Traffic flow prediction is the core challenge of transportation, and its key lies in effectively capturing the spatio-temporal dynamic dependencies. Aiming at the deficiencies of existing methods in modeling global temporal relations and dynamic spatial heterogeneity, this paper proposes a dynamic graph convolutional recurrent network (DGCRN) based on interactive progressive learning. First, the interactive progressive learning module (IPL) is designed to segment the input sequences through a tree structure, synchronize the extraction of spatiotemporal features using the interactive learning of parity subsequences, and adaptively capture the dynamic associations among nodes by combining with the dynamic graph convolutional recursive module (DGCRM). Secondly, a spatio-temporal embedding generator (STEG) is constructed to fuse temporal and spatial embedding to generate dynamic graph structures. Experiments validate the effectiveness of DGCRN on the PEMS04 and PEMS08 datasets with MAE

Su, Jiangfeng, Xie, Zilong, Liu, Chunya, He, Lan, Kou, Yujiao, Xue, Xue

Visualization of Ammonia Engine by Pre-Chamber Igniter

2025-01-0530

11/25/2025

Ammonia is considered more and more as a promising carbon-free fuel for internal combustion engines to contribute to the decarbonization of several sectors where replacing conventional engines with batteries or fuel cells remains unsuitable. However, ammonia properties can induce some challenges for efficient and stable combustion. This study investigates the use of an active pre-chamber ignition system fueled with hydrogen and compares it to conventional spark ignition, with a focus on lean limit operation and early flame development. Experiments were conducted on a single cylinder optical engine with a compression ratio of 9.5, equipped with a quartz window in the piston for natural flame luminosity imaging using a high-speed camera. The engine was fueled with a mixture of 95% ammonia and 5% hydrogen by volume. Ammonia was injected and mixed with air in the intake port while hydrogen was directly injected into the prechamber. As a function of the intake pressure (1.0, 0.9, 0.8, and

Rousselle, Christine Mounaim, Brequigny, Pierre, Gelé, Raphaël, Moreau, Bruno

Research on Overspeed Vehicle Detection Based on Fusion of Millimeter-Wave Radar and Visual Images

2025-99-0129

11/11/2025

To address the limitations of conventional overspeed detection methods, this study proposes a vehicle overspeed detection approach based on the fusion of millimeter-wave radar (MWR) and vision sensors. The MWR captures target position and velocity data, while the vision sensor acquires vehicle image information. Radar-detected points are mapped onto visual images through coordinate transformation, and the Intersection over Union (IoU) method is employed to associate radar points with vision-detected vehicle bounding boxes. Subsequently, for radar-detected points exceeding the speed threshold, the corresponding vehicle images are identified, enabling real-time overspeed detection and data acquisition. This method not only facilitates prompt identification of speeding behavior but also extracts the associated vehicle images, ensuring both accuracy and informational integrity in overspeed monitoring. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high speed measurement

Li, Yuanchen, Wu, Zhichao, Xu, Haibo, Song, Liangliang, Huang, Hao

Eyes of Robot Operating System for Future Hands

2025-28-0246

11/06/2025

This paper presents a novel approach to automated robot programming and robot integration in manufacturing domain and minimizing the dependency on manual online/offline programming. Traditional industrial robots programming is typically done by online programing via teach pendants or by offline programming tools. This presents a major challenge as it requires skilled professionals and is a time-consuming process. In today’s competitive market, factories need to harness their full potential through smart and adaptive thinking to keep pace with evolving technology, customer demand, and manufacturing processes. This requires ability to manufacture multiple products on the same production line, minimum time for changeovers and implement robotic automation for efficiency enhancement. But each custom automation piece also demands significant human efforts for development and maintenance. By integrating the Robot Operating System (ROS) with vision-based 3D model generation systems, we address

Hepat, Abhijeet

Transformative Deep Learning for Image Colorization with Machine Learning-Based Classification

