Browse Topic: Fuel economy

Items (7,945)
The ongoing efforts for reduction of the traffic-related greenhouse gas emissions and, at the same time, the mitigation of harmful pollutant emissions from vehicle exhaust emissions are important development tasks for the entire automotive industry worldwide according to demand to provide clean and efficient products. Further tightened fleet average FE standards and ultra-low limits for exhaust emissions require the continuous development of new propulsion system types. Due to the given reluctance of the end customer and corresponding low acceptance of fully electrified vehicles, especially in the commercial vehicle segment, new and innovative topologies are needed to meet regulatory requirements and maintain the high versatility of today’s dominating solutions. For further optimization of operating conditions with enhanced fuel efficiency, the technical strategy is also determined by uplifting the attractiveness of electric driving incl. the avoidance of areas with poor ICE efficiency
Koerfer, Thomas
Heavy-duty vehicles significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and urban air pollution, especially during cold-starts and transients when engine and aftertreatment efficiencies drop. Waste heat recovery (WHR) via Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems offers a practical solution to improve fuel efficiency and cut CO₂ in real-world heavy-duty operations. This study examines ORC-based WHR integration into conventional and hybrid powertrains of an Isuzu FTR850 truck, analyzing four configurations: Shell-and-Tube or Plate heat exchangers with simple or regenerative ORC layouts. For hybrids, it compares two engine sizes and energy management strategies: an optimized fuzzy logic approach versus constant-power operation to enhance exhaust heat recovery. A validated quasi-static simulation framework is used to predict fuel consumption and exhaust properties over representative duty cycles. 2D performance maps using exhaust temperature and mass flow as inputs are used to model the WHR
Donateo, TeresaMorrone, Pietropaolo
The reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions represents a key challenge for the transportation sector, requiring the adoption of renewable fuels capable of ensuring both environmental benefits and compatibility with existing internal combustion engine technologies. In this context, bioethanol emerges as a viable solution for Spark Ignition (SI) engines, offering a low life-cycle CO₂ footprint and favorable combustion characteristics. Nevertheless, despite its well-known advantages under steady-state operation, the widespread use of high-ethanol-content fuels is still limited by critical issues during engine cold start. The aim of this work is to experimentally investigate the influence of ethanol content on cold-start behavior and idle warm-up transient operation of a Naturally Aspirated (NA), Port Fuel Injected (PFI) SI engine. The experimental campaign was carried out under idle conditions using four fuels with increasing ethanol content, namely commercial gasoline (E5), E30, E60
Falbo, LuigiFalbo, BiagioPerrone, DiegoCastiglione, Teresa
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Liu, YuchenYang, ChenxiFan, JinyuChen, KeYe, ZixiaoHuang, Jialiang
Towing imposes substantial efficiency penalties on both battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, reducing range by 30-50%. This paper presents a proof-of-concept embedded control architecture for distributed trailer propulsion that actively regulates drawbar force to reduce towing loads. Unlike proprietary e-trailer systems requiring specialized hardware, the proposed implementation demonstrates feasibility using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components and open-source software. The distributed architecture employs dual Raspberry Pi 4B single-board computers communicating via ROS 2 at 20 Hz. The trailer-mounted controller executes a Simulink-generated control node coordinating load cell acquisition (HX711 ADC), motor CAN bus telemetry, and throttle commands to a 5 kW BLDC traction motor powered by a 5 kWh LiFePO4 battery pack. A vehicle-mounted controller logs OBD-II/CAN validation data. The control pipeline implements cascaded EWMA/Hampel
Joshi, GauravAdelman, IanLiu, JunDonnaway, Ruthie
The application of multiple materials in vehicle bodies is accelerating as the adoption of lightweight aluminum alloys and composite materials advances rapidly. These materials play a crucial role in reducing overall vehicle weight, enhancing fuel efficiency, and complying with increasingly strict environmental regulations. As the automotive industry continues to evolve toward electrification and sustainability, the integration of lightweight and high-performance materials has become a key design strategy. However, the use of multiple materials creates new challenges in manufacturing, particularly for joining technologies. Since different materials have varying mechanical properties, thermal behavior, and surface characteristics, the selection of appropriate joining methods is essential for ensuring structural integrity and durability. Depending on material types, thicknesses, production processes, and cost constraints, various joining techniques—such as mechanical fastening, welding
Takuno, SougoIsono, ToshiyukiUrakawa, KazushiGoto, SuguruKawamura, HiroakiNiisato, EitaIshigami, Yuta
This paper presents research and digital twin modeling results to support work on a methodology to properly account for the energy consumed by the thermal system of a BEV, for use within both existing Petroleum-Equivalent Fuel Economy (PEFE) calculations, and the proposed addition of hot and cold weather range values to the consumer-facing Monroney label [1]. Properly accounting for thermal system impacts would incentivize minimizing energy consumption of these systems, since 1) BEV PEFE is a direct input to an OEMs overall CAFE performance, and 2) the values on the Monroney label has some impact on consumer vehicle choice. The impetus for this work was Final Rules issued by the EPA and NHTSA in early 2024 eliminating A/C Efficiency Credits for BEVs from the 2027 MY, thus eliminating regulatory incentives to minimize energy consumption of these systems. Higher energy consumption will produce a number of negative secondary effects, including higher real-world greenhouse gas emissions
