Browse Topic: Smart grid
This document describes the details of the Smart Energy Profile 2.0 (SEP2.0) communication used to implement the functionality described in the SAE J2836-1 use cases. Each use case subsection includes a description of the function provided, client device requirements, and sequence diagrams with description of the steps. Implementers are encouraged to consult the SEP2.0 schema and application specification for further details. Where relevant, this document notes, but does formally specify, interactions between the vehicle and vehicle operator.
Tracking of energy consumption has become more difficult as demand and value for energy have increased. In such a case, energy consumption should be monitored regularly, and the power consumption want to be reduced to ensure that the needy receive power promptly. Our objective is to identify the energy consumption of an electric vehicle from battery and track the daily usage of it. We have to send the data to both the user and provider. We have to optimize the power usage by using anomaly detection technique by implementing deep learning algorithms. Here we are going to employ a LSTM auto-encoder algorithm to detect anomalies in this case. Estimating the power requirements of diverse locations and detecting harmful actions are critical in a smart grid. The work of identifying aberrant power consumption data is vital and it is hard to assure the smart meter’s efficiency. The LSTM auto-encoder neural network technique is used here for predicting power consumption and to detect anomalies
Researchers have built a new type of battery that combines the benefits of existing options while eliminating their key shortcomings and saving energy. Most batteries are composed of either solid-state electrodes, such as lithium-ion batteries for portable electronics, or liquid-state electrodes including those for smart grids. The researchers have created a “room-temperature all-liquid-metal battery,” which includes the best of both worlds of liquid-and solid-state batteries.
Moving beyond vehicles, Toyota plans to manufacture a whole city. There's hardly a region on Earth that Toyota doesn't reach. At the 2020 CES conference, the company announced a visionary project of similar scope, saying it intends to build a “prototype town of the future” to prove out new technologies of all kind, not just transportation-related. Toyota's Woven City is envisioned as “home to full-time residents and researchers who will be able to test and develop technologies such as autonomy, robotics, personal mobility, smart homes and artificial intelligence in a real-world environment.” Toyota CEO Akio Toyoda appeared genuinely energized in announcing Woven City, saying “having the opportunity to build an entire city from the ground up - even on a very small scale like this - is in many respects the opportunity of a lifetime.” He said the 175-acre site of a decommissioned Toyota manufacturing plant will be the foundation for Woven City, with groundbreaking beginning in 2021.
Given the increasing globalization and industrialization, the worldwide demand for energy continuously increases. In the context of modern Smart Grids, especially small and distributed power plants are a key factor. The present article essentially focuses on the investigation of different approaches for waste heat recovery (WHR) in small-scale CHP (combined heat and power) applications with an output range of approximately 20 kW. The engine integrated into the CHP system under investigation applies a lean-burn combustion process generally providing comparatively low exhaust gas temperatures, thus requiring a careful design that is crucial for efficient WHR. Therefore, this article presents the development and use of a simulation environment for the design and optimization of WHR in small-scale CHP applications. The MATLAB-based code allows various combinations of specific components (e.g., heat exchangers and pumps, as well as turbines and compressors) in different thermodynamic cycles
This SAE Information Report J2836 establishes the instructions for the documents required for the variety of potential functions for PEV communications, energy transfer options, interoperability and security. This includes the history, current status and future plans for migrating through these documents created in the Hybrid Communication and Interoperability Task Force, based on functional objective (e.g., (1) if I want to do V2G with an off-board inverter, what documents and items within them do I need, (2) What do we intend for V3 of SAE J2953, …).
