Browse Topic: Embedded software

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Evolutionary Path to Vehicle Zonal E/E Architecture2026-01-0071To be published on 04/07/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a major transition in Electrical/Electronic (E/E) architecture, evolving from traditional distributed and domain-based designs to zonal configuration. The rapid growth of software-driven functionality, cross domain function integration, and demands for centralized management have exposed the limitations of distributed and domain-based designs in complexity, scalability, and cost. Zonal E/E architecture addresses these challenges by consolidating computing and I/O resources into high-performance controllers distributed across physical zones of the vehicle, greatly reducing wiring complexity, improving modularity, and enabling scalable, software-defined vehicles. However, this transition cannot be immediate because vehicle design and electrical system solutions have been built on decades of distributed and domain-based development. Moreover, the enabling technologies for realizing zonal E/E architecture, such as high-speed automotive Ethernet, zonal
Jiang, Shugang
Embedded Coding Agent: Natural-Language Driven Generation of AUTOSAR & Non-AUTOSAR Embedded C/C++ code2026-01-0105To be published on 04/07/2026
Embedded software development in the automotive sector is becoming more demanding as engineers balance performance, safety, and certification requirements. Traditional approaches such as manual coding or model-based workflows require significant effort in writing boilerplate code, ensuring AUTOSAR compliance, and preparing verification artifacts for audits. Commercial tools like MathWorks Simulink Embedded Coder already provide model-to-code generation capabilities, but these solutions are often costly and may not be viable for budget-sensitive domains such as two-wheelers and three-wheelers. This creates a strong need for alternative, more accessible approaches that can deliver efficiency without compromising on quality. This paper introduces an embedded coding agent designed to address this gap. The agent accepts natural language or structured prompts and generates AUTOSAR-compatible ARXML as well as embedded C and C++ implementations. Unlike general-purpose coding assistants, it is
Daware, Kartik
ECU Flashing and the Software Defined Vehicle2026-01-0112To be published on 04/07/2026
In recent years, the use of software-defined platforms has become increasingly prevalent. As a result, flashing electronic control units (ECUs) has become an important factor in ensuring efficiency, quality, and compliance in vehicle production. Conventional approaches, such as final end-of-line flashing, are increasingly unsuitable for the growing amounts of data, complex dependencies, mixed physics and protocols, and traceability requirements. This SAE paper presents the current trends and challenges in ECU flashing. It highlights in particular the impact of the exponential growth in software payloads and the necessary migration to offline and parallel workflows. This can only be achieved through closer integration with automated and robot-assisted production, taking into account the requirements of cybersecurity and verifiability. It also addresses the shift toward end-to-end flashing ecosystems, where updates are performed not only on the assembly line, but also in warehouses
Wells, Michael
Architecture-Driven Fixed-Point Scaling for AUTOSAR-based ECUs: A Production-Feasible Architecture for Centralizing Scaling Semantics2026-01-0069To be published on 04/07/2026
Floating-point arithmetic is widely used in automotive embedded software to scale Controller Area Network signals and calibration parameters with fractional factors such as 0.1. However, floating-point operations, even on microcontrollers equipped with floating-point units, can increase execution time and CPU load. In AUTOSAR architectures, converting floating-point scaling to fixed-point is not trivial because scaling semantics must be integrated consistently across components, yet AUTOSAR platform toolchains offer only limited automation at the Application Data Type level. Although CompuMethod definitions can express scaling, integration typically remains manual and distributed across application software components, reducing consistency and reusability. This study presents an architecture-driven methodology that formalizes fixed-point scaling as a centralized architectural service, realized through a parser-driven fixed-point macro generation pipeline. Standardized CAN DBC and
Lee, Hoseok, Ko, Donggun
Integration and Validation of Adaptive Cruise Control Algorithm Across Different Modes2026-01-0076To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents the integration and validation of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) algorithms on a student-team-developed vehicle as part of the U.S. Department of Energy EcoCAR EV Challenge. The competition provided each team with a 2023 Cadillac Lyriq, which was modified to an all-wheel-drive configuration and re-architected to support the development of Level 3 autonomous features including Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), Automatic Intersection Navigation (AIN), Lane Centering Control, and Automatic Parking. The major contribution of this work is the development of ACC with Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) integration, highlighting the end-to-end implementation of the ACC algorithm and its interaction with key actuation systems in the modified vehicle architecture. In the team’s approach, the ACC algorithm encompassed multiple applications: conventional cruise control to maintain speed, adaptive cruise control to respond to a lead vehicle, and initial deceleration handling for
Gupta, Ishika, Midlam-Mohler, Shawn, Estrada, Tyler, Tambolkar, Pooja
Development of Markov-Chain Prediction Model for Work-Stealing Scheduler in Dynamic Scheduling for Multicore Embedded Software Systems2026-01-0066To be published on 04/07/2026
Designing embedded software that achieves effective utilization of the fast-growing multicore embedded hardware should help to reduce their execution time and power consumption and improve their reliability. AI and machine learning algorithms are making their way into such rapidly enhanced multicore embedded hardware. We have developed a Markov-chain prediction model and integrated it into a work-stealing scheduler within a dynamic scheduling runtime layer (DSRL). Dynamic scheduling with a work-stealing scheduler was adapted from MIT’s Cilk framework. Dynamic scheduling allows independent computations to be spawned so they can be scheduled dynamically and executed in parallel on available cores. Cilk used a random model in its work-stealing scheduler where an idle core randomly selects other cores to steal computations from them. However, our Markov-chain-based scheduler allows idle cores to make informed decisions about which cores are better to steal their computation to increase