Taylor, Dwayne
Lightweighting of components has become a key challenge in the development of modern transportation systems. In the automotive and aerospace industries, the overall mass of a vehicle has a significant impact on its fuel efficiency and manufacturing cost. Therefore, the lightweight design of vehicle components is crucial in the industrial field. Topology optimization (TO) is a computational design approach aimed at achieving lightweight designs. However, most existing studies focus on simplified academic models, with limited demonstration in real-world applications. This paper presents a revised TO workflow to obtain production-ready design and a practical implementation of TO in the design of three structural components in the aerospace industry: seatback frame, seat fuselage mount, and seat spreader. The revised TO workflow incorporates the practical demands of industry, including enhanced manufacturability and cost efficiency through TO design. The resulting designs are evaluated to
Lee, Hanbok JakeShi, YifanGray, SavannahOrr, MathewPark, TaeilWotten, ErikLeFrancois, RichardHuang, YuhaoPatel, AnujKim, HansuJalayer, ShayanBurns, NicholasHansen, EricGrant, RobertKok, LeoKim, Il Yong
There is an increasing adoption of Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition (DISI) engines in the market, which per 2024 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Automotive Trends Report represents 73% of new vehicles sold in the US. And while it is well accepted that DISI offers advantages over Port Fuel Injection (PFI) technology in meeting stringent CO2 emissions and fuel economy requirements set by the EPA, DISI engines are also associated with increased formation of injector deposits. These deposits may foul injectors and accumulate on the injector tip causing distorted spray patterns and diffusive combustion. Ultimately, this leads to engine performance deterioration and increased harmful emissions. To control deposit formation, detergent-type chemistries are added to the fuel in small amounts. Deposit Control Additives (DCAs) function by preventing the formation of deleterious injector deposits as well as removing existing ones. This study used standardized protocols describing the
Soriano, NestorWilliams, RodCracknell, RogerLang, WendyChahal, Jasprit
Building upon previous work that successfully employed a Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent for the autonomous optimization of transmission shift programs to enhance fuel efficiency, this paper addresses a critical limitation of that approach: the neglect of human-centric factors. While the prior methodology achieved substantial fuel consumption reductions by training an RL agent in a Software-in-the-Loop (SiL) environment, it did not explicitly account for aspects such as driver comfort and preferences, which are paramount for real-world user acceptance and drivability. This work presents a multi-objective optimization framework extending the artificial calibrator to simultaneously maximize fuel efficiency and enhance driver comfort. The method introduces a modified RL reward function that penalizes undesirable shift behavior to ensure a smooth driving experience (drivability). This new methodology also incorporates a mechanism to capture and integrate driver preferences, moving beyond
Kengne Dzegou, Thierry JuniorSchober, FlorianRebesberger, RonHenze, RomanSturm, Axel
Aerodynamic simulations are crucial in vehicle design and performance evaluation. Traditionally, these simulations utilize Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques to compute flow quantities such as velocity, pressure, and wall-shear stresses. Accurate prediction of these quantities is vital for estimating drag and lift forces, which directly impact fuel efficiency, stability, and acoustics. This study focuses on developing an AI surrogate for aerodynamic design of production mideo-size SUVs using NVIDIA’s PhysicsNeMo framework. Firstly, high-fidelity 3D CFD data are generated using first-principles solvers on 102 different geometry variants at a uniform inlet velocity of 38.89 m/s and a fixed set of boundary conditions. The DoMINO (Decomposable Multiscale Iterative Neural Operator) AI model, part of the PhysicsNeMo framework, is then used to train on this dataset, accurately predicting surface pressure and flow fields around vehicles for rapid estimation of critical aerodynamic
Keum, SeunghwanRaul, VishalGrover, RonaldParrish, ScottRanade, RishikeshGhasemi, AbouzarKamenev, AlexeyTadepalli, Srinivas
MSIL (Maruti Suzuki India Limited), India’s leading automotive manufacturer, offers a diverse range of SUVs (Sports Utility Vehicles) in its portfolio. Traditionally, SUVs are associated with an assertive stance and a commanding road presence; however, this bold design language often compromises aerodynamic drag performance. Over the past decade, demand for this segment has surged, while CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) regulations have become increasingly stringent. To address this growing market need, MSIL conceptualized a new SUV - Victoris - targeted to deliver best-in-class aerodynamic efficiency in MSIL SUV portfolio. This paper details the aerodynamic development process using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and full-scale WTT (Wind Tunnel Testing). Initially, the aggressive styling of Victoris negatively impacted drag performance. Strategic exterior surface refinements and integration of aero components enabled recovery of aerodynamic efficiency. Key interventions
Dey, SukantaSingh, ShekharKumar, ChandanAlphonse, Felix Regin
