Browse Topic: Optics

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Development of a New Methodology for Measuring the Dimensions of Lighting Components in Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEVs) as per IS/ISO 12509:2004 using 3-Dimensional Planar Laser.2026-26-0145To be published on 01/16/2026
The light and light signalling devices installation test as per ISO 12509:2004 for Earth Moving Machinery / Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEV’s) is a mandatory test to ensure the safety of both road users and operators. Considering the shape and size of CEV’s, accurate measurement of lighting installation requirements is crucial for ensuring safety and regulatory compliance. The international standard ISO 12509:2004 specifies detailed criteria for these installations, including precise dimensional measurements of lighting components to guarantee optimal visibility and safety. Considering shape and Size of CEV’s, the accurate measurement of lighting installation requirements is crucial for regulatory compliance. ISO 12509:2004 outlines specific criteria for these installations requirements of lighting components, including the precise measurement of various dimensions to ensure optimal visibility and safety. Among these dimensional requirements, the dimension 'E' i.e., the “distance
Ghodke, Dhananjay Sunil, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara, Tambolkar, Sonali Ameya
The Impact of Color Correlated Temperature (CCT) on Automotive Headlights Performance and Driver Perception2026-26-0130To be published on 01/16/2026
Automotive lighting has been evolved from simple incandescent lamps to advanced LED based AFS and ADB functions. These lighting play crucial role in road traffic enhancing better visibility and safety to driver as well as other road users. Today’s Automotive Headlights use different light sources viz., Halogen, HID (Xenon), LED, and Laser each emitting light at different correlated color temperatures (CCT), measured in Kelvin (K). Color temperature not only influences visibility but also impacts the amount and perception of glare experienced by other drivers. The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of correlated color temperature of automotive headlamps on driver visibility and comfort during night driving conditions. The experiment was conducted in a controlled laboratory environment using headlamps with different CCTs ranging from 3000K to 6500K. Participants from various age groups and genders were involved to capture diverse perceptions. Studies confirm that both CCT and
Patil, Mahendra G., Kirve, Jyoti, Parlikar, Padmakumar
Next-Gen Driver Health and Wellness Platform for Fatigue Detection and Emotional Wellbeing Monitoring2026-26-0639To be published on 01/16/2026
Driver fatigue and emotional distress are major contributors to traffic accidents, especially among long-haul and professional drivers, making their detection a critical area in road safety and public health. While existing research has explored various sensor-based and wearable solutions to monitor driver states, these approaches often suffer from high cost, intrusiveness, or limited scalability. Camera-based systems have recently gained attention for being less invasive and more practical for real-world deployment; however, many still depend on multiple sensors or cloud-based processing, which raise concerns around energy consumption, privacy, and integration complexity. To address these gaps, we present a sustainable, camera-only Driver Health and Wellness Platform for real-time fatigue detection and emotional wellbeing monitoring. The system leverages a single in-cabin camera and applies lightweight, edge-optimized computer vision models to analyze facial features, eye dynamics
Iqbal, Shoaib, Imteyaz, Shahma
Niobium Alloyed Brake Disc for reduced NVH and emission control2026-26-0285To be published on 01/16/2026
Recent regulations limiting brake dust emissions have presented many challenges to the brake engineering community. The objective of this paper is to provide a low cost, mass production solution utilizing well known existing technology to meet brake emissions requirements. The proposed process is to alloy the Gray Cast Iron with Niobium. The Niobium addition will reduce wear debris and improve NVH (Noise Vibration Harshness). The test methodology included: Manufacture of disc samples alloyed with Niobium, and Evaluation of airborne wear debris utilizing a pin-on-disc tribometer equipped with emission collection capability. The airborne emission and wear surfaces were further analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive techniques (SEM-EDS), X-Ray Diffraction and Optical Microscopy. The cast iron test matrix included four groups; Unalloyed eutectic 4.3% Carbon Equivalent (CE), Unalloyed hypereutectic >4.3% CE, Niobium alloyed Eutectic and Niobium alloyed hypereutectic
Barile, Bernardo, Holly, Mike
A review on 'sensor technologies', its application, regulatory standards & emerging trend towards safe hydrogen economy.2026-26-0111To be published on 01/16/2026
In a developing country like India, the growing energy demand across all sectors underscores the urgent need for clean, sustainable, and efficient energy alternatives. Hydrogen stands out as a promising fuel, offering virtually zero emissions and helping to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which directly contributes to mitigating global warming, ensuring a cleaner environment, and lowering dependency on fossil fuels. In line with Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7), which seeks to guarantee that everyone has access to modern, cheap, and sustainable energy, hydrogen is well-positioned to be a major player in India's energy transformation. However, hydrogen has unique properties such as its wide flammability range, high reactivity, and high energy content present significant challenges in terms of safety, particularly in its storage, transportation, and usage. Improper handling or inadequate safety measures can lead to hazardous incidents, making robust testing, certification
Pawar, Yuvraj, Dekate, Ajay Dinkar, Thipse, S, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara
Adaptability Survey and analysis of Camera Monitoring Systems (CMS) on Various Driving Population for Passenger Vehicles in Indian Driving Scenario2026-26-0601To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents a comprehensive survey and data collection study on the adaptability of Camera Monitoring Systems (CMS) for passenger vehicles. With the growing demand for enhanced safety, automation, and driver assistance technologies, Camera Monitoring Systems (CMS) has emerged as a key component in modern automotive design. This study aims to explore the current state of camera-based monitoring in passenger vehicles, focusing on their adaptability through survey data collection of various driving population and analysis. This paper evaluates the acceptance of CMS configurations in replacement to conventional rear view mirrors through Position of Monitor, Clarity, CMS Adaptiveness to eyes, Comfort while turning, Merging into moving traffic, Monitoring Rear Traffic, while Getting Out of Car, while Overtaking, Coverage Area and Overall Acceptance. The findings offer valuable insights for manufacturers, engineers, and researchers working toward the evolution of intelligent vehicle
