Browse Topic: Embedded software

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Advancing Complete Vehicle Engineering with ADAS Simulation through Virtual Development and Global Collaboration2026-26-0409To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is currently undergoing a profound transformation, driven not only by the shift toward renewable propulsion systems but also by the increasing emphasis on the software-defined vehicle. In combination with accelerating project timelines, this shift creates challenges in integrating electrical and electronic systems throughout the complete vehicle. Magna Vehicle Engineering (MVE) faces these challenges by intensifying the use of virtual development, a strategy that spans the entire vehicle development process and necessitates global collaboration among engineering teams. This publication presents a real-world example of how the automotive sector can transition from a traditional on-premises-environment (OPE) simulation setup to a Simulation-as-a-Service (SIMaaS) model. Our primary focus is on operational and collaborative dimensions, illustrating the significant influence these new approaches have on engineering processes and the wider implications for innovation
Wellershaus, Christoph, Wakharde, Sagar, Bernsteiner, Stefan
Accelerating EV Thermal Controls Development: A Rapid controls prototyping framework using Speedgoat2026-26-0685To be published on 01/16/2026
In the era of software-defined vehicles, the complexity and requirements of automotive systems have increased significantly. Thermal management systems have become more complicated, incorporating multiple functions and strategies within software frameworks. This shift poses substantial challenges, increased development efforts and extending timelines in creating an efficient thermal management system for EVs. Fulfilling them in the early stages of design makes it more challenging due to the unavailability of key components such as fully developed ECU hardware, the battery pack, and the motor. To address this, a novel framework has been designed that combines virtual simulation with physical emulation, enabling the testing and validation of thermal control strategies without fully matured system and ECU hardware. The framework uses the Speedgoat platform as the central controller which hosts the control and thermal models developed in Simulink and Simscape. Speedgoat is physically
Chothave, Abhijeet, S, Bharathan, S, Ananth, Gangwar, Adarsh, Khan, Parvej, Gummadi, Gopakishore, Kumar, Dipesh
AI based models as Virtual sensors to replace real sensors2026-26-0671To be published on 01/16/2026
Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning models have a large scope and application in Automotive embedded system. These models are used in automotive world for various applications like calibration, simulation, predictions etc. These models are generally very accurate and play the role of a virtual sensor. However, the AI/ML models are resource intensive which makes them difficult to execute on a largely optimized automotive embedded systems. The models also need to follow safety standards like ASIL-D. The current work involves creating a Global DoE with ASCMO to generate data from a 125cc single to create AI/ML model for the engine outputs like Torque, T3, Midcat temperatures etc. The created models were validated across the operating space of the engine and found to have good accuracies. With AI Coder, the torque and T3 prediction AI models were converted to embedded code which can be easily used as a virtual sensor in real time. Using these AI models, accurate predictions can be
Chouhan, Vineet Singh, Bulandani, Saurabh, Kumar, Alok, Varsha, Anuroopa, P R, Renjith
Cross-ICA Trust Mechanism in Automotive Cybersecurity2026-26-0615To be published on 01/16/2026
With the ever increasing complexity and connectivity in modern vehicles, cybersecurity has become an indispensable technology. In the era of Software Defined Vehicles (SDVs) and Ethernet-based architectures, robust authentication between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) is critical to establish a trust. Further, the cloud connected ECUs must perform authentication with backend servers. These authentication requirements often demand multiple certificates to be provisioned within a vehicle, ensuring secure communication between various combinations of ECUs. As a result, a single ECU may end up storing multiple certificates, each serving a specific purpose. This work proposes a method to limit the number of certificates required in a given ECU without compromising security. We introduce a Cross-Intermediate Certificate Authority (Cross-ICA) Trust Architecture, which enables the use of a single certificate per ECU for inter-ECU communication as well as backend server authentication. In this
Venugopal, Vaisakh, Goyal, Yogendra, Raja J, Solomon, Rai, Ajay, Rath, Sowjanya
Introducing a Novel System Engineering Framework for the safe deployment of Software Defined-Vehicles2026-26-0690To be published on 01/16/2026
The past decade has seen a systemic shift in the automotive landscape and the constituent parts of a vehicle. The automotive industry has shifted from a primarily hardware components industry to a software heavy industry, with software controlling majority of the vehicle functions. Coupled with the ability to fully update or evolve a vehicle's capabilities or functionalities, post point of sale through software updates, the technical, commercial and service landscape of the automotive industry is rapidly changing. This has brought increasing focus to the concept of Software Defined Vehicle, where the vehicle is not only constantly evolving, but is also becoming more personalised by leveraging data collected through the life of the vehicle. This requires a rethink of the current development and deployment approaches for vehicles, which are software-intensive. In this paper, we introduce a novel four-step system engineering framework for the safe development and deployment of Software
El Badaoui, Halima, Jame-Elizebeth, Mariat, Khastgir, Siddartha, Jennings, Paul
Electric Vehicle Battery’s Testing Challenges in era of Software Defined Vehicle2026-26-0159To be published on 01/16/2026
In era of Software Defined Vehicle (SDV), the whole ecosystem of automobile will be impacted. So, it is going to through several challenges for testing activities. In electric vehicle, most critical component is traction battery, which is controlled and operated through battery management system (BMS). BMS is an electronic system, where is going to function as per software of BMS. And in SDV, software is a key element, which is continuously keep on updating on regular basis. So, it means some of BMS functionalities, features or performance may be also altered on each time on software update, which may impact battery’s operating condition, if some scenario is not evaluated during earlier testing, then there are it may bring battery out of safe operating area, which may significantly impact battery safety, performance or cycle-life. In this paper, we are exploring that different testing requirements for EV Batteries, which may be part of testing practices under era of SDV. Here we will