Since air drag is proportional to the square of the speed, it is expected that reducing air drag will significantly improve fuel efficiency for on-highway trucks and buses, which are often driven at high speeds. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose an optimization method for vehicle shape to drastically reduce aerodynamic drag in heavy-duty vehicles. Using NSGA-II, one of a genetic algorithm, the overall vehicle shape was optimized with drag coefficient (CD) and lift coefficient (CL) values as objective functions and design variables as parameters in a total of 13 locations. Among the Pareto solutions, an 86% reduction in CD was achieved compared to the base shape when the CD value was the lowest. Since the CL value remains low with this shape, it can be seen that driving stability does not deteriorate. Among the design variables in optimization, it was confirmed that the corner radius of the vehicle side was particularly effective in reducing the CD value. In addition
Kawano, Daisuke
The damper system in a hybrid TMED system reduces engine-induced vibration and damps the rapid torsional torque applied by the motor through spring stiffness. Furthermore, the built-in damper system of the P1+P2 TMED-II hybrid system offers improved fuel efficiency compared to the external damper system of the existing P0+P2 TMED-I. Although the internal layout of the transmission is limited, the built-in damper system was redesigned to accommodate installation between the P1 and P1 motor. However, CAE analysis techniques for damper systems are currently not clearly defined, and research data on their strength under rotational torque loads are lacking. To reduce development costs and provide direction, CAE analysis technology development and validation are necessary. In this study, a finite element model of the damper system was developed and compared with experimental results to ensure CAE reliability. Furthermore, based on the validated model, structural and fatigue durability
Sun, Hyang SunGanesan, Karthikeyan
Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) fuel economy test procedures require that the net energy change (NEC) of the battery not interfere with measuring accurate fuel consumption results. SAE J1711-2010 required the NEC to stay within 1% of fuel energy consumption, assuming that residual changes in state of charge (SOC) would have negligible impact. In practice, however, the asymmetry between fuel and electricity conversion efficiencies means that an imbalance of one unit of battery energy can translate into a likely fuel consumption error of roughly three units. A standard S-Factor, a dimensionless ratio of marginal fuel change to marginal NEC change, was introduced in J1711-2023 to improve SOC correction procedures. The method improves upon the previous J1711 (2010) accuracy by correcting all results for NEC changes and expands the NEC-to-fuel ratio (NECFR) window, enabling HEVs to use electric propulsion more aggressively and potentially achieve higher fuel economy in testing and real-world
Duoba, Michael
Compared to regular fuels, biofuels can play a key role as low-carbon transitional energy sources for ICE vehicles as the fleet moves towards increasing electrification. Blending of ethanol plays a key role in enhancing the anti-knock properties of the fuel and also allows renewable hydrocarbons (such as bio-naphtha) to be incorporated into the blend whilst maintaining an acceptable overall fuel quality. Super lean burn ICE technology with λ between 2 and 3 can lead to enhanced fuel economy and reduced NOx emissions. The Toyota prototype engine used to generate data for this project injects most of the fuel in PFI mode to generate a homogeneous super-lean charge in the cylinder, but just before spark ignition the DI injector sprays a small amount of fuel towards the spark plug to create a richer charge near the spark plug to promote flame kernel development. Various fuel formulations with high biofuel content were tested in both conventional and super lean burn engines. Certain fuel
Aradi, AllenKrueger-Venus, JensJain, Sandeep KumarCracknell, RogerKolbeck, AndreasShibuya, MasahikoYamada, RyotaMatsubara, NaoyoshiKitano, Koji
Hybrid mining trucks, as core equipment for mine transportation, face high energy consumption and significant fluctuations in power demand during cyclic operations due to prolonged exposure to demanding operating conditions characterized by heavy loads and variable working conditions. To address the issues of high energy consumption and significant fluctuations in power demand during the cyclic operation of mining trucks, this paper proposes a hybrid mining truck energy management strategy based on global SOC (State of Charge) planning and neural network optimization control. First, a powertrain model was developed for a typical operating cycle of a hybrid mining truck, and its accuracy was validated by comparing it with experimental data. Using dynamic programming algorithms to plan the SOC for single-cycle operations provides a rational reference for energy allocation across different operational phases of mining trucks during a single cycle. Next, using the powerful nonlinear
Yang, JianyuZhao, ZhiguoChen, HuiyongLi, TaoZhuang, WenyuShen, PeihongTang, Peng
Vehicle testing for fuel economy and emissions is typically performed indoors over standard dynamometer drive schedules to minimize variability and maximize repeatability of the results. In contrast, during on-road operation, operational parameters such as vehicle speed and acceleration and environmental factors such as temperature and wind will change unpredictably. These factors influence vehicle fuel economy and emissions, making on-road operation much more variable than dynamometer results. However, even though on-road conditions may be unpredictable, the on-road operational data can still be used to characterize vehicle performance. This paper describes the development of an on-road vehicle test methodology, with a focus on accounting for on-road factors with a high degree of accuracy while requiring only an achievable and reasonable amount of data. To develop this methodology, a 2016 Honda Civic was instrumented and driven multiple times over a route covering urban, rural, and
Moskalik, AndrewBarba, Daniel
