Browse Topic: Imaging and visualization

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ACCIDENTAL DOORING WARNING AND ASSIST SYSTEM2026-28-0053To be published on 02/12/2026
The term dooring refers to the accidents where a vehicle door is suddenly opened into the path of an oncoming cyclist or motorcyclist. These issues are serious road safety hazards, especially in congested urban areas where people may be careless. This project proposes an intelligent, computer vision based warning system designed to detect the approaching vehicles and alert the occupants in the vehicle before opening the door. The system uses the rear parking camera in vehicles with rear parking system or a USB webcam in vehicles without rear parking system to capture live video feed, which is processed by a Raspberry Pi 4 microprocessor. The system will run a lightweight deep learning model, MobileNetSSD, through TensorFlow Lite. Detected objects are classified in real time, and the relative distance of other vehicles is estimated using bounding box dimensions. If a vehicle is identified within a preset safety distance threshold, a clear visual warning is displayed to prevent door
C, Jegadheesan, T, Karthi, Gurusamy, Varun Sankar, Balraj, Tharun, Murugaiya, Tamilselvan
Experimental Investigation of Process Parameter Effects in WAAM of Nickel-Based Alloys2026-28-0027To be published on 02/12/2026
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is an evolving discipline in metal additive manufacturing characterized by rapid deposition, cost-effectiveness, and centrality to the near-net-shape fabrication of large-scale components. This study will concentrate on WAAM application to deposit nickel alloys, which find extensive use in aerospace, power generation, and marine industries, due to their good mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and thermal stability. However, some drawbacks in WAAM processing of nickel alloys include thermal distortion, porosity, and residual stress. The research looks at how key WAAM process parameters, including wire feed rate, travel speed, current, and interpass temperature affect geometric accuracy, surface integrity, and mechanical performance of the fabricated components. Microstructural characterization was done using optical microscopy, and hardness distribution was measured as an indication of mechanical uniformity throughout the builds. It is
Natarajan, Manikandan
Multi-Storey AI Based Parking System2026-28-0129To be published on 02/01/2026
This paper presents a comprehensive design and implementation of an AI-based parking management system tailored to address the challenges of modern parking facilities. The system is designed to enhance efficiency, reduce manual intervention, and optimize operational costs while providing a seamless experience for drivers. The core architecture of the system integrates advanced technologies, including computer vision and IR sensors, thereby minimizing reliance on conventional sensors and streamlining the parking process. By leveraging computer vision, the system continuously monitors parking areas in real-time, accurately detecting vehicle occupancy status, and dynamically updating the availability of parking spaces. This real-time monitoring capability enables efficient space utilization, allowing for the optimization of parking resources. In addition to optimizing space allocation, the proposed system prioritizes security through the integration of video surveillance. Utilizing AI
N, Kalaiarasi, Gupta, Shivansh, Hajarnis, Mihir, anand, Vikas
Failure Analysis of Dissimilar Metal Weld Joint of an Air Spring Bracket within an Automotive Active Seat Suspension System2026-26-0487To be published on 01/16/2026
In modern four-wheelers, seat suspension systems play a crucial role in enhancing occupant comfort by mitigating the effects of road unevenness and vibrations. Among these systems, active suspension mechanisms offer advanced performance through complex assemblies involving welded, riveted, and bolted joints. This study investigates the failure of an air spring bracket - a critical component of a pneumatic active suspension system - manufactured by Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) of two dissimilar ferrous materials which are likely to be SAPH440 and S355J2. These different materials were used based on mechanical properties required to perform by their particular part. System level validation tests were conducted to ensure the reliability of the seat suspension system. The one of the validation tests is continuous cyclic fatigue test which is carried out on the complete seat assembly. However, during vibration / cyclic endurance testing, premature failures were observed near the weld joints
Patale Jr, Reshma, Pinjari, Jayant Namdev, Bali, Shirish
From Vision to Reality - Automotive UI/UX Concept Development at Magna2026-26-0477To be published on 01/16/2026
The development of automotive UI/UX relies on the latest technologies and features in modern vehicle design, focusing on enhancing user interaction. The Magna UI/UX team uses innovative tools to streamline the development of user interaction features. Our process is accessible to all stakeholders and applicable to all UI/UX projects. With extensive experience working with both new entrants and traditional OEMs, we leverage diverse insights and methodologies to create state-of-the-art user experiences. Beginning with the UI strategy, Magna defines the overall display and interaction strategy based on the latest UI/UX trends and benchmarking criteria for user experience. In this phase, Magna uses online clickdummies to evaluate initial wireframes and sketches, documenting UI elements (buttons, typography, colors, icons) and simulating feature interactions like music control. To develop a UI/UX concept based on customer vision, Magna creates the base screen layout and operation flow
Lechner, Michael
Advanced Defect Detection Techniques Using AI, CAD Data, and Computer Vision2026-26-0644To be published on 01/16/2026
In area of modern manufacturing, ensuring product quality and minimizing defects are utmost important for maintaining competitive advantage and customer satisfaction. This paper presents an innovative approach to detect defect by leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) models trained using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) data. Traditional defect detection methods often rely on physical inspection, which can be time-consuming and prone to human error. The conventional method of developing an AI model requires a physical part data , By utilizing CAD data, the time to develop an AI model and implementing it to production line station can be saved drastically . This approach involves the use of AI algorithms trained on CAD models to detect and classify defects in real-time. The field trial results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in various industrial applications, highlighting its potential to revolutionize defect detection in manufacturing.