2025-28-0317

11/06/2025

Imagine a user opening a technical manual, eager to troubleshoot an issue, only to find a mix of stark black-and-white illustrations alongside a few color images. This inconsistency not only detracts from the user experience but also complicates understanding. For technicians relying on these documents, grayscale graphics hinder quick interpretation of diagrams, extending diagnostics time and impacting overall productivity. Producing high-quality color graphics typically requires significant investment in time and resources, often necessitating a dedicated graphics team. Our innovative pipeline addresses this challenge by automating the colorization and classification of colored graphics. This approach delivers consistent, visually engaging content without the extensive investment in specialized teams, enhancing the visual appeal of materials and streamlining the diagnostic process for technicians. With clearer, more vibrant graphics, technicians can complete tasks more efficiently

Khalid, Maaz, Akarte, Anurag, Kale, Aniket, Rajmane, Gayatri, Nalawade, Komal

Virtual Reality Application in CFD Data Analysis for after Treatment Systems

2025-28-0329

11/06/2025

Virtual reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed reality (MR) are advanced engineering techniques that coalesces physical and digital world to showcase better perceiving. There are various complex physics which may not be feasible to visualize using conventional post processing methods. Various industrial experts are already exploring implementation of VR for product development. Traditional computational power is improving day-by-day with new additional features to reduce the discrepancy between test and CFD. There has been an increase in demand to replace actual tests with accurate simulation approaches. Post processing and data analysis are key to understand complex physics and resolving critical failure modes. Analysts spend a considerable amount of time analyzing results and provide directions, design changes and recommendations. There is a scope to utilize advanced features of VR, AR and MR in CFD post process to find out the root cause of any failures occurred with

Savitha, Bhuduri, Sharma, Sachin

Automated Offboard System to Measure the Volume of Harvested Material

2025-28-0331

11/06/2025

Measuring the volume of harvested material behind the machine can be beneficial for various agricultural operations, such as baling, dropping, material decomposition, cultivation, and seeding. This paper aims to investigate and determine the volume of material for use in various agricultural operations. This proposed methodology can help to predict the amount of residue available in the field, assess field readiness for the next production cycle, measure residue distribution, determine hay readiness for baling, and evaluate the quantity of hay present in the field, among other applications which would benefit the customer. Efficient post-harvest residue management is essential for sustainable agriculture. This paper presents an Automated Offboard System that leverages Remote Sensing, IoT, Image Processing, and Machine Learning/Deep Learning (ML/DL) to measure the volume of harvested material in real-time. The system integrates onboard cameras and satellite imagery to analyze the field

Singh, Rana Shakti, Stallin, Saravanan

Transient Helium Jet Evolution Using High Speed Schlieren Imaging

2025-32-0057

11/03/2025

The accelerating global shift towards decarbonised energy systems has positioned hydrogen as a highly promising carbon-free fuel. This study comprehensively investigates the macroscopic characteristics and temporal evolution of vortex ring trailing helium jets, serving as a surrogate for hydrogen, injected into a quiescent ambient environment using high-speed Schlieren imaging. This research addresses critical insights into fuel-air mixing dynamics essential for optimising hydrogen direct injection (DI) internal combustion engines. Analysis of helium jet tip’s topology revealed a three-stage evolution from an initial pressure-insensitive phase, dominated by pressure wave structures, to a momentum-driven, vortex-dependent growth stage, then to a fully developed stage. Specifically, the lower-pressure cases showed increased Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and distinct head vortex pinch-off at the final stage. Jet tip velocities transitioned from initial high, rapid pressure wave development

Dong, Shuo, Shi, Hao, Zhang, Gengxin, Feng, Yizhuo, Lu, Enshen, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua

Investigating the Influence of Intake Runner Configuration on Scavenging and Combustion Processes in Elliptical Rotor Engines