BHATESHVAR, YOGESH KRISHAN, Mulay, Abhijit B
Dynamic Diagnostic Controller Architecture for Scalable and Adaptive Zonal Based Vehicle Platforms2026-26-0689To be published on 01/16/2026
The rapid evolution of in-vehicle electronic systems toward zonal and High-Performance Computing (HPC)-based architectures introduces a new layer of complexity in automotive diagnostics. Traditional architectures, built on Controller Area Network (CAN) and Local Interconnect Network (LIN) protocols, operate on a uniform Real-Time Operating System (RTOS), enabling simplified and consistent diagnostic workflows across Electronic Control Units (ECUs). However, next-generation platforms must accommodate diverse communication protocols (e.g., CAN, LIN, DoIP, SOME/IP) and heterogeneous operating systems (e.g., RTOS, Linux, QNX), resulting in fragmented and inflexible diagnostic processes. This paper presents a Centralized Diagnostic Gateway architecture that addresses these challenges by enabling unified, scalable, and adaptive diagnostic capabilities across modern vehicle platforms. The proposed system consolidates protocol handling at the HPC level, abstracts diagnostic complexities, and
MUKHERJEE, SOUMYADEEP, Raman, Kothanda
Software-Defined Vehicles: Architecting the Future of Intelligent and Connected Mobility2026-26-0691To be published on 01/16/2026
The rise of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) marks a fundamental shift in automotive design, where software, rather than hardware, defines vehicle capabilities. This review explores the SDV paradigm within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), emphasizing centralized computing, over-the-air (OTA) updates, and service-oriented architectures (SOA). Key enablers such as high-performance computing units, middleware platforms (e.g., AUTOSAR Adaptive), and digital twins support scalable, flexible software deployment and real-time functionality. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) enhance features like predictive maintenance, driver personalization, and autonomous decision-making. However, SDVs also introduce complex challenges, including software validation, real-time performance, and system interoperability. Cybersecurity becomes critical, especially as vehicles interface with cloud platforms, edge computing, and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) networks. The paper also
Ahmad, Aqueel, Hemanth, Khimavath, Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
Next-Gen Automotive: Enablers and Monetization for Automotive SaaS and Software Defined Vehicles2026-26-0687To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a paradigm shift, changing its model from hardware-centric products to software-driven platforms. It is driven by two underlying paradigms: the emergence of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) and the increasing adoption of Automotive Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) models. Together, these trends are transforming the way the industry generates value, engages with customers, and builds new revenue models. This research examines the most important technical pillars underpinning next-generation automotive ecosystem creation. Of these pillars, centralized computing infrastructures, embedded cloud integration, efficient over-the-air (OTA) update engines, and enhanced cybersecurity models designed to protect larger numbers of connected vehicles are observed. It also evaluates the imperative significance of digital identity management to provide improved personalized experience, the critical role of edge computing to ensure real-time processing, and the promise
Saini, Gourav, Jahagirdar, Shweta, Khandekar, Dhiraj Baburao
Do Not Let the Door Hit2026-26-0026To be published on 01/16/2026
Modern vehicles are equipped with numerous safety systems focused primarily on active and passive crash protection, but less attention is given to low-speed or stationary scenarios: particularly when occupants exits the vehicle. One common and often underestimated risk occurs when the vehicle door is opened without awareness of nearby obstacles such as walls, poles, or other vehicles. This paper introduces a novel, intelligent solution aimed at enhancing safety during driver egress. The proposed system leverages the existing ORVM (Outside Rear View Mirror) cameras to monitor and measure the surface area adjacent to the vehicle. When the vehicle is parked and the engine is turned off, the system becomes active. As the driver initiates the exit, the system scans for obstructions near the door. If an obstacle is detected within a predefined danger zone, it projects a warning symbol on the Instrument cluster via the puddle lamp and triggers an audible chime to alert the occupant. This dual
Bhuyan, Anurag, Khandekar, Dhiraj, Jahagirdar, Shweta
The Road to SDV: A Maturity Model for Software-Defined Transformation2026-26-0679To be published on 01/16/2026
Software Defined Vehicles (SDV), Software Defined Networks, Software Defined (electricity) Grids are just a few examples of how the Software Defined Transformation is unfolding across many industries today. This paper defines a maturity model for Software Defined Transformation and evaluates different industries including Automotive. This cross-industry view of Software Defined X (SDx) helps in analyzing where SDV's could be headed. Koster et all [2023] by BCG mentions 'The industries' SDV transformation is overshadowed by complexity', with players pursuing several directions in this transformation. While companies like Tesla are already making software centric cars, traditional OEMs like Stellantis, Toyota, Ford etc. are making huge investments and redefining their own business models, tech stacks and operations to leverage the power of software. There is an opportunity to introduce an overarching framework to bring clarity on this front by comparing SDx across industries. We propose
Mathur, Akshay Raj, Misra, Amit, Makam, Sandeep
Considerations for Vulnerability Management in the Automotive Industry2026-26-0626To be published on 01/16/2026
With the emergence of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs), more complex software and connectivity technologies are introduced to support new advanced use cases. These use cases include, e.g., phone as a key, smart parking, summon vehicle, remote diagnostics and vehicle management. However, complex software functionality and external connectivity also increase the attack surface of vehicles and its ecosystem. As such we have seen various cybersecurity attacks targeting vehicles and OEM backends in the past few years. In this paper, we first perform a classification of recent automotive cybersecurity attacks. We further perform an analysis of these attacks and associated vulnerabilities considering the application of best practices of vulnerability management approaches including Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS), Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS), and Stakeholder-Specific Vulnerability Categorization (SSVC). CVSS is a standardized framework used to assign severity scores to