Kulkarni, Prasad Ramesh, Sahu, Dilip, Joshi, Chandrashekhar, Khatavkar, Akshay, Poddar, Shivani, Deep, Amar
Next-Gen Driver Health and Wellness Platform for Fatigue Detection and Emotional Wellbeing Monitoring2026-26-0639To be published on 01/16/2026
Driver fatigue and emotional distress are major contributors to traffic accidents, especially among long-haul and professional drivers, making their detection a critical area in road safety and public health. While existing research has explored various sensor-based and wearable solutions to monitor driver states, these approaches often suffer from high cost, intrusiveness, or limited scalability. Camera-based systems have recently gained attention for being less invasive and more practical for real-world deployment; however, many still depend on multiple sensors or cloud-based processing, which raise concerns around energy consumption, privacy, and integration complexity. To address these gaps, we present a sustainable, camera-only Driver Health and Wellness Platform for real-time fatigue detection and emotional wellbeing monitoring. The system leverages a single in-cabin camera and applies lightweight, edge-optimized computer vision models to analyze facial features, eye dynamics
Iqbal, Shoaib, Imteyaz, Shahma
Artificial Intelligence in Passenger Cars: Unlocking Intelligent Mobility and Human-Centric Vehicle Innovation2026-26-0672To be published on 01/16/2026
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is fundamentally reshaping the landscape of automotive engineering, particularly in passenger vehicles where comfort, safety, and customization are paramount. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current and emerging AI-driven applications in passenger cars, including intelligent vehicle insurance, real-time traffic optimization, personalized driving experiences, emotion recognition, and advanced EV battery management. The integration of AI technologies—ranging from machine learning and computer vision to natural language processing and deep neural networks—enables predictive maintenance, adaptive driver-assist systems, and next-generation human-machine interfaces. AI’s role in vehicle insurance is also explored through behaviour-based risk scoring and claims automation. Furthermore, emotion-aware cabin systems are discussed, which aim to detect driver fatigue, stress, or distraction to improve road safety and mental wellness. The paper also
Hazra, Sandip, Tangadpalliwar, Sonali, Khan, Arkadip
Experimental Study to Investigate and Control Image Blurriness due to IRVM Vibration2026-26-0321To be published on 01/16/2026
Vibration is one of the prominent factors that determine the quality & comfort level of a vehicle. Moreover, if vibration occurs in areas that are almost entirely within customer touchpoints (during either city or highway driving conditions), it could become a critical factor behind the deterioration of brand image within the market. The interior rear-view mirror (IRVM) is one of the important components inside passenger cabin, providing drivers with a clear view of the rear traffic. However, vibrations induced by engine operation, road irregularities, and aerodynamic forces can cause the IRVM to oscillate, leading to image blurriness and compromised visibility and safety. This paper investigates the underlying causes of IRVM vibrations and their impact on image clarity. Through a combination of experimental analysis and computational modelling, we identify key factors contributing to mirror instability. The findings indicate the specific frequencies of vibration, particularly those
Khan, Aamir Naved, Saraswat, Vivek, Jha, Kartik, Singh, Hemendra, Seenivasan, Gokulram, Khan, Nafees
Comparative Analysis of Pothole Depth Estimation Using LIDAR and Stereo Imaging with Polarized Lenses: A DOE Approach2026-26-0269To be published on 01/16/2026
For vehicles with automated control systems to operate safely and effectively, pothole depth must be accurately detected. Potholes filled with water can cause serious accidents since they are concealed hazards that can cause vehicles to hydroplane. These risks are made worse by the fact that water-filled potholes can be misleading, particularly at night or in low visibility situations. This paper presents a comparative study of two methodologies for pothole depth detection: 1. Stereo Imaging using Cameras with Polarized Lenses. 2. Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Technology. The performance, accuracy, and limitations of both approaches are thoroughly assessed under various surface and environmental circumstances using a structured Design of Experiment (DOE) methodology. In Challenging lighting situations, the stereo imaging method greatly improves depth estimate accuracy by utilizing polarization to increase contrast and decrease glare. This technique entails taking pictures from
Ashok, Deeksha, Kumar, Pradeep, Singh, Amandeep
Mapless Yet Accurate: Trajectory Prediction for traffic agents using online HD Map Reconstruction for Autonomous Driving2026-26-0039To be published on 01/16/2026
Accurate trajectory prediction of traffic agents is vital for enabling safer and more reliable autonomous driving. High-definition (HD) and standard-definition (SD) maps play a critical role in this process by providing detailed lane topology and directional cues essential for forecasting the movement of surrounding traffic agents. However, creating HD maps is both expensive and resource-intensive, often relying on complex SLAM systems and specialized sensors, while SD maps, though more readily available, lack the precision needed for accurate navigation in autonomous driving. In this work, we present a novel framework for trajectory prediction that uses online reconstruction of HD maps using images from vehicle-mounted cameras, offering a more scalable and cost-effective solution. Our method achieves notable improvements in prediction accuracy, especially in scenarios lacking access to pre-built maps. Additionally, we propose a new evaluation metric that emphasizes safety by
Upreti, Minali, Girijal, Rahul, B A, NaveenKumar, Thontepu, Phani, Ghosh, Shankhanil, Chakraborty, Bodhisattwa
Assessing the impact of hole piercing edge quality on fatigue samples for S550MC steel sheet.2026-26-0306To be published on 01/16/2026