Sinha, Ankit, Tambolkar, Sonali Ameya, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara, Kauffmann, Maximilian
Artificial Intelligence in Passenger Cars: Unlocking Intelligent Mobility and Human-Centric Vehicle Innovation2026-26-0672To be published on 01/16/2026
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is fundamentally reshaping the landscape of automotive engineering, particularly in passenger vehicles where comfort, safety, and customization are paramount. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current and emerging AI-driven applications in passenger cars, including intelligent vehicle insurance, real-time traffic optimization, personalized driving experiences, emotion recognition, and advanced EV battery management. The integration of AI technologies—ranging from machine learning and computer vision to natural language processing and deep neural networks—enables predictive maintenance, adaptive driver-assist systems, and next-generation human-machine interfaces. AI’s role in vehicle insurance is also explored through behaviour-based risk scoring and claims automation. Furthermore, emotion-aware cabin systems are discussed, which aim to detect driver fatigue, stress, or distraction to improve road safety and mental wellness. The paper also
Hazra, Sandip, Tangadpalliwar, Sonali, Khan, Arkadip
Machine Learning Approach to ISO Road Class Prediction Using Multiple Linear Regression2026-26-0667To be published on 01/16/2026
The inertial profiler methodology is traditionally employed in RLDA (Road Load Data Acquisition) to measure road profiles and classify test routes into ISO road classes. However, this approach demands significant time and effort during instrumentation. Also, during data acquisition, laser height sensor data is affected especially during adverse conditions such as rainy seasons or on surfaces with improper reflectivity. Additionally, substantial resources are required for data processing to convert raw measurements into road classifications. To address these challenges, an initial attempt was made to establish a relationship between axle acceleration responses and road profiles, enabling axle acceleration measurements during RLDA to predict ISO road classes. However, this approach relied on a simple linear model that considered only axle acceleration responses, rendering the predictions susceptible to inaccuracies due to varying parameters such as vehicle speed. To overcome these
P, Praveen Kumar, P, Dayalan, Sriramulu, Yoganandam
From Vision to Reality - Automotive UI/UX Concept Development at Magna2026-26-0477To be published on 01/16/2026
The development of automotive UI/UX relies on the latest technologies and features in modern vehicle design, focusing on enhancing user interaction. The Magna UI/UX team uses innovative tools to streamline the development of user interaction features. Our process is accessible to all stakeholders and applicable to all UI/UX projects. With extensive experience working with both new entrants and traditional OEMs, we leverage diverse insights and methodologies to create state-of-the-art user experiences. Beginning with the UI strategy, Magna defines the overall display and interaction strategy based on the latest UI/UX trends and benchmarking criteria for user experience. In this phase, Magna uses online clickdummies to evaluate initial wireframes and sketches, documenting UI elements (buttons, typography, colors, icons) and simulating feature interactions like music control. To develop a UI/UX concept based on customer vision, Magna creates the base screen layout and operation flow
Lechner, Michael
Comparative Analysis of Pothole Depth Estimation Using LIDAR and Stereo Imaging with Polarized Lenses: A DOE Approach2026-26-0269To be published on 01/16/2026
For vehicles with automated control systems to operate safely and effectively, pothole depth must be accurately detected. Potholes filled with water can cause serious accidents since they are concealed hazards that can cause vehicles to hydroplane. These risks are made worse by the fact that water-filled potholes can be misleading, particularly at night or in low visibility situations. This paper presents a comparative study of two methodologies for pothole depth detection: 1. Stereo Imaging using Cameras with Polarized Lenses. 2. Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Technology. The performance, accuracy, and limitations of both approaches are thoroughly assessed under various surface and environmental circumstances using a structured Design of Experiment (DOE) methodology. In Challenging lighting situations, the stereo imaging method greatly improves depth estimate accuracy by utilizing polarization to increase contrast and decrease glare. This technique entails taking pictures from
Ashok, Deeksha, KUMAR, PRADEEP, Singh, Amandeep
Experimental Study to Investigate and Control Image Blurriness due to IRVM Vibration2026-26-0321To be published on 01/16/2026
Vibration is one of the prominent factors that determine the quality & comfort level of a vehicle. Moreover, if vibration occurs in areas that are almost entirely within customer touchpoints (during either city or highway driving conditions), it could become a critical factor behind the deterioration of brand image within the market. The interior rear-view mirror (IRVM) is one of the important components inside passenger cabin, providing drivers with a clear view of the rear traffic. However, vibrations induced by engine operation, road irregularities, and aerodynamic forces can cause the IRVM to oscillate, leading to image blurriness and compromised visibility and safety. This paper investigates the underlying causes of IRVM vibrations and their impact on image clarity. Through a combination of experimental analysis and computational modelling, we identify key factors contributing to mirror instability. The findings indicate the specific frequencies of vibration, particularly those
Khan, Aamir Naved, Saraswat, Vivek, Jha, Kartik, SINGH, HEMENDRA, Seenivasan, Gokulram, Khan, Nafees
Failure Analysis of Dissimilar Metal Weld Joint of an Air Spring Bracket within an Automotive Active Seat Suspension System2026-26-0487To be published on 01/16/2026