Lightning strikes on automobiles are usually rare, though they can be fatal to occupants and hazardous to electronic control systems. Vehicles’ metal bodies are normally considered to be an effective shield against lightning. Modern body designs, however, often have wide window openings, and plastic body parts have become popular. Lightning can enter the cabin of vehicles through their radio antennas. In the near future, automobiles may be integrated into the electric power grid, which will cause issues related to the smart grid and the vehicle-to-grid concept. Even today, electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) are charged at home or in parking lots. Such automobiles are no longer isolated from the power grid and thus are subject to electric surges caused by lightning strikes on the power grid. A charging system connected to an EV or PHEV should absorb the surge, but powerful lightning strikes can overwhelm the surge protection and intrude into the electric and
In this paper, we present an implementation of smart charging systems for plug-in electric vehicles based on off-the-shelf communication protocols for smart grids including SAE J2836/2847/J2931 standards and SEP 2.0. In this system, the charging schedule is optimized so that it supplies sufficient electricity for the next trip and also minimizes the charging cost under given time-of-use rate structures while it follows demand response events requested by a utility. Also, users can control charging schedule and check the current status of charging through application software of tablet computers. To validate the effectiveness of the developed smart charging system, we conducted experimental demonstration in which a total of 10 customers of Duke Energy regularly used our developed system for approximately one year with simulated time-of-use rate structures and demand response events. We show the users' acceptance for the system usability and demand response events, the cost benefits for
This SAE Recommended Practice SAE J2847-2 establishes requirements and specifications for communication between Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) and the DC Off-board charger. Where relevant, this document notes, but does not formally specify, interactions between the vehicle and vehicle operator. This document applies to the off-board DC charger for conductive charging, which supplies DC current to the Rechargable Energy Storage System (RESS) of the electric vehicle through a SAE J1772™ coupler. Communications will be on the SAE J1772 Pilot line for PLC communication. The details of PowerLine Communications (PLC) are found in SAE J2931/4. The specification supports DC energy transfer via Forward Power Flow (FPF) from source to vehicle. SAE has published multiple documents relating to PEV and vehicle-to-grid interfaces. The various document series are listed below, with a brief explanation of each. Figure 1.1 shows the sequencing of these documents and their primary function (e.g., the
This SAE Information Report SAE J2931 establishes the requirements for digital communication between Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEV), the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) and the utility or service provider, Energy Services Interface (ESI), Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and Home Area Network (HAN). This is the third version of this document and completes the effort that specifies the digital communication protocol stack between Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) and the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). The purpose of the stack outlined in Figure 1 and defined by Layers 3 to 6 of the OSI Reference Model (Figure 1) is to use the functions of Layers 1 and 2 specified in SAE J2931/4 and export the functionalities to Layer 7 as specified in SAE J2847/2 (as of August 1, 2012, revision) and SAE J2847/1 (targeting revision at the end of 2012). Communications between the EVSE and other than PEV entities such as AMI, ESI, HAN, Utility head-end, etc. as shown in Figure 2
This SAE Technical Information Report SAE J2931/4 establishes the specifications for physical and data-link layer communications using broadband Power Line Communications (PLC) between the plug-In electric vehicle (PEV) and the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) DC off-board-charger. This document deals with the specific modifications or selection of optional features in HomePlug Green PHY v1.1 (HomePlug GP1.1) necessary to support the automotive charging application over Control Pilot lines as described in SAE J1772™. PLC may also be used to connect directly to the Utility smart meter or home area network (HAN), and may technically be applied to the AC mains, both of which are outside the scope of this document.
Avionics Heat Up, in a Good Way: As was apparent at Farnborough, if there is a single technology theme that today dominates how aircraft are designed, built, and operated, it is the transformational progress being made in aerospace avionics, and the human-machine interface. The common feature shared by recent aviation platforms is the high level of systems integration, and the way in which information is displayed or made accessible, allowing previously unimaginable levels of situational awareness to be available to pilots and ground controllers. This has greatly eased the pilot workload and enhanced flight safety, especially when flying in poor weather or operating in unfamiliar or hazardous terrain. The transition from analog to digital cockpit displays has been comprehensive, but more recently the development of interactive applications and associated technologies has promoted even more rapid progress, notably with the growing adoption of touchscreens, head-up displays (HUDs), and
This paper presents the use of a second life battery pack in a smart grid-tied photovoltaic battery energy system. The system was developed for a single family household integrating a PV array, second life battery pack, grid back feeding, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging station. The battery pack was assembled using retired vehicle traction batteries. The pack is configured with 9 cells in each parallel bank, 15 banks in series featuring 48V nominal and a 12kWh nominal capacity. Limited by the weakest bank in the pack, the second life battery pack has an accessible capacity of 10kWh, or 58% of its original condition. A battery management was developed to handle the bank-to-bank imbalance and ensure the safe operation of the battery pack. An energy management algorithm was established to optimize the energy harvest from PV while minimizing the grid dependence. An information network was constructed to acquire data from the battery, PV, major appliances, and major inverters
This SAE Recommended Practice J2953/1 establishes requirements and specification by which a specific Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) pair can be considered interoperable. The test procedures are further described in J2953/2.