The exceptional strength, formability, and weldability of S550MC steel sheets make them a cornerstone material in the automotive industry. These properties translate into the creation of high-performance automotive components like chassis parts, structural reinforcements, and safety cages, ultimately contributing to enhanced vehicle safety and overall performance. Furthermore, S550MC steel boasts excellent fatigue resistance, a critical factor for ensuring long-term reliability in demanding automotive applications that experience repeated stress cycles. However, beyond its inherent properties, optimizing the performance of S550MC components hinges on a nuanced understanding of the critical relationship between hole edge quality and fatigue failure. This meticulous study delves into the impact of hole-piercing clearance on the quality of the hole edges in modified fatigue samples manufactured from S550MC steel, and its effect on the fatigue life. The surface morphology was assessed
Nahalde, Sujay, Hingalje, Abhijeet, Ughade, Vikas, Singh, Udita, More, Hemant
Simulation-Driven Load Spectrum Prediction_ Virtual RLDA for Chassis and Suspension System2026-26-0095To be published on 01/16/2026
In the rapidly evolving and highly competitive automotive industry, manufacturers are under immense pressure to bring products to market quickly while meeting customer expectations. As a result, optimizing the product development timeline has become essential. Structural integrity analysis for chassis and suspension systems lies in the accurate acquisition of operational load spectra, conventionally executed through Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) on instrumented vehicles subjected to proving ground excitation. At this point, RLDA is mainly used for final validation and fine-tuning. If any performance shortfalls, such as premature component failure or durability issues, are discovered, they often trigger design revisions, prototype rework, and additional testing This study proposes a Virtual Road Load Data Acquisition (vRLDA) methodology employing a high-fidelity full-vehicle multibody dynamic (MBD) representation developed in Adams Car. The system is parameterized and uses high
Goli, Naga Aswani Kumar, Prasad, Tej Pratap
Niobium Alloyed Brake Disc for reduced NVH and emission control2026-26-0285To be published on 01/16/2026
Recent regulations limiting brake dust emissions have presented many challenges to the brake engineering community. The objective of this paper is to provide a low cost, mass production solution utilizing well known existing technology to meet brake emissions requirements. The proposed process is to alloy the Gray Cast Iron with Niobium. The Niobium addition will reduce wear debris and improve NVH (Noise Vibration Harshness). The test methodology included: Manufacture of disc samples alloyed with Niobium, and Evaluation of airborne wear debris utilizing a pin-on-disc tribometer equipped with emission collection capability. The airborne emission and wear surfaces were further analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive techniques (SEM-EDS), X-Ray Diffraction and Optical Microscopy. The cast iron test matrix included four groups; Unalloyed eutectic 4.3% Carbon Equivalent (CE), Unalloyed hypereutectic >4.3% CE, Niobium alloyed Eutectic and Niobium alloyed hypereutectic
Barile, Bernardo, Holly, Mike
Failure Prevention of Permanent Deformation in HNBR Elastomeric Diaphragms Used in CNG Valve Applications2026-26-0294To be published on 01/16/2026
Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubbers (HNBR) and its derivatives have gained the significant importance in automotive compressed natural gas (CNG) valve applications. In one of the four-wheeler CNG valve application, HNBR elastomeric diaphragms are being used for their excellent sealing and pressure regulation properties. The HNBR elastomeric diaphragm was developed to sustain CNG pressure more than 10 bars. However, it was found permanently deformed under 4 bar pressures. In the present work, a set of experiments were carried out in order to find out the primary root cause of diaphragm permanent deformation and preventing the failure for safe usage of the CNG gas. HNBR diaphragm deformation investigation was carried out using advanced qualitative and quantitative analysis method such as Soxhlet Extraction Column, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric
Patil, Bhushan Gulab, NAIKWADI, AMOL, Mali, Manoj, Tata, Srikanth
Adaptability Survey and analysis of Camera Monitoring Systems (CMS) on Various Driving Population for Passenger Vehicles in Indian Driving Scenario2026-26-0601To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents a comprehensive survey and data collection study on the adaptability of Camera Monitoring Systems (CMS) for passenger vehicles. With the growing demand for enhanced safety, automation, and driver assistance technologies, Camera Monitoring Systems (CMS) has emerged as a key component in modern automotive design. This study aims to explore the current state of camera-based monitoring in passenger vehicles, focusing on their adaptability through survey data collection of various driving population and analysis. This paper evaluates the acceptance of CMS configurations in replacement to conventional rear view mirrors through Position of Monitor, Clarity, CMS Adaptiveness to eyes, Comfort while turning, Merging into moving traffic, Monitoring Rear Traffic, while Getting Out of Car, while Overtaking, Coverage Area and Overall Acceptance. The findings offer valuable insights for manufacturers, engineers, and researchers working toward the evolution of intelligent vehicle
Sinha, Ankit, Tambolkar, Sonali Ameya, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara, Kauffmann, Maximilian
Impact of Tire-Ground Contact Width on Pavement Roughness Evaluation2025-99-0256To be published on 12/23/2025
The International Roughness Index (IRI) is a key indicator for evaluating the performance of road surfaces. However, traditional measurement methods only focus on the evaluation data of a single longitudinal section and do not consider the lateral difference between the actual contact area between the tire and the road surface, which may lead to inaccurate evaluation results. In recent years, with the advancement of 3D laser scanning and digital photogrammetry technology, full-section data acquisition has brought new possibilities for roughness evaluation. However, how to find a balance between data fineness and computing efficiency has become a core problem that needs to be solved. Based on the principle of interaction between vehicles and road surfaces, this paper proposes to include only the pavement height data within the tire width range into IRI analysis, and establishes an evaluation framework based on standard tire-ground contact width. This method not only retains the key