Oka, Dennis Kengo, Vadamalu, Raja Sangili
Virtual ECU: Development & Validation Platform2026-26-0683To be published on 01/16/2026
Vehicle software is moving towards software-centric architectures and hence software-defined vehicles. With this transition, there is a need to handle various challenges posed during development and validation. Some of the challenges include unavailability of hardware limiting the evaluation of various hardware options, board bring-up and hence leading to delays in software development targeted for the hardware, eventually leading to delayed validation cycles. To overcome the above challenges, we present in this whitepaper a virtual ECU (vECU) framework integrated with a CI/CD pipeline. A Virtual ECU (Electronic Control Unit) is a software-based emulation of a physical ECU. The adoption of virtual ECUs empowers development teams to commence software development prior to the availability of physical hardware. Multiple tools are available to demonstrate virtual ECUs, for example, QEMU, Synopsys, QNX Cabin, etc. vECU setup, when paired with a CI/CD pipeline, allows continuous integration
Singh, Jyotsana, Shaikh, Arshiya, Mane, Rahul, Burangi, Piyush
Monitoring and Diagnosing Software-Defined Vehicle Architectures2026-26-0677To be published on 01/16/2026
Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV) are fostered through initiatives like SOAFEE and Eclipse SDV promoting the use of cloud-native approaches, distributed workloads and service-oriented architectures (SOA). Vehicles are connected to the cloud and functions are partially executed in the cloud and the vehicle. However, these approaches do not provide solutions for monitoring and diagnosing SDVs neither on-board nor off-board. Given the cost-sensitive nature of vehicles, OEMs are unlikely to allocate significant resources to diagnostics. Consequently, conventional data centre monitoring strategies, which rely on transferring large datasets to dedicated servers, are not directly applicable to vehicles. The paper describes a SOA used in research for several years where each vehicle functionality is implemented by independent services with an orchestrator for managing them. ASAM SOVD (ISO 17978) specifically supports diagnosing SDVs by providing functionality beyond UDS, such as access to log
Böhlen, Boris, Fischer, Diana
High-Performance Computing for Software-Defined EV Powertrains: Design and Real-Time Validation with NXP S32E278 Domain Controller2026-26-0684To be published on 01/16/2026
Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) are redefining the automotive landscape by decoupling hardware from software and enabling dynamic, over-the-air updates, advanced control strategies, and real-time decision-making. To support this transformation, EV powertrain systems require high-performance computing (HPC) platforms capable of real-time control, data processing, and cross-domain communication. This paper introduces a fully SDV-compatible EV powertrain architecture built around the NXP S32E278 domain controller, which integrates a multi-core, lockstep-enabled processor specifically designed for zonal control and automotive functional safety. To meet the bandwidth and latency demands of modern SDV applications, the system replaces conventional CAN-based communication with automotive Ethernet, enabling gigabit data transfer, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN), and low-latency coordination across software-defined control domains. The S32E executes critical functions such as field-oriented
Pawar, Ganesh, Inamdar, Sumer Deepak, Kumar, Mayank, Deosarkar, Pankaj, Tayade, Nikhil, Kanse, Dattatray, Chopade, Vipul
Unlocking Edge AI in Software-Defined Vehicles: Balancing model complexity, compute resources, and data access2026-26-0686To be published on 01/16/2026
The potential of Edge AI in automotive goes beyond ADAS and automated driving. AI-driven optimizations in driving efficiency, in-cabin personalization, predictive maintenance, and enhanced safety require intelligent processing at the vehicle edge. However, integrating AI into current vehicle electrical/electronic architectures (EEAs) presents significant challenges. This paper examines how AI models can run on general-purpose ECUs, gateways, and domain controllers while balancing model complexity, compute resources, and data availability. We explore trade-offs, architectural choices, and the need for software configurability to ensure AI models evolve with new data and vehicle parameters. We conclude by providing a glimpse into Sonatus’ latest AI product that encapsulates a holistic approach optimized for vehicle platforms—spanning cloud-based model development, optimization, and validation to in-vehicle inference—that unlocks the potential of Edge AI and SDVs for the automotive
Sah, Mohamadali, Khatri, Sanjay
Functional Safety of Electric or Hybrid Off-Highway Vehicles – An Embedded Software Viewpoint2025-28-021711/06/2025
To provide growing needs of food, clothing and infrastructure for growing population of the world, off-highway vehicles such as those in construction, agriculture and commercial landscaping are moving towards electrification for enhanced precision, productivity, efficiency and sustainability. It has also paved a way to adopt autonomy of these vehicles to address challenges like skilled labor shortage for timely and efficient execution. Despite the tremendous advantages of electrification, be it through completely replacing engines in vehicles or efficiency improvements using hybrid architecture for powertrain and auxiliary power demands, safety remains a significant challenge and critical requirement for off-highway electric vehicles. This paper explains the concept and importance of functional safety in electric off-highway vehicles, and shows how different standards like ISO 26262, ISO 25119, ISO 13849 can be utilized to achieve state of the art in functional safety for different off
Mujumdar, Chaitanya Gajanan, Bachhav, Kiran, Deshpande, Chinmay
Analysis of Zonal and Distributed Based Architecture with MBSE Approach through Duration Simulation2025-28-033711/06/2025
Present study aims to analyze different E/E architectures trending in automotive industry currently. This study shows the comparison analysis done between zonal architecture and distributed architecture. Comparison methodology includes duration simulation performed for a vehicle feature on both architectures. Present study has adopted MBSE approach for the analysis. Study includes analysis done for distance control, airbag activation and rear park assist features developed on zonal and domain architecture. Duration simulation is also performed on same feature on both architectures. While performing duration simulation of all above features on both zonal and distributed architecture time constraints where assumed based on run time machine performance. Results shows that when only feature must be executed distributed architecture is more feasible. However, when feature has been made more updatable, upgradable and scalable Zonal architecture has been more feasible. To summarize study