Sadeh, Waseem, Ganesan, Subramaniam, Qu, Guangzhi, Rawashdeh, Osamah
Impact of User-Adjustable Vehicle-Dynamics Tuning on Vehicle Durability2026-01-0194To be published on 04/07/2026
Software-defined vehicles offer customers a greater degree of customization on vehicle operation. One such feature is a user-adjustable tuning of vehicle ride and handling, where customers can vary the ride height, the active damper stiffness (affecting ride comfort), front-rear torque balance (affecting ride handling), and other vehicle dynamics features. While promising a great customer experience, such a feature can expose the vehicle to a wider range of structural loads than before, particularly when such tuning is extended to cover spirited “sport” mode driving, offroad driving, etc. In this paper we present a novel methodology combining Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) data and real-world telemetry data to estimate the impact of user-adjustable vehicle-dynamics tuning on structural durability.  In doing so, the method combines the physics of damage accumulation (from RLDA data) with user behavior (from telemetry data) to present an accurate assessment of the impact on durability
Demiri, Albion, White, Dylan, Ramakrishnan, Sankaran, Borton, Zackery, Khapane, Prashant
A Cloud-Native Testing-as-a-Service (TaaS) Framework for Safety-Compliant Verification of Automotive Software.2026-01-0192To be published on 04/07/2026
The rapid shift toward Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) is driving an unprecedented rise in the complexity of automotive software. At the same time, compliance with functional safety standards such as ISO 26262 and cybersecurity standards such as ISO/SAE 21434 has become non-negotiable. These pressures expose significant gaps in the current verification and validation (V&V) practices. Today, many organizations rely on costly proprietary cloud ecosystems or heavily instrumented on-premises Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) labs. While effective in certain contexts, these methods are capital-intensive, difficult to scale, and often lead to fragmented compliance workflows. Most critically, they fall short of delivering a unified, traceable process that aligns seamlessly with Automotive SPICE requirements, particularly SWE.4 (Software Unit Verification), SWE.5 (Software Integration Testing), and SWE.6 (Software Qualification Testing). This paper proposes a cloud-native Testing-as-a-Service (TaaS
Venkatesan, Raghul, Pogulakonda, Meghna, Daware, Kartik
Collaborative Cybersecurity in a Shifting Automotive Supply Chain2026-01-0084To be published on 04/07/2026
The evolution toward software-defined vehicles (SDVs) is causing disruption to the traditional automotive supply chain and breaking down the common hierarchical OEM, tier 1 supplier, and tier 2 supplier relationships. With demands for faster software release cycles, more advanced software projects involving multi-party development, and considerations for end-to-end embedded and cloud integrations, new cybersecurity challenges are introduced that no single organization can address alone. Thus, this disruption creates new trust dependencies and requires new models for collaboration, transparency, and joint responsibility in cybersecurity. This paper presents a collaborative cybersecurity model, emphasizing shared responsibility during multi-party development between OEMs, tier 1 and 2 suppliers, engineering services organizations, and technology and services providers. As such, we explore collaborative approaches for each stage in the development lifecycle including design, development
Oka, Dennis Kengo, Vinzenz, Nico
Design and Performance Evaluation of a Dust Contamination Simulation Test Apparatus for Automotive Cameras2026-01-0059To be published on 04/07/2026
In the era of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs), sensor integration has become increasingly prevalent, enabling advanced features such as autonomous driving and driver assistance systems. However, contamination from road dust and muddy water poses significant risks to the performance of vehicle camera sensors. Manual methods of applying dust for testing sensor durability are subject to inconsistencies and human error, potentially undermining the validity of test results. To address this, we developed an automated dust deposition apparatus specifically designed for automotive camera systems. This device enables precise and repeatable control over dust application, thereby enhancing the reliability and efficiency of the testing process. The dust contamination simulation apparatus leverages programmable parameters to consistently reproduce various environmental scenarios encountered in real-world driving conditions. Performance evaluations demonstrated that the system achieves uniform dust
Jinhyeok, Gong
Efficient Embedded Control of Nonlinear Systems for Software-Defined Vehicles: A Case Study Using the Inverted Pendulum2026-01-0075To be published on 04/07/2026
Software-defined vehicles (SDVs) are reshaping automotive control architectures by shifting intelligence to embedded systems, where computational efficiency is paramount. This paper presents the implementation of multiple control strategies such as PID, LQR, and MPC for the inverted pendulum on a cart problem, a canonical example of nonlinear and unstable system control. The objective is to demonstrate how sophisticated control algorithms can be optimized for execution on microcontrollers with limited processing power and memory, reflecting the constraints typical of embedded platforms in SDVs. Each control strategy is implemented with careful consideration of algorithmic complexity, real-time responsiveness, and resource utilization. Performance is evaluated across key metrics including stability, convergence time, and computational load, enabling a comparative analysis that highlights trade-offs between control fidelity and hardware efficiency. The results provide actionable insights
Vupparige, Varun, Pandya, Vidit
A Scalable and Accessible Remote Testing Framework for Automotive Development2026-01-0191To be published on 04/07/2026
With the rise of software-defined vehicles and the emergence of cyber threats to vehicular systems, developing teams are compelled to conduct extensive testing on both virtual and physical prototypes at an accelerated pace. This new development landscape necessitates diagnostic tools that are both precise and adaptable. However, proprietary systems dominate this field, often hindering accessibility for students and researchers due to high costs and restrictive licensing. This paper presents the design and implementation of an open-source, low-cost remote testing system tailored for automotive development and diagnostics. The proposed system utilizes Arduino and Raspberry Pi processing units, along with relay-based switching modules, to provide secure remote control of vehicle components through a web-based dashboard equipped with authentication, scheduling, and real-time synchronization capabilities. The tested prototype showcased robust scalability, secure session handling, and