An, Huazhen, Wang, Rui, Han, Xiaokun, Luo, Yingchao
Trajectory Reconstruction at Signalized Intersections in a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Environment2025-99-0217To be published on 12/23/2025
Vehicle trajectories encapsulate critical spatial-temporal information essential for traffic state estimation, congestion analysis, and operational parameter optimization. In a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) environment, connected automated vehicles (CAVs) not only continuously transmit their own real-time trajectory data but also utilize onboard sensors to perceive and estimate the motion states of surrounding regular vehicles (RVs) within a defined communication range. These multi-source data streams, when integrated with fixed infrastructure-based detectors such as speed cameras at intersections, create a robust foundation for reconstructing full-sample vehicle trajectories, thereby addressing data sparsity issues caused by incomplete CAV penetration. Building upon classical car-following (CF) theory, this study introduces a novel trajectory reconstruction framework that fuses CAV-generated trajectories and infrastructure-based speed detection data. The proposed method specifically
Bai, Wei, Fu, Chengxin, Yao, Zhihong
Development of Embedded Electronics with Artificial Intelligence in an Implement for Forklifts2025-36-0012To be published on 12/18/2025
In this article we will discuss the development and implementation of a computer vision system to be used in decision-making and control of an electro-hydraulic mechanism in order to guarantee correct functioning and efficiency during the logistics project. To achieve this, we have brought together a team of engineering students with knowledge in the area of Artificial Intelligence, Front End and mechanical, electrical and hydraulic devices. The project consists of installing a system on a forklift that moves packaged household appliances that can identify and differentiate the different types of products moved in factories and distribution centers. Therefore, the objective will be to process this identification and control an electro-hydraulic pressure control valve (normally controlled in PWM) so that it releases only the hydraulic pressure configured for each type of packaging/product, and thus correctly squeezing (compressing) the specific volume, without damaging it due to
Furquim, Bruno Bueno, Pivetta, Italo Meneguello, Ibusuki, Ugo
Nanosilica-Based Treatments for Fabrics: Aspects of Wettability and Selective Oil/Water Separation2025-36-0213To be published on 12/18/2025
Nanosilica-treated fabrics have a variety of properties, such as durability, water resistance, and specific surface characteristics. Due to that, many applications of those components are highlighted in literature. Some examples include waterproofing and water repellency, stain resistance, flame retardancy, improved durability, UV protection, improved comfort, antimicrobial properties, and textile coatings for electronics. These applications demonstrate how nanosilica-based treatments can enhance the performance of fabrics, making them more suitable for various specialized uses. In this work, a technical fabric with a mesh opening of 45 μm and an open area of 29.6% was surface treated. The treatments were performed by the dip-coating method using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and nanosilica at different concentrations. Optical microscopy (OM) images of the fabrics’ surface and water contact angle (WCA) measurements were carried out before and after the fabrics’ treatments. The results
Kerche, Eduardo Fischer, Leal, Débora, Romano, Paulo, Oliveira, Vinícius, Polkowski, Rodrigo
Fractographic Analysis after Creep Testing of Ti-6Al-4V with Yttria and Niobia Co-Doped Zirconia TBC2025-36-0053To be published on 12/18/2025
The application of Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBC) has been widely utilized in aerospace turbines to enhance the operational temperature and thermal efficiency of titanium alloys, while preserving their properties such as low density, creep resistance, and corrosion resistance. TBC systems typically consist of a metallic substrate, a metallic coating (Bond Coat), a thermally grown oxide (TGO), and a ceramic topcoat (TC). This study investigated the fracture surface characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V with TBC after a creep test at a constant temperature of 600 °C, under stress levels of 125, 222, and 319 MPa, in order to understand the mechanisms involved. The TBC was composed of a NiCrAlY (BC) and a zirconia co-doped with yttria and nióbia (TC). The fracture characterization of the alloy after the creep test was conducted through stereoscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The fracture mechanism at 600 °C and 222 MPa was predominantly ductile, as evidenced by the presence of dimples and
Takahashi, Renata Jesuina, de Assis, João Marcos Kruszynski, Rodrigues, Bianca Costa, de Andrade Acevedo Jimenez, Laila Ribeiro, Reis, Danieli Aparecida Pereira
Evaluation of Surface Integrity Aspects Induced by Different Gear Manufacturing Paths for Electric Vehicle Transmission Systems2025-36-0062To be published on 12/18/2025
The mobility electrification process is currently of great interest due to its environmental appeal, but it is accompanied by new technical requirements for vehicle systems, the powertrain being one of those with the most significant trade-offs to be solved. Higher power densities, higher torque efficiency and lower noise and vibration generation are simultaneously required. The literature shows that the manufacturing chain can influence the final state of surface integrity of a part, which affects the operational behavior and service life of a component. Therefore, a customized transmission system design for electric propulsion requires several analyses, from the raw material to the gear manufacturing processes, so that surface integrity plays a significative role in the required performance. From the perspective of their capability to meet the e-mobility requirements in terms of surface integrity is essential to conduct a comparative analysis of gear manufacturing processes. So, the
Gomes, Caio F. S., Gomes, Gilberto M. O., Colombo, Tiago C. A., Rego, Ronnie R., Michelotti, Alvaro C., Berto, Lucas F.