Mishra, Ayush Manish
Mobility Reimagined: My First Decade at the Crossroads of ChangeR-57310/09/2025
In Mobility Reimagined, Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid shares an unfiltered, deeply personal account of his first decade navigating the rapidly evolving automotive and mobility sectors. From engineering labs in Malaysia and Japan, to startup scenes in Southeast Asia and Finland, to boardrooms in Europe, keynote stages in China, and virtual standardization sessions with professionals in the US, Umar traces a career shaped by curiosity, courage, and a commitment to democratizing opportunity. As a brown Southeast Asian professional rising in an industry historically shaped by Western and East Asian leadership, Umar offers more than technical insight, he opens a window into what it takes to lead across borders, disrupt legacy systems, and redefine success on his own terms. This book is part strategy guide, part industry overview, and part leadership memoir. It speaks to young professionals, especially those from underrepresented backgrounds, offering hard-won lessons on global expansion, digital
Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir
EDITORIAL: COMVEC covers the tech landscape25TOFHP10_0410/01/2025
This year's SAE COMVEC conference held in mid-September in Schaumburg, Illinois, was focused around the theme “Shaping the Future Together” by embracing advancement, empowerment and exploration in the commercial and off-highway vehicle industries. Workforce and technology topics ranged from skills gaps to powertrain development and software-defined vehicles (SDVs) to AI deployment - a thread that ran through many of the conference's sessions. Following are a few of the salient points made by industry experts at the annual engineering event:
Gehm, Ryan
Software Defined VehiclesR-59509/22/2025
Software Defined Vehicles This book provides a clear, in-depth introduction to the concept of software-defined vehicles (SDVs) and their role in the changing mobility ecosystem. It explores how software has become the core enabler of innovation, allowing manufacturers to deliver new features, safety functions, and comfort enhancements to their customers after a vehicle leaves the showroom floor. From advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to AI-powered co-pilots, SDVs are shifting the focus from hardware to dynamic, user-centric, service models that offer continuous software updates and upgrades. Software Defined Vehicles also delves into the broader societal and consumer shifts driving this change. Readers will gain insight into how new generations view transportation, how business models like Mobility as a Service (MaaS) are evolving, and why sustainability and flexibility now take precedence over traditional car ownership. Whether you're a technology professional, automotive
Pathrose, Plato
Rapidly Evolving E/E Architectures for Ground Vehicles - Insights from the Commercial and Automotive Industries2025-01-044609/16/2025
This paper explores key trends shaping E/E architectures in the commercial and automotive industries, including the increasing adoption of High-Performance Computers (HPCs) and high data rate Ethernet networks. These advancements facilitate the transition from Distributed to Zonal physical architecture. Concurrently, industry shifts toward standardizing software development via Software Architecture standards, Software Factories and embracing Software Defined Vehicle (SDV) strategies are gaining momentum. Finally, we provide key insights and lessons from the automotive and commercial vehicle sectors, with implications for E/E architectures in Ground Combat Vehicles (GCVs).
Anderson, Tony, Stevens, Scott, Schäuffle, Jörg
Model-Based Software Engineering: Physics Coupled with Software for Test Case Reuse Across the V Cycle2025-01-044709/16/2025
The development of cyber-physical systems necessarily involves the expertise of an interdisciplinary team – not all of whom have deep embedded software knowledge. Graphical software development environments alleviate many of these challenges but in turn create concerns for their appropriateness in a rigorous software initiative. Their tool suites further enable the creation of physics models which can be coupled in the loop with the corresponding software component’s control law in an integrated test environment. Such a methodology addresses many of the challenges that arise in trying to create suitable test cases for physics-based problems. If the test developer ensures that test development in such a methodology observes software engineering’s design-for-change paradigm, the test harness can be reused from a virtualized environment to one using a hardware-in-the-loop simulator and/or production machinery. Concerns over the lack of model-based software engineering’s rigor can be
McBain, Jordan
Applying Specialized System Analysis for Brake by Wire in Software Defined Vehicles: The Development of a System Analysis Tool (SAT)2025-01-035509/15/2025
The emergence of Software Defined Vehicles (SDVs) has introduced significant complexity in automotive system design, particularly for safety-critical domains such as braking. A key principle of SDV architecture is the centralization of control software, decoupled from sensing and actuation. When applied to Brake-by-Wire (BbW) systems, this leads to decentralized brake actuation that demands precise coordination across numerous distributed electronic components. The absence of mechanical backup in BbW systems further necessitates fail-operational redundancy, increasing system complexity and placing greater emphasis on rigorous system-level design validation. A comprehensive understanding of component interdependencies, failure propagation, and redundancy effectiveness is essential for optimizing such systems. This paper presents a custom-built System Analysis Tool (SAT), along with a specialized methodology tailored for modeling and analyzing BbW architectures in the context of SDVs
Heil, Edward, Zuzga, Sean, Babul, Caitlin
SAE BOOKS: From ADAS to SDVs with Plato Pathrose25AUTP09_0409/01/2025
Author's third book delves deeper into SDVs. An experienced engineer with a history in software development and systems engineering, Plato Pathrose is turning from ADAS to SDVs with his latest work. Pathrose's third book, Software Defined Vehicles, will be published in September 2025 with SAE International. “This is both a technology and a business book,” Pathrose told SAE Media. “It aims to offer a comprehensive perspective on one of the most transformative trends in the automotive industry. Software Defined Vehicles explores how software is reshaping the design, function, and value of modern vehicles.” From concept, architecture, and connectivity to over-the-air updates and vehicle personalization, Pathrose's latest book dives deep into the technologies driving this shift. It also addresses the business implications, including new revenue models, ecosystem strategies, and the changing role of OEMs and suppliers.