2025-32-0089

11/03/2025

Elliptical rotor engines (ERE), also known as X-engines, feature intake and exhaust ports located on the rotating rotor. As the rotor turns, these ports traverse the entire combustion chamber, sequentially completing the scavenging process in three distinct combustion chambers through coordination with the cylinder walls. This intake and exhaust characteristic significantly differs from the characteristic found in traditional Wankel rotor engines. This study established an optical elliptical rotor engine to obtain the in-cylinder flow field by using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and constructed a CFD model based on the experimental results. Then the effects of two different intake runners on the scavenging and combustion process of ERE were investigated. The results indicated that: Due to structural limitations, the prolonged intake port opening duration results in significant gas backflow during the intake process. The curved intake runner exhibits a higher turbulent kinetic energy

Qin, Jing, Wang, Yingbo, Pei, Yiqiang, Yao, Dasuo, Deng, Xiwen

Analysis of Injected Mass Shot-To-Shot Dispersion and Injection Rate Profile for a PFI Injector in Actual Operating Conditions

2025-32-0019

11/03/2025

In order to improve engine emission and limit combustion instabilities, in particular for low load and idle conditions, reducing the injected fuel mass shot-to-shot dispersion is mandatory. Unfortunately, the most diffused approach for the hydraulic analysis of low-pressure injectors such as PFIs or SCR dozers is restrained to the mean injected mass measurement in given operating conditions, since the use of conventional injection analyzers is unfeasible. In the present paper, an innovative injection analyzer is used to measure both the injection rate and the injected mass of each single injection event, enabling a proper dispersion investigation of the analysed low pressure injection system. The proposed instrument is an inverse application of the Zeuch’s method, which in this case is applied to a closed volume upstream the injector, with the injector being operated with the prescribed upstream-to-downstream pressure differential. Further, the injector can inject freely against air

Postrioti, Lucio, Maka, Cristian, Martino, Manuel

Development of Anti-SideSlip Control for Motorcycles Using IMU

2025-32-0037

11/03/2025

In motorcycle racing and other competitions, there is a technique to intentionally slide the rear wheel to make turns more quickly. While this technique is effective for high-speed riding, it is difficult to execute and carries risks such as falling. Therefore, an anti-sideslip control system that suppresses unintended or excessive sideslip is needed to ensure safe, natural, and smooth turning. In anti-sideslip control, the slip angle is usually used as a control parameter. However, for motorcycles, it is necessary to know the absolute direction of the vehicle's movement. To determine this, GPS or optical sensors are required, but using such sensors for driving is costly and may not provide accurate measurements due to contamination or other environmental factors, making it impractical. Therefore, an anti-sideslip control system was developed by calculating another parameter that indicates the characteristics of the slip angle, without measuring the slip angle itself, thus eliminating

Nakano, Kyosuke, Kawai, Kazunori, Takeuchi, Michinori

Analysis of Flame Propagation Characteristics in a Hydrogen Engine using an Optically Accessible Engine

2025-32-0061

11/03/2025

This study focused on the effects of hydrogen on the flame propagation characteristics and combustion characteristics of a small spark-ignition engine. The combustion flame in the cylinder was observed using a side-valve engine that allowed optical access. The fundamental characteristics of hydrogen combustion were investigated based on combustion images photographed in the cylinder with a high-speed camera and measured cylinder pressure waveforms. Experiments were conducted under various ignition timings and equivalence ratios and comparisons were made with the characteristics of an existing hydrocarbon liquid fuel. The hydrogen flame was successfully photographed, although it has been regarded as being difficult to visualize, thus enabling calculation of the flame propagation speed. As a result, it was found that the flame propagation speed of hydrogen was much faster than that of the existing hydrocarbon fuel. On the other hand, it was difficult to photograph the hydrogen flame

Arai, Yuto, Ueno, Takamori, Suda, Ryosuke, Sato, Ryoichi, Nakao, Yoshinori, Ninomiya, Yoshinari, Matsushita, Koichiro, Kamio, Tomohiko, Iijima, Akira