Pries, Andrew, Mohammad, Utayba
Holistic Solution of Unified Framework for Integration of Safety Process into Automotive Software Development Process2026-01-0068To be published on 04/07/2026
The rapid advancement of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving has significantly increased the software content and complexity within modern vehicles. Consequently, ensuring both high process quality and compliance or qualification with functional safety standards becomes critically important. Automotive Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination (ASPICE 4.0) focuses on evaluating and improving software development processes, while ISO 26262-2018 standard ensures the establishment of functional safety in road vehicles. The efficient integration of the process and standard remains a key challenge due to differences in their objectives, terminologies, and assessment criteria. The misalignment between ASPICE 4.0 and ISO 26262-2018 standard often results in duplicated efforts, rework of work products, and delays in product release schedules. This paper proposes a unified framework to bridge ASPICE 4.0 process areas with ISO 26262-2018 safety
Ravi, Reshma, Easwaramoorthy, Prasad Vignesh, Promise, Dinu
Collaborative Development Framework for electric-based Software-Defined Vehicles – The European Research project CODE4EV2026-01-0113To be published on 04/07/2026
The automotive industry is subject to major transformation initiated by societal and economical pull (reducing emissions, zero fatalities, European competitiveness) and accelerated by technology push (electrification, CCAM, C-ITS). Following this trend, the Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV) targets the integration of SW development methodologies for vehicle development as well as the value delivery shift toward customers along the entire lifecycle. In the context of the Industrial Action Plan for the European automotive sector , different funding mechanisms have been designed to accelerate development and uptake of SDV. It is the target of this paper to introduce different European programs on SDV - focusing on their main objectives, expected benefits for the R&D&I community, and complementarity of these initiatives. Especially, this paper will introduce Chips-JU programs targeting the creation of a vivid ecosystem for European Software Defined Vehicle of the Future (SDVoF) Initiative
Armengaud, Eric, Permann, Robert, Joergler, Sabrina, Barcelona, Miguel Angel, García, Laura, Rodriguez, José Manuel, Ivanov, Valentin, Li, Zhenqian, Nguyen Quoc, Trieu, Rodrigues, Sandy, Kowalczyk, Bogdan, Avdić Čaušević, Amra
CAN-Based Model Interface Standardization and Model Integration Framework2026-01-0081To be published on 04/07/2026
With the rapid increase in the complexity of automotive electronic control systems and advancements in software-defined vehicles, the efficient integration of diverse simulation models has become a critical requirement in vehicle development. Virtual testing (VT) and scenario-based validation are now considered essential for safety certification and regulatory compliance. However, current modeling practices are often hampered by inconsistencies in signal definitions, repetitive manual processes, and the inherent complexity of integrating various development environments and tools, which can lead to time-consuming workflows and an increased risk of errors. Engineers typically match controller and plant model signals by hand or rely on limited automation solutions that may lack scalability and robustness for large-scale, collaborative simulation environments. In this study, we propose a CAN-based integration framework that incorporates a standardized interface library and a Python-based
Lee, Bokyung, Lee, Jin Hwa, Kim, Donghwan, Han, Woojin, Cho, Yoonho, Kim, Wonho
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Why SDV Strategy Needs Application Layer Innovation135562/20/2026
What's really holding back software-defined vehicles (SDVs) ... and where should automakers shift their focus? Listen in as we sit down with John Wall, President of QNX, to explore how a trusted, safety-certified foundation frees OEMs to innovate faster, collaborate more effectively, and deliver differentiated vehicles. Drawing on insights from the Under the Hood: SDV Developer Report, they unpack why automakers must shift away from maintaining complex, non-differentiating software and focus instead on application-layer innovation to better define brand identity and customer experience. You'll also learn how QNX is expanding into robotics, healthcare, and industrial automation with its secure, high-performance operating system. Whether you're fascinated by autonomous cars, collaborative robots, or the future of AI in physical systems, this episode is packed with insights on innovation, safety, and the power of partnerships. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and
Patterson, Lori
Achieving Reliability, Safety & Security in SDV OS Architecture2026-28-01222/12/2026
Software-defined vehicles are those whose functionalities and features are primarily governed by software, thus allowing continuous updates, upgrades, and the introduction of new capabilities throughout their lifecycle. This shift from hardware-centric to software-driven architectures is a major transformation that reshapes not only product development and operational strategies but also business models in the automotive industry. An SDV operating system provides the base platform to manage vehicle software and enable those advanced functionalities. Unlike traditional embedded or general-purpose operating systems, it is designed to meet the particular demands of modern automotive architectures. Reliability, safety, and security become crucial because even minor faults may have serious consequences. Key challenges to be handled by the SDV OS include how to handle software bugs, perform real-time processing, address functional safety and SOTIF compliance, adhere to regulations, minimize
Khan, Misbah Ullah, Gupta, Vishal
Quantum Meets Agile: Crypto-Agility for a Post-Quantum World2026-28-01272/12/2026