Analysis of Light Duty Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions Using Scanning Electron Microscopy2025-36-0074To be published on 12/18/2025
Particulate matter (PM), mainly its finer fraction, is among the main atmospheric pollutants present in an urban environment. The relationship between the increase in the concentration of this pollutant and the harm to human health is well established. The main sources of particulate matter in urban areas are mobile sources, which include the exhaust emission from light duty vehicles. This work measured the emission of PM in three light duty passenger vehicles, characterizing it in terms of emitted mass in one “flex” vehicle with port fuel (indirect) injection (PFI), using ethanol and gasohol (mixture of 22% anhydrous ethanol and 78% gasoline, by volume), in another “flex” vehicle with direct fuel injection (GDI), and in a diesel vehicle. In addition to mass measurement, images of the filters used in PM sampling were produced using scanning electron microscopy. The processing of these images made it possible to determine the average PM size, as well as establish a particle size
Borsari, Vanderlei, Neto, Edson Elpídio, de Abrantes, Rui
Optimization Method for the Layout of Sponge-Like Drainage Ditches in Large Airports Based on BIM-3DGIS Coupling2025-99-0356To be published on 12/17/2025
The control of rainfall runoff drainage in large airports presents significant challenges, particularly in terms of real-time coupling with meteorological warnings. This paper proposes an optimization method for the layout of sponge-like drainage ditches in large airports under BIM-3DGIS coupling. A BIM water supply and drainage model is constructed, with detailed inspections conducted on the functions and connections of the pipeline system in Revit software. The flow velocity and equivalent water supply pressure within the pipelines are analyzed, and collision detection is performed on the components. Based on 3DGIS technology, an optimization model for the layout of sponge-like drainage ditches is established, taking into comprehensive consideration various factors such as airport topography, rainfall characteristics, and surrounding environment. By calculating the water level changes within the infiltration and drainage ditches under different design rainfall scenarios, the storage
Geng, Liangsui, Zhao, Zhenyu, Hu, Jing
Dynamic Graph Convolutional Recurrent Networks Based on Progressive Learning2025-99-044112/10/2025
Traffic flow prediction is the core challenge of transportation, and its key lies in effectively capturing the spatio-temporal dynamic dependencies. Aiming at the deficiencies of existing methods in modeling global temporal relations and dynamic spatial heterogeneity, this paper proposes a dynamic graph convolutional recurrent network (DGCRN) based on interactive progressive learning. First, the interactive progressive learning module (IPL) is designed to segment the input sequences through a tree structure, synchronize the extraction of spatiotemporal features using the interactive learning of parity subsequences, and adaptively capture the dynamic associations among nodes by combining with the dynamic graph convolutional recursive module (DGCRM). Secondly, a spatio-temporal embedding generator (STEG) is constructed to fuse temporal and spatial embedding to generate dynamic graph structures. Experiments validate the effectiveness of DGCRN on the PEMS04 and PEMS08 datasets with MAE
Su, Jiangfeng, Xie, Zilong, Liu, Chunya, He, Lan, Kou, Yujiao, Xue, Xue
Stoneridge Innovation Truck envisions a digital-vision future25TOFHP12_0512/01/2025
Stoneridge displayed its vision for the future of commercial vehicle technology on the SAE COMVEC 2025 exhibit floor. The Innovation Truck showcases the Tier 1 supplier's next-generation vision and driver-assistance technologies designed to enhance driver safety and fleet optimization. Mario Gafencu, product design and evaluation specialist at Stoneridge, gave Truck & Off-Highway Engineering a tech truck walkaround at the event. The first technology Gafencu detailed was the second-generation MirrorEye camera monitor system that's designed to replace the glass mirrors on the sides of a truck.
Gehm, Ryan
EDITORIAL: Off-highway innovators help kick off 202625TOFHP12_0412/01/2025
As I'm wont to do come December, with work well underway on the first issue of the new year, I like to take stock of upcoming venues for innovative product reveals and thought-provoking presentations on emerging trends and technologies. Come the first week of January, that means CES in Las Vegas. Traditional equipment manufacturers have increasingly used the event to demonstrate to the broader public that they not only deal in metal but also the digital realm. For example, earlier this year at CES, John Deere revealed its second-generation tech stack featuring camera pods, Nvidia Orin purpose-built processors and Deere's VPUs (vision processing units), along with four new autonomous machines including the 9RX 640 tractor for open-field ag operations. The company is exhibiting again this coming year.
Gehm, Ryan
3D LiDAR for Improved Rover Traversal and ImageryTBMG-5429512/01/2025
Planetary and lunar rover exploration missions can encounter environments that do not allow for navigation by typical, stereo camera-based systems. Stereo cameras meet difficulties in areas with low ambient light (even when lit by floodlights), direct sunlight, or washed-out environments. Improved sensors are required for safe and successful rover mobility in harsh conditions. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center has developed a Space Qualified Rover LiDAR (SQRLi) system that will improve rover sensing capabilities in a small, lightweight package. The new SQRLi package is developed to survive the hazardous space environment and provide valuable image data during planetary and lunar rover exploration.
Color Filtering Software Enhances Material Strain AnalysisTBMG-5429312/01/2025
Innovators at NASA Johnson Space Center have developed a technology that can isolate a single direction of tensile strain in biaxially woven material. This is accomplished using traditional digital image correlation (DIC) techniques in combination with custom red-green-blue (RGB) color filtering software. DIC is a software-based method used to measure and characterize surface deformation and strain of an object. This technology was originally developed to enable the extraction of circumferential and longitudinal webbing strain information from material comprising the primary restraint layer that encompasses inflatable space structures.