Influence of Laser Sintered Process Parameters on Crystalline Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of AlSi10Mg Alloy

05-19-03-0019

11/03/2025

The present study examines the influence of process parameters on the effect of strength and crystalline properties of AlSi10Mg alloy with laser sintered process. A detailed work was carried out with the effects of varying the laser power, scan speed, and hatch distance on crystalline structure, hardness, and surface roughness. From the analysis, the improved surface quality and mechanical performance were achieved with a scan speed of 1200 mm/s, a laser power of 370 W, and a hatch distance of 0.1 mm. An increase in hardness, improved surface finish, and reduced porosity was observed with decreased hatch distance. However, the balanced results were obtained for scanning speed of 1200 mm/s and laser power of 370 W. The ideal processing conditions decreased the crystalline size, increasing the overall material strength, when crystalline analysis was carried out. The higher scanning speeds supported improved grain refinement and heat diffusion, with the poor hardness value. With the lower

Shailesh Rao, A.

A Re-Certification Guideline for Aerospace Platform Fiber Optic Training and Awareness Education Aerospace Fiber Optics Fabricator Hands-on Competencies

ARP5602/14 (Current)

10/23/2025

This document establishes re-certification guidelines applicable to fiber optic fabricator technical training for individuals involved in the manufacturing, installation, support, integration and testing of fiber optic systems. Applicable personnel include: Managers Engineers Technicians Trainers/Instructors Third Party Maintenance Agencies Quality Assurance Production

AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee

Research on Network Control System for Heavy Duty Trains Based on Laser + Ethernet

2025-99-0051

10/17/2025

Trains traditionally transmit braking and mitigation commands through the air tube filling and exhausting method, which is easy to cause local large longitudinal impact. In order to meet the high-precision requirements of synchronous transmission of commands for heavy-duty trains with large groupings, this paper proposes a laser+industrial Ethernet network control system, which can meet the requirements of flexible train grouping and virtual connecting under the premise of ensuring synchronous transmission of commands for trains with large groupings. The system consists of central control unit, locomotive laser communication module, locomotive switch, mobile wireless communication terminal, security gateway, vehicle control unit, vehicle laser communication module, vehicle switch, etc. It is designed according to the three-layer architecture of vehicle-level network, train-level network and line-level network, which can realise the issuance of internal control commands and status

Meng, Xiangzhen, Li, Chuanhu, Zhu, Youlong

Spatial-temporal Information Organization Model with All Elements in Whole Domain for Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway

2025-99-0079

10/17/2025

In view of the complexity of railway engineering structure, the systematicness of professional collaboration and the high reliability of operation safety, this paper studied the spatial-temporal information data organization model with all elements in whole domain for Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway from the aspect of Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway spatial-temporal information security. Taking the unique spatial-temporal benchmark as the main line, the paper associated different spatial-temporal information to form an efficient organization model of Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway spatial-temporal information with all elements in the whole domain, so as to implement the effective organization of massive spatial-temporal information in various specialties and fields of Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway; By using GIS (Geographic Information System) visualization technology, spatial analysis technology and big data real-time dynamic rendering technology, it was realized the real-time dynamic visualization display

Liu, Kun, Yu, Hongsheng, Zhu, Panfeng, Liu, Wenbin, Wang, Yaoyao

Research on Reflective Characteristics of Road Tunnel Pavement and Low Carbon Energy Saving Technology

2025-99-0010

10/17/2025

Highway tunnel lighting has a key impact on traffic safety and lowcarbon energy saving. Under the same lighting conditions, the brightness and uniformity of the road surface are closely related to the reflection characteristics of the road surface. In this paper, firstly, the brightness of asphalt concrete specimens made of different materials was tested by indoor experiments, and the reflective parameters of asphalt concrete of different colors were compared, and then the images of colored pavement of different colors were collected at the tunnel site, and the brightness and uniformity indexes of the colored pavement and the conventional asphalt pavement were analyzed and compared by using graphic image analysis technology. The results show that when the lighting conditions are the same, the luminance of yellow asphalt concrete is about 2.3 times that of black asphalt concrete, and the luminance of red asphalt concrete is about 1.5 times that of black asphalt concrete, and the use of