Blanco, Sebastian
Leveraging AI for Automated Code Generation from Systems Engineering Specifications2025-01-029507/02/2025
The increasing complexity of modern vehicles and the automotive industry's shift towards Software Defined Vehicles (SDVs) require innovative solutions to streamline development processes. Traditional methods of software development often struggle to meet the demands for agility, scalability, and precision in this context. In response, this paper presents a novel approach utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI), specifically Large Language Models (LLMs), to automate the generation of executable code directly from Systems Engineering (SE) specifications. This novel approach aims to transform how SE requirements are converted into implementation-ready code, reducing the inefficiencies and potential errors associated with manual translation. LLMs trained on domain-specific data are capable of interpreting complex requirements, managing dependencies, and generating consistent and accurate code. By integrating LLMs into the automotive software pipeline, companies can improve productivity
Padubrin, Marcel, Reuss, Hans-Christian, Brosi, Frank, Menz, Leonhard, Guerocak, Erol
Automated Test Process for Highly Configurable Software-Defined Mobility Systems in CI/CD2025-01-029707/02/2025
In the pursuit of customizability and evolvability of vehicle functions, manufacturers shift towards software-defined vehicles to enable flexible customization and over-the-air updates. This results in multiple variants and versions of a vehicle model. While shifting to software-defined vehicles (SDVs) adds value and flexibility for customers, manufacturers struggle with homologating new and updated functionality because existing testing processes do not scale for high-frequency release cycles that limit available testing resources. Overcoming this challenge by using a coherent test process designed for testing continuously evolving variant-rich systems will be one of the key enablers. This paper presents an innovative end-to-end pipeline for efficient and comprehensive testing of variant-rich vehicle functionality tailored to an application in continuous development. Our transferable test pipeline employs sample-based variant selection, a software-in-the-loop environment for executing
Hettich, Lennard, Pett, Tobias, Nägele, Ann-Therese, Schindewolf, Marc, Eriş, Halit, Wagner, Stefan, Sax, Eric, Schaefer, Ina, Weyrich, Michael
An Architecture for Vehicle Diagnostics in Software-Defined Vehicles2025-01-028007/02/2025
Vehicles are evolving into Software-Defined Vehicles. The increasing use of automotive High Performance Computers (HPCs) provides more computing power and storage resources in vehicles. This opens possibilities to use more in-vehicle software. However, it also leads to challenges for vehicle diagnostics. Today's diagnostic approaches, based on Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs), are not suitable for software on HPCs. For example, this software is highly variable and updated over time, so predefined DTCs are not dynamic enough. This introduces a degree of ambiguity into the diagnostic processes. Additional diagnostic data are required. In the Cloud, observability approaches are becoming widely used for software. Observability involves examining the availability and performance of an entire software system. To detect failures early, observability data, such as logs, metrics, and traces, are used. This is of interest for vehicle diagnostics as new diagnostic approaches are needed to
Bickelhaupt, Sandra, Hahn, Michael, Weyrich, Michael, Morozov, Andrey
Enhancing Flexibility of Automotive Embedded Software: A Modular Reference Architecture2025-01-028207/02/2025
Vehicular software is a key driver of innovation and revenue in the automotive industry. However, the increasing complexity of vehicular software, driven by shorter development cycles, more frequent updates, and tight coupling of software with hardware, presents significant challenges. Microcontroller-based vehicular software is particularly affected due to resource constraints, which limit flexibility and complicate software updates. To address these challenges, we propose a modular reference architecture that enhances flexibility for microcontroller-based vehicular software, facilitating software modifications in the context of regular updates. The reference architecture is systematically derived from general requirements for microcontroller-based vehicular software and proposes a domain-based structure. It divides embedded vehicular software into five domains: the application domain, responsible for control, regulation, and monitoring functions; the base domain, managing hardware
Griebler, Dennis, Zhai, Yi, Caggiano, Mario, Fuchss, Thomas
Legal Issues and Policy: Vol. 3EPRCOMPV05202404/30/2025
Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir, Eastman, Brittany
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - Scaling Software-Defined EV Fleets1351204/25/2025
When it comes to electrifying commercial vehicle fleets, one company offers a transformative modular platform that can drastically reduce the time to market. REE Automotive is a publicly traded company that designs and manufactures advanced software-defined vehicles (SDVs) that are fully electric, capable of autonomy, and compatible with existing fleet management software. The company recently began production on its first medium-duty truck for the US market and has since seen a 230% growth in reservations, indicating strong customer interest and positive feedback. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, recently sat down with Daniel Barel, CEO, and Pete Dow, VP of Engineering, to discuss REE Automotive's revolutionary approach to scaling software-defined commercial EV fleets. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out our podcast on the state of NEVI
Hineman, Marcie
Sensory-Driven Design Method for Personalizing Ride Comfort Tailored to Individual Vibration Perception2025-01-827304/01/2025
This study aims to develop a design method that tailors the ride comfort and design variables of vehicle components according to individual differences in vibration perception. In conventional development, variations in vibration perception have been recognized; however, quantification methods remain undeveloped, preventing designs from being adapted to individual driver perceptions. The two unresolved problems include the uniformization of vibration perception in sensory performance modeling, which predicts sensory scores from vehicle vibrations, and design approaches that focus on minimizing vehicle vibrations without considering vibration perception. First, the authors’ previous study quantified the existence of individual differences in vibration perception through sensory scores obtained from ride simulator experiments involving 24 non-expert drivers using vibrations derived from a uniform vibration perception. Hierarchical clustering identified four perception groups; however
Kikuchi, Hironobu, Inaba, Kazuaki
ZT4SDV Dynamic Trust for SW Defined Vehicles*2025-01-808404/01/2025
Today’s vehicle architectures build trust on a framework that is static, binary and rigid; tomorrow’s software defined vehicle architectures require a trust model that is dynamic, nuanced, and adaptive. The Zero Trust paradigm supports this dynamic need, but current implementations focus on protecting information, not considering the challenges that automobiles face interacting with the physical world. We propose expanding Zero Trust for cyber-physical systems by weighing the potential safety impact of taking action based on information provided against the amount of trust in the message and develop a method to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy. This strategy offers a potential solution to the problems of implementing real-time responses to active attacks over vehicle lifetime.