As the automotive industry transitions toward software-defined vehicles and highly connected ecosystems, cybersecurity is becoming a foundational design requirement. A challenge arises with the advent of quantum computing, which threatens the security of widely deployed cryptographic standards such as RSA and ECC. This paper addresses the need for quantum-resilient security architectures in the automotive domain by introducing a combined approach that leverages Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and crypto-agility. Unlike conventional static cryptographic systems, our approach enables seamless integration and substitution of cryptographic algorithms as standards evolve. Central to this work is the role of Hardware Security Modules (HSMs), which provide secure, tamper-resistant environments for cryptographic operations within vehicles. We present how HSMs can evolve into crypto-agile, quantum-safe platforms capable of supporting both hybrid (RSA/ECC + PQC) and fully post-quantum
Kuntegowda, Jyothi
Virtual Development Kit (VDK) for Software Defined Vehicle2026-28-01202/12/2026
This paper examines the technological and architectural transformations critical for advancing Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs), emphasizing the decoupling of hardware from software. It highlights the limitations of traditional development models and proposes modern architectural approaches, including MPU-based designs and virtualization techniques, to foster flexible and scalable software ecosystems. Central to this vision is the concept of a Virtual Development Kit (VDK), which enables the design, validation, and scaling of SDVs even before physical hardware is available. The VDK integrates hardware platform emulators, operating systems, software stacks, and middleware optimized for high-performance computing (HPC) environments, providing developers with tools for early-stage testing, debugging, and integration while minimizing dependence on physical prototypes. As the automotive industry increasingly relies on software-defined features as primary drivers of innovation and
Khan, Misbah Ullah, Gupta, Vishal
Automotive Engineering: February 202626AUTP022/5/2026
Qualcomm expands partnerships for more Snapdragons Bosch is ready to bring AI to your vehicle, likely to still be ICE-powered in 2035 Etching for a greener future How chemical etching is helping enable next-gen automotive technologies. Rewriting the engineer's playbook: What OEMs must do to spin the AI flywheel The automotive industry's future hinges on a new AI-native engineering workflow that accelerates iteration, strengthens system thinking, and preserves human judgment. From redundancy to resilience: building smarter safety systems through sensor collaboration ADAS sensor fusion can provide improved and required safety technologies by rethinking the best strategy for allowing a car to sense the world. Open Safety is the shortcut to safer ADAS/AD An open safety stack, shared scenarios, benchmarks, and core validation tools can speed certification, reduce duplicated V&V and build public trust while preserving vendor differentiation. Editorial Robots, physical AI shift the focus at
Digital tech a Las Vegas headliner26TOFHP02_032/1/2026
With the rise of AI and other new digital technologies on the horizon, ACT Expo 2026 will be a crucial intersection for industry leaders to map out the route ahead. Since 2011, ACT Expo has served as a meeting point of technology and business discussions for the commercial vehicle industry. The 2026 show in Las Vegas (www.actexpo.com) is shaping up to be another important waypoint for the industry as it continues to grapple with new technologies, regulations and other significant challenges. This year's agenda program builds on ACT Expo's long-established emphasis on clean transportation and places an increased focus on the digital frontier, including AI, autonomy, connectivity and software-defined vehicles. Truck & Off-Highway Enginering interviewed Erik Neandross, president of the Clean Transportation Solutions group at TRC, about what topics are emerging as the main trends heading into 2026 and what he thinks will be some of the most important themes of the upcoming convention.
Wolfe, Matt
Comprehensive Technology Framework for Effective and Early Leveraging of Test Assets2026-26-05271/16/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a significant technological transformation, which is continually impacting the methods used to test the functionalities, delivered to end consumer. This includes the ever-growing need to embed software-based functions to support more and more end user functionality, while at the same time retaining existing and well-established functions, all within short development timelines. This presents both opportunities and challenges, with greater potential for reuse or leverage of test assets, although the actual percentage of leverage on real world projects is practically less than anticipated for a multitude of reasons. This paper collates the various factors which effect the practical leverage of test assets from one project to another, including various workflows and the interaction across components amongst applications lifecycle management systems. Alongside, it describes the current practices of basis analysis in isolation in combination with
Venkata, Parameswaran, Kulkarni, Apoorva, RAJARAM, Saravanan, Ganesh, Chamarthi
Electric Vehicle Battery’s Testing Challenges in Era of Software Defined Vehicle2026-26-01591/16/2026
In era of Software Defined Vehicle (SDV), the whole ecosystem of automobile will be impacted. So, it is going to through several challenges for testing activities. In electric vehicle, most critical component is traction battery, which is controlled and operated through battery management system (BMS). BMS is an electronic system, where is going to function as per software of BMS. And in SDV, software is a key element, which is continuously keep on updating on regular basis. So, it means some of BMS functionalities, features or performance may be also altered on each time on software update, which may impact battery’s operating condition, if some scenario is not evaluated during earlier testing then there are it may bring battery out of safe operating area, which may significant impact battery safety, performance or cycle-life. In this paper, we are exploring that different testing requirements for EV Batteries, which may be part of testing practices under era of SDV. Here we will
Bhateshvar, Yogesh Krishan, Mulay, Abhijit B
AI Based Models as Virtual Sensors to Replace Real Sensors2026-26-06711/16/2026
Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning models have a large scope and application in Automotive embedded systems. These models are used in the automotive world for various applications like calibration, simulation, predictions, etc. These models are generally very accurate and play the role of a virtual sensor. However, the AI/ML models are resource intensive which makes them difficult to execute on largely optimized automotive embedded systems. The models also need to follow safety standards like ASIL-D. The current work involves creating a Global DoE with ETAS ASCMO to generate data from a 125cc single to create AI/ML model for the engine outputs like Torque, T3, Mid-cat temperatures etc. The created models were validated across the operating space of the engine and found to have good accuracies. With ETAS Embedded AI Coder, the torque and T3 prediction AI models were converted to embedded code which can be easily used as a virtual sensor in real time. Using these AI models
