, Mayur, Moon, Joon, Hanif, Athar, Ahmed, Qadeer
Technical Paper
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