Kaster, Robert, Ma, Di
Detecting Cyber-Security Vulnerabilities in Legacy Safety-Critical Software with Tight Performance Constraints2025-01-808804/01/2025
Security flaws in automotive software have significant consequences. Modern automotive engineers must assess software not only for performance and reliability but also for safety and security. This paper presents a tool to verify software for safety and security. The tool was originally developed for the Department of Defense (DoD) to detect cybersecurity vulnerabilities in legacy safety-critical software with tight performance constraints and a small memory footprint. We show how the tool and techniques developed for verifying legacy safety-critical software can be applied to automotive and embedded software using real-world case studies. We also discuss how this tool can be extended for software comprehension.
Awadhutkar, Payas, Tamrawi, Ahmed, Sauceda, Jeremias
High Performance Computer Based Software Defined Vehicle Hardware in the Loop Testing2025-01-813704/01/2025
Recent years have seen a strong move towards Software Defined Vehicles (SDV) concept as it is seen as an enabler for advancing the mobility by integrating complex technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Connected Autonomous Driving (CAD) into the vehicle. However, this comes with fundamental changes to the vehicle’s Electrical/Electronic (EE) architecture which require novel testing approaches. This paper presents FEV’s SDV Hardware-In- The-Loop (HIL) test setup which focuses on testing the developed HPC-based software. The functionality of the SDV HIL test setup is demonstrated by testing the software of multiple technologies within the High Performance Computer (HPC) environment like ADAS and teleoperation virtual control units with Over-the-air (OTA) up- dates capability. Test results show the effectiveness of utilizing FEV’s HIL setup in developing and validating the software of SDV platforms.
Obando, David, Alzu'bi, Hamzeh, Carreón Vásquez, Erwin, Alrousan, Qusay, Alnajdawi, Mohammad Sami, Tasky, Thomas
Options for Introducing SOVD in SDV Architectures2025-01-808104/01/2025
The trend for the future mobility concepts in the automotive industry is clearly moving towards autonomous driving and IoT applications in general. Today, the first vehicle manufacturers offer semi-autonomous driving up to SAE level 4. The technical capabilities and the legal requirements are under development. The introduction of data- and computation-intensive functions is changing vehicle architectures towards zonal architectures based on high-performance computers (HPC). Availability of data-connection to the backend and the above explained topics have a major impact on how to test and update such ‘software-defined’ vehicles and entire fleets. Vehicle diagnostics will become a key element for onboard test and update operations running on HPCs, as well as for providing vehicle data to the offboard backend infrastructure via Wi-Fi and 5G at the right time. The standard for Service Oriented Vehicle Diagnostics (SOVD) supports this development. It describes a programming interface for
Mayer, Julian, Bschor, Stefan, Fieth, Oliver
Utilizing Generative Adversarial Networks for Secure Communication in Software-Defined Vehicles2025-01-813504/01/2025
The increasing complexity of software-defined vehicles (SDVs) necessitates robust and secure communication protocols to protect against cyber threats. This paper explores the utilization of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to enhance the security of communication protocols in SDVs. GANs, consisting of a generator and a discriminator network, are employed to create and evaluate secure communication sequences, ensuring that unauthorized access and potential attacks are effectively mitigated. In this study, we develop a GAN-based framework that generates secure communication protocols tailored for the dynamic environment of SDVs. The generator is trained to produce communication sequences that are indistinguishable from authentic, secure sequences, while the discriminator is tasked with identifying any anomalies or potential vulnerabilities. By iteratively improving both networks, the framework learns to produce highly secure and resilient communication protocols. The performance of
Namburi, Venkata Lakshmi
Revolutionizing Commercial Vehicles: Integrating Software-Defined Vehicle Architecture for Enhanced Electrical and Electronic Systems2025-01-813804/01/2025
Commercial Vehicle (CV) market is growing rapidly with the advancement of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs), which provide greater level of flexibility, efficiency and integration of AI & cutting-edge technology. This research provides an in-depth analysis of E&E architecture of CVs, focusing on the integration of SDV-based technology, which represents the transition from hardware-focused to a more dynamic, software-focused methodology. The research begins with the fundamental concepts of E&E architecture in CVs, including virtualization, centralized computing, feature based ECU, CAN and modular frameworks which are then upgraded to meet various operational and customer requirements. The capacity of SDV-based architecture designs to scale to handle heavy duty commercial vehicles is a primary focus, with an emphasis on ensuring the safety and security, to defend against potential vulnerabilities. Furthermore, the integration of real-time data processing capabilities and advanced E&E
Saini, Vaibhav, Jain, Ayushi, Meduri, Pramoda, Solutions GmbH, Verolt Technology
Electronic Control Unit Hardware Design Challenges for Software Defined Vehicle2025-01-813604/01/2025