Chouhan, Vineet Singh, Bulandani, Saurabh, Kumar, Alok, Varsha, Anuroopa, P R, Renjith
Cross-ICA Trust Mechanism in Automotive Cybersecurity2026-26-06151/16/2026
With the increasing complexity and connectivity in modern vehicles, cybersecurity has become an indispensable technology. In the era of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) and Ethernet-based architectures, robust authentication between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) is critical to establish a trust. Further, the cloud connected ECUs must perform authentication with backend servers. These authentication requirements often demand multiple certificates to be provisioned within a vehicle, ensuring secure communication between various combinations of ECUs. As a result, a single ECU may end up storing multiple certificates, each serving a specific purpose. This work proposes a method to limit the number of certificates required in a given ECU without compromising security. We introduce a Cross-Intermediate Certificate Authority (Cross-ICA) Trust Architecture, which enables the use of a single certificate per ECU for inter-ECU communication as well as backend server authentication. In this
Venugopal, Vaisakh, Goyal, Yogendra, Raja J, Solomon, Rai, Ajay, Rath, Sowjanya
Dynamic Diagnostic Controller Architecture for Scalable and Adaptive Zonal Based Vehicle Platforms2026-26-06891/16/2026
The rapid evolution of in-vehicle electronic systems toward zonal based architectures introduces a new layer of complexity in automotive diagnostics. Traditional architectures, built on Controller Area Network (CAN) and Local Interconnect Network (LIN) protocols, operate on a uniform Real-Time Operating System (RTOS), enabling simplified and consistent diagnostic workflows across Electronic Control Units (ECUs). However, next-generation platforms must accommodate diverse communication protocols (e.g., CAN, LIN, DoIP, SOME/IP) and heterogeneous operating systems (e.g., RTOS, Linux, QNX), resulting in fragmented and inflexible diagnostic processes. This paper presents a Diagnostic controller that addresses these challenges by enabling unified, scalable, and adaptive diagnostic capabilities across modern vehicle platforms. The proposed system consolidates protocol handling at the application level, abstracts diagnostic complexities, and allows cross-platform communication through
Mukherjee, Soumyadeep, Raman, Kothanda
Accelerating EV Thermal Controller Development Using Rapid Control Prototyping on Speedgoat2026-26-06851/16/2026
In the era of Software Defined Vehicles, the complexity and requirements of automotive systems have increased knowingly. EV Thermal management systems have become more complicated while having multiple functions and control strategies within software frameworks. This shift creates new challenges like increased development efforts and long lead time in creating an efficient thermal management system for Electric Vehicles (EV’s) due to battery charging and discharging cycles. For solving these challenges in the early stages of development makes it even more challenging due to the unavailability of key components such as fully developed ECU hardware, High voltage battery pack and the motor. To address this, a novel framework has been designed that combines virtual simulation with physical emulation at the same time, enabling the testing and validation of thermal control strategies without fully matured system and the ECU hardware. The framework uses the Speedgoat QNX machine as the
Chothave, Abhijeet, S, Bharathan, S, Ananth, Gangwar, Adarsh, Khan, Parvej, Gummadi, Gopakishore, Kumar, Dipesh
Software-Defined Vehicles: Architecting the Future of Intelligent and Connected Mobility2026-26-06911/16/2026
This paper presents a comprehensive technical review of the Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV), a paradigm that is fundamentally reshaping the automotive industry. We analyze the architectural evolution from distributed Electronic Control Units (ECUs) to centralized zonal compute platforms, examining the critical role of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA), the AUTOSAR standard, and virtualization technologies in enabling this shift. A comparative analysis of leading High-Performance Computing (HPC) platforms, including NVIDIA DRIVE, Tesla FSD, and Qualcomm Snapdragon Ride, is conducted to evaluate the silicon foundation of the SDV. The paper further investigates key enabling technologies such as Over- the-Air (OTA) updates, Digital Twins, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for applications ranging from predictive maintenance to software-defined battery management. We scrutinize the competing V2X communication standards (DSRC vs. C-V2X) and address the paramount
Ahmad, Aqueel, Hemanth, Khimavath, Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
Introducing a Novel System Engineering Framework for the Safe Deployment of Software Defined-Vehicles2026-26-06901/16/2026
The past decade has seen a systemic shift in the automotive landscape and the constituent parts of a vehicle. The automotive industry has shifted from a primarily hardware components industry to a software heavy industry, with software controlling majority of the vehicle functions. Coupled with the ability to fully update or evolve a vehicle’s capabilities or functionalities, post point of sale through software updates, the technical, commercial and service landscape of the automotive industry is rapidly changing. This has brought increasing focus to the concept of Software Defined Vehicle, where the vehicle is not only constantly evolving, but is also becoming more personalised by leveraging data collected through the life of the vehicle. This requires a rethink of the current development and deployment approaches for vehicles, which are software-intensive. In this paper, we introduce a novel four-step system engineering framework for the safe development and deployment of Software
El Badaoui, Halima, Jame-Elizebeth, Mariat, Khastgir, Siddartha, Jennings, Paul
Advancing Complete Vehicle ADAS Simulation through Virtual Development and Global Collaboration2026-26-04091/16/2026