In modern four-wheelers, seat suspension systems play a crucial role in enhancing occupant comfort by mitigating the effects of road unevenness and vibrations. Among these systems, active suspension mechanisms offer advanced performance through complex assemblies involving welded, riveted, and bolted joints. This study investigates the failure of an air spring bracket - a critical component of a pneumatic active suspension system - manufactured by Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) of two dissimilar ferrous materials which are likely to be SAPH440 and S355J2. These different materials were used based on mechanical properties required to perform by their particular part. System level validation tests were conducted to ensure the reliability of the seat suspension system. The one of the validation tests is continuous cyclic fatigue test which is carried out on the complete seat assembly. However, during vibration / cyclic endurance testing, premature failures were observed near the weld joints
Patale Jr, Reshma, PINJARI, JAYANT NAMDEV, BALI, SHIRISH
Realistic LiDAR Data Simulation for Autonomous Systems using Physics-Informed Learning2026-26-0138To be published on 01/16/2026
Accurate and realistic simulation of LiDAR data is critical for the development and validation of autonomous driving systems. However, existing simulation approaches often suffer from a significant sim-to-real gap due to oversimplified modelling of physical interactions and environmental factors. In this work, we present a physics-informed deep learning framework that bridges this gap by enhancing the realism of simulated LiDAR data using generative adversarial networks guided by domain-specific physical constraints for LiDAR intensity. Our method incorporates key physical factors such as range, surface material properties, angle of incidence, and environmental conditions along with their underlying physical relationships as constraints into the Cycle-Consistent GAN architecture, enabling it to learn realistic transformations from synthetic to real-world LiDAR intensity data without requiring paired samples. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach across multiple datasets
Anand, Vivek, Yadav, Sourav, Limba, Mohit, Pandey, Gaurav, Lohani, Bharat
Mapless Yet Accurate: Trajectory Prediction for traffic agents using online HD Map Reconstruction for Autonomous Driving2026-26-0039To be published on 01/16/2026
Accurate trajectory prediction of traffic agents is vital for enabling safer and more reliable autonomous driving. High-definition (HD) and standard-definition (SD) maps play a critical role in this process by providing detailed lane topology and directional cues essential for forecasting the movement of surrounding traffic agents. However, creating HD maps is both expensive and resource-intensive, often relying on complex SLAM systems and specialized sensors, while SD maps, though more readily available, lack the precision needed for accurate navigation in autonomous driving. In this work, we present a novel framework for trajectory prediction that uses online reconstruction of HD maps using images from vehicle-mounted cameras, offering a more scalable and cost-effective solution. Our method achieves notable improvements in prediction accuracy, especially in scenarios lacking access to pre-built maps. Additionally, we propose a new evaluation metric that emphasizes safety by
Upreti, Minali, Girijal, Rahul, B A, NaveenKumar, Thontepu, Phani, Ghosh, Shankhanil, Chakraborty, Bodhisattwa
Assessing the impact of hole piercing edge quality on fatigue samples for S550MC steel sheet.2026-26-0306To be published on 01/16/2026
The exceptional strength, formability, and weldability of S550MC steel sheets make them a cornerstone material in the automotive industry. These properties translate into the creation of high-performance automotive components like chassis parts, structural reinforcements, and safety cages, ultimately contributing to enhanced vehicle safety and overall performance. Furthermore, S550MC steel boasts excellent fatigue resistance, a critical factor for ensuring long-term reliability in demanding automotive applications that experience repeated stress cycles. However, beyond its inherent properties, optimizing the performance of S550MC components hinges on a nuanced understanding of the critical relationship between hole edge quality and fatigue failure. This meticulous study delves into the impact of hole-piercing clearance on the quality of the hole edges in modified fatigue samples manufactured from S550MC steel, and its effect on the fatigue life. The surface morphology was assessed
Nahalde, Sujay, Hingalje, Abhijeet, Ughade, Vikas, Singh, Udita, More, Hemant
Advanced Defect Detection Techniques Using AI, CAD Data, and Computer Vision2026-26-0644To be published on 01/16/2026
In area of modern manufacturing, ensuring product quality and minimizing defects are utmost important for maintaining competitive advantage and customer satisfaction. This paper presents an innovative approach to detect defect by leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) models trained using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) data. Traditional defect detection methods often rely on physical inspection, which can be time-consuming and prone to human error. The conventional method of developing an AI model requires a physical part data , By utilizing CAD data, the time to develop an AI model and implementing it to production line station can be saved drastically . This approach involves the use of AI algorithms trained on CAD models to detect and classify defects in real-time. The field trial results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in various industrial applications, highlighting its potential to revolutionize defect detection in manufacturing.
Kulkarni, Prasad Ramesh, Sahu, Dilip, Joshi, Chandrashekhar, Khatavkar, Akshay, Poddar, Shivani, Deep, Amar
Simulation-Driven Load Spectrum Prediction_ Virtual RLDA for Chassis and Suspension System2026-26-0095To be published on 01/16/2026
In the rapidly evolving and highly competitive automotive industry, manufacturers are under immense pressure to bring products to market quickly while meeting customer expectations. As a result, optimizing the product development timeline has become essential. Structural integrity analysis for chassis and suspension systems lies in the accurate acquisition of operational load spectra, conventionally executed through Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) on instrumented vehicles subjected to proving ground excitation. At this point, RLDA is mainly used for final validation and fine-tuning. If any performance shortfalls, such as premature component failure or durability issues, are discovered, they often trigger design revisions, prototype rework, and additional testing This study proposes a Virtual Road Load Data Acquisition (vRLDA) methodology employing a high-fidelity full-vehicle multibody dynamic (MBD) representation developed in Adams Car. The system is parameterized and uses high
Goli, Naga Aswani Kumar, PRASAD, TEJ PRATAP
Failure Prevention of Permanent Deformation in HNBR Elastomeric Diaphragms Used in CNG Valve Applications2026-26-0294To be published on 01/16/2026
Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubbers (HNBR) and its derivatives have gained the significant importance in automotive compressed natural gas (CNG) valve applications. In one of the four-wheeler CNG valve application, HNBR elastomeric diaphragms are being used for their excellent sealing and pressure regulation properties. The HNBR elastomeric diaphragm was developed to sustain CNG pressure more than 10 bars. However, it was found permanently deformed under 4 bar pressures. In the present work, a set of experiments were carried out in order to find out the primary root cause of diaphragm permanent deformation and preventing the failure for safe usage of the CNG gas. HNBR diaphragm deformation investigation was carried out using advanced qualitative and quantitative analysis method such as Soxhlet Extraction Column, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric
Patil, Bhushan Gulab, NAIKWADI, AMOL, Mali, Manoj, Tata, Srikanth
Research on Overspeed Vehicle Detection Based on Fusion of Millimeter-Wave Radar and Visual Images2025-99-012911/11/2025
To address the limitations of conventional overspeed detection methods, this study proposes a vehicle overspeed detection approach based on the fusion of millimeter-wave radar (MWR) and vision sensors. The MWR captures target position and velocity data, while the vision sensor acquires vehicle image information. Radar-detected points are mapped onto visual images through coordinate transformation, and the Intersection over Union (IoU) method is employed to associate radar points with vision-detected vehicle bounding boxes. Subsequently, for radar-detected points exceeding the speed threshold, the corresponding vehicle images are identified, enabling real-time overspeed detection and data acquisition. This method not only facilitates prompt identification of speeding behavior but also extracts the associated vehicle images, ensuring both accuracy and informational integrity in overspeed monitoring. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high speed measurement
Li, Yuanchen, Wu, Zhichao, Xu, Haibo, Song, Liangliang, Huang, Hao
Automated Offboard System to Measure the Volume of Harvested Material2025-28-033111/06/2025
Measuring the volume of harvested material behind the machine can be beneficial for various agricultural operations, such as baling, dropping, material decomposition, cultivation, and seeding. This paper aims to investigate and determine the volume of material for use in various agricultural operations. This proposed methodology can help to predict the amount of residue available in the field, assess field readiness for the next production cycle, measure residue distribution, determine hay readiness for baling, and evaluate the quantity of hay present in the field, among other applications which would benefit the customer. Efficient post-harvest residue management is essential for sustainable agriculture. This paper presents an Automated Offboard System that leverages Remote Sensing, IoT, Image Processing, and Machine Learning/Deep Learning (ML/DL) to measure the volume of harvested material in real-time. The system integrates onboard cameras and satellite imagery to analyze the field
Singh, Rana Shakti, Stallin, Saravanan
Virtual Reality Application in CFD Data Analysis for after Treatment Systems2025-28-032911/06/2025
Virtual reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed reality (MR) are advanced engineering techniques that coalesces physical and digital world to showcase better perceiving. There are various complex physics which may not be feasible to visualize using conventional post processing methods. Various industrial experts are already exploring implementation of VR for product development. Traditional computational power is improving day-by-day with new additional features to reduce the discrepancy between test and CFD. There has been an increase in demand to replace actual tests with accurate simulation approaches. Post processing and data analysis are key to understand complex physics and resolving critical failure modes. Analysts spend a considerable amount of time analyzing results and provide directions, design changes and recommendations. There is a scope to utilize advanced features of VR, AR and MR in CFD post process to find out the root cause of any failures occurred with
Savitha, Bhuduri, Sharma, Sachin
Transformative Deep Learning for Image Colorization with Machine Learning-Based Classification2025-28-031711/06/2025
Imagine a user opening a technical manual, eager to troubleshoot an issue, only to find a mix of stark black-and-white illustrations alongside a few color images. This inconsistency not only detracts from the user experience but also complicates understanding. For technicians relying on these documents, grayscale graphics hinder quick interpretation of diagrams, extending diagnostics time and impacting overall productivity. Producing high-quality color graphics typically requires significant investment in time and resources, often necessitating a dedicated graphics team. Our innovative pipeline addresses this challenge by automating the colorization and classification of colored graphics. This approach delivers consistent, visually engaging content without the extensive investment in specialized teams, enhancing the visual appeal of materials and streamlining the diagnostic process for technicians. With clearer, more vibrant graphics, technicians can complete tasks more efficiently
Khalid, Maaz, Akarte, Anurag, Kale, Aniket, Rajmane, Gayatri, Nalawade, Komal
Eyes of Robot Operating System for Future Hands2025-28-024611/06/2025
This paper presents a novel approach to automated robot programming and robot integration in manufacturing domain and minimizing the dependency on manual online/offline programming. Traditional industrial robots programming is typically done by online programing via teach pendants or by offline programming tools. This presents a major challenge as it requires skilled professionals and is a time-consuming process. In today’s competitive market, factories need to harness their full potential through smart and adaptive thinking to keep pace with evolving technology, customer demand, and manufacturing processes. This requires ability to manufacture multiple products on the same production line, minimum time for changeovers and implement robotic automation for efficiency enhancement. But each custom automation piece also demands significant human efforts for development and maintenance. By integrating the Robot Operating System (ROS) with vision-based 3D model generation systems, we address
Hepat, Abhijeet
Investigating the Influence of Intake Runner Configuration on Scavenging and Combustion Processes in Elliptical Rotor Engines2025-32-008911/03/2025