Software Defined Vehicle (SDV) is gaining attraction in the automotive industry due to its wide range of benefits like remote software/feature upgrade, scalable functionality, Electronic Control Unit (ECU) commonization, remote diagnostics, increased safety, etc. To obtain all these benefits, ECUs need to be designed accordingly. ECU hardware must be designed to support a range of vehicles with a variety of loading, scalable features, power distribution, levels of processing, and networking architecture. Each domain has unique challenges to make the ECU economical and robust to operating conditions without compromising performance. This paper illustrates the critical hardware design challenges to accommodate a scalable SDV architecture. This paper focuses electrical interface design to support wide range of input/output port loads, scalable functionality, and robust diagnostics. Also, flexibility of microprocessor processing capability, ECU networking, and communication complexity are
Hasan, S.M. Nayeem, Irgens, Peter
European Initiatives for User-Centric Design of Electric Vehicles2025-01-880704/01/2025
E-mobility is revolutionizing the automotive industry by improving energy-efficiency, lowering CO2 and non-exhaust emissions, innovating driving and propulsion technologies, redefining the hardware-software-ratio in the vehicle development, facilitating new business models, and transforming the market circumstances for electric vehicles (EVs) in passenger mobility and freight transportation. Ongoing R&D action is leading to an uptake of affordable and more energy-efficient EVs for the public at large through the development of innovative and user-centric solutions, optimized system concepts and components sizing, and increased passenger safety. Moreover, technological EV optimizations and investigations on thermal and energy management systems as well as the modularization of multiple EV functionalities result in driving range maximization, driving comfort improvement, and greater user-centricity. This paper presents the latest advancements of multiple EU-funded research projects under
Ratz, Florian, Bäuml, Thomas, Kompara, Tomaž, Kospach, Alexander, Simic, Dragan, Jan, Petra, Möller, Sebastian, Fuse, Hiroyuki, Paredes Barros, Esteban, Armengaud, Eric, Amati, Nicola, Sorniotti, Aldo, Lukesch, Walter
A Study of Tire Handling and Ride Performance Map According to Tire Tread Wear State2025-01-876004/01/2025
The electric vehicle market, vehicle ECU computing power, and connected electronic vehicle control systems continue to grow in the automotive industry. The results of these advanced and expanded vehicle technologies will provide customers with increased cost savings, safety, and ride quality benefits. One of these beneficial technologies is the tire wearing prediction. The improved prediction of tire wear will advise a customer the best time to change tires. It is expected that this prediction algorithms will be essential part for both the optimization of the chassis control systems and ADAS systems to respond to changed tire performance that varies with a tire’s wear condition. This trend is growing, with many automakers interested in developing advanced technologies to improve product quality and safety. This study is aimed at analyzing the handling and ride comfort characteristics of the tire according to the depth of tire pattern wear change. The handing and ride comfort
Kim, Changsu, Kwon, Seungmin, Sung, Dae-Un, Ryu, Yonghyun, Ko, Younghee
Modern Simulink DevOps Integration2025-01-807704/01/2025
Model-based developers are turning to DevOps principles and toolchains to increase engineering efficiency, improve model quality and to facilitate collaboration between large teams. Mature DevOps processes achieve these through automation. This paper demonstrates how integrating modern version control (Git) with collaborative development practices and automated quality enforcement can streamline workflows for large teams using Simulink. The focus is on enhancing model consistency, enabling team collaboration, and development speed.
Mathews, Jon, Tamrawi, Ahmed, Ferrero, Sergio, Sauceda, Jeremias
Automotive Engineering: March 202525AUTP0303/06/2025
Hydrogen won't accept 'no' for an answer From automakers to companies in the wider mobility industry, hydrogen power is seeing no shortage of investment and research even as some remain unconvinced of its future. Advanced silicones for ADAS in light vehicles Material solutions for thermal management, protection and assembly. Editorial Wrecking Ball Supplier Eye Cooler heads should prevail The international fight over eFuels, internal combustion's would-be savior Hydrogen storage: Not everything need look like a sausage Power over Coaxial: a simplified path to advanced vehicle systems Lighter, recyclable body seal wins SAA award Enhancing E-motor design, thermal efficiency with advanced cooling Mercedes proposes "in-drive brakes" for better EVs Product Briefs Spotlight: ADAS/AV sensors & simulation Interview Mercedes CEO talks software-defined vehicles and 30 years in Silicon Valley
INTERVIEW25AUTP03_1203/01/2025
Nestled in a commercial park in Sunnyvale, California, sits the Mercedes-Benz research and development North America office. A spinning star sits in the front of the building. It is one of six locations across North America and joins research facilities in Asia and Europe. During a recent media roundtable, Mercedes-Benz CEO Ola Källenius told journalists that the original purpose for the facility 30 years ago was because it recognized that Silicon Valley was a unique place where top academia meets with venture capital and where smart people from around the world gather. “So the very first intent with the first few baby steps of coming to Silicon Valley was like, it's almost like you send out a group of people to do reconnaissance, create contact, be part of the conversation, and figure out what's going on,” Källenius said.