Effective thermal management in internal combustion engines is essential for meeting increasingly stringent emissions regulations and achieving fuel efficiency improvements. This study introduces a novel and comprehensive approach to optimize engine thermal management by addressing key system components, including coolant circuit design, Integrated Thermal Management Module (ITM) control strategies, port-specific flow management, zero-flow operation techniques, and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) settings standardization. Unlike previously published works, this study focuses on reducing coolant circuit thermal mass to accelerate engine and component warm-up, refining ITM control logic through linear mapping and advanced signal filtering for precision, and enhancing zero-flow operation for minimizing lubricant oil dilution during start-up and reducing heat loss under low ambient conditions. Additional optimizations include port-specific adjustments and radiator flow
Lee, ChangjooLee, KyuminKim, SeonyeongNam, ChoonhoYoo, Jihun
This study estimates the impact on driving energy of differences in aerodynamic characteristics for yaw angle from natural wind during North American Highway mode driving. A previous study [1] clarified the potential to estimate the fuel consumption impact of natural wind by integrating the drag coefficient yaw characteristics and yaw angle occurrence probability. The natural wind was measured on a vehicle while driving a representative North American Highway test course [2]. Driving energy is predicted from the obtained yaw probability and the drag coefficient yaw sweep data in a wind tunnel. Measurements were conducted every weekday for 8 hours in 2023, covering 70% of the traffic volume. The validity of the measurement period was evaluated by the deviation from the annual average of wind direction and speed. Since yaw probability varies depending on the road environment, it is necessary to weigh the road environment type probability when calculating the driving energy. The
Onishi, YasuyukiNucera, FortunatoNichols, LarryMetka, Matt
This article investigates the optimization problem of fuel economy for heavy-duty commercial vehicles. A Dynamic Programming–Based Fuel-Saving Predictive Cruise Control (DP-FSPCC) method is proposed, which is based on the Bellman optimality principle and uses the cost function to evaluate the optimal feedback control gain, thereby improving the fuel economy of heavy-duty commercial vehicles on complex roads with varying slopes. To address the issues of low accuracy in road feature representation and poor adaptability to different driving conditions in existing slope reconstruction algorithms, the road ahead is dynamically segmented for high-precision processing by integrating ADASIS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Interface Specifications) map information with significant turning point detection and dynamic sensitivity analysis. An engine fuel consumption mapping model based on local gradient information is established to provide an accurate cost function for dynamic programming
Jin, DapengShuai, YueWu, XinJia, TongQiao, ZhiyuanChang, ShiweiMu, Tong
Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are the most common technology on American roadways in 2025, and soon, an industrywide gasoline quality standard will better reflect their unique operational needs. Here's why that's important. It's no secret that fuel economy has been one of the greatest driving forces of automotive evolution over the past several decades. As corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards have grown increasingly lofty, OEMs eke out new efficiencies from every area of the vehicle. One of those areas, of course, is the engine, and many OEMs have deployed gasoline direct injection (GDI) technology, which is becoming the most common engine technology on American roadways. But while GDI engines proliferate, varying fuel additization throughout North America has not necessarily kept pace with their unique needs and can, in fact, hinder those engines from meeting and sustaining their full fuel economy potential.
Blackburn, Brett
In recent years, the rapid growth of hybrid vehicles has driven the development of dedicated hybrid engines (DHEs) as a key powertrain technology for achieving high thermal efficiency and low emissions. Driven by stringent emissions regulations and demand for improved fuel economy, enhancing thermal efficiency in gasoline engines remains a critical industry challenge. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology dilutes oxygen in the intake charge, suppresses knock, and optimizes combustion phasing. However, excessive EGR rates compromise combustion stability by inducing elevated cyclic variability and potential misfire, posing challenges in maintaining stable combustion and improving fuel efficiency at high EGR levels. Thus, combustion stability and fuel efficiency optimization in Geely’s DHEs under high EGR conditions was investigated in this article. In this study, a high tumble combustion system was designed to enhance charge motion and promote stable flame propagation. Furthermore
Li, QiangDeng, XiaorongRen, SimingZhang, PeiyiZhu, YunfengLi, HongzhouYan, PingtaoGu, Xiangsheng
In commercial vehicles, conventional engine-driven hydraulic steering systems result in continuous energy consumption, contributing to parasitic losses and reduced overall powertrain efficiency. This study introduces an Electric Powered Hydraulic Steering (EPHS) system that decouples steering actuation from the engine and operates only on demand, thereby optimizing energy usage. Field trials conducted under loaded conditions demonstrated a 3–6% improvement in fuel economy, confirming the system’s effectiveness in real-world applications. A MATLAB-based simulation model was developed to replicate dynamic steering loads and vehicle operating conditions, with results closely aligning with field data, thereby validating the model’s predictive accuracy. The reduction in fuel consumption directly translates to lower CO₂ emissions, supporting regulatory compliance and sustainability goals, particularly in the context of tightening emission norms for commercial fleets. These findings position
T, Aravind Muthu SuthanMani, KishoreAyyappan, RakshnaD, Senthil KumarS, Mathankumar