Elliptical rotor engines (ERE), also known as X-engines, feature intake and exhaust ports located on the rotating rotor. As the rotor turns, these ports traverse the entire combustion chamber, sequentially completing the scavenging process in three distinct combustion chambers through coordination with the cylinder walls. This intake and exhaust characteristic significantly differs from the characteristic found in traditional Wankel rotor engines. This study established an optical elliptical rotor engine to obtain the in-cylinder flow field by using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and constructed a CFD model based on the experimental results. Then the effects of two different intake runners on the scavenging and combustion process of ERE were investigated. The results indicated that: Due to structural limitations, the prolonged intake port opening duration results in significant gas backflow during the intake process. The curved intake runner exhibits a higher turbulent kinetic energy
Qin, Jing, Wang, Yingbo, Pei, Yiqiang, Yao, Dasuo, Deng, Xiwen
Transient Helium Jet Evolution Using High Speed Schlieren Imaging2025-32-005711/03/2025
The accelerating global shift towards decarbonised energy systems has positioned hydrogen as a highly promising carbon-free fuel. This study comprehensively investigates the macroscopic characteristics and temporal evolution of vortex ring trailing helium jets, serving as a surrogate for hydrogen, injected into a quiescent ambient environment using high-speed Schlieren imaging. This research addresses critical insights into fuel-air mixing dynamics essential for optimising hydrogen direct injection (DI) internal combustion engines. Analysis of helium jet tip’s topology revealed a three-stage evolution from an initial pressure-insensitive phase, dominated by pressure wave structures, to a momentum-driven, vortex-dependent growth stage, then to a fully developed stage. Specifically, the lower-pressure cases showed increased Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and distinct head vortex pinch-off at the final stage. Jet tip velocities transitioned from initial high, rapid pressure wave development
Dong, Shuo, Shi, Hao, Zhang, Gengxin, Feng, Yizhuo, Lu, Enshen, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua
Analysis of Injected Mass Shot-To-Shot Dispersion and Injection Rate Profile for a PFI Injector in Actual Operating Conditions2025-32-001911/03/2025
In order to improve engine emission and limit combustion instabilities, in particular for low load and idle conditions, reducing the injected fuel mass shot-to-shot dispersion is mandatory. Unfortunately, the most diffused approach for the hydraulic analysis of low-pressure injectors such as PFIs or SCR dozers is restrained to the mean injected mass measurement in given operating conditions, since the use of conventional injection analyzers is unfeasible. In the present paper, an innovative injection analyzer is used to measure both the injection rate and the injected mass of each single injection event, enabling a proper dispersion investigation of the analysed low pressure injection system. The proposed instrument is an inverse application of the Zeuch’s method, which in this case is applied to a closed volume upstream the injector, with the injector being operated with the prescribed upstream-to-downstream pressure differential. Further, the injector can inject freely against air
Postrioti, Lucio, Maka, Cristian, Martino, Manuel
Development of Anti-SideSlip Control for Motorcycles Using IMU2025-32-003711/03/2025
In motorcycle racing and other competitions, there is a technique to intentionally slide the rear wheel to make turns more quickly. While this technique is effective for high-speed riding, it is difficult to execute and carries risks such as falling. Therefore, an anti-sideslip control system that suppresses unintended or excessive sideslip is needed to ensure safe, natural, and smooth turning. In anti-sideslip control, the slip angle is usually used as a control parameter. However, for motorcycles, it is necessary to know the absolute direction of the vehicle's movement. To determine this, GPS or optical sensors are required, but using such sensors for driving is costly and may not provide accurate measurements due to contamination or other environmental factors, making it impractical. Therefore, an anti-sideslip control system was developed by calculating another parameter that indicates the characteristics of the slip angle, without measuring the slip angle itself, thus eliminating
Nakano, Kyosuke, Kawai, Kazunori, Takeuchi, Michinori
Analysis of Flame Propagation Characteristics in a Hydrogen Engine using an Optically Accessible Engine2025-32-006111/03/2025
This study focused on the effects of hydrogen on the flame propagation characteristics and combustion characteristics of a small spark-ignition engine. The combustion flame in the cylinder was observed using a side-valve engine that allowed optical access. The fundamental characteristics of hydrogen combustion were investigated based on combustion images photographed in the cylinder with a high-speed camera and measured cylinder pressure waveforms. Experiments were conducted under various ignition timings and equivalence ratios and comparisons were made with the characteristics of an existing hydrocarbon liquid fuel. The hydrogen flame was successfully photographed, although it has been regarded as being difficult to visualize, thus enabling calculation of the flame propagation speed. As a result, it was found that the flame propagation speed of hydrogen was much faster than that of the existing hydrocarbon fuel. On the other hand, it was difficult to photograph the hydrogen flame
Arai, Yuto, Ueno, Takamori, Suda, Ryosuke, Sato, Ryoichi, Nakao, Yoshinori, Ninomiya, Yoshinari, Matsushita, Koichiro, Kamio, Tomohiko, Iijima, Akira
Influence of Laser Sintered Process Parameters on Crystalline Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of AlSi10Mg Alloy05-19-03-001911/03/2025
The present study examines the influence of process parameters on the effect of strength and crystalline properties of AlSi10Mg alloy with laser sintered process. A detailed work was carried out with the effects of varying the laser power, scan speed, and hatch distance on crystalline structure, hardness, and surface roughness. From the analysis, the improved surface quality and mechanical performance were achieved with a scan speed of 1200 mm/s, a laser power of 370 W, and a hatch distance of 0.1 mm. An increase in hardness, improved surface finish, and reduced porosity was observed with decreased hatch distance. However, the balanced results were obtained for scanning speed of 1200 mm/s and laser power of 370 W. The ideal processing conditions decreased the crystalline size, increasing the overall material strength, when crystalline analysis was carried out. The higher scanning speeds supported improved grain refinement and heat diffusion, with the poor hardness value. With the lower
Shailesh Rao, A.