The automotive industry is currently undergoing a profound transformation, driven not only by the shift toward renewable propulsion systems but also by the increasing emphasis on the software-defined vehicle (SDV), which is particularly in the domain of ADAS and the qualification of vehicles towards higher levels of autonomy important. In combination with accelerating project timelines, this shift creates challenges in integrating electrical and electronic systems throughout the complete vehicle. Magna faces these challenges by intensifying the use of virtual development, a strategy that spans the entire vehicle development process and necessitates global collaboration among engineering teams. This publication presents a real-world example of how the automotive sector can transition from a traditional on-premises-environment (OPE) simulation setup to a Simulation-as-a-Service (SIMaaS) model. Our primary focus is on operational and collaborative dimensions, illustrating the significant
Wellershaus, Christoph, Wakharde, Sagar, Bernsteiner, Stefan
Virtual ECU: Development & Validation Platform2026-26-06831/16/2026
The Vehicle software is moving towards software-centric architectures and hence software-defined vehicles. With this transition, there is a need to handle various challenges posed during development and validation. Some of the challenges include unavailability of hardware limiting the evaluation of various hardware options, board bring-up and hence leading to delays in software development targeted for the hardware, eventually leading to delayed validation cycles. To overcome the above challenges, we present in this whitepaper a virtual ECU (vECU) framework integrated with a CI/CD pipeline. A Virtual ECU (Electronic Control Unit) is a software-based emulation of a physical ECU. The adoption of virtual ECUs empowers development teams to commence software development prior to the availability of physical hardware. Multiple tools are available to demonstrate virtual ECUs, for example, QEMU, Synopsys, QNX Cabin, etc. vECU setup, when paired with a CI/CD pipeline, allows continuous
Singh, Jyotsana, Shaikh, Arshiya, Mane, Rahul, Burangi, Piyush
High-Performance Computing for Software-Defined EV Powertrains: Design and Real-Time Validation with NXP S32G3 Domain Controller2026-26-06841/16/2026
Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) are changing the automotive landscape by separating hardware from software and enabling features like over-the-air updates, advanced control strategies, and real-time decision-making. To support this transformation, EV powertrain systems require high-performance computing (HPC) platforms capable of real-time control, data processing, and cross-domain communication. This paper introduces a fully SDV-compatible EV powertrain architecture designed with NXP S32G3 domain controller. This processor supports multiple core having lockstep. It is designed for zonal control and automotive functional safety. The proposed designed uses the automotive Ethernet as an alternate option for CAN based communication to fulfill the bandwidth and timing requirement of today’s SDV applications. Hence it allows gigabit data transfer, Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) and also provides low latency across SDV control domain. Through secure real time interface with the vehicle’s
Pawar, Ganesh, Inamdar, Sumer Deepak, Kumar, Mayank, Deosarkar, Pankaj, Tayade, Nikhil, Kanse, Dattatray, Chopade, Vipul
Considerations for Vulnerability Management in the Automotive Industry2026-26-06261/16/2026
With the emergence of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs), more complex software and connectivity technologies are introduced to support new advanced use cases such as phone as a key, smart parking and vehicle management. However, complex software functionality and external connectivity also increase the attack surface of vehicles and its ecosystem. In this paper, we first perform a classification of recent automotive cybersecurity attacks. We further perform an analysis of these attacks and associated vulnerabilities considering the application of best practices of vulnerability management approaches including Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS), Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS), and Stakeholder-Specific Vulnerability Categorization (SSVC). CVSS is a standardized framework used to assign severity scores to known vulnerabilities and helps organizations prioritize vulnerability remediation based on severity. EPSS is a predictive model that estimates the probability of a
Oka, Dennis Kengo, Vadamalu, Raja Sangili
Method and System of Detecting Obstacle around Vehicle Door2026-26-00261/16/2026
Vehicle door-related accidents, especially in urban environments, pose a significant safety risk to pedestrians, infrastructure and vehicle occupants. Conventional rear view systems fails to detect obstacles in blind spots directly below the Outside Rear View Mirror (ORVM), leading to unintended collisions during door opening. This paper presents a novel vision-based obstacle detection system integrated into the ORVM assembly. It utilizes the monocular camera and a projection-based reference image technique. The system captures real-time images of the ground surface near the door and compares them with calibrated reference projections to detect deviations caused by obstacles such as pavements, potholes or curbs. Once such an obstacle is detected the vehicle user is alerted in the form of a chime.
Bhuyan, Anurag, Khandekar, Dhiraj, Jahagirdar, Shweta
Monitoring and Diagnosing Software-Defined Vehicle Architectures2026-26-06771/16/2026
Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV) are fostered through initiatives like SOAFEE and Eclipse SDV promoting the use of cloud-native approaches, distributed workloads and service-oriented architectures (SOA). This means that in these systems each vehicle is connected to the cloud and functions are executed both inside the vehicle and in the cloud. So far, there are no established solutions for monitoring and diagnosing SDVs. In designing these solutions, the cost-sensitive nature of every component inside a vehicle must be considered since it makes it unlikely that significant resources will be provided just for diagnostics. Therefore, conventional data centre monitoring approaches that usually rely on transferring large amounts of data to dedicated servers are not directly applicable in this scenario. To illustrate the challenges in providing new solutions for diagnosing and monitoring SDVs, a SOA that has been defined and studied in research projects is introduced. In this architecture
Böhlen, Boris, Fischer, Diana
The Road to SDV: A Maturity Model for Software-Defined Transformation2026-26-06791/16/2026