The transportation system is one major catalyst to urban ecological imbalance. In developing countries, two-wheelers are considered a major mode of urban personal transportation because of their compactness, easy maneuver in heavy traffic and good fuel efficiency. In India, middle and lower middle-class people prefer to choose two wheelers, and these vehicles are dominantly fuelled by gasoline. Although, the energy consumption by a two-wheeler is comparatively less than that of a four-wheeler, they use about 60% of the nation’s petroleum for on-road vehicles and the impact on urban air quality and climatic change is significantly high. This high proportion of gasoline utilization and emission contribution by two wheelers in cities demand greater attention to improve urban air quality and near-term energy sustainability. Electrification of two-wheelers through the application of a plug-in hybrid idea is a promising solution. A plug-in hybrid motorbike was developed by putting forth a
Kannan, PrashanthShaik, AmjadTalluri, Srinivasa Rao
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have become essential in modern aerospace structures, from fuselage skins and wing components to nacelles, interior structures, and a growing range of primary load-bearing parts. Their high strength-to-weight ratio delivers major benefits in fuel efficiency, payload capacity, and fatigue performance. Yet achieving reliable adhesive bonds on CFRP surfaces remains a persistent engineering challenge. The low intrinsic surface energy of composites - particularly under thermal cycling, vibration, and moisture exposure - limits bond durability unless surfaces are properly prepared. Plasma surface treatment has emerged as a pivotal solution, offering a fast, controllable, and non-destructive way to increase surface energy, improve wettability, and enhance adhesion across complex geometries. This is especially important as the aerospace industry transitions from thermoset to thermoplastic composites (TPCs), which enable faster processing, lower
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) represent a significant trajectory in vehicular decarbonization, harnessing the inherently high energy density of diatomic hydrogen within electrochemical conversion systems. When sourced via renewable pathways, such hydrogen facilitates propulsion architectures characterized by zero tailpipe emissions, enhanced energy efficiency, and extended operational range profiles. Realizing peak systemic efficacy necessitates the synergistic orchestration of high-fidelity fuel cell stack design, resilient compressed gas storage modalities, and nuanced energy governance protocols. To reduce transient stressors and guarantee long-term electrochemical stability, employing multi-scale modeling and predictive simulation, combined with constraint-aware architectural synthesis, is crucial in handling stochastic driving conditions spectra. This study develops a high-fidelity mathematical plant model of a hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell
Mulik, Rakesh VilasraoE, PorpathamSenthilkumar, Arumugam
Rising environmental concerns and stringent emissions norms are pushing automakers to adopt more sustainable technologies. There is no single perfect solution for any market and there are solutions ranging from biofuels, green hydrogen to electric vehicles. For Indian market, especially in the passenger car segment, hybrid vehicles are favoured when it comes to manufacturers as well as with consumer because of multiple reasons such as reliability, performance, fuel efficiency and lower long-term cost of ownership. For automakers planning to upgrade their fleets in the context of upcoming CAFE III (91.7 g CO2 / km) & CAFE IV (70 g CO2/km) norms, hybridization emerges as the next natural step for passenger cars. Lately, various state governments have also promoted hybrid vehicle sales by offering certain targeted tax breaks which were previously reserved for EVs exclusively. Current study focuses on various parallel hybrid topologies for an Indian compact SUV, which is the highest
Warkhede, PawanKeizer, RubenSandhu, RoubleEmran, Ashraf
The automotive industry has been expediting progress toward electrification since climate change driven by global warming represents a significant environmental challenge with far-reaching implications. While electric vehicles offer considerable potential for mitigating CO₂ emissions, their elevated upfront costs pose a notable challenge to large-scale market penetration. Hybrid electric vehicles can serve as an effective intermediary solution, bridging the gap between conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and fully electric vehicles, owing to their comparatively lower initial costs. Hybrid electric vehicle component selection is a complex process that must fulfill multiple requirements: fuel economy, performance, drivability, packaging, total cost of ownership and comfort. Additionally, the selection of hybrid configuration also plays a vital role in determining the cost of the hybrid electric vehicle. Hence, it is a great challenge to select the right powertrain
Shendge, RamanJadhav, VaibhavWani, KalpeshWarule, Prasad
More efficient drivetrain technologies are in greater demand in the two-wheeler market as a result of the introduction of BS6.2 emission standards. In order to satisfy these performance and regulatory requirements, Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) systems, which are renowned for their stepless gear shifting and increased fuel efficiency, are being given more and more consideration. However, because CVT is nonlinear and multibody dynamic, accurately predicting its behavior is still a difficult task. With an emphasis on variables like belt slip, pulley misalignment, and transmission efficiency, this study provides a thorough multibody dynamic analysis of a belt-type CVT system used in two-wheelers. High-fidelity analysis of the belt-pulley interaction under various load and speed conditions is now possible thanks to the development of a novel modeling methodology The method makes early design validation easier, minimizes iterations of physical prototyping and helps to maximize
Shah, SwapnilMane, PrashantVoncken, AntoniusEmran, Ashraf