A Re-Certification Guideline for Aerospace Platform Fiber Optic Training and Awareness Education Aerospace Fiber Optics Fabricator Hands-on CompetenciesARP5602/14 (Current)10/23/2025
This document establishes re-certification guidelines applicable to fiber optic fabricator technical training for individuals involved in the manufacturing, installation, support, integration and testing of fiber optic systems. Applicable personnel include: Managers Engineers Technicians Trainers/Instructors Third Party Maintenance Agencies Quality Assurance Production
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Research on Reflective Characteristics of Road Tunnel Pavement and Low Carbon Energy Saving Technology2025-99-001010/17/2025
Highway tunnel lighting has a key impact on traffic safety and lowcarbon energy saving. Under the same lighting conditions, the brightness and uniformity of the road surface are closely related to the reflection characteristics of the road surface. In this paper, firstly, the brightness of asphalt concrete specimens made of different materials was tested by indoor experiments, and the reflective parameters of asphalt concrete of different colors were compared, and then the images of colored pavement of different colors were collected at the tunnel site, and the brightness and uniformity indexes of the colored pavement and the conventional asphalt pavement were analyzed and compared by using graphic image analysis technology. The results show that when the lighting conditions are the same, the luminance of yellow asphalt concrete is about 2.3 times that of black asphalt concrete, and the luminance of red asphalt concrete is about 1.5 times that of black asphalt concrete, and the use of
Si, Jialai, Wang, Zijian, Wang, Luhai, Ma, Fei, Han, Lulu, Zhang, Zhongbin
Real Time Automatic Detection Algorithm for Loose Railway Track Fasteners under Uneven Lighting Conditions2025-99-000610/17/2025
When the lighting is uneven, the local direction of the light strip in the railway track fastener image output by column traversal will be affected by the curvature value of the light strip, resulting in discontinuity and inability to effectively obtain the loose state of the fastener. Therefore, a real-time automatic detection algorithm for railway track fastener looseness under uneven lighting conditions is proposed. After Gaussian filtering denoising, the neighborhood of the image center point is described using an eight neighborhood chain code. Insert coarse positioning points between the centers of intermittent light strips based on neighborhood grayscale. Determine the direction of the local light band by traversing the output vertically, horizontally, diagonally 45 ° to the left, and diagonally 45 ° to the right. After aggregating the local direction of the light strip to obtain complete contour information, calculate the gap between the clip and the elastic strip, and use it as
Li, Yuepeng, Hu, Fanglei
Spatial-temporal Information Organization Model with All Elements in Whole Domain for Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway2025-99-007910/17/2025
In view of the complexity of railway engineering structure, the systematicness of professional collaboration and the high reliability of operation safety, this paper studied the spatial-temporal information data organization model with all elements in whole domain for Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway from the aspect of Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway spatial-temporal information security. Taking the unique spatial-temporal benchmark as the main line, the paper associated different spatial-temporal information to form an efficient organization model of Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway spatial-temporal information with all elements in the whole domain, so as to implement the effective organization of massive spatial-temporal information in various specialties and fields of Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway; By using GIS (Geographic Information System) visualization technology, spatial analysis technology and big data real-time dynamic rendering technology, it was realized the real-time dynamic visualization display
Liu, Kun, Yu, Hongsheng, Zhu, Panfeng, Liu, Wenbin, Wang, Yaoyao
Robust Object Tracking Method Based on Multi-Level Association Matching2025-99-002010/17/2025
Target tracking is an important component of intelligent vehicle perception systems, which has outstanding significance for the safety and efficiency of intelligent vehicle driving. With the continuous improvement of technologies such as computer vision and deep learning, detection based tracking has gradually become the mainstream target tracking framework in the field of intelligent vehicles, and target detection performance is the key factor determining its tracking performance. Although remarkable progress has been made in current 3D object detection networks, a single network still struggles to provide stable detection for distant and occluded targets. Besides, traditional tracking methods are based on single-stage association matching, which can easily lead to identity jumps and target loss in case of missed detections, resulting in poor overall stability of the tracking algorithm. To solve the above problem, a hierarchical association matching method using a dual object
Wu, Shaobin, Chu, Yunfeng, Li, Yixuan, Su, Shengjie, Liu, Zhaofeng, Li, Xiaoan, Si, Lingrui
Evolution of Port and Terrestrial Space in the Coast Zone of Bohai Bay from 1974 to 20232025-99-006310/17/2025
In the past half - century, China’s reclamation area has exceeded 15,000 km2, making it the country with the largest reclamation area in the world. Among them, 3% of the area of the Bohai Sea has been reclaimed, and the land - sea changes are very significant, making accurate and continuous monitoring and analysis of the area necessary. Starting from “dynamic monitoring - utilization analysis”, this paper studies the dynamic spatial distribution and quantitative changes of reclaimed areas in Bohai Bay based on the yearly remote sensing images from 1974 to 2023, using ENVI and GIS technologies. In the past 40 years, a total of 1379.79 km2 of the sea area has been reclaimed in the study area, mainly in the inshore and tidal flats. The land - use change map shows that land - use changes are closely related to policy and economic mode changes. Under the five - year time slice, the comprehensive land - use degree of the Bohai Bay is less than 4%, showing an extremely slow chagne.
Li, Yi, Zhu, Gaoru
Research on Network Control System for Heavy Duty Trains Based on Laser + Ethernet2025-99-005110/17/2025
Trains traditionally transmit braking and mitigation commands through the air tube filling and exhausting method, which is easy to cause local large longitudinal impact. In order to meet the high-precision requirements of synchronous transmission of commands for heavy-duty trains with large groupings, this paper proposes a laser+industrial Ethernet network control system, which can meet the requirements of flexible train grouping and virtual connecting under the premise of ensuring synchronous transmission of commands for trains with large groupings. The system consists of central control unit, locomotive laser communication module, locomotive switch, mobile wireless communication terminal, security gateway, vehicle control unit, vehicle laser communication module, vehicle switch, etc. It is designed according to the three-layer architecture of vehicle-level network, train-level network and line-level network, which can realise the issuance of internal control commands and status
Meng, Xiangzhen, Li, Chuanhu, Zhu, Youlong
Effect of Flow Speed and Turbulence on Methane Combustion in a Rapid Compression Machine2025-01-039310/07/2025