Training Uncrewed Underwater Vehicles for Visualization of Subsurface StructuresTBMG-5429012/01/2025
Ultra-Lightweight, Multispectral, High-Resolution Imaging for Orbital Intelligence and Civilian MissionsTBMG-5419211/18/2025
Elbit Systems Haifa, Isreal
Research on Overspeed Vehicle Detection Based on Fusion of Millimeter-Wave Radar and Visual Images2025-99-012911/11/2025
To address the limitations of conventional overspeed detection methods, this study proposes a vehicle overspeed detection approach based on the fusion of millimeter-wave radar (MWR) and vision sensors. The MWR captures target position and velocity data, while the vision sensor acquires vehicle image information. Radar-detected points are mapped onto visual images through coordinate transformation, and the Intersection over Union (IoU) method is employed to associate radar points with vision-detected vehicle bounding boxes. Subsequently, for radar-detected points exceeding the speed threshold, the corresponding vehicle images are identified, enabling real-time overspeed detection and data acquisition. This method not only facilitates prompt identification of speeding behavior but also extracts the associated vehicle images, ensuring both accuracy and informational integrity in overspeed monitoring. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high speed measurement
Li, Yuanchen, Wu, Zhichao, Xu, Haibo, Song, Liangliang, Huang, Hao
Virtual Reality Application in CFD Data Analysis for after Treatment Systems2025-28-032911/06/2025
Virtual reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed reality (MR) are advanced engineering techniques that coalesces physical and digital world to showcase better perceiving. There are various complex physics which may not be feasible to visualize using conventional post processing methods. Various industrial experts are already exploring implementation of VR for product development. Traditional computational power is improving day-by-day with new additional features to reduce the discrepancy between test and CFD. There has been an increase in demand to replace actual tests with accurate simulation approaches. Post processing and data analysis are key to understand complex physics and resolving critical failure modes. Analysts spend a considerable amount of time analyzing results and provide directions, design changes and recommendations. There is a scope to utilize advanced features of VR, AR and MR in CFD post process to find out the root cause of any failures occurred with
Savitha, Bhuduri, Sharma, Sachin
Transformative Deep Learning for Image Colorization with Machine Learning-Based Classification2025-28-031711/06/2025
Imagine a user opening a technical manual, eager to troubleshoot an issue, only to find a mix of stark black-and-white illustrations alongside a few color images. This inconsistency not only detracts from the user experience but also complicates understanding. For technicians relying on these documents, grayscale graphics hinder quick interpretation of diagrams, extending diagnostics time and impacting overall productivity. Producing high-quality color graphics typically requires significant investment in time and resources, often necessitating a dedicated graphics team. Our innovative pipeline addresses this challenge by automating the colorization and classification of colored graphics. This approach delivers consistent, visually engaging content without the extensive investment in specialized teams, enhancing the visual appeal of materials and streamlining the diagnostic process for technicians. With clearer, more vibrant graphics, technicians can complete tasks more efficiently
Khalid, Maaz, Akarte, Anurag, Kale, Aniket, Rajmane, Gayatri, Nalawade, Komal
Eyes of Robot Operating System for Future Hands2025-28-024611/06/2025
This paper presents a novel approach to automated robot programming and robot integration in manufacturing domain and minimizing the dependency on manual online/offline programming. Traditional industrial robots programming is typically done by online programing via teach pendants or by offline programming tools. This presents a major challenge as it requires skilled professionals and is a time-consuming process. In today’s competitive market, factories need to harness their full potential through smart and adaptive thinking to keep pace with evolving technology, customer demand, and manufacturing processes. This requires ability to manufacture multiple products on the same production line, minimum time for changeovers and implement robotic automation for efficiency enhancement. But each custom automation piece also demands significant human efforts for development and maintenance. By integrating the Robot Operating System (ROS) with vision-based 3D model generation systems, we address
Hepat, Abhijeet
Automated Offboard System to Measure the Volume of Harvested Material2025-28-033111/06/2025
Measuring the volume of harvested material behind the machine can be beneficial for various agricultural operations, such as baling, dropping, material decomposition, cultivation, and seeding. This paper aims to investigate and determine the volume of material for use in various agricultural operations. This proposed methodology can help to predict the amount of residue available in the field, assess field readiness for the next production cycle, measure residue distribution, determine hay readiness for baling, and evaluate the quantity of hay present in the field, among other applications which would benefit the customer. Efficient post-harvest residue management is essential for sustainable agriculture. This paper presents an Automated Offboard System that leverages Remote Sensing, IoT, Image Processing, and Machine Learning/Deep Learning (ML/DL) to measure the volume of harvested material in real-time. The system integrates onboard cameras and satellite imagery to analyze the field
Singh, Rana Shakti, Stallin, Saravanan
Transient Helium Jet Evolution Using High Speed Schlieren Imaging2025-32-005711/03/2025
The accelerating global shift towards decarbonised energy systems has positioned hydrogen as a highly promising carbon-free fuel. This study comprehensively investigates the macroscopic characteristics and temporal evolution of vortex ring trailing helium jets, serving as a surrogate for hydrogen, injected into a quiescent ambient environment using high-speed Schlieren imaging. This research addresses critical insights into fuel-air mixing dynamics essential for optimising hydrogen direct injection (DI) internal combustion engines. Analysis of helium jet tip’s topology revealed a three-stage evolution from an initial pressure-insensitive phase, dominated by pressure wave structures, to a momentum-driven, vortex-dependent growth stage, then to a fully developed stage. Specifically, the lower-pressure cases showed increased Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and distinct head vortex pinch-off at the final stage. Jet tip velocities transitioned from initial high, rapid pressure wave development
Dong, Shuo, Shi, Hao, Zhang, Gengxin, Feng, Yizhuo, Lu, Enshen, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua
Investigating the Influence of Intake Runner Configuration on Scavenging and Combustion Processes in Elliptical Rotor Engines2025-32-008911/03/2025