In the coming years electric commercial vehicles market will grow in the world and in Brazil. Electric vehicle (EVs), beyond representing a way to reduce air pollution, could become providers of innovative additional services by an improved interaction between vehicles, communication systems and power grids in a smart grid architecture. Smart grid can enable EV-charging (grid-to-vehicle, or G2V), with load shifting from off-peak periods, flattening the daily load curve and allowing vehicles to grid operations (or V2G), with EVs being used as distributed generation and storage devices. Advanced metering and bi-directional battery chargers, like interface equipment between the grid and the vehicles, are essential components, enabling a two-way flow of information and power. However, there are a number of technical, practical and economic barriers that must be taken into account during product development process. Close and cooperative relationships between the R&D departments of
This SAE Information Report SAE J2836/6™ establishes use cases for communication between plug-in electric vehicles and the EVSE, for wireless energy transfer as specified in SAE J2954. It addresses the requirements for communications between the on-board charging system and the Wireless EV Supply Equipment (WEVSE) in support of detection of the WEVSE, the charging process, and monitoring of the charging process. Since the communication to the charging infrastructure and the power grid for smart charging will also be communicated by the WEVSE to the EV over the wireless interface, these requirements are also covered. However, the processes and procedures are expected to be identical to those specified for V2G communications specified in SAE J2836/1. Where relevant, the specification notes interactions that may be required between the vehicle and vehicle operator, but does not formally specify them. Similarly communications between the on-board charging sub-system and the on-board
Connectivity and systems integration together with weight and production cost reduction are among the main objectives of the automotive industry in electric vehicles development in particular, when concerns with smart grids integration and interoperability increases. At the same time vehicle systems reliability plays an important role as a decisive factor for market acceptance. Conventional automotive electrical systems comprehend a central ECU, with radial wiring harness architecture with power and signal cables. A different architecture is proposed with the aim of vehicle cable mass and cost reduction, simplification and increased reliability of the whole electrical control system. With this architecture there's also the aim to provide computing and communications capability to each electric component in a distributed way, in order to enable its integration with external systems like smart phones, networking services and smart grids. A measurement, actuator and communications system
This SAE Information Report SAE J2931 establishes the requirements for digital communication between Plug-In Vehicles (PEV), the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) and the utility or service provider, Energy Services Interface (ESI), Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and Home Area Network (HAN). This is the second version of this document and completes the step 2 effort that specifies the digital communication protocol stack between Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) and the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). The purpose of the stack outlined in Figure 1 and defined by Layers 3 to 6 of the OSI Reference Model (Figure 1) is to use the functions of Layers 1 and 2 specified in SAE J2931/4 and export the functionalities to Layer 7 as specified in SAE J2847/2 (as of August 1, 2012, revision) and SAE J2847/1 (targeting revision at the end of 2012). Communications between the EVSE and other than PEV entities such as AMI, ESI, HAN, Utility head-end, etc. as shown in Figure 2 are
This SAE Technical Information Report SAE J2931/4 establishes the specifications for physical and data-link layer communications using broadband Power Line Communications (PLC) between the Plug-In Vehicle (PEV) and the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) DC off-board-charger. This document deals with the specific modifications or selection of optional features in HomePlug Green PHY v1.1 necessary to support the automotive charging application over Control Pilot lines as described in SAE J1772™. PLC may also be used to connect directly to the Utility smart meter or Home Area Network (HAN), and may technically be applied to the AC mains, both of which are outside the scope of this document.