Recent experimental work from the authors’ laboratory demonstrated that applying a boosted current ignition strategy under intensified flow conditions can significantly reduce combustion duration in a rapid compression machine (RCM). However, that study relied on spark anemometry, which provided only localized flow speed estimates and lacked full spatial resolution of velocity and turbulence near the spark gap. Additionally, the influence of turbulence on combustion behavior and performance across varying flow speeds and excess air ratios using a conventional transistor-controlled ignition (TCI) system was not thoroughly analyzed. In this study, non-reactive CFD simulations were used to estimate local flow and turbulent velocities near the spark gap for piston speeds ranging from 1.2 to 9.7 m/s. Simulated local velocities ranged from 0.7 to 96 m/s and were used to interpret experimentally observed combustion behavior under three excess air ratios (λ = 1.0, 1.4, and 1.6). Combustion was
Haider, Muhammad.Shaheer, Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming
Reconstruction of Density Fields of Category L-Vehicles’ Exhaust Plumes for Optimizing Remote Emission Sensing and Engine Performance03-18-06-003610/07/2025
Air pollution is a significant long-term public health issue, with on-road traffic emissions being a primary contributor, especially in urban areas. Remote emission sensing (RES) is an innovative method for large-scale monitoring of vehicle emissions. It not only enables accurate detection of pollutants from vehicles under real-world driving conditions but also offers actionable insights to optimize engine performance. The point sampling-based RES technique involves sampling the vehicle exhaust plume along the roadside with a sampling line and using exhaust analyzers. In this method, the sampling line is placed alongside the road for sample extraction. Thus, the sampling position and knowledge regarding the spread of the exhaust plumes are crucial. Other modern RES systems utilize laser absorption spectroscopy to measure the pollutants in vehicle exhaust. For accurate absorption measurements, the laser’s height must align with the height of the exhaust plume, and the absorption length
Imtiaz, Hafiz Hashim, Liu, Yingjie, Schaffer, Paul, Kupper, Martin, Bergmann, Alexander
Synergistic Effects of Notch and Volumetric Defects on Fatigue Performance of Additive Manufactured Parts2025-01-049409/16/2025
The usage of additively manufactured (AM) notched components for fatigue-critical applications presents non-trivial challenges, such as the ubiquitous presence of volumetric defects in AM parts. Volumetric defects accelerate fatigue crack nucleation, impact short crack growth, and are near-impossible to fully eliminate. This study investigated the synergistic effects of volumetric defects and notch geometry on the fatigue behavior of L-PBF AlSi10Mg and 17-4 PH SS notched specimens. The criticality of the defects on fatigue behavior is investigated using a non-destructive evaluation technique. A classical linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach was modified and used to quantify the effects of several factors including notch geometry, defects’ size, and location, on the fatigue crack initiation behavior. The modified LEFM approach utilized X-ray computed tomography data and linear elastic finite element analysis of local stresses in different notch geometries; to calculate and
Poudel, Arun, Pegues, Jonathan, Lowney, Matthew, Shao, Shuai, Shamsaei, Nima
LIPO: Lidar Inertial Odometry for ICP Comparison2025-01-043909/16/2025
We introduce a LiDAR inertial odometry (LIO) framework, called LiPO, that enables direct comparisons of different iterative closest point (ICP) point cloud registration methods. The two common ICP methods we compare are point-to-point (P2P) and point-to-feature (P2F). In our experience, within the context of LIO, P2F-ICP results in less drift and improved mapping accuracy when robots move aggressively through challenging environments when compared to P2P-ICP. However, P2F-ICP methods require more hand-tuned hyper-parameters that make P2F-ICP less general across all environments and motions. In real-world field robotics applications where robots are used across different environments, more general P2P-ICP methods may be preferred despite increased drift. In this paper, we seek to better quantify the trade-off between P2P-ICP and P2F-ICP to help inform when each method should be used. To explore this trade-off, we use LiPO to directly compare ICP methods and test on relevant benchmark
Mick, Darwin, Pool, Taylor, Nagaraju, Madankumar Sathenahally, Kaess, Michael, Choset, Howie, Travers, Matthew
Enhanced Object Matching and Identification for Multi-Robot Systems in Complex Environments2025-01-043809/16/2025
Our research focuses on developing a novel loss function that significantly improves object matching accuracy in multi-robot systems, a critical capability for Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics (SSRR) applications. By enhancing the consistency and reliability of object identification across multiple viewpoints, our approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of environments with complex layouts and interlinked infrastructure components. We utilize ZED 2i cameras to capture diverse scenarios, demonstrating that our proposed loss function, inspired by the DETR framework, outperforms traditional methods in both accuracy and efficiency. The function’s ability to adapt to dynamic and high-risk environments, such as disaster response and critical infrastructure inspection, is further validated through extensive experiments, showing superior performance in real-time decision-making and operational effectiveness. This work not only advances the state of the art in SSRR but also
Brown, Taylor J., Vincent, Grace, Nakamoto, Kyle, Bhattacharya, Sambit
Development of a Multichannel Fiber Optic Rotary Joint Using Spatial Division Multiplexing2025-01-046709/16/2025
This paper presents the development of an alternative to the traditional multichannel Fiber Optic Rotary Joint (FORJ) using spatial division multiplexing. The proposed solution utilizes phase plates assembly in a compact housing made by a French optical communications company called Cailabs. It is distinguished from conventional multichannel technologies that rely on Dove prisms or wavelength multiplexing by using the housing of a single channel Fiber Optic Rotary Joint (FORJ) without needing strong constraint on the choice of optical transceivers. Our research focused on characterizing the specific mechanical parameters required to transfer optical modes from the rotor to the stator without deformation or misalignment of those. Three test campaigns were conducted, each with iterative improvements. The latest results demonstrate commercially viable performance for transmission of 3G-SDI video stream on up to 6 channels.
Berard, Elliot, Larousse, Sébastien, Autebert, Claire, Le Guennic, Tangi, Denolle, Bertrand, Occhipinti, David
Enabling Operating System Portability with Virtual I/O Devices2025-01-046109/16/2025
This paper investigates the portability of custom embedded Real-Time Operating System images. The limitations of these images, including vendor-locking, are addressed through the use of VirtIO. We create a series of experiments demonstrating the compatibility of VirtIO with different processors, peripherals, OS vendors, image environments, and processor updates in line with the Department of Defense’s open standards such as MOSA. The experiments reveal that VirtIO-enabled systems can easily migrate between processors and Operating Systems without the need for new drivers, eliminating vendor-locking and increasing system adaptability.
Studer, Nathan, Guikema, Christopher, Spidle, Eric, Larson, Aaron
Pre-Training Hyperspectral Image Encoder via Synthetic Data2025-01-044209/16/2025
Computer vision is being revolutionized by the use of transformer-based machine learning architectures. However, these models need large datasets to enable pre-training through self-supervised learning. However, there is a lack of open-source datasets of the same magnitude as standard RGB color images. This work analyzes the effect of using randomly generated fractal-based hyperspectral images versus real data to understand the effect of pre-training dataset on a Swin image encoder model performance, during supervised-training of a semantic segmentation hyperspectral dataset. Two real data datasets are used for comparison to the synthetic dataset, one RGB-based and another hyperspectral-based to understand how variability in spectral resolution during pre-training effects model performance on semantic segmentation.