Baldwin, Roberto
Advancing Embedded Systems with VITA 93: A New Era in Modular I/O for Aerospace and Defense25AERP03_0103/01/2025
Aerospace and defense system designers are demanding scalable and high-performance I/O solutions. While traditional mezzanine standards have proven reliable, they often fall short of meeting modern bandwidth, size, and flexibility requirements. This challenge is particularly evident in aerospace and defense applications where high-speed data processing must align with stringent size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints. Current mezzanine solutions also face significant limitations in scalability, thermal management, and I/O density. These constraints can lead to compromised system performance and limited upgrade paths in applications where adaptability is crucial. This article explores how the new VITA 93 (QMC) standard addresses these challenges through its innovative QMC architecture, enabling unprecedented flexibility, scalability, and rugged reliability while maintaining compatibility with existing and future systems. It also covers how VITA 93 (QMC) builds on lessons learned from
FPGA Implementation of HLS Crypto Accelerators for Embedded Security in Autonomous Vehicles2025-28-020502/07/2025
The growing ubiquity of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has introduced a new attack surface for malicious actors: the embedded systems that govern a vehicle's critical operations. Security breaches in these systems could have catastrophic consequences, potentially leading to loss of control, manipulation of sensor data, or even physical harm. To mitigate these risks, robust cybersecurity measures are paramount. This research delves into a specific threat – side-channel attacks – where attackers exploit data leakage through unintentional physical emanations, like power consumption or electromagnetic waves, to steal cryptographic keys or sensitive information. While various software and hardware countermeasures have been proposed, this study focuses on the implementation of masking techniques within the realm of embedded security. Masking techniques aim to obfuscate sensitive data during cryptographic operations, making it significantly harder for attackers to exploit side-channel
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, R, Vishnu Ramesh Kumar, M, Boopathi, Manojkumar, R, R, Gobinath, M, Vignesh
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Matching Buyers & Sellers to Advance SDV Development1349701/16/2025
From evolving consumer expectations to changing business models to updates to the car itself, there is no doubt that software is radically transforming the automotive industry--and companies must adapt now or risk being left behind. The rise of smartphones has permanently altered consumer expectations, and software-defined vehicles (SDVs) are expected to provide experiences akin to those found on mobile devices. Preferences for infotainment and safety features through advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) are also increasingly central to purchase decisions. In an effort to meet these demands and accelerate the development of SDVs, SDVerse was developed as a B2B sales marketplace for buyers and sellers of automotive software. The matchmaking platform is available to all OEMs, suppliers, and other companies with relevant software offerings and tools. To learn more, we sat down with Prashant Gulati, Chief Executive Officer, to discuss the role of SDVerse in the automotive industry's
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Scaling Connected Vehicles with Over-The-Air Updates1349212/18/2024
As the automotive world shifts toward fully software-defined vehicles (SDVs), many OEMs are hesitant to embrace a consumer-driven model for over-the-air (OTA) updates. Enter Sibros, a company offering holistic OTA software that enables automakers to achieve scalable, software-defined mobility. By providing AI-powered insights that deliver continuous product and service enhancements, OEMs can harness Sibros' single no-code platform to monitor, control and optimize SDVs, thus accelerating time-to-market, reducing code defects and enabling hundreds of connected vehicle use cases at global scale. This presents unique value for consumers, OEMs, commercial fleet operators, and even off-road sectors like agriculture and mining. To learn more, we sat down with Hemant Sikaria, CEO & Co-Founder, Sibros, to discuss the impact of his company's groundbreaking technology, how insurance and regulation come into play, and the importance of robust security measures to ensure the responsible growth of
Hineman, Marcie
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: December 202424TOFHP1212/12/2024
Demoing clean hydrogen combustion Backed by a consortium of companies, Southwest Research Institute's demonstrator vehicle aims to prove the commercial viability of hydrogen engines for on-road trucks. Improving the ageless ICE Clean-burning fuels, aftertreatment and other innovations place the heavy-duty combustion engine on a low-carbon emissions trajectory. Making software-defined vehicles cyber-secure Virtualization features such as digital twins and virtual patching can accelerate development and make commercial vehicles more agile and secure. Editorial Bauma the big one in 2025 CATL expands battery range for heavy-duty trucks and buses Donaldson's filters aim to keep fuel cells clean Shell's Starship 3.0 NG spotlights efficient powertrain, aero tech Sensata's sensors aid blind spot monitoring for tractor-trailers MTA expands wireless communication, EV tech for trucks Komatsu employs 'slick' battery swapping for underground LHD machine Liebherr, Fortescue reveal towering battery
Enhancing Testing and Simulation with Virtualized Base Software2024-28-024812/05/2024
The fusion of virtualized base software with simulation technologies has transformed the methods used for development and system testing. This paper examines the architecture, implementation, and advantages of employing virtualization to improve simulation environments. Virtualized base software enables the creation of isolated, scalable, and replicable settings, essential for executing complex simulations that replicate real-world situations. Utilizing virtualization enhances simulations by making them more efficient, flexible, and cost-effective. The study covers the essential elements of virtualized simulation platforms, such as containerization, network abstraction and virtual drivers. It also analyzes how these components collaborate to create a strong framework for simulating diverse applications, ranging from software testing to hardware emulation. This approach offers several benefits, including better resource utilization, quicker deployment times, and the flexibility to
Shenoy, Ganesh, Malchow, Florian
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