Si, Jialai, Wang, Zijian, Wang, Luhai, Ma, Fei, Han, Lulu, Zhang, Zhongbin

Evolution of Port and Terrestrial Space in the Coast Zone of Bohai Bay from 1974 to 2023

2025-99-0063

10/17/2025

In the past half - century, China’s reclamation area has exceeded 15,000 km2, making it the country with the largest reclamation area in the world. Among them, 3% of the area of the Bohai Sea has been reclaimed, and the land - sea changes are very significant, making accurate and continuous monitoring and analysis of the area necessary. Starting from “dynamic monitoring - utilization analysis”, this paper studies the dynamic spatial distribution and quantitative changes of reclaimed areas in Bohai Bay based on the yearly remote sensing images from 1974 to 2023, using ENVI and GIS technologies. In the past 40 years, a total of 1379.79 km2 of the sea area has been reclaimed in the study area, mainly in the inshore and tidal flats. The land - use change map shows that land - use changes are closely related to policy and economic mode changes. Under the five - year time slice, the comprehensive land - use degree of the Bohai Bay is less than 4%, showing an extremely slow chagne.

Li, Yi, Zhu, Gaoru

Real Time Automatic Detection Algorithm for Loose Railway Track Fasteners under Uneven Lighting Conditions

2025-99-0006

10/17/2025

When the lighting is uneven, the local direction of the light strip in the railway track fastener image output by column traversal will be affected by the curvature value of the light strip, resulting in discontinuity and inability to effectively obtain the loose state of the fastener. Therefore, a real-time automatic detection algorithm for railway track fastener looseness under uneven lighting conditions is proposed. After Gaussian filtering denoising, the neighborhood of the image center point is described using an eight neighborhood chain code. Insert coarse positioning points between the centers of intermittent light strips based on neighborhood grayscale. Determine the direction of the local light band by traversing the output vertically, horizontally, diagonally 45 ° to the left, and diagonally 45 ° to the right. After aggregating the local direction of the light strip to obtain complete contour information, calculate the gap between the clip and the elastic strip, and use it as

Li, Yuepeng, Hu, Fanglei

Robust Object Tracking Method Based on Multi-Level Association Matching

2025-99-0020

10/17/2025

Target tracking is an important component of intelligent vehicle perception systems, which has outstanding significance for the safety and efficiency of intelligent vehicle driving. With the continuous improvement of technologies such as computer vision and deep learning, detection based tracking has gradually become the mainstream target tracking framework in the field of intelligent vehicles, and target detection performance is the key factor determining its tracking performance. Although remarkable progress has been made in current 3D object detection networks, a single network still struggles to provide stable detection for distant and occluded targets. Besides, traditional tracking methods are based on single-stage association matching, which can easily lead to identity jumps and target loss in case of missed detections, resulting in poor overall stability of the tracking algorithm. To solve the above problem, a hierarchical association matching method using a dual object

Wu, Shaobin, Chu, Yunfeng, Li, Yixuan, Su, Shengjie, Liu, Zhaofeng, Li, Xiaoan, Si, Lingrui

Reconstruction of Density Fields of Category L-Vehicles’ Exhaust Plumes for Optimizing Remote Emission Sensing and Engine Performance

03-18-06-0036

10/07/2025

Air pollution is a significant long-term public health issue, with on-road traffic emissions being a primary contributor, especially in urban areas. Remote emission sensing (RES) is an innovative method for large-scale monitoring of vehicle emissions. It not only enables accurate detection of pollutants from vehicles under real-world driving conditions but also offers actionable insights to optimize engine performance. The point sampling-based RES technique involves sampling the vehicle exhaust plume along the roadside with a sampling line and using exhaust analyzers. In this method, the sampling line is placed alongside the road for sample extraction. Thus, the sampling position and knowledge regarding the spread of the exhaust plumes are crucial. Other modern RES systems utilize laser absorption spectroscopy to measure the pollutants in vehicle exhaust. For accurate absorption measurements, the laser’s height must align with the height of the exhaust plume, and the absorption length