Modern automotive powertrains are increasingly adopting engine downsizing and down speeding to meet stringent emission regulations and improving fuel efficiency However, these changes result in higher torsional vibrations excitation amplitudes and NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) refinement more challenging. With growing customer expectations for premium driving experiences conventional clutch is no longer sufficient. To meet the NVH performance targets of the vehicle Dual Mass Flywheels (DMFs) are used In DMF due to lower stiffness and inertia separation there is a greater advantage on torsional filtration in normal drive and idle condition. But the torsional resonance frequency of the connected DMF is lower than the idle RPM. Engine startup is a key drawback with DMF equipped vehicles. The proper tuning of starter motor performance & DMF stiffness is required to cross the resonance zone faster otherwise it will lead to DMF to stay in the resonance zone for a longer time leading
Jayachandran, Suresh KumarVijayaragavan, ThirupathiM, DevamanalanKanagaraj, PothirajAhire, ManojVellandi, Vikraman
The globe is looking headlong to set up new benchmarks for the reduction of GHG (Green House Gases) considering short-term and long-term strategies. Efforts in the Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) domain have been accelerating to find an alternative way to reduce harmful emissions. Hydrogen is considered as a promising fuel to leapfrog this transition. Hydrogen fuel can be categorized into vast mobility areas viz. ICE and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV). Hydrogen fuel has attracted global attention from engine researchers due to the crude oil crisis and its rise in prices in recent years. This will serve the nation's goal towards carbon neutrality. Hydrogen has a few advantages such as less fueling time, higher heating value and more efficiency making it an eye-touching fuel for the automotive industry. In the contemporary FCEV segment, many fuel cell technologies have evolved, wherein the development of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology has taken a new height for
Joshi, Ashish RajendraKandalgaonkar, SiddheshSontakke, Rushikesh
In the pursuit of environmental sustainability and cleaner transportation, the global automotive industry is expediting transformation. This paper utilized multi-decade data spanning from 1975 to 2024, for the development of predictive models for fuel economy and CO₂ emissions across a wide range of vehicle technologies from 2026 - 2050. This is done with the help of advanced machine learning algorithms like Linear and Random Forest Regression in Python and integrating insights through Power BI visualizations, the project identifies key correlations between vehicle attributes such as weight, powertrain, and footprint and their environmental performance. Results highlight the increasing impact of electric vehicle adoption, hybridization, and light weighting on overall emissions reduction. These insights help forecast the direction of fuel economy standards, emission patterns, and technology shifts across manufacturers and vehicle types. Beyond technical predictions, the study offers a
Hazra, SandipTangadpalliwar, SonaliHazra, Sanjana
The automotive regulatory landscape in India is evolving rapidly, driven by a dynamic policy intervention by GOI, striking push for sustainable mobility, safety, technological advancements, dEnvironmentally soundeeper localization, energy self-reliance, product quality control and simplified registration process. Key regulations cover areas like vehicle safety norms, emission norms, fuel economy norms, BIS QCO, the promotion of EVs and alternative fuel vehicles, R & D roadmaps, ELVs, incentive policies and vehicle registration reforms. India has been keeping a close eye on the automotive regulatory progress in the Europe as well as other developed countries as a cornerstone for technical harmonization, cross learning, gauge benefits and economic implications. India is progressively aligning its automotive regulations with global standards, particularly with UN Regulations and GTRs, while also considering unique Indian driving and environmental conditions. This alignment is crucial for
Patil, Dharmarayagouda
Engine braking is a deceleration technique that leverages the internal friction and pumping losses within the engine. By closing the throttle and potentially selecting a lower gear, the engine creates a retarding force that slows the vehicle. This practice contributes to better fuel economy, decreased brake system load, and improved vehicle handling in specific driving scenarios, such as steep declines or slippery road surfaces. To alleviate stress on their primary braking systems and prevent overheating, heavy vehicles frequently incorporate engine-based braking. While older trucks relied on simple exhaust brakes with a butterfly valve to restrict exhaust flow, these had limited impact. Hence contemporary heavy vehicles almost exclusively use more advanced engine braking technologies. Traditionally, our heavy-duty vehicles use Exhaust brake system to elevate the braking performance on hilly terrains. Hence an improved sample of Engine brake was developed for enhanced braking
M, Vipin PrakashRajappan, Dinesh KumarR, SureshN, Gopi Kannan
Today, passenger car makers around the world are striving to meet the increasing demand for fuel economy, high performance, and silent engines. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations implemented in India to improve the fuel efficiency of a manufacturer's fleet of vehicles. CAFE goal is to reduce fuel consumption and, by extension, the emissions that contribute to climate change. CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) engines offer several advantages that help manufacturers meet and exceed these standards. The demand for CNG vehicles has surged exponentially in recent years, CNG engine better Fuel efficiency and advantage in CAFÉ norms make good case for OEM & Customer to use more CNG vehicle. CNG is dry fuel compared to gasoline. These dry fuels lack lubricating properties, unlike conventional fuels like petrol, diesel and biofuels, which are wet and liquid. Consequently, the operations and failures associated with these fuels differ. The materials and designs of engine parts, such as
Poonia, SanjayKumar, ChandanSharma, ShailenderKhan, PrasenjitBhat, AnoopP, PrasathNeb, Ashish