Software Defined Vehicles (SDV), Software Defined Networks (SDN), Software Defined (Power) Grids (SDG) are just a few examples of how the Software Defined Transformation is unfolding across many industries today (collectively being referred to as Software Defined X – SDX). This paper defines a maturity model for Software Defined Transformation and evaluates different industries including Automotive on their evolution so far. This cross-industry view of SDX helps in analyzing where SDV’s could be headed. A 2020 paper [1] lays out the complexity of the automotive software, with companies pursuing several directions in this transformation. The automotive industry has not yet reached a consensus on the direction it is taking on SDV. While companies like Tesla are already making software centric cars, traditional OEMs like General Motors, Toyota, Ford etc. are making huge investments and redefining their business models, tech stacks and operations to leverage the power of software. There is
Mathur, Akshay Raj, Misra, Amit, Makam, Sandeep
Unlocking the Potential of In-Vehicle Edge AI2026-26-06861/16/2026
Edge Artificial Intelligence (AI) is poised to usher in a new era of innovations in automotive and mobility. In concert with the transition towards software-defined vehicle (SDV) architectures, the application of in-vehicle edge AI has the potential to extend well beyond ADAS and AV. Applications such as adaptive energy management, real-time powertrain calibration, predictive diagnostics, and tailored user experiences. By moving AI model execution right into edge, i.e. the vehicle, automakers can significantly reduce data transmission and processing costs, ensure privacy of user data, and ensure timely decision-making, even when connectivity is limited. However, achieving such use of edge AI will require essential cloud and in-vehicle infrastructure, such as automotive-specific MLOps toolchains, along with the proper SDV infrastructure. Elements such as flexible compute environments, deterministic and high-speed networks, seamless access to vehicle-wide data and control functions. This
Khatri, Sanjay, Sah, Mohamadali
A Scalable ArTOP-Based in-House Toolchain for Automated AUTOSAR Configuration2026-26-06821/16/2026
The rising software complexity in Automotive industry demands reusable, hardware-agnostic development frameworks. AUTOSAR (Automotive Open System Architecture) provides a standardized, scalable ECU software architecture but cost-effective tooling and modern workflows are critical for broad adoption and competitiveness. One such area is for AUTOSAR configuration and authoring of Autosar architecture. Current solutions include commercial offerings built by vendors on top of ARTOP (ArTOP is an eclipse-based ecosystem maintained by AUTOSAR consortium) and open-source python implementations. Commercial tools are prohibitive in cost, have complicated development workflows, are difficult to automate and lack quick integration with other tools. Python-based solutions are often community driven with small developer teams and face challenges. These tools are not mature enough, have staggered development, security concerns, liability issues, lack of approvals and other similar issues. These
Daware, Kartik, Garg, Mudit, Pasupuleti, Raju
Lightweight AI Deployment for Legacy Automotive ECUs: A Practical Optimization Approach2026-26-06631/16/2026
Automotive systems are increasingly adopting data-driven and intelligent functionality in the areas of predictive maintenance, virtual sensors and diagnostics. This has led to a need for the AI models to be directly run on vehicle ECUs. However, most of these ECUs – especially those in cost-sensitive or legacy platforms lack the computational capacity and parallel processing support required for standard AI implementations. Given the stringent real-time and reliability requirements in automotive environments, deploying such models presents a unique challenge. This paper proposes a practical methodology to optimize both the training and deployment phases of AI models for low-computation ECUs that operate without parallelism. Designing lightweight model architectures, using pruning and quantization techniques to minimize resource utilization, and putting in place a strategy appropriate for single-threaded execution are the three main objectives of the developed approach. The goal is to
Sharma, Sahil, Mathew, Melvin John
Next-Gen Automotive: Enablers and Monetization for Automotive SaaS and Software Defined Vehicles2026-26-06871/16/2026
Commercial vehicles form the backbone of global supply chains. In India, the commercial vehicle (CV) industry is at a transformative crossroads, evolving from traditional hardware-centric models to advanced, software-defined architectures. Central to this shift are Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) and Automotive Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), catalysing a move toward intelligent, connected, and highly productive mobility solutions. With the Indian CV market surpassing $50 billion in 2024 and witnessing robust growth due to expanding e-commerce, infrastructure projects and regulatory evolution. Indian original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are spearheading this revolution. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the technological enablers, monetization strategies, distinct challenges and opportunities encountered by Indian OEMs during their shift toward SDVs and automotive SaaS based business models. This research also examines the most important technical pillars underpinning
Saini, Gourav, Jahagirdar, Shweta, Khandekar, Dhiraj Baburao
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - How AI and Software-Defined Vehicles Are Transforming Automotive Culture135501/9/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a major shift -- not just toward AI-powered, software-defined vehicles, but also toward a new culture that challenges traditional ways of working. Listen in as we sit down with Amol Gulve, Software-Defined Vehicle and AI Expert, for a candid discussion on why the pace of innovation is both exhilarating and challenging for legacy automakers. Amol breaks down the traditional seven-year vehicle development cycle and why it's incompatible with an AI-driven world, challenging OEMs to rethink everything from architecture and procurement to culture and org structure. From the future of AI in vehicles to the cultural shifts inside OEMs, you'll get an inside look at the questions defining the next decade of mobility -- and why trust, transparency, and smarter standards will shape the road ahead. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE
Patterson, Lori
Talking SDVs and zonal architecture with TE Connectivity25AUTP12_1712/1/2025
For a company focused on selling components to make physical connections in vehicles, TE Connectivity is more than ready for future growth in software-defined vehicles (SDVs) and the corresponding rise in vehicles with zonal architectures. Ruediger Ostermann, vice president and chief technology officer for Global Automotive at TE Connectivity, said TE agrees with industry estimates that the number of cars with a zonal architecture will rise from around 2% in 2023 to between 35-40% in the mid-2030s.