Elliptical rotor engines (ERE), also known as X-engines, feature intake and exhaust ports located on the rotating rotor. As the rotor turns, these ports traverse the entire combustion chamber, sequentially completing the scavenging process in three distinct combustion chambers through coordination with the cylinder walls. This intake and exhaust characteristic significantly differs from the characteristic found in traditional Wankel rotor engines. This study established an optical elliptical rotor engine to obtain the in-cylinder flow field by using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and constructed a CFD model based on the experimental results. Then the effects of two different intake runners on the scavenging and combustion process of ERE were investigated. The results indicated that: Due to structural limitations, the prolonged intake port opening duration results in significant gas backflow during the intake process. The curved intake runner exhibits a higher turbulent kinetic energy
Qin, Jing, Wang, Yingbo, Pei, Yiqiang, Yao, Dasuo, Deng, Xiwen
Analysis of Injected Mass Shot-To-Shot Dispersion and Injection Rate Profile for a PFI Injector in Actual Operating Conditions2025-32-001911/03/2025
In order to improve engine emission and limit combustion instabilities, in particular for low load and idle conditions, reducing the injected fuel mass shot-to-shot dispersion is mandatory. Unfortunately, the most diffused approach for the hydraulic analysis of low-pressure injectors such as PFIs or SCR dozers is restrained to the mean injected mass measurement in given operating conditions, since the use of conventional injection analyzers is unfeasible. In the present paper, an innovative injection analyzer is used to measure both the injection rate and the injected mass of each single injection event, enabling a proper dispersion investigation of the analysed low pressure injection system. The proposed instrument is an inverse application of the Zeuch’s method, which in this case is applied to a closed volume upstream the injector, with the injector being operated with the prescribed upstream-to-downstream pressure differential. Further, the injector can inject freely against air
Postrioti, Lucio, Maka, Cristian, Martino, Manuel
Analysis of Flame Propagation Characteristics in a Hydrogen Engine using an Optically Accessible Engine2025-32-006111/03/2025
This study focused on the effects of hydrogen on the flame propagation characteristics and combustion characteristics of a small spark-ignition engine. The combustion flame in the cylinder was observed using a side-valve engine that allowed optical access. The fundamental characteristics of hydrogen combustion were investigated based on combustion images photographed in the cylinder with a high-speed camera and measured cylinder pressure waveforms. Experiments were conducted under various ignition timings and equivalence ratios and comparisons were made with the characteristics of an existing hydrocarbon liquid fuel. The hydrogen flame was successfully photographed, although it has been regarded as being difficult to visualize, thus enabling calculation of the flame propagation speed. As a result, it was found that the flame propagation speed of hydrogen was much faster than that of the existing hydrocarbon fuel. On the other hand, it was difficult to photograph the hydrogen flame
Arai, Yuto, Ueno, Takamori, Suda, Ryosuke, Sato, Ryoichi, Nakao, Yoshinori, Ninomiya, Yoshinari, Matsushita, Koichiro, Kamio, Tomohiko, Iijima, Akira
Noninvasive Optical System for Skin Cancer DiagnosisTBMG-5416011/01/2025
A noninvasive imaging system combines two advanced techniques to examine both the structure and chemical composition of skin cancers. This approach could improve how doctors diagnose and classify skin cancer and how they monitor treatment responses.
AI in Medical Imaging: Diagnostic Challenges and Key Technology ConsiderationsTBMG-5417611/01/2025
Healthcare data is growing at a faster rate compared to any other industry globally. This data, which plays an instrumental role in patient diagnosis, comes from diverse medical sources, which include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), genomics, proteomics, wearable sensor streams and electronic health records (EHRs) that vary in structure. Since the data sets differ from each other and have multiple dimensions, they can be hard to interpret in clinical settings, especially when putting together details from different formats.
Spatial-temporal Information Organization Model with All Elements in Whole Domain for Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway2025-99-007910/17/2025
In view of the complexity of railway engineering structure, the systematicness of professional collaboration and the high reliability of operation safety, this paper studied the spatial-temporal information data organization model with all elements in whole domain for Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway from the aspect of Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway spatial-temporal information security. Taking the unique spatial-temporal benchmark as the main line, the paper associated different spatial-temporal information to form an efficient organization model of Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway spatial-temporal information with all elements in the whole domain, so as to implement the effective organization of massive spatial-temporal information in various specialties and fields of Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway; By using GIS (Geographic Information System) visualization technology, spatial analysis technology and big data real-time dynamic rendering technology, it was realized the real-time dynamic visualization display
Liu, Kun, Yu, Hongsheng, Zhu, Panfeng, Liu, Wenbin, Wang, Yaoyao
Research on Reflective Characteristics of Road Tunnel Pavement and Low Carbon Energy Saving Technology2025-99-001010/17/2025
Highway tunnel lighting has a key impact on traffic safety and lowcarbon energy saving. Under the same lighting conditions, the brightness and uniformity of the road surface are closely related to the reflection characteristics of the road surface. In this paper, firstly, the brightness of asphalt concrete specimens made of different materials was tested by indoor experiments, and the reflective parameters of asphalt concrete of different colors were compared, and then the images of colored pavement of different colors were collected at the tunnel site, and the brightness and uniformity indexes of the colored pavement and the conventional asphalt pavement were analyzed and compared by using graphic image analysis technology. The results show that when the lighting conditions are the same, the luminance of yellow asphalt concrete is about 2.3 times that of black asphalt concrete, and the luminance of red asphalt concrete is about 1.5 times that of black asphalt concrete, and the use of
Si, Jialai, Wang, Zijian, Wang, Luhai, Ma, Fei, Han, Lulu, Zhang, Zhongbin
Evolution of Port and Terrestrial Space in the Coast Zone of Bohai Bay from 1974 to 20232025-99-006310/17/2025
In the past half - century, China’s reclamation area has exceeded 15,000 km2, making it the country with the largest reclamation area in the world. Among them, 3% of the area of the Bohai Sea has been reclaimed, and the land - sea changes are very significant, making accurate and continuous monitoring and analysis of the area necessary. Starting from “dynamic monitoring - utilization analysis”, this paper studies the dynamic spatial distribution and quantitative changes of reclaimed areas in Bohai Bay based on the yearly remote sensing images from 1974 to 2023, using ENVI and GIS technologies. In the past 40 years, a total of 1379.79 km2 of the sea area has been reclaimed in the study area, mainly in the inshore and tidal flats. The land - use change map shows that land - use changes are closely related to policy and economic mode changes. Under the five - year time slice, the comprehensive land - use degree of the Bohai Bay is less than 4%, showing an extremely slow chagne.