Imtiaz, Hafiz Hashim, Liu, Yingjie, Schaffer, Paul, Kupper, Martin, Bergmann, Alexander

Effect of Flow Speed and Turbulence on Methane Combustion in a Rapid Compression Machine

2025-01-0393

10/07/2025

Recent experimental work from the authors’ laboratory demonstrated that applying a boosted current ignition strategy under intensified flow conditions can significantly reduce combustion duration in a rapid compression machine (RCM). However, that study relied on spark anemometry, which provided only localized flow speed estimates and lacked full spatial resolution of velocity and turbulence near the spark gap. Additionally, the influence of turbulence on combustion behavior and performance across varying flow speeds and excess air ratios using a conventional transistor-controlled ignition (TCI) system was not thoroughly analyzed. In this study, non-reactive CFD simulations were used to estimate local flow and turbulent velocities near the spark gap for piston speeds ranging from 1.2 to 9.7 m/s. Simulated local velocities ranged from 0.7 to 96 m/s and were used to interpret experimentally observed combustion behavior under three excess air ratios (λ = 1.0, 1.4, and 1.6). Combustion was

Haider, Muhammad.Shaheer, Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming

VORA™: Vision for Off-Road Autonomy

2025-01-0441

09/16/2025

The Vision for Off-road Autonomy (VORA) project used passive, vision-only sensors to generate a dense, robust world model for use in off-road navigation. The research resulted in vision-based algorithms applicable to defense and surveillance autonomy, intelligent agricultural applications, and planetary exploration. Passive perception for world modeling enables stealth operation (since lidars can alert observers) and does not require more expensive or specialized sensors (e.g., radar or lidar). Over the course of this three-phase program, SwRI built components of a vision-only navigation pipeline and tested the result on a vehicle platform in an off-road environment.

Towler, Meera Day, Garza, Harold A., Chambers, David R.

Uncrewed Aerial System Detection and Tracking with Event Cameras

2025-01-0440

09/16/2025

The emergence of SUAS as a threat vector introduces significant challenges in surveillance and defense due to their potential for low cross section and high speeds, defeating or evading many existing detection and tracking capabilities. This paper presents two algorithms—one for detection and one for tracking—developed for event cameras, which offer substantial improvements in temporal resolution, dynamic range, and low-light performance compared to traditional imaging systems, all of which are critical for effective UAS defense. These advancements address current limitations in using event cameras and pave the way for a new generation of robust robotic vision based on event cameras.

Anthony, David, Chambers, David, Towler, Jerry

IMPLI-FI: A Secure Wireless Communications Technology for Contested Logistics

2025-01-0492

09/16/2025

Data security remains an issue of the utmost concern in contested environments. Mechanisms such as data encryption, beam-forming antennas, and frequency-hopping radio have emerged to mitigate some of the concerns in radio-frequency (RF) communications, but they do not remove all risk. Consequently, there is still a consistent appetite for alternative solutions. This paper presents a case for the use of the free-space optical (FSO) communications technology ImpLi-Fi as one such alternative. FSO communication is promising because of the ease with which the signal beam may be steered and limited, making detection and interception more difficult than with RF, and ImpLi-Fi in particular is desirable for its exceptional outdoor performance and ease of integration into existing light sources. The paper briefly illustrates the origins of the contested logistics (CL) problem and CL use cases for secure communication channels, before describing the ImpLi-Fi technology in some detail; exploring

Brzozowski, Aaron, Reimann, Jethro, Lakshmanan, Sridhar, Marrero, Pedro “Pete”, Moyer, Benjamin D.

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