Blanco, Sebastian
Functional Safety of Electric or Hybrid Off-Highway Vehicles – An Embedded Software Viewpoint2025-28-021711/6/2025
To provide growing needs of food, clothing and infrastructure for growing population of the world, off-highway vehicles such as those in construction, agriculture and commercial landscaping are moving towards electrification for enhanced precision, productivity, efficiency and sustainability. It has also paved a way to adopt autonomy of these vehicles to address challenges like skilled labor shortage for timely and efficient execution. Despite the tremendous advantages of electrification, be it through completely replacing engines in vehicles or efficiency improvements using hybrid architecture for powertrain and auxiliary power demands, safety remains a significant challenge and critical requirement for off-highway electric vehicles. This paper explains the concept and importance of functional safety in electric off-highway vehicles, and shows how different standards like ISO 26262, ISO 25119, ISO 13849 can be utilized to achieve state of the art in functional safety for different off
Mujumdar, Chaitanya Gajanan, Bachhav, Kiran, Deshpande, Chinmay
Analysis of Zonal and Distributed Based Architecture with MBSE Approach through Duration Simulation2025-28-033711/6/2025
Present study aims to analyze different E/E architectures trending in automotive industry currently. This study shows the comparison analysis done between zonal architecture and distributed architecture. Comparison methodology includes duration simulation performed for a vehicle feature on both architectures. Present study has adopted MBSE approach for the analysis. Study includes analysis done for distance control, airbag activation and rear park assist features developed on zonal and domain architecture. Duration simulation is also performed on same feature on both architectures. While performing duration simulation of all above features on both zonal and distributed architecture time constraints where assumed based on run time machine performance. Results shows that when only feature must be executed distributed architecture is more feasible. However, when feature has been made more updatable, upgradable and scalable Zonal architecture has been more feasible. To summarize study
Mishra, Ayush Manish
Mobility Reimagined: My First Decade at the Crossroads of ChangeR-57310/9/2025
In Mobility Reimagined, Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid shares an unfiltered, deeply personal account of his first decade navigating the rapidly evolving automotive and mobility sectors. From engineering labs in Malaysia and Japan, to startup scenes in Southeast Asia and Finland, to boardrooms in Europe, keynote stages in China, and virtual standardization sessions with professionals in the US, Umar traces a career shaped by curiosity, courage, and a commitment to democratizing opportunity. As a brown Southeast Asian professional rising in an industry historically shaped by Western and East Asian leadership, Umar offers more than technical insight, he opens a window into what it takes to lead across borders, disrupt legacy systems, and redefine success on his own terms. This book is part strategy guide, part industry overview, and part leadership memoir. It speaks to young professionals, especially those from underrepresented backgrounds, offering hard-won lessons on global expansion, digital
Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir
EDITORIAL: COMVEC covers the tech landscape25TOFHP10_0410/1/2025
This year's SAE COMVEC conference held in mid-September in Schaumburg, Illinois, was focused around the theme “Shaping the Future Together” by embracing advancement, empowerment and exploration in the commercial and off-highway vehicle industries. Workforce and technology topics ranged from skills gaps to powertrain development and software-defined vehicles (SDVs) to AI deployment - a thread that ran through many of the conference's sessions. Following are a few of the salient points made by industry experts at the annual engineering event:
Gehm, Ryan
Software Defined VehiclesR-5959/22/2025
Software Defined Vehicles This book provides a clear, in-depth introduction to the concept of software-defined vehicles (SDVs) and their role in the changing mobility ecosystem. It explores how software has become the core enabler of innovation, allowing manufacturers to deliver new features, safety functions, and comfort enhancements to their customers after a vehicle leaves the showroom floor. From advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to AI-powered co-pilots, SDVs are shifting the focus from hardware to dynamic, user-centric, service models that offer continuous software updates and upgrades. Software Defined Vehicles also delves into the broader societal and consumer shifts driving this change. Readers will gain insight into how new generations view transportation, how business models like Mobility as a Service (MaaS) are evolving, and why sustainability and flexibility now take precedence over traditional car ownership. Whether you're a technology professional, automotive
Pathrose, Plato
Rapidly Evolving E/E Architectures for Ground Vehicles - Insights from the Commercial and Automotive Industries2025-01-04469/16/2025
This paper explores key trends shaping E/E architectures in the commercial and automotive industries, including the increasing adoption of High-Performance Computers (HPCs) and high data rate Ethernet networks. These advancements facilitate the transition from Distributed to Zonal physical architecture. Concurrently, industry shifts toward standardizing software development via Software Architecture standards, Software Factories and embracing Software Defined Vehicle (SDV) strategies are gaining momentum. Finally, we provide key insights and lessons from the automotive and commercial vehicle sectors, with implications for E/E architectures in Ground Combat Vehicles (GCVs).
Anderson, Tony, Stevens, Scott, Schäuffle, Jörg
Model-Based Software Engineering: Physics Coupled with Software for Test Case Reuse Across the V Cycle2025-01-04479/16/2025
The development of cyber-physical systems necessarily involves the expertise of an interdisciplinary team – not all of whom have deep embedded software knowledge. Graphical software development environments alleviate many of these challenges but in turn create concerns for their appropriateness in a rigorous software initiative. Their tool suites further enable the creation of physics models which can be coupled in the loop with the corresponding software component’s control law in an integrated test environment. Such a methodology addresses many of the challenges that arise in trying to create suitable test cases for physics-based problems. If the test developer ensures that test development in such a methodology observes software engineering’s design-for-change paradigm, the test harness can be reused from a virtualized environment to one using a hardware-in-the-loop simulator and/or production machinery. Concerns over the lack of model-based software engineering’s rigor can be
McBain, Jordan
Applying Specialized System Analysis for Brake by Wire in Software Defined Vehicles: The Development of a System Analysis Tool (SAT)2025-01-03559/15/2025
The emergence of Software Defined Vehicles (SDVs) has introduced significant complexity in automotive system design, particularly for safety-critical domains such as braking. A key principle of SDV architecture is the centralization of control software, decoupled from sensing and actuation. When applied to Brake-by-Wire (BbW) systems, this leads to decentralized brake actuation that demands precise coordination across numerous distributed electronic components. The absence of mechanical backup in BbW systems further necessitates fail-operational redundancy, increasing system complexity and placing greater emphasis on rigorous system-level design validation. A comprehensive understanding of component interdependencies, failure propagation, and redundancy effectiveness is essential for optimizing such systems. This paper presents a custom-built System Analysis Tool (SAT), along with a specialized methodology tailored for modeling and analyzing BbW architectures in the context of SDVs
Heil, Edward, Zuzga, Sean, Babul, Caitlin
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