Li, Yi, Zhu, Gaoru
Real Time Automatic Detection Algorithm for Loose Railway Track Fasteners under Uneven Lighting Conditions2025-99-000610/17/2025
When the lighting is uneven, the local direction of the light strip in the railway track fastener image output by column traversal will be affected by the curvature value of the light strip, resulting in discontinuity and inability to effectively obtain the loose state of the fastener. Therefore, a real-time automatic detection algorithm for railway track fastener looseness under uneven lighting conditions is proposed. After Gaussian filtering denoising, the neighborhood of the image center point is described using an eight neighborhood chain code. Insert coarse positioning points between the centers of intermittent light strips based on neighborhood grayscale. Determine the direction of the local light band by traversing the output vertically, horizontally, diagonally 45 ° to the left, and diagonally 45 ° to the right. After aggregating the local direction of the light strip to obtain complete contour information, calculate the gap between the clip and the elastic strip, and use it as
Li, Yuepeng, Hu, Fanglei
Robust Object Tracking Method Based on Multi-Level Association Matching2025-99-002010/17/2025
Target tracking is an important component of intelligent vehicle perception systems, which has outstanding significance for the safety and efficiency of intelligent vehicle driving. With the continuous improvement of technologies such as computer vision and deep learning, detection based tracking has gradually become the mainstream target tracking framework in the field of intelligent vehicles, and target detection performance is the key factor determining its tracking performance. Although remarkable progress has been made in current 3D object detection networks, a single network still struggles to provide stable detection for distant and occluded targets. Besides, traditional tracking methods are based on single-stage association matching, which can easily lead to identity jumps and target loss in case of missed detections, resulting in poor overall stability of the tracking algorithm. To solve the above problem, a hierarchical association matching method using a dual object
Wu, Shaobin, Chu, Yunfeng, Li, Yixuan, Su, Shengjie, Liu, Zhaofeng, Li, Xiaoan, Si, Lingrui
Reconstruction of Density Fields of Category L-Vehicles’ Exhaust Plumes for Optimizing Remote Emission Sensing and Engine Performance03-18-06-003610/07/2025
Air pollution is a significant long-term public health issue, with on-road traffic emissions being a primary contributor, especially in urban areas. Remote emission sensing (RES) is an innovative method for large-scale monitoring of vehicle emissions. It not only enables accurate detection of pollutants from vehicles under real-world driving conditions but also offers actionable insights to optimize engine performance. The point sampling-based RES technique involves sampling the vehicle exhaust plume along the roadside with a sampling line and using exhaust analyzers. In this method, the sampling line is placed alongside the road for sample extraction. Thus, the sampling position and knowledge regarding the spread of the exhaust plumes are crucial. Other modern RES systems utilize laser absorption spectroscopy to measure the pollutants in vehicle exhaust. For accurate absorption measurements, the laser’s height must align with the height of the exhaust plume, and the absorption length
Imtiaz, Hafiz Hashim, Liu, Yingjie, Schaffer, Paul, Kupper, Martin, Bergmann, Alexander
Effect of Flow Speed and Turbulence on Methane Combustion in a Rapid Compression Machine2025-01-039310/07/2025
Recent experimental work from the authors’ laboratory demonstrated that applying a boosted current ignition strategy under intensified flow conditions can significantly reduce combustion duration in a rapid compression machine (RCM). However, that study relied on spark anemometry, which provided only localized flow speed estimates and lacked full spatial resolution of velocity and turbulence near the spark gap. Additionally, the influence of turbulence on combustion behavior and performance across varying flow speeds and excess air ratios using a conventional transistor-controlled ignition (TCI) system was not thoroughly analyzed. In this study, non-reactive CFD simulations were used to estimate local flow and turbulent velocities near the spark gap for piston speeds ranging from 1.2 to 9.7 m/s. Simulated local velocities ranged from 0.7 to 96 m/s and were used to interpret experimentally observed combustion behavior under three excess air ratios (λ = 1.0, 1.4, and 1.6). Combustion was
Haider, Muhammad.Shaheer, Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming
New App Performs Real-Time, Full-Body Motion Capture With a Mobile DeviceTBMG-5389810/01/2025
Northwestern engineers have developed a new system for full-body motion capture — and it doesn’t require specialized rooms, expensive equipment, bulky cameras, or an array of sensors. Instead, it requires a simple mobile device.
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