With introduction of Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency norms (hereafter referred as CAFÉ norms) in India, the manufacturers of all M1 Category vehicles (not exceeding 3,500kg GVW) must ensure that they comply with Annual Corporate average CO2 target as defined in regulation. Moreover, this target will become stricter at various stages in the coming years. Hence CO2 emissions are becoming one of the major focus parameters during vehicle development. There are several factors that can impact CO2 emissions during measurement in laboratory-based test cycles such as MIDC or WLTC. One such major factor is driving variations. Although speed and time tolerances are provided during the test (as part of AIS 137/AIS 175) to limit the variation, even within these tolerances, drive-related effects make significant contribution to test results variability. Monitoring and control of such variations is important to understand the true fuel economy potential of the vehicle. Drive Trace indices are
ER, ShivramRawat, VijaypalKhandelwal, VineetKumar, ArunMalhotra, Jitendra
Cylinder Deactivation technology is explored as an effective mechanism for enhancing the fuel economy and reducing emissions in internal combustion engines. The current exercise focuses upon the feasibility of Cylinder Deactivation technology in a 3-cylinder, 3.3-liter naturally aspirated, water-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application. A meticulous 1D thermodynamic simulation with individual cylinders deactivated one by one, has proved that deactivating the second cylinder yields the most favorable fuel economy, emissions and engine balancing, particularly at the loads lower than 54% and across all engine speeds. Upon deactivating the cylinders at Top Dead Centre (TDC) and Bottom Dead Centre (BDC), it has been concluded that the most effective deactivation point occurs at TDC, where the minimum air mass is trapped inside the cylinder. This results in a reduction of pumping and friction losses by maximum 34% and an increase in brake thermal efficiency by maximum 26
Choudhary, VasuSaini, SanjayMukherjee, NaliniNene, Devendra
Engine mount brackets are a primary structural components of passenger vehicles that supports the powertrain to the chassis via engine mounts. These brackets are important to control vibrations and the transmission of noise into the cabin as well as vehicle stability. Since they support the engine mounts, these brackets play a role in determining ride comfort and load distribution on the mounts and the engine. While traditionally made from steel, cast iron and aluminum, we are trying to redesign engine mount brackets with recyclable engineering plastics to fit current demands of light-weighting, cost efficiency, and sustainability. The present work is concerned with the design of a plastic engine mount bracket, which aims to hit specified natural frequency targets in order to avoid resonance and fulfill strict NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) requirements. Because of the superior mechanical strength, thermal stability, and vibration-dampening properties, PPS, glass-fiber
Hazra, SandipGupta, DeepakKhan, ArkadipGite, Yogesh
In automotive engineering, understanding driving behavior is crucial for decision on specifications of future system designs. This study introduces an innovative approach to modeling driving behavior using Graph Attention Networks (GATs). By leveraging spatial relationships encoded in H3 indices, a graph-based model constructed, which captures dependencies between various vehicle operational parameters and their operational regions using H3 indices. The model utilizes CAN signal features such as speed, fuel efficiency, engine temperature, and categorical identifiers of vehicle type and sub-type. Additionally, regional indices are incorporated to enrich the contextual information. The GAT model processes these heterogeneous features, learning to identify patterns indicative of driving behavior. This approach offers several significant advantages. Firstly, it enhances the accuracy of driving behavior modeling by effectively capturing the complex spatial and operational dependencies
Salunke, Omkar
With increasing demand for improving the vehicle Ride and Handling (R&H) performance, the synergy between vehicle subsystems such as suspension, chassis, brakes & tyres play a major role towards it. In this regard, the interaction between wheel rim width and tyre performance characteristics is a key focus area in vehicle development process. Detailed research is being conducted worldwide to understand their dynamics of interaction and based on the tested data, vehicle manufacturers make the design selection. In this context, the proposed study aims to provide a in-depth analysis of how variations in wheel rim width affect key tyre performance parameters such as lateral force characteristics, damping property, tyre footprint, and pinch cut resistance. Also, the subsequent influence on vehicle-level performance parameters such as R&H, braking, steering, and durability is captured. Based on these analysis, appropriate wheel rim size selection is done which is most optimal for the project
Singh, Ram KrishnanPaua, KetanSundaramoorthy, RagasruobanLenka, Visweswaraahire, ManojAdiga, Ganesh N
Tyre rolling resistance is a fundamental parameter in automotive engineering, directly impacting vehicle fuel efficiency and overall performance. The Rolling Resistance Coefficient (RRC) is influenced by tyre construction, material properties, and operational conditions such as inflation pressure, vehicle speed, ambient temperature, and road surface roughness. This study investigates the influence of critical parameters—including test speed, inflation pressure, temperature on the rolling resistance of tyres of various sizes. While previous research has predominantly focused on radial tyres, this paper extends the analysis to include bias-ply tyres. The findings aim to offer valuable insights for policymakers and researchers by examining the behavior of bias tyres under real-world conditions. The results will be particularly beneficial for vehicle and steering system designers, offering data-driven insights to support future tyre and vehicle development. Additionally, the study presents
Joshi, AmolBelavadi Venkataramaiah, ShamsundaraKhairatkar, Vyankatesh