Insights into sustainability: Environmental, economic, and/or societal goals for a successful, and long-lasting, off-highway industry. - Moving toward sustainable product development with model-based design Sustainability provides an opportunity to affect a fundamental shift in the market-seizing this opportunity can give businesses a significant competitive advantage. To do this, the off-highway industry will need to adopt a systematic product design and development approach that will allow engineers to design efficient products using a development process that integrates sustainability assessment into the innovation processes. The off-highway industry has dealt with increasingly stringent emissions regulations to reduce impact on the environment. This experience offers a blueprint for addressing future sustainability challenges. MathWorks has worked with off-highway leaders as they used model-based design to develop embedded control systems to meet the emissions challenges. These
This SAE Information Report SAE J2931 establishes the requirements for digital communication between Plug-In Vehicles (PEV), the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) and the utility or service provider, Energy Services Interface (ESI), Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and Home Area Network (HAN). This is the first version of this document and completes the step 1 effort that captures the initial objectives of the SAE task force. The intent of step 1 was to record as much information on “what we think works” and publish. The effort continues however, to step 2 that allows public review for additional comments and viewpoints, while the task force also continues additional testing and early implementation. Results of the step 2 effort will then be incorporated into updates of this document and lead to a republished version. The SAE J2931 family of documents has been organized into several “slash” subsections: This document, SAE J2931/1, defines architecture and general
Many standards, technical advances will make it easier to recharge batteries in less time. Shipments of electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) barely make a dent in overall auto sales, but their impact is rippling out in many directions. Standards organizations are working overtime to create specifications that will make it easier for such vehicles to connect to the grid, while companies that make charging stations are also burning the midnight oil as they attempt to gain a foothold in this market. These efforts will play a central role in the acceptance of EVs and PHEVs (the acronym used to identify both vehicle types is PEV, the P standing for plug-in). Standards will form the basis for the infrastructure including electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) through which current is delivered to the vehicle.
This SAE Information Report SAE J2836/2™ establishes use cases and general information for communication between plug-in electric vehicles and the DC Off-board charger. Where relevant, this document notes, but does not formally specify, interactions between the vehicle and vehicle operator. This applies to the off-board DC charger for conductive charging, which supplies DC current to the vehicle battery of the electric vehicle through a SAE J1772™ Hybrid coupler or SAE J1772™ AC Level 2 type coupler on DC power lines, using the AC power lines or the pilot line for PLC communication, or dedicated communication lines that is further described in SAE J2847/2. The specification supports DC energy transfer via Forward Power Flow (FPF) from grid-to-vehicle. The relationship of this document to the others that address PEV communications is further explained in section 5. This is the 1st version of this document and completes step 1 effort that captures the initial objectives of the SAE task
Over the past ten years, the worldwide sensors technology market has experienced tremendous growth. Today’s sensor technology has been woven seamlessly into our everyday lives through a vast array of new and exciting applications that continue to evolve at a pace never seen before. To put things into perspective, ten years ago the average automobile utilized about 35 sensors. Today, the average automobile incorporates more than 100 sensors that measure and monitor everything from speed, oxygen, and brakes, to parking assistance and airbags.
This paper is the second in the series of documents designed to record the progress of a series of SAE documents - SAE J2836™, J2847, J2931, & J2953 - within the Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) Communication Task Force. This follows the initial paper number 2010-01-0837, and continues with the test and modeling of the various PLC types for utility programs described in J2836/1™ & J2847/1. This also extends the communication to an off-board charger, described in J2836/2™ & J2847/2 and includes reverse energy flow described in J2836/3™ and J2847/3. The initial versions of J2836/1™ and J2847/1 were published early 2010. J2847/1 has now been re-opened to include updates from comments from the National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP), Smart Grid Architectural Committee (SGAC) and Cyber Security Working Group committee (SCWG). These documents have been added to the NIST SGIP Catalogue of Standards and it is expected the others to be added upon
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