Medellin, Anthony, Grabowsky, David, Mikulski, Dariusz, Langari, Reza
IMPLI-FI: A Secure Wireless Communications Technology for Contested Logistics2025-01-049209/16/2025
Data security remains an issue of the utmost concern in contested environments. Mechanisms such as data encryption, beam-forming antennas, and frequency-hopping radio have emerged to mitigate some of the concerns in radio-frequency (RF) communications, but they do not remove all risk. Consequently, there is still a consistent appetite for alternative solutions. This paper presents a case for the use of the free-space optical (FSO) communications technology ImpLi-Fi as one such alternative. FSO communication is promising because of the ease with which the signal beam may be steered and limited, making detection and interception more difficult than with RF, and ImpLi-Fi in particular is desirable for its exceptional outdoor performance and ease of integration into existing light sources. The paper briefly illustrates the origins of the contested logistics (CL) problem and CL use cases for secure communication channels, before describing the ImpLi-Fi technology in some detail; exploring
Brzozowski, Aaron, Reimann, Jethro, Lakshmanan, Sridhar, Marrero, Pedro “Pete”, Moyer, Benjamin D.
Uncrewed Aerial System Detection and Tracking with Event Cameras2025-01-044009/16/2025
The emergence of SUAS as a threat vector introduces significant challenges in surveillance and defense due to their potential for low cross section and high speeds, defeating or evading many existing detection and tracking capabilities. This paper presents two algorithms—one for detection and one for tracking—developed for event cameras, which offer substantial improvements in temporal resolution, dynamic range, and low-light performance compared to traditional imaging systems, all of which are critical for effective UAS defense. These advancements address current limitations in using event cameras and pave the way for a new generation of robust robotic vision based on event cameras.
Anthony, David, Chambers, David, Towler, Jerry
VORA™: Vision for Off-Road Autonomy2025-01-044109/16/2025
The Vision for Off-road Autonomy (VORA) project used passive, vision-only sensors to generate a dense, robust world model for use in off-road navigation. The research resulted in vision-based algorithms applicable to defense and surveillance autonomy, intelligent agricultural applications, and planetary exploration. Passive perception for world modeling enables stealth operation (since lidars can alert observers) and does not require more expensive or specialized sensors (e.g., radar or lidar). Over the course of this three-phase program, SwRI built components of a vision-only navigation pipeline and tested the result on a vehicle platform in an off-road environment.
Towler, Meera Day, Garza, Harold A., Chambers, David R.
Effect of Casting Microstructure on the Mechanical Performance of Recycled EN AC-43200 Al-Si Alloy2025-01-035709/15/2025
This work investigates the influence of casting microstructure on the mechanical performance of ad hoc samples of recycled EN AC-43200 Al-Si alloy. Three batches are produced by modifying the casting process parameters (i.e., molten alloy temperature and in-mold cooling conditions) to obtain different casting microstructures. Room temperature tensile and high-cycle fatigue tests, coupled with metallography, X-ray tomography, and fatigue fracture surface analysis, are performed to elucidate the relationship between microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of the investigated alloy. The findings indicate that casting pores and intermetallic precipitates play a pivotal role in influencing the mechanical behavior and performance of cast, recycled EN AC-43200 Al-Si alloy. Additionally, an inverse correlation between secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) and both tensile properties and fatigue life is established.
Pavesi, Arianna, Barella, Silvia, D'Errico, Fabrizio, Bonfanti, Andrea, Bertasi, Federico
Development of a Laboratory Brake for a Flywheel Mass Test Rig for Variable Pad Sizes and Shapes with a Force Distribution Unit for Ideal Contact Pressure and a Topography Measurement System for In-Situ Recording of Surface Changes and Wear2025-01-033109/15/2025
Pin-on-disk tribometers are used to determine the frictional behaviour and boundary layer dynamics of material pairings. Material pairings are examined under defined conditions in order to reason about the friction behaviour and wear. Pairings for real brake systems with larger pad sizes can be tested on flywheel mass test rigs in order to provide proof of suitability. This is mainly due to a lack of knowledge about the scaling behaviour of friction linings. The Department of Machinery System Design at TU Berlin has combined the classic approach of a pin-on-disk tribometer with a flywheel mass test rig (up to 12.78 kgm2) and thus set up a laboratory brake on which material pairings with different pad shapes and sizes (up to 48 cm2) can be examined. The flywheel mass test rig consists of an adjustable DC-motor that drives a shaft on which variable flywheel masses and brake disks can be installed. The variability allows for different kinetic energies at different friction speeds. The
Heuser, Robert Michael, Rosenthal, Tobias Richard, Wiest, Daniel Christian, Meyer, Henning Jürgen
Development and Parameterization of a Physics-Based Ageing Model for Li-Ion Battery Cells2025-24-014009/07/2025
Although significant progress has been made on developing electrochemical models of Li-ion batteries performance, there is a significant gap in predictive, physics-based modelling of the degradation mechanisms. In this work, we perform a systematic experimental and modelling study to explore the potential of predictive battery ageing models. A commercial NMC pouch cell is initially characterized in detail using tear-down analysis, electrical and electrothermal tests to obtain electrochemical model parameters and validate its fidelity in a large range of operating conditions in terms of temperature, state-of-charge and load. The cell is then exposed to accelerated ageing operating conditions and its performance is monitored regularly to obtain its degradation rate in terms of capacity and resistance. The aged cell is also characterized by tear-down and optical techniques. The experimentally obtained test database is used to develop and validate the mathematical models that describe the
Koltsakis, Grigorios, Spyridopoulos, Spyridon, Chatziioannou, Panteleimon, Tentzos, Michail
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