The Mahindra XUV 3XO is a compact SUV, the first-generation of which was introduced in 2018. This paper explores some of the challenges entailed in developing the subsequent generation of this successful product, maintaining exterior design cues while at the same time improving its aerodynamic efficiency. A development approach is outlined that made use of both CFD simulation and Coastdown testing at MSPT (Mahindra SUV proving track). Drag coefficient improvement of 40 counts (1 count = 0.001 Cd) can be obtained for the best vehicle exterior configuration by paying particular attention to: AGS development to limit the drag due to cooling airflow into the engine compartment Front wheel deflector optimization Mid underbody cover development (beside the LH & RH side skirting) Wheel Rim optimization In this paper we have analyzed the impact of these design changes on the aerodynamic flow field, Pressure plots and consequently drag development over the vehicle length is highlighted. An
Vihan, Nikhil
Variable Valve Timing (VVT) is an advanced technology implemented in internal combustion engines to optimize the opening and closing timing of the intake and exhaust valves. Its primary objective is to improve engine performance, fuel efficiency, and reduce emissions by dynamically adjusting the valve timing based on the engine’s operating conditions i.e. engine speed and load conditions. However, the VVT system may experience various operational issues caused due to low engine oil levels, contaminated engine oil, solenoid malfunctions, and camshaft phaser issues, which can adversely affect engine performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of VVT malfunctions, specifically attributed to the resonance effect of VVT components at various engine RPMs & oil temperature. The study also explains the phenomenon causing VVT sluggishness during advance phase due to resonance between oil pulsation & VVT components. Other factors contributing to VVT
Jha, AnkurSau, SanjoyKumar, BharatSandeep, Sandeep
In alignment with its carbon reduction commitments, India is transitioning towards higher ethanol-blended fuels, with E20 set for nationwide implementation by 2025. Ethanol is a renewable, domestically produced biofuel produced through fermentation of biomass such as sugarcane, corn. It possesses a higher octane rating and oxygen content compared to conventional gasoline, making it a favorable additive for improving engine performance and reducing emissions. This study investigates the impact of E20 fuel on performance parameters of a 694 cc MPFI , water-cooled, twin-cylinder gasoline engine. For deriving maximum benefits of increased Octane rating of E20, compression ratio was increased to 12.5:1. Experimental analysis was conducted to assess the changes in combustion behavior, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), torque output, engine out emissions and thermal efficiency when operating on E20 compared to baseline gasoline (E10). Base results indicate that E20 promotes more
Kulkarni, DeepakMalekar, Hemant AThonge, RavindraKanchan, Shubham
Maximizing vehicle energy efficiency and its performance is a high priority for automotive industries as customers’ expectations rise. Engineers constantly face the challenge of balancing the conflicting goals of achieving superior performance and maximizing energy efficiency, all while meeting increasingly tight development timelines. Leveraging digital methods can potentially enable considerable reduction in development timelines. Driving cycles function as standardized measurement procedures for certifying vehicle fuel efficiency and driving range. Representative velocity profiles condense numerous real-life driving cycles to enable quicker energy analysis and driver feedback evaluations. This paper introduces a novel methodology for generating synthetic drive cycles, such as average velocity cycles and ideal consumption velocity cycles, based on real-life driving scenarios. In this study, the importance of creating representative drive cycles to enhance vehicle performance and
Kanakannavar, RohitKelkar, KshitijSadalge, Anand
Overloading in vehicles, particularly trucks and city buses, poses a critical challenge in India, contributing to increased traffic accidents, economic losses, and infrastructural damage. This issue stems from excessive loads that compromise vehicle stability, reduce braking efficiency, accelerate tire wear, and heighten the risk of catastrophic failures. To address this, we propose an intelligent overloading control and warning system that integrates load-sensing technology with real-time corrective measures. The system employs precision load sensors (e.g., air below deflection monitoring via pressure sensors) to measure vehicle weight dynamically. When the load exceeds predefined thresholds, the system triggers a multi-stage response: 1 Visual/Audio Warning – Alerts the driver to take corrective action. 2 Braking Intervention – If ignored, the braking applied, immobilizing the vehicle until the load is reduced. Experimental validation involved ten iterative tests to map deflection-to
Raj, AmriteshPujari, SachinLondhe, MaheshShirke, SumeetShinde, Akshay
The Indian farmers choice of agriculture tractor brand is driven by the ease of operation and fuel efficiency. However, the customer preference for operator comfort is driving many tractor OEMs for improvement in noise and vibration at the operator location. Also, the compliance to CMVR regulation for noise at operator ear location and vibration at operator touch point location are mandatory for all the tractors in India. NVH refinement development of the tractor plays a critical role in achieving the regulated noise level and improved tactile vibration In presented work, the airborne sources such as exhaust tail pipe, intake snorkel and cooling fan are quantified by at tractor level through elimination method. The detailed engine level testing in engine noise test cell (hemi anechoic chamber) is carried out to estimate the contribution of engine components to overall noise. The outcome of Noise source identification (NSI) has revealed silencer, timing gear cover and oil sump to be
Gaikwad, Atul AnnasahebHarishchandra Walke, NageshYadav, Prasad SBankar